scottish way of birth and death
TRANSCRIPT
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450 (Newburgh V1 p_There is also a note in regard to registrations of birtbaptise their children in infancy"
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Torphichen 17th November 1846: The Session tookthe baptism of their infant children in their homes ithe law of the church endures The Session disapprobaptised in this parish except in the church unless tthe inclemency of the weather.
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Q. Why can I not find my relatives death?
A. Maybe the people who buried your rel
673 (Whitburn) V4 p401823 Feb 25th Mortcloth to a stra
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683 (Dalkeith) V12 p1101843 May 8 A child of a travelling Mormon
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Burials and funeral practices
Multi burials are rather comm
is 2
and perhaps if a child is invindelicacy) is to dig the hol
of the
other. If there is considerab
coffin is
broken, it takes a lot of yea
then a simple
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arrive. Ladies brought sandwi
bottle.
(whisky) On entering the home
timeson the entrance mat, always
your hat
in your left hand and shook
son)
with your right. You kept yo
What a
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An English officer once wrote
(I
canna remember at the moment)
than anEnglish wedding."
Here is an example of my Gran
country.
Granda was brought to the mai
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We had been drinking his heal
to
Gairloch, so nobody was in annext day
it was time for the burial, s
our
shoulders at various points a
Granda to
be found We did not learn of t
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Several years ago I began writing m
it, my first thought was to discover
discovered that there were, and areit. The whole subject of Scottish s
surrounded by complications. Alth
continued to study the etymology o
genealogical research to develop m
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Irregular Marriage
For more than half a century a steacouples found to be irregularly mar
more than any other place in Scotla
Leith and South Leith with a partic
sufficient for a couple to declare be
husband and wife for the marriage
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other than the parish minister, shou
population of Leith was increasing
impossible for the elders to be awatheir predecessors had known the d
Clandestine marriage was generall
parents sought the privilege of bap
confessed their fault, and were, 'reb
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different parts of the country, and s
affinity, could nevertheless have th
Calder (or its variant, Caddell) mayCalder in West Lothian, Calder (or
in Nairnshire, or Calder in Caithne
relationship among the many famil
in at least a dozen different areas.
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the deevil for dinna ye speer for t
Translation:
"Could you tell me where Alexan
"Which Alexander White?"
"Big Alexander White."
"Which big Alexander White?"
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patronymic became the final surna
the decision been taken a generatio
have been Johnson, not Robertson.
The above example shows the dang
patronymic form as guides to remo
probably descended from half-a-do
parts of the country at different tim
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difficult to say which, if any, of the
a man had a name of patronymic fo
Pottar, it is difficult to tell which ino more than the name of his actua
and Matthew Paterson or Litstar, w
dyer) is the surname. In the case o
Andrew Wilson, the name Wilson
surnames originating from a place-
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all Stewarts were related to a Stew
descended from the stewards of thi
Name changes sometimes occurred
property. Sometimes charters even
certain name. For similar reasons,
names. In any of such cases, the su
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had a certain influence in stabilizin
establishment of the Register of Sa
Variation of names further declinedbaptisms, marriages and burials, pr
outlandish. In the Highlands, many
lost because ministers had difficult
them. They substituted names whic
Variations that survived into the ni
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Black, George F. The Surnames oHistory. New York: Publishing Cen
Jamieson, John. "A dissertation on
Jamieson's dictionary of the Scottis
1867.
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Scottish Naming Patterns
There are several patterns for the nfamily historians as having been pr
early 19th century onwards. The p
Ireland, the English Borders and el
corner.
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Scotland sects to give their children
briefly fashionable in Victorian Bri
SCOTTISH NAMING PATTERN
Most often used pattern for given n
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families that only partly used the co
didn't.
Another commonly used naming co
from the early 1800's onwards, of u
grandmother's maiden names as a m
a maternal grandparent of the paren
person in question died a short tim
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CH2/283/6/127
Newton Church 16th
Oct 1831: The
Clerk. Vacated by the death of the
appoint Mr Robert Meikle to that o
Schoolmaster to enjoy the salary an
every registration of a birth and ba
For every order to break ground in
Fro every Proclamation of Banns (i
THE SCOTTISH WA
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THE SCOTTISH WA
From the Records o
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From the Records o
Scotla
A Project by the Cen
Introduction
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Introduction
Scotland did not have a law requiring registra
years later than England. Official recording o
The Old Parish Registers
Previously, the only records of these events w
proclamation of the banns of marriage, and b
University of Glasgow :: Scottish Way of Birth and Death :: Introduc
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y g y
marriages and deaths. It was also possible for
died before baptism, or if a burial took place w
about pre-1855 vital events can be found in th
there was often a fee for entering an event in t
registration.
