SCIENTIFICOBJECTIVESANDREQUIREMENTS

PSI#5:SEARCHFORLIFE

SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATIONS

PSIs#5arefocusedonthelocalscaletosearchforevidenceofapotentialbiospherewithinEuropa

Scienceonthesurface/subsurface

AllJEMinvestigationsthatrequiresurfacemeasurements shouldbecoordinatedwiththeNASALanderTM(thiscaseisdifferent tootherPSIsthatcanbeachieved fromremoteobservations)

(OPAGupdate)Goal InvestigationSearchforevidenceoflifeonEuropa

Detectandcharacterizeanyorganicindicatorofpastor presentlife

Identifyandcharacterizemorphological andtexturalindicatorsoflife

Detectandcharacterizeanyinorganic indicatorofpastandpresentlife

Determinetheprovenance ofsampledmaterial

Determineiflivingorganismspersistinsampledmaterials(Notpartofthethreshold)

AssessthehabitabilityofEuropaviainsitutechniquesuniquelyavailabletoalandermission

Characterizethenon-icecompositionofEuropa'snear-surfacematerialanddeterminewhetherthereareindicatorsofchemicaldisequilibriumandothercomponentsessentialforlife.

Determine theproximitytoliquidwateratthelander's location

DetectwhetherEuropaisactivetodayandcharacterizeanyobservablesurfaceexchangeprocessestosupportsamplecontext.

Characterizesurfacepropertiesatthescaleofthelandertosupportfutureexploration

Characterizethebiosignature preservationpotential(BPP)ofaccessiblesurfacematerialsatthelandingsite

Characterizethesurface dynamicsofEuropaatthelandingsiteinall3D

Characterizethematerial propertiesofEuropaatthelandingsite

SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATIONSFromHandpresentation,August2016

SOSPSSOP

Substance Object Pattern

FromDesMaraisconceptsappliedtoMars

FROMFORMATIONTOSEARCHFORLIFE

Model Payload (Total Mass: 25 kg MEV)

� Centerpiece Instruments for Astrobiology ! GCMS: VCAM GC + Ion Trap

MS, 8.3 kg CBE ! Raman: SHERLOC 5.4 kg CBE

� Auxiliary Instruments ! Context LanderCams (x2),

0.5 kg each CBE ! Microscopic SampleCam,

0.5 kg CBE

� Baseline Instrument (not included in Threshold) ! 3-axis Geophone, 0.8 kg

SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATIONS35

FromPappalardo presentation,March2016

CONSIDERATIONS• Attributesofsignsoflife:Selectivityoforganicmolecules• Scenarios:concentration,environmentproperties• Validatebiologicaloriginofdegradedsignatures

DEFINITIONS

• Biosignatureisanobject,substanceand/orpatternwhoseoriginspecificallyrequiresabiologicalagent

…becarefulwithambiguoussignatures!!

• Biomarker(ormolecularbiosignature)isanorganiccompoundwithaspecificbiologicalsource.Theyareindisputableevidenceoflife.

EPS,DNA,pigments,FAME

SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATIONS

FromNASAAstrobiologyRoadmap

Categoriesofbiosignatures canincludethefollowing:

-cellularandextracellularmorphologies-biogenicfabricsinrocks-bio-organicmolecularstructures-chirality-biogenicminerals-biogenicstableisotopepatternsinmineralsandorganiccompounds-atmosphericgases-biomolecules

SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATIONS

Biogenic

Abiogenic

Processes Biosignature features

(-)Ambiguity (+)

Goal InvestigationSearchforevidenceoflifeonEuropa

Detectandcharacterizeanyorganicindicatorofpastor presentlifeDetectgeneralbiomarkers**

Identifyandcharacterizemorphological andtexturalindicatorsoflife

Detectandcharacterizeanyinorganic indicatorofpastandpresentlife

Determinetheprovenance ofsampledmaterial

Determineiflivingorganismspersistinsampledmaterials(Notpartofthethreshold)**

AssessthehabitabilityofEuropaviainsitutechniquesuniquelyavailable toalandermission

Characterizethenon-icecompositionofEuropa'snear-surfacematerialanddeterminewhetherthereareindicatorsofchemicaldisequilibriumandothercomponentsessentialforlife

Determine theproximitytoliquidwateratthelander's location

DetectwhetherEuropaisactivetodayandcharacterizeanyobservablesurfaceexchangeprocessestosupportsamplecontext.

Characterizesurfacepropertiesatthescaleofthelandertosupportfutureexploration

Characterizethebiosignaturepreservationpotential(BPP)ofaccessible surfacematerialsatthelandingsite

Characterizethesurface dynamicsofEuropaatthelandingsiteinall3D

Characterizethematerial propertiesofEuropaatthelandingsite

SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATIONSModifiedfromHand’spresentation,August2016

JEMcontributiononsearchforevidenceoflife:

Searchforbiomarkers,specificallybiologicalpolymers,e.g.likepolysaccharides,lipids,proteins,orsomeformofinformationtransmittingmoleculesimilartoDNA.

SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATIONS

SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATIONS

Class Examples SignificanceConservedanddeeplyrootedbiomoleculesthatareubiquitousinthetreeoflife

DNA;8---oxoguanine;Thyminedimer;LipidA,peptidoglycananditsderivatives(NAG-NAM)

DNA is the most stableof theinformational polymers and constitutes theultimate repository of information in Earthlife

ProteindomainsthatareinvolvedIndeeplyrootedandwidespreadmetabolicpathways

Nfixation (NifH,NifD), sulfate reduction(DsrA,DsrB),methanogenesis (McrB),hydrogenases (HupL), perchloratereduction (Pcr, Cld), nitrate reduction(NtrA)

Used as biomarkers of extant life.Highlyconserved biomolecules that play a centralrole in ancient metabolic pathways

Structuralcomponentsofcellwalls(proteinsandpolysaccharides)ofbroadprokaryoticgroup

Peptidoglycan,Exopolysaccharides,Lipopolysaccharides,LipidA,Lipoteichoicacids,Pigmentsforprotectingagainstradiation

Theyareubiquitous in thecell wall oftaxonomic-relatedmicroorganismswithinsupragenericgroups (e.g.Archaea, a-, b-,g-, d- proteobacteria, Firmicutes,Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria)

Phyllogenetically conservedstructuralproteinsandstoragecompoundsunderstress(e.g.Nutritionalofwateravailability)ofbroadprokaryoticgroups

GroEL,FtsZ,Histon---like,Phycobiliproteins (pigments),Cyanophycin (polypeptide),BacterialGlycogen,Bacterioferritins andrelatedproteinsforironstorage.

Theyareubiquitousinlargetaxonomic—relatedmicroorganismswithinsupragenericgroups(e.g.Archaea, a-, b-,g-, d- proteobacteria,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria,Cyanobacteria)

Classes ofbiomarkers,andspecific compounds thatcanbetargetedbymultiarray sensor

SCIENTIFICREQUIREMENTSHowtoachievethisinvestigation:

• Surfacescienceisimperativeduetothelowconcentrationandtheinsituanalyticaltechniquesthatmustbeused

• Multiarray inmunoassey detector

• SamplingthesubsurfaceofEuropainordertomeasurefreshmaterials.Materialspreservedfromradiationandotherdestructionprocesses

• Selectionofthelandingsitetominimizetherisk,andmaximizetheoptionstosearchforlife.

• Multisitesamplingtomultiplyopportunitiesofdetection.Avoidpotentialcontamination/alterationduetolanding

• Biosignature PreservationPotential (BPP)Destructionbyradiation, ultravacuum,oxidants

SCIENTIFICREQUIRENMENTS

SCIENTIFICREQUIRENMENTS

Goal Investigation Requirement InstrumentSearchforevidenceoflifeonEuropa

Detectpotentialbiomolecules

Identifybiomoleculessuchas:D/LaromaticaaPAHsShortpeptidesAnti-freezingpeptidesandsugarsEPSfrompsychrophilicmicrobesColdshockproteins(Concentration<10ppb)

Multiarrayimmunoassaydetector

NASAsoftlanderplatform Europeaninstitutesinterested

tocontribute/collaborateNationalagencies

GCMS* LATMOS-CNES,UniversityofBern,MaxPlankInstitute

NASA,France,Switzerland,Germany

Ramanspectroscopy* IRAP,INTA/CSIC-UVA NASA,France,SpainPanCam/microscope* DLR,MSSL/UCL,Space

ExplorationInstitute,CNRSNASA,Germany,UK,Switzerland,France

Geophone* ImperialCollegeLondon,IPG-Paris-CNES-ISAE

NASA,UK,France

Additionalpayload(tobeconsidered)Microarrayimmunoassaydetector CAB-CSIC-INTA SpainWetchemistrylab CAB-CSIC-INTA SpainThermogravimeter IAPS ItalyIcepropertiespackage(gravimeter,tiltmeter,radiotransponder,heatsensors)

Univ.RomaLaSapienza Italy

Magnetometer ImperialCollegeLondon UKRadiometer DLR Germany

SCIENTIFICREQUIRENMENTS

Scenariostoseekforsignsoflife:

-ifplumesexists(andtheirmaterialarefromthehabitablezone)*

-Freshmaterial

-Subsurfaceorigin:potentiallyanaqueousreservoir

-Detectionwithnorisk

-Detection limitofMSverylow

-ifplumesdoesnotexistàlanding (soft or hard)

-Samplinginsitu

-Selectionofsite:recentlyactive,shielded,

linkedwiththeocean

-Riskonsoftlanding

-Sampleconcentration.Diversepayload

SCENARIOS

SOURCEOFTHEPLUMES

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Whatifthereisnoevidencesoflife?

UNSUCCESFULMISSION?

QUESTION