science process skills activities

8/3/2019 Science Process Skills Activities

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KPD 3016

PENGAJARAN TEKNOLOGI DAN PENAKSIRAN 1

NAME: MOHAMAD ARIF BIN NASARUDDIN

MATRIC NO: D20091035123

LECTURER NAME: DR RAZAK ABD. SAMAD BIN YAHYA

GROUP: A (KPD 3016)

REPORT: SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS (SPS 1- 12)


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SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

Science process skills may refer to the process of observation, communication,

classification, measurement, inference, and prediction. These basic skills are used in the

experiments of scientists and students, as well as into the everyday life of average person, to

a degree. They allow everyone to conduct objective investigation and to reach conclusions

based on the results. Observation, involves noting the attributes of objects and situations

through the use of the senses. Classificationgoes one step further by grouping together

objects or situations based on shared attributes. Measurementinvolves expressing physical

characteristics in quantitative ways. Communication brings the first three skills together to

report to others what has been found by experimentation. Inference is the act or process of

deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.

SPS 1 OBSERVING

Fill up the table below.

No. Sense Observations Qualitative Quantitative

1 Sight Students in

classroom.

Many students in

classroom.

39 students in

classroom.

2 Hearing PCs speakers Sound from the

speakers is very loud.

There are 2 speakers

3 Smell Rose flowers in avase. It has sweet smell. There are 12 roses inthe vase.

4 Taste Lemon juice It has sour taste A glass of lemonjuice

5 Touch Silk It is very soft 1 meter of silk

Sense Observing changes Qualitative Quantitative

1 Sight Clock The clocks movingslowly.

The seconds needleneeds 60 seconds to

complete 1 cycle.

2 Hearing Ambulances siren The sounds getting

louder as the ambulancecomes nearer.

123 dB at 30 meter

away.

3 Smell pungent smell Using nose to detect thesource of smell.

European odor units(ouE/M3)

4 Taste Chewing gum It becomes tasteless aswe chew the gum.

-

5 Touch Braille alphabet Touch and feel theBraille alphabet to read.

-


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A B

C

D

E

F

G H

I

J K L

M

N

O

U

Q

R

Complete the table below with the words that best describe how we see, feel, smell, taste and

hear.

SPS 2 CLASSIFYING

Study and classify the funny figures in the diagram in the next page according to their

characteristics. State the characteristics.

.


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A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R

SHAPE NO SHAPE

A,B,D,G,H,I,K,L,M,N,O,RC,E,F,J,P,Q

TAIL NO TAILNOTAILTAIL

H,I,K,LA,B,D,G,M,N,O,RC,P,Q E,F,J

NO EYEEYENO EYEEYE EYEEYE NO EYE

P,Q E A,B,G,M,N,O,R D H,I,K,LF,JC

WHITEBLACK

P,Q

POT NO SPOT

QP

WHITE

SHAPE CIRCLE

JF

F,J

WHITE BLACK

R

A,B,G M,N,O

SHAPE CIRCLE

B A,G

2 TAILS1 TAIL

GA

CIRCLE SHAPE

N

M,O

SPOT NO SPOT

OM

WHITE

H,I,K,L

CIRCLE

H,I,K,L

3 EYES 2 EY

L H,I,

NO LEG

H,K

RECTANCIRCLE

HK


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SPS 3 MEASURING AND USING NUMBERS

You wanted to tile your house. The size of each ceramic tile is ft x ft. The plan to your

house is as shown below. How many ceramic tiles do you need?

Length Width=18+14+13+17+11 =20+6+19

=73 =45

Area for the square is

= 73x45

=3285

Length a length b length (ba)=9+12+16 =13+17+11 = 41-37

=37 =41 =4

Area not put the tile in right side master bed room

= length (b - a) x 19

= 4x19

=76


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Length (c - d)=(18+14) 29

=32-29

=3

We assume length c-d is same for both sideSo, length (c - d) x 2 = 3x2 = 6

Area for the square in left side of living room is

= 25x6

=150

Area that we used to place the tile in the square in left side of living room is

= (1/4) x 150

=37.5

Area we not put the tile in left side living room

=150- 37.5

=112.5

All the area we want to put the tile is=(area for the square of plan house)(area that we not put the tile)

= 3285 (76+112.5)

=3096.5

One tile is (1/2) x (1/2) = (1/4)

How many tile?