The old parish registers were not always well
that survived did not include the whole popul
Uist reported that:
University of Glasgow :: Scottish Way of Birth and Death :: Introduc
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y g y
of session) had a useful income from fees for
the nature of Scottish local government. Afte
unions for administering the relief of the poor
clerk who could usefully double as a local reg
remained split into over 1,000 parishes, althou
parishes, some very poor, feared the possiblemost interested in reforming Scottish registrat
marriage at the same time (for a discussion o
the Church of Scotland. An obvious comprom
registrars but this was equally bitterly oppose University of Glasgow :: Scottish Way of Birth and Death :: Introduc
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Additional Registers
Register of Corrected Entries
As well as the new civil registers of births, deprovided for a Register of Corrected Entries t
birth, death or marriage registration was foun
from the original informant and any other peo
correct details of the event in question to be e
Leading Actors
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Leading Actors
The coming of registration, and the opening o
created a number ofjob opportunities, both
University of Glasgow :: Scottish Way of Birth and Death :: Leading
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General was supported by a small group ofas
registration through a team ofregistration ex
the kind already being employed in Britain to
institutions. All these officials were paid for
expenses had to be approved by the Treasury
officials part-time so that they could combine
The office staffwere poorly paid, and there a
complaining of their poverty and begging for
k f ffi b t i l k d l
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Birth
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Illegitimate births were very common in certa
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Illegitimate births were very common in certa
particularly in the North East and the South
problem, in spite of lectures from their parish
regarded as more shameful, and couples woul
relationship. The Registrar General often wro
couples who claimed to be married when they
marriage certificate. The most common caseswho then entered into a new and stable relatio
and expensive, and couples would pass thems
wedding ceremony, to preserve their reputatio
legitimate was more difficult though as the o
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If the registrar had any doubts about the sex o
inspection!
Although registrars were supposed to pursue
were not satisfied that all the registrars were d
1855. The examiner complained that the regi
'discovers the births &c. in the News
his business; nor does he trouble him
rather than the institution's name, as the place
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rather than the institution s name, as the place
Marriage
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Marriage
The Law
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2. A promise of marriage, followed by a sex
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p g , y
had to be backed up by some kind of proof, su
before witnesses.
3. Marriages 'by habit and repute' were also l
husband and wife, even if no formal declarati
Irregular marriages were frowned on by law afined, but they had the same inheritance right
legitimate. Although the Church of Scotland
because it feared that if the law did not recogn
i ' Th t b li d t t t
Gretna Green: A National Ob
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Gretna Green: A National Ob
In 1753, Hardwicke's Marriage Act banned ir
irregular, though legal, marriage could be con
residence requirements. Nor was parental con
were legal for girls as young as 12, and boys a
was raised to 16. English couples wishing to
of the border. The blacksmith's anvil at Gretn
marriages, but there were several 'marriage ho
as Berwick on Tweed and Lamberton.
(Image: Berwick 'Marriage House', courtesy of the University of St An
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(Image: Berwick Marriage House , courtesy of the University of St An
The English seem to have been more obsessed
Scots. A summary of the annual report of the
Times, often with comments about the peculia
staple of English fiction, though fans ofPride
were to find that their flighty daughter Lydia him in London. Wilkie Collins frequently use
sensational novels. Man and Wife (1870) hin
when a blameless couple briefly pretended to
i ht i S tti h i I f t h b i
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calling upon the Free Church Minist
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g pbe insulted.'
Similar complaints were still being made at th
The early examiners were very interested in th
feature in this. Social customs in Banff cause
'The proportion [of marriages] in th
owing to the habit of the fishing pop
Death
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Death
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Death
any other aspect of their duties. The old paris
death; but many recorded only the burials of p
Act was passed, this system was felt to be mo
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p yAlthough there were immensely strong social
poor families, and particularly unmarried mot
without ceremony. No clergyman or underta
This gave rise to much anxiety about the poss
reported to the registrar, the English law did n
though all recognized medical men were givethe free services of a Poor Law doctor, and it
certificates; but very young children, and old
Th S tti h R i t ti A t t i d t id th
or even checking that the person was actually
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g p yprofession, who were not paid for issuing dea
a person they had not seen for some months.
After that, a doctor was fined only if he refuse
Few doctors were ever penalized in this fashio
interest in maintaining accurate death statist
more care over death registration. Nevertheletowards more accurate death reporting, and th
compulsory measures for reporting a death.
B th d f th t d th di
Divorce
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DivorceDivorce, which now features prominently in t
Registrars General of Scotland before the Sec
had to keep a record of divorces, which were
discussed in the annual reports of the Registra
why this was so. In the decade between 1855
number of divorces in Scotland each year was
of 222 per year, a more rapid rise than could b
small figure that the Registrar General did no
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g g
During the First World War and immediatel
in the preceding decade (an average of 458 di
immediately after the war. It remained fairly
1930s, and in 1942 the figure was over 1000 f
provided the divorce figures in his reports.
Although Scottish divorce law was apparently
social classes, than the law of England, in pra
reasons The Church of Scotland had since t
could do about it, and he would have to regist
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g
When discussing the forthcoming census of 1
'marital status' section should include divorce
states were single, married, or widowed. The
think that such an addition was necessary. He
truth, because of the social stigma, and that inpeople would not reveal anything about the m
separated and living with new partners. Divo
divorce figures were rising.
