scientific calculator 111

8/3/2019 Scientific Calculator 111

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SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR

SUBMITED TO: SUBMITED BY:

Ms. Sukhdilpreet Kaur Name: Anuj Sharma

&Naman

Roll NO.:R246A16 & R246A11

Regn.No.: 10802451 &10800991


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AKNOWLEDGMENTFirst and the foremost I would like to

thank to my almighty for giving me

courage to bring up this term assignment.

At the outset, I would like to propose aword of thanks to my teacher, friends and

other sources that gave an unending

support and helped me in numerous ways

from the first stage of my term

assignment conceived.

I would also like to thank my familymembers for their whole hearted support

and cooperation.

I duly acknowledge the contribution of

Ms.Sukhdilpreet Kaur for invaluable help.

Coding scientific calculator is an uphill

task and would have not been possible

without proper and timely assistance of

Ms.Sukhdilpreet Kaur.


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I would also thanks to all my friends for

forwarding their suggestions to make

necessary modifications.

Special thanks to Ms.Sukhdilpreet

Kaur for her able guidance in my

term assignment.

INTRODUCTION

Scientific Calculator

The calculator was written by Rolf Howarth in early 1996.


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A fully featured scientific calculator with proper operator precedence is

implemented, including trig functions and logarithms, factorials, 12

levels of parentheses, logs to base 2 (a handy function for information

entropists!), bitwise logical operators, hex, octal, binary and ASCII

display.

The calculator is written in JavaScript and you are welcome to view the

JavaScript source (visible within the HTML page) for personal

educational purposes as long as you recognize that it is copyrighted and

notin the public domain. This calculator is now available as part of

Hummingbird's Enterprise Information Portal. All enquiries regarding

licensing the calculator should be directed to Hummingbird Ltd.

Basic FunctionsAddition

The addition (sum function) is used by clicking on the "+" button or using the keyboard. Thefunction results in a+b.

Subtraction

The subtraction (minus function) is used by clicking on the "-" button or using the keyboard. Thefunction results in a-b.

Multiplication

The multiplication (times function) is used by clicking on the "x" button or using the keyboard

"*" key. The function results in a*b.

Division

The division (divide function) is used by clicking on the "/" button or using the keyboard "/" key.

The function results in a/b.

Sign

The sign key (negative key) is used by clicking on the "(-)" button. The function results in -1*x.
http://www.hummingbird.com/http://www.hummingbird.com/


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Square

The square function is used by clicking on the "x^2" button or type "^2". The function results in

x*x.

Square Root

The square root function is used by clicking on the "x" button or type "sqrt()". This function

represents x^.5 where the result squared is equal to x.

Raise to the Power

The raise to the power (y raised to the x function) is used by clicking on the "y^x" button or type

"^".

Natural Exponential

The natural exponential (e raised to the x) is used by clicking on the "e^x" button or type

"exp()". The result is e (2.71828...) raised to x.

Logarithm

The logarithm (LOG) is used by clicking on the "LOG" button or type "LOG()".

Natural Logarithm

The Natural logarithm (LN) is used by clicking on the "LN" button or type "LN()".

Inverse

Multiplicative inverse (reciprocal function) is used by pressing the "1/x" button or typing "inv()".

This function is the same as x^-1 or dividing 1 by the number.

Exponent

Numbers with exponents of 10 are displayed with an "e", for example 4.5e+100 or 4.5e-100.

This function represents 10^x. Numbers are automatically displayed in the format when the

number is too large or too small for the display. To enter a number in this format use the

exponent key "EEX". To do this enter the mantissa (the non exponent part) then press "EEX" ortype"e" and then enter the exponent.

Factorial

The Factorial function is used by clicking the "!" button or type "!".


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PI

PI is a mathematical constant of the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

CODING

APPLICATIONS &

FUTUREPROSPECTIVEREFERENCES


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CODING#include#include#include#include#include#include#include#include

#define pi 3.1415265

union REGS i,o;int sr,dpf;

char *no[]={"1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","0",".","+/-"},*cal[]={"+","-","*","/","=",""},*sci[]={"Sin","Cos","Tan","Sinh","Cosh","Tanh","Exp","ln","log","xrty","

1/x","x^2","x^y","sqrt","fact","Hypot","eqn","DEG",},*ms[]={"AC","HEX","BIN","OCT","BKSP"};

long com(long,int);long double back(long double),equ(),alg(long double,int);double ns(long double,int);


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int box(int,int,int,int,int);char *z2;long double *z1;int xy1[3];

void draw() //-----DRAW THE BODY OF CALCULATOR{int gm,gd=DETECT;int x,y,x1,y1,i,j;

initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi"); //INITIALISE GRAPHICS

z2=(char * ) malloc(sizeof(char)*10); /*ALLOCATE MEMORY TO z2*/

x=getmaxx();y=getmaxy();

setcolor(DARKGRAY); setfillstyle(1,CYAN); //CYAN outer bodyfloodfill(5,5,DARKGRAY);

setcolor(BLACK);setfillstyle(1,LIGHTGRAY);

rectangle(20,20,x-20,y-20); //grey calculator bodyfloodfill(50,50,BLACK);

setcolor(BLACK); //black outlineline(20,20,x-20,20);line(20,20,20,y-20);

setcolor(BLUE);setfillstyle(1,BLUE);rectangle(21,20,x-21,40);floodfill(25,25,BLUE); /* blue quit rectangle*/

setcolor(BLACK);outtextxy(x/5,8,"Scientific Calculator by-: Akash(02512) & Akhil(02514)");

initmouse();showmouse();setmouse(0,0);

setcolor(WHITE);setfillstyle(1,WHITE);rectangle(30,55,x-30,70); //---white i/o boxfloodfill(32,59,WHITE);

outtextxy(x-220,27,"Press Any Key To Quit."); //---Quitsetcolor(DARKGRAY);

line(235,95,235,y-30); //grey partition linesetfillstyle(1,LIGHTGRAY);

/*------------------printing nos.---------------------*/

i=0;for(x1=40;x1


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setcolor(BLUE);if(i==1&&j==10)outtextxy(x1+10,y1+20,no[i+j]);

elseouttextxy(x1+15,y1+20,no[i+j]);

y1+=20; j+=2;}i++;x1+=40;

}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*--------printing simple algebric functions:(+,-,*,/)----------*/

for(x1;x1


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j++;}

}mouse();}

void main() //MAIN DECLARATION{password();draw();

}

/*-----------MOUSE PROGRAMMING------------*/

mouse(){int button,x,y;char s[13]={" "};int x1,y1,i,j,flag=1,l;long double n,k;

while(!kbhit()){ Again:

getmouse(&button,&x,&y);while(button==1){getmouse(&button,&x,&y);sr=1;}

if(sr==1){i=0;sr=0;if(x>=xy1[0]&&x=xy1[1]&&x=xy1[2]&&x


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{ box(x1,y1,40,BLACK,WHITE);delay(200);box(x1,y1,40,WHITE,BLACK);

if((strcmp(no[i+j],no[11]))==0){ if(flag==1){ n*=-1; // +/- signs[0]='-';flag=0;

}else

{ n*=-1;s[0]=' ';setcolor(LIGHTGRAY);setfillstyle(1,WHITE);floodfill(32,59,LIGHTGRAY);flag=1;

}goto NEXT;

}

if(strlen(s)>=11)goto Again;

if((strcmp(no[i+j],no[10]))==0){if(dpf==0){

strcat(s,no[i+j]); //save no. to string sdpf=1;}

}else

strcat(s,no[i+j]); //save no. to strings

NEXT:n=_atold(s); //array to long doublesetcolor(DARKGRAY);outtextxy(30,60,s); // display no. in i/o box

goto Again;}

y1+=20; j+=2;}i++;x1+=40;

}

if(x>550 && x340 && y


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s[l-1]=s[l];setcolor(DARKGRAY);outtextxy(30,60,s);goto Again;}

if(x>550 && x180 && x400 && y100 && y


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i++;return 0;}

if(y>160 && y220 && y280 && y340 && y


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}}elsei++;

} /*--------------*/

for(i=0;z2[i]!='\0';){if(z2[i]=='*') /*------perform multiplication------*/{z1[i]*=z1[i+1];for(j=i;z2[j]!='\0';j++){ z1[j+1]=z1[j+2];z2[j]=(int)z2[j+1];}

}elsei++; /*--------------*/}

for(i=0;z2[i]!='\0';){if(z2[i]=='+') /*------perform addition------*/{if(z2[i-1]=='-')z1[i+1]*=-1;

z1[i]+=z1[i+1];

for(j=i;z2[j]!='\0';j++){ z1[j+1]=z1[j+2];z2[j]=z2[j+1];}

}elsei++; /*--------------*/}

for(i=0;z2[i]!='\0';){if(z2[i]=='-') /*------perform subtraction------*/{z1[i]-=z1[i+1];for(j=i;z2[j]!='\0';j++){ z1[j+1]=z1[j+2];z2[j]=z2[j+1];}

}elsei++;} /*--------------*/

if(z2[1]=='r') /*------find yth roots------*/z1[0]=pow(z1[2],1/z1[0]);


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if(z2[1]=='p') /*------find yth power------*/z1[0]=pow(z1[2],z1[0]);

if(z2[1]=='h') /*------find hypotenuse------*/z1[0]=hypot(z1[2],z1[0]);

gcvt(z1[0],15,ch); /*------copy result toarray----------*/setcolor(DARKGRAY);outtextxy(35,60,ch); //display result

press();return 0;}

/*-------perform numeric system calculations--------*/

double ns(long double b, int y )

{ int y1;long n;n=b;if(y>100 && y160 && y220 && y280 && y


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{char *str;int i=0;itoa(b,str,k); // integer to arrayif(k==16){while(str[i]!='\0'){if(str[i]>96 && str[i]


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setcolor(c1);setfillstyle(1,LIGHTGRAY);rectangle(x1,y1,x1+l,y1+40);floodfill(x1+3,y1+10,c1);setcolor(c2);line(x1+l,y1,x1+l,y1+40);line(x1,y1+40,x1+l,y1+40);return 0;

}

/*password at start screen*/

password(){int i,x=270,gm,gd=DETECT;char ch,pass[10];initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");rectangle(15,15,615,465);setcolor(LIGHTBLUE);setfillstyle(1,LIGHTBLUE);

floodfill(50,50,15);settextstyle(1,HORIZ_DIR,3);setcolor(BLACK);outtextxy(200,50,"Enter the password");for(i=0;i=0;i--)

{setcolor(LIGHTBLUE);setfillstyle(1,LIGHTBLUE);bar(300,240,330,300);setcolor(RED);outtextxy(310,250,itoa(i,pass,10));sound(1000*i+500);


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delay(300);nosound();delay(700);

}exit(0);return 0;}

/*-----------solving scientific functions------------*/

//---the no. entered is in RADIANS

/*-----------check for first column------------------*/colm1(long double a,int y){double cal;char *str;z1[2]=a;

setcolor(WHITE); setfillstyle(1,WHITE);bar(30,55,610,70);

if(y>=100 && y=160 && y=220 && y=280 && y=340 && y


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box(xy1[0],340,70,WHITE,BLACK);z2[1]='p';return 0;

}if(y>=400 && y=100 && y=160 &&y=220 && y=280 && y


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box(xy1[1],280,70,WHITE,BLACK);cal=1/a;}

if(y>=340 && y=400 && y=100 && y=160 && y=220 && y


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}if(y>=280 && y=340 && y=1;a--)cal=cal*a;

}if(y>=400 && y


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/*-----------------------END--------------------------------------*/

APPLICATIONS

In most countries, students use calculators for schoolwork.

There was some initial resistance to the idea out of fear that

basic arithmetic skills would suffer. There remains disagreement

about the importance of the ability to perform calculations "in

the head", with some curricula restricting calculator use until a

certain level of proficiency has been obtained, while others

concentrate more on teaching estimation techniques and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_arithmetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_arithmetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimation


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problem-solving. Research suggests that inadequate guidance in

the use of calculating tools can restrict the kind of mathematical

thinking that students engage in. Others have argued that

calculator use can even cause core mathematical skills toatrophy, or that such use can prevent understanding of advanced

algebraic concepts.

There are other concerns - for example, that a pupil could use

the calculator in the wrong fashion but believe the answer

because that was the result given. Teachers try to combat this by

encouraging the student to make an estimate of the result

manually and ensuring it roughly agrees with the calculatedresult. Also, it is possible for a child to type in 1 1 and

obtain the correct answer '1' without realizing the principle

involved. In this sense, the calculator becomes a crutch rather

than a learning tool, and it can slow down students in exam

conditions as they check even the most trivial result on a

calculator.

REFERENCES

1. Thomas J. Bing, Edward F. Redish, Symbolic Manipulators Affect Mathematical Mindsets,

December 2007

2. ^ Mike Sebastian's calculator forensics algorithmis an example of such rounding errors -- the

algorithm's arcsin(arccos(arctan(tan(cos(sin(9)))))) should come out 9 on standard floating pointhardware, but for CORDIC it's a pathological case that produces different rounding errors on

each chip that it is implemented on. The algorithm is primarily used to identify the manufacturer

of a particular calculator's CPU, since it is usually reproducible between chips of the same model.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crutchhttp://arxiv.org/abs/0712.1187http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-1http://www.rskey.org/~mwsebastian/miscprj/algorithm.htmhttp://www.rskey.org/~mwsebastian/miscprj/algorithm.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crutchhttp://arxiv.org/abs/0712.1187http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-1http://www.rskey.org/~mwsebastian/miscprj/algorithm.htm


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3. ^ Georges Ifrahnotes that humans learned to count on their hands. Ifrah shows, for example, a

picture ofBoethius (who lived 480524 or 525) reckoning on his fingers inIfrah 2000, p. 48.

4. ^ According to Schmandt-Besserat 1981, these clay containers contained tokens, the total of

which were the count of objects being transferred. The containers thus served as abill of lading

or an accounts book. In order to avoid breaking open the containers, marks were placed on the

outside of the containers, for the count. Eventually (Schmandt-Besserat estimates it took 4000

years) the marks on the outside of the containers were all that were needed to convey the count,and the clay containers evolved into clay tablets with marks for the count.

5. ^ Lazos 1994

6. ^Ancient Discoveries, Episode 11: Ancient Robots,History Channel,

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxjbaQl0ad8, retrieved on 6 September 2008

7. ^ A Spanish implementation ofNapier's bones(1617), is documented in Montaner i Simon 1887,

pp. 19-20.

8. ^ Kells, Kern & Bland 1943, p. 92

9. ^ Kells, Kern & Bland 1943, p. 82, as log(2)=.3010, or 4 places.

10.^ Schmidhuber

11.^ As quoted in Smith 1929, pp. 180-181

12.^ Slide Rules

13.^ Smart Computing Article - Calculating Clock to Carnegie Mellon University14.^ IBM Archives: IBM 608 calculator

15.^ "Simple and Silent", Office Magazine, Dec. 1961, p1244

16.^ "'Anita' der erste tragbare elektonische Rechenautomat" [trans: "the first portable electronic

computer"],Buromaschinen Mechaniker, Nov. 1961, p207

17.^ Texas Instruments Celebrates the 35th Anniversary of Its Invention of the CalculatorTexas

Instrumentspress release, 15 Aug 2002.

18.^ Electronic Calculator Invented 40 Years Ago All Things Considered, NPR, 30 Sept 2007.

Audio interview with one of the inventors.

19.^ "Single Chip Calculator Hits the Finish Line",Electronics's', Feb. 1 1971, p19
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Ifrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Ifrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFIfrah2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFIfrah2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFSchmandt-Besserat1981http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_ladinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFLazos1994http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-Ancient_Discoveries_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Discoverieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Channelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Channelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxjbaQl0ad8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxjbaQl0ad8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier's_boneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier's_boneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFMontaner_i_Simon1887http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFKellsKernBland1943http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFKellsKernBland1943http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFKellsKernBland1943http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFKellsKernBland1943http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFSchmidhuberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFSchmidhuberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFSmith1929http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-11http://www.hpmuseum.org/sliderul.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-12http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles/archive/r0601/c2/calculatingclocktocarnegiemelon.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-13http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV2214.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-16http://education.ti.com/educationportal/sites/US/nonProductSingle/about_press_release_news37.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-17http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14845433http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Ifrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFIfrah2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFSchmandt-Besserat1981http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_ladinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFLazos1994http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-Ancient_Discoveries_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Discoverieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Channelhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxjbaQl0ad8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier's_boneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFMontaner_i_Simon1887http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFKellsKernBland1943http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFKellsKernBland1943http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFSchmidhuberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#CITEREFSmith1929http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-11http://www.hpmuseum.org/sliderul.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-12http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles/archive/r0601/c2/calculatingclocktocarnegiemelon.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-13http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV2214.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-16http://education.ti.com/educationportal/sites/US/nonProductSingle/about_press_release_news37.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instrumentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-17http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14845433http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator#cite_ref-18

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