=3096.5 (1/4)

=12386 ceramic tiles

c - d

(1/4)


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SPS 4 INFERRING

a)

The diagram above are sets of fossilized foot-prints of two extinct animals found during an

expedition. Study the prints and infer what happen.

ANSWER:

Diagram show sets of fossilized foot-prints of two extinct animals found anexpedition.

At position 1, larger foot-printed animal looks like approaching the small foot-printanimal.

At position 2, there is random distribution of this two foot-prints. At position 3, only large foot-print appear

INFERENCES

GENERAL SPECIFIC

This is due to prey-predation andnatural selection

Small animal is the food for largeanimal

Small animal is the competitor forlarge animal thus they fight for food

resources, mates or space

Large animal has higher adaptationfor fitness

Large animal has aggressive behaviorwhile small animal has passive, less

aggressive behavior

Fossil foot-print of extinct animal isdinosaur

Large foot-print animal is Theropodsspecies while small foot-print animal

is Ornithopod species


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SPS 5 PREDICTING

We listen to the weather forecast everyday on TV.

a.

What is a weather forecast?A weather forecast is simply a scientific estimate of future weather condition.

Weather condition is the state of the atmosphere at a given time expressed in terms of

the most significant weather variables. The significant weather variables being

forecast differ from place to place. In the Philippines, the weather parameters with

significant variation and therefore of interest to the users of the forecast are

cloudiness, rainfall and wind.

b. Describe how the meteorological department determine the weather forecast.In forecasting the weather, a Meteorologist must at least know something about the

existing weather condition over a large area before he can make a reliable forecast.

The accuracy of his forecast depends largely upon his knowledge of the prevailing

weather conditions over a very wide area. The forecast decision is based on various

forecasting tools. The basic tool of a weather forecaster is the WEATHER MAP.

The weather map depicts the distribution patterns of atmospheric pressure, wind,

temperature and humidity at the different levels of the atmosphere. There are two

types of the basic weather map namely, the surface map and the upper-air maps.

There are five standard levels of the upper-air maps that are constructed twice daily at

twelve-hourly interval. The surface maps are made four times daily at six-hourly

intervals. On the surface maps, the distribution patterns of rain or other forms of

precipitation and cloudiness can also be delineated.


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1st Step: Observation

Observation of different weather elements are made

simultaneously as follows:

Surface observations are made at least every three hoursover land and sea. Land-based weather stations around the

world and automatic stations observe the atmospheric

pressure, wind direction and speed, temperature of the air,

humidity, clouds, precipitation and visibility using standard weather instruments such

as the barometer, wind vane, anemometer, thermometer, psychrometer or hygrometer

and raingauge. In addition to these, coastal weather stations, weather ships and ocean

data buoy observe the state of the sea by observing theheight and period of wave.

Upper air stations around the world also makeobservations at least every twelve hours. The pressure,

temperature, dew point temperature, wind direction and

speed are observed at selected levels in the atmosphere

using radiosondes which record these data by tracking

helium-filled balloons attached to transmitters. Another apparatus, the theodolite, is

used in observing wind direction and speed also at selected levels. In addition to

these, commercial air planes observe the weather along

their routes at specified times.

Meteorological satellites, geostationary and polar orbiting,take pictures of the cloud imagery of the atmosphere.

These satellites take picture of the earth's cloud formations

every hour and continuously, respectively.

Weather radars are also used to observe the cloud coveragewithin the range of the radar.

A vast array of weather data are fed to the computer which analyzes them asprogrammed and makes a time integration of physical equations. This is called

numerical weather prediction.


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2nd Step: Collection And Transmission Of Weather Data

Weather observations which are condensed into coded

figures, symbols and numerals are transmitted via radiophone,

teletype, facsimile machine or telephone to designated collection

centers for further transmission to the central forecasting station at

WFFC. Weather satellite pictures are transmitted to ground

receiving stations while radar observations are transmitted to forecasting centers through a

local communication system.

3rd Step: Plotting Of Weather Data

Upon receipt of the coded messages, they are decoded and

each set of observations is plotted in symbols or numbers on

weather charts over the respective areas or regions. Observations

made over land and sea are plotted on the surface or mean sea

level charts which are prepared four times a day. Radiosonde,

theodolite, aircraft and satellite wind observations are plotted on upper level charts which are

prepared twice daily.

4th Step: Analysis Of Weather Maps, Satellite And Radar

Imageries And Other Data Current weather maps are

analyzed as follows:

SURFACE (MSL) CHART: The data plotted on thisweather map are analyzed isobarically. This means the same

atmospheric pressure at different places are inter-connected with a

line taking into consideration the direction of the wind. Through this analysis,

weather systems or the so-called centers of action such as high and low pressure

areas, tropical cyclones, cold and warm fronts, intertropical convergence zone, can be

located and delineated.


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UPPER AIR CHARTS: The data plotted on this weather map are analyzed usingstreamline analysis. Lines are drawn to illustrate the flow of the wind. With this kind

of analysis, anticyclones or high pressure areas and cyclones or low pressure areas

can be delineated.

NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION MODEL OUTPUT: The computer-plottedweather maps are analyzed manually so that weather systems like cyclones and

anticyclones, troughs, etc. are located.

MONITOR WEATHER CHARTS: Plotted data on the cross-section, rainfall and 24-hour pressure change charts are analyzed to determine the movement of wind waves,

rainfall distribution and the behavior of the atmospheric pressure.

Compare the current weather maps with the previous 24 - 72 hour weather maps level bylevel to determine the development and movement of weather systems that may affect the

forecast area.

Examine the latest weather satellite picture, noting the cloud formations in relation to the

weather systems on the current weather maps.

Compare the latest weather satellite picture with the previous satellite pictures (up to 48

hours) noting the development and movement of weather systems that may affect thecountry.

Examine the latest computer output of the numerical weather prediction model noting the 24-

hour, 48-hour and 72-hour objective forecast of the weather systems that may affect the

forecast area.

Analyze the latest radar reports and other minor forecasting tools.


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5th Step:Formulation Of The Forecast

After the analysis of all available meteorological

information/data has been completed, the preparation of forecasts

follows. The first and one of the preliminary steps is the

determination as accurately as the data permit, of the location 24

hours hence of the different weather systems and the existing

weather over a particular region. In many cases a fairly satisfactory estimate of the direction

and rate of movement may be made by simply measuring the movement during the last 12 or

24 hours and then extrapolating, or extending, this movement into the future and hence what

weather will be experienced in different areas in the immediate future.


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SPS 6 COMMUNICATING

Below are ways that scientists use to communicate. For each, give an example.

Graph Table/Data Model Language Concept Map Verbal Chart Figure/Diagram Symbol Number Music Map

What is Graph ???

Two-dimensional drawing showing a relationship (usually between two set of numbers) by

means of a line, curve, a series ofbars, or other symbols. Typically, an independent variable

is represented on the horizontal line (X-axis) and an dependent variable on the vertical line

(Y-axis). The perpendicular axis intersect at a point called origin, and are calibrated in the

units of the quantities represented. Though a graph usually has four quadrants representing

the positive and negative values of the variables, usually only the north-east quadrant is

shown when the negative values do not exist or are of no interest. Often used interchangeably

with the term 'chart'.
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/drawing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/relationship.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10438/number.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mean.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/9361/curve.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4497/series.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bar.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/symbol.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/independent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dependent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/unit.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quantity.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10659/positive.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10392/negative.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/values.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/interest.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/chart.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/chart.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/interest.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/values.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10392/negative.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10659/positive.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quantity.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/unit.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dependent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/independent-variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/symbol.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bar.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4497/series.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/9361/curve.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mean.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10438/number.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/relationship.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/drawing.html


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What is Model???

In a general sense, a model is a representation of a phenomenon, an object, or idea (Gilbert,

2000). In science, a model is the outcome of representing an object, phenomenon or idea (the

target) with a more familiar one (the source) (Tregidgo & Ratcliffe, 2000). For example, one

model of the structure of an atom (target) is the arrangement of planets orbiting the Sun

(source) (Tregidgo & Ratcliffe, 2000).

What is Concept Map???

A concept map is a graphical representation of the relationship among terms. Concept maps

provide a unique graphical view of how we can organize, connect, and synthesize

information.


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What is Chart???

A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which the data is represented by symbols,

such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart. A chart can represent

tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structures.

What is Symbol???

Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention,

especially a material object used to represent something invisible. For instance in

mathematics, the science that uses deductive reasoning to study the properties of abstract

entities such as numbers, space and functions and the relations between them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_%28information%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_%28information%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data


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What is Music???

Music is known to affect our feelings and energy levels (Brewer, 1995). It can prompt

memories, enhance brain activity and stimulate the mind. One of the benefits of music is that

it can be utilized to teach other subjects like math and science. Music is very effectiveespecially when one needs to memorize something. Often, when music is used learning a

certain concept or lesson is more easily understood by the student.

What is Table/Data???

The Data Table tool provides an easy way for you to query the database and save your

results. A data table will ensure that we are consistent in recording our data and will make it

easier to analyze your results once you have finished your experiment.

What isLanguage???

In particular we will be looking at the changing use of certain words within science since it is

our hypothesis that a change in the use of the word is indicative of a change in theory. Some

of these words will include: reality, order, space, movement, process, field, reason, thought,

knowledge, universal, random, discontinuous theory, insight and creativity.

What is Verbal?
http://www.scienceinschool.org/2007/issue5/music#brewerhttp://www.scienceinschool.org/2007/issue5/music#brewer


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The basis of communication is the interaction between people. Verbal communication is one

way for people to communicate face-to-face. Some of the key components of verbal

communication are sound, words, speaking, and language.

What is Figure/Diagram?

A diagram is a two-dimensional geometric symbolic representation ofinformation according

to some visualization technique. Sometimes, the technique uses a three-

dimensional visualization which is then projected onto the two-dimensional surface. Figure is

a shape, drawing or representation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_geometric_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_projectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_projectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_geometric_model


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What is Number?

A number is a mathematical object used to count and measure. The word number can mean

the abstract object, the symbol, or the word for the number.

What is Map?

A map is a visual representation of an area and a symbolic depiction highlighting

relationships between elements of that space such asobjects,regions, andthemes. Besides

that, map is anything which represents graphically a succession of events, states, acts or an

historical map.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93commenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93commenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93commenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93commenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_object


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A.

B

41 cm

20 cm

SPS 7 USING SPACE-TIME RELATIONSHIP

A ticker tape is a paper tape inserted into a ticker timer to produce dots (tics) when AC

current is used. These timers are clocks. It will produce 50 tics per second since the

frequency of AC current in Malaysia is 50 Hz.

Describe the motion represented by the ticker tapes below and determine their average speed

ANSWER:

1) Space-time relationship is used to study motion of an object for a short time interval.

2) A ticker tape is inserted through a ticker timer and is attached to the trolley.

3) The ticker timer which is connected to a.c power supply is switched on and the trolley is

pulled down the plane.

4) As the object moves, the ticker tape timer works by making dots on paper tape at equal

time intervals.

5) The rate at which the ticker timer makes the dots is the frequency, f, which is frequency of

the a.c. voltage connected to it.

The distance between dots on a ticker tape represents the object's position change during that

time interval.


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- A large distance between dots indicates that the object was moving fast during that timeinterval.

- A small distance between dots means the object was moving slow during that time

interval.

- A constant distance between dots represents a constant velocity and therefore no

acceleration.

- A changing distance between dots indicates a changing velocity and thusan acceleration.

-


CALCULATION:

STEP 1: indicate time between any two dots, (T)

T= 1/frequancy(f)

STEP 2: indicate total time on a ticker tape, (T)

T= (number of dots interval on the tape) x (time between two dots)

STEP 3: now calculate the average speed(V)

V= distance occupied by the spaces (s) divided by the total time (T)

TICKER TAPE AObject was accelerating

- Frequency(f) = 50 Hz- Distances(s) = 20cm

- Number of dots interval on the tape = 12 dots

STEP 1: T = 1/f

= 1/50 Hz

=0.02 s

STEP2: T = 12 dots x 0.02 s

= 0.24 s

STEP 3: V = (0.2 m)/ (0.24 s)

= 0.83 ms-1

TICKER TAPE BObject was decelerating

- Frequency(f) = 50 Hz- Distances(s) = 41cm

- Number of dots interval on the tape = 14 dots


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STEP 1: T = 1/f

= 1/50 Hz=0.02 s

STEP2: T = 14 dots x 0.02 s

= 0.28 s

STEP 3: V = (0.41 m)/ (0.28 s)= 1.46 ms-1

SPS 8 INTERPRETING DATA

The graph below is recorded at an airport in Montana in 1992. From the graph, describe

the weather in Montana.

1. On august Montana has the highest temperature which is 780C.2. The lowest maximum temperature is on December which is 280C.The highest

minimum temperature in Montana is on June which is 500C

3.

The lowest minimum temperature is on December which is 9

0

C.4. For the maximum temperature in Montana the temperature increase from January toJune at range 44

0C-76

0C .Then the temperature decrease from August to December at

range 780C-280C.

5. For the minimum temperature in Montana the temperature increase from February toJune at range 24

0C-50

0C and the temperature decrease from August to December at

range 480C-90C


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A.

B

41 cm

20 cm

SPS 9 CONTROLLING VARIABLES

You wanted to do an experiment using ticker timer. The purpose is to find the relationship

between velocity and mass and to determine the effect of mass towards acceleration

A ticker tape is a paper tape inserted into a ticker timer to produce dots (tics) when AC

current is used. These timers are clocks. It will produce 50 tics per second since the

frequency of AC current in Malaysia is 50 Hz.


ANSWER:

(a)Identify the variables in the systemMass of trolley

Frequency of ticker timer

Angle of inclination of the runwayInitial forces exerted to the trolley

Average speed of the trolleyMass of the weight


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(b)Decide the manipulated, responding and fixed variables.Fixed : Mass of trolley

Frequency of ticker timer

Angle of inclination of the runway

Initial forces exerted to the trolleyManipulated : Weight of hanging mass

Responding : Average speed of the trolley

SPS 10 DEFINING OPERATIONALLY

Give the conceptual definition and operational definition of the following physical quantities.

(1) solubility(2)

growth(3) diffraction index

ANSWER:

Give the conceptual definition and operational definition of the following physical quantities

1) SolubilitySolubility is the property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance called solute to

dissolve in a solid, liquid, or gaseous solvent to form a homogeneous solution of the solute in

the solvent. The solubility of a substance fundamentally depends on the used solvent as well

as on temperature and pressure. The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific

solvent is measured as the saturation concentration where adding more solute does not

increase the concentration of the solution.

Ksp = [A] [B]

Ksp = Solubility product

A = Anion

B = Cation


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2) Growth(human growth)

From infancy to adulthood, human growth and development is a fascinating process. Studies

regarding the various stages of physical and mental growth have led to important scientific

discoveries. Understanding the stages of growth plays a helpful role in parenting, medical

treatment in everyday life

3) Diffraction IndexIn optics the refractive index or index of refraction of a substance or medium is a measure of

the speed of light in that medium. It is expressed as a ratio of the speed of light in vacuum

relative to that in the considered medium. This can be written mathematically as:

n = speed of light in a vacuum / speed of light in medium.

For example, the refractive index ofwater is 1.33, meaning that light travels 1.33 times faster

in vacuum than it does in water. (See typical values of materials here).

As light moves from a medium, such as air, water, or glass, into another it may change its

propagation direction in proportion to the change in refractive index. This refraction is

governed by Snell's law, and is illustrated in the figure to the right. Refractive index of

materials varies with the wavelength of light. This is called dispersion and results in a

slightly different refractive index for each color.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_mediumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index#Typical_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index#Typical_valueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_medium


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SPS 11 CONSTRUCTING HYPOTHESES

A boy goes to school by bicycle and has to travel down a steep road every time. The boy

realises that the speed of the bicycle down the steep road will depends on:

(a) the steepness of the road(b)the mass of bicycle and himself

Draw two hypotheses and then describe a way to test both hypotheses

ANSWER:

1) The steepness of the road- as the steepness increase, the speed of the bicycle also increase

Way to describe hypothesis :

Manipulative variable: height of the rampControlling variable: time taken

Fixed variable: mass of the trolley

Procedures:1) Set up the ramp with initial height of 0.1m above the table.2) Insert a ticker tape into a ticker timer and attach it to the trolley.

3) Switch on the power supply and release the trolley.

4) Measure the distance of the dots in the ticker tape.5) Calculate the speed of the trolley.

6) Repeat the experiment with different height of the ramp.

2) The mass of bicycle and himself- as the mass increase, the speed of the bicycle decrease

Manipulative variable: mass of the trolley

Controlling variable: time taken

Fixed variable: height of the ramp

Procedures:

1) set up the ramp with a height of 0.1m above thetable.

2) Insert a ticker tape into a ticker timer and attach it to the trolley.3) Switch on the power supply and release the trolley.4) Measure the distance of the dots in the ticker tape.

5) Calculate the speed of the trolley.

6) Repeat the experiment with different mass of trolley by placing the mass on thetrolley.


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SPS 12 EXPERIMENTING

Refer to SPS7 and design an experiment to determine the acceleration of a trolley moving

down the inclined plane.

ANSWER:

TICKER-TIMER EXPERIMENT

Hypothesis:The larger the angle of incline, the higher the velocity just before reaching the end of the

runway

Objective:To determine the acceleration of a trolley moving down different angle of inclined plane.

Variables:

Manipulated: Angle of incline

Responding: Average accelerationConstant: Length of runway

Apparatus/Materials:

Trolley, protractor, wooden blocks, cellophane tape, ticker-timer, ticker tape, power supply,friction-compensated runway

Procedures:


27/27

1. The apparatus is set up as per the diagram, and inclined angle of the plane is measured

using a protaractor. An initial angle of 5o

is used.2. The ticker-timer is started up and at the same time the trolley is released to slide down the

plane.

3. Label and cut every 10th dot on the tape and indicate the distances.

4. Draw a horizontal line, as a time axis and a vertical axis as a velocity axis on a piece ofpaper. Glue your tapes, vertically so the bottom of each tape touches this axis. Every 10

dots represents 0.2 second.

4. Calculate the average velocity for the first 10th dot and for the last 10th dot.5. Calculate the average acceleration.

6. The procedure is repeated by changing the angle of incline to 10o, 15

o, 20

o, 25

o.

Results:

Angle of incline (o) Average velocity

first 10th dot (ms-1

)

Average velocity

last 10th dot (ms-1

)

Average accleration

(ms-2

)

5

1015

20

25

Analysis:Plot the graph of acceleration of the trolley against the angle of incline.

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