The Census
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The Census
A census of the British population, providing
and child in the country on a specified evenin
for 1941 when wartime conditions made it im
for England oversaw arrangements for taking
General Register Office to assume this role, athe problems encountered by the GROS staff
General for Scotland, William Pitt Dundas, ha
slow to commence preparations, only just m
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distributed to remote areas of the country in ti
participate in the census (and those who did w
enumerators appointed to distribute and collec
difficulties, such as householders' illiteracy
only challenges with which Pitt Dundas and h
On top of his regular duties, Stark was taskedcensus report for submission to Parliament. A
staff in the Statistical Branch of the GROS co
Dundas initially received Treasury permission
i l di j i l k i l k d t
But it proved very difficult to recruit enumera
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But it proved very difficult to recruit enumera
educated men were often in short supply. The
enumerators had earned at the previous censu
job. As a result, Pitt Dundas was deluged wit
struggling to secure good candidates. Severa
forced to recruit men from outside their own p
themselves to make up the numbers. Althoug
eventually secured, they were ofvarying abil
accountants and surveyors in Perth, to fish cu
makes no mention of problems in procuring s
Dundas that:
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'at this season, most of the children w
labours of the field. In the five scho
6th April. How is this to be met? W
of Scholars who have attended Scho
in the Schedule?'
The Registrar General's Secretary, George Se
attended school during the week preceding 7
Doubts about what constituted a room promp? h b i ki h d i
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count? What about pantries, kitchens and sim
sitting? And did an apartment require a firepl
questions were no, yes, and no respectively.
characteristic 'but and ben' cottage, with one
other the husband's workshop, should be ente
told to consider these as having only one roomof trade; but registrars who did not write to th
reached the opposite conclusion and advised t
windowed rooms. Despite the confusion, the
ll th i t N d th th t h
Omissions From the Census
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Omissions From the Census
Particularly in the large cities ofDundee, Gla
ofomitting households from the census retur
any such omissions, these sometimes went un
they had been left out. The GlasgowHeraldenquiring:
'whether . . . the officials employed i
As we would expect, the information requesteh d ith h i 1921 f
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changed with each census - in 1921, for exam
'Divorced' for the first time. Each successive
the GROS, such as the use ofHollerith mach
(
Central Library.)
When the 1911 census was being taken, suffr
that since they were not recognized as citizen
Health and Disease
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Health and Disease
Although legal considerations were probably
Registration Act of 1854, the importance of v
appreciated. There was a growing 'statistical
the Belgian Alphonse Quetelet argued that ac
the state. Medical men were amongst the warthat Scotland was disadvantaged because it ha
recording vital statistics.
In the years leading up to the Scottish Registr
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Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh,
University of Edinburgh, made it clear that th
deaths in the statistical returns of the Registra
been pushing vigorously for Scottish registrat
English model. In 1847 they passed a resolut
'That it is the opinion of this College
the forms now in use under the auth
necessarily be fallacious - and that b
account of his view that climatic conditions iVery roughly the Farr view might be said to c
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Very roughly, the Farr view might be said to c
standards of living and the rigours of the Sco
the relation of micro-organisms to disease, bo
not, in fact, mutually exclusive, but the debate
quite cantankerous.
Stark, influenced by Professor Alison, believe
very accurate about causes of death until all d
registration began, this looked unlikely becau
f ll ill d th l h t f d t
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arguing that Highland crofters lived in overc
Vaccination
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VaccinationVaccination against smallpox was one of the
from Edward Jenner's experiments in 1796. V
epidemics of this dangerous and disfiguring d
that vaccination was well advertised and easil
effective and safe. Although many people waepidemic threatened, the poor had to rely on c
authorities, to provide a vaccination service.
English Poor Law in 1834, followed by the Rvaccination service and in 1840 the first Va
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vaccination service, and in 1840 the first Va
up public vaccination services, usually throug
service became free.
Vaccination was not compulsory in England
registrars of births, marriages and deaths. Th
newly born children, who had to return them
indicate a successful vaccination, or face a fin
to force guardians to provide adequate service
and in particular to make guardians prosecut
Scottish registrars seem to have been diligentvaccinated and the number of prosecutions w
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vaccinated, and the number of prosecutions w
schoolmasters, they were probably well aware
good position to put pressure on parents. The
and doctors, and on one occasion the Registra
over a vaccination certificate until the parents
doctors who allowed vaccination to be done b
travelling expenses.
Even though the service was not free for ever
willingly though as usual there were great di
to object in their own right.
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Compulsory vaccination for smallpox was dis
finally relieved of their duty to log successful
small outbreak in Glasgow in 1950, but in 197
smallpox virus had been eradicated globally.
War and National Reg
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War and National RegDuring the First World War, the activities of t
was drawn into the war effort, particularly aft
1915. This Act required a Register of every a
vague about how it would be set up and main
England, devised a complicated system for a August 1915, everyone within the specified a
nationality, marital status and employment de
filed first by occupational group, and then alpScotland where the Registrar General set up h
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Scotland, where the Registrar General set up h
Edinburgh, and were organised alphabetically
the General Register Office in London and its
Mallet's system shows more clearly why the R
increasingly obvious during the autumn of 19Parliament as a way of dealing with the labou
workers after the rush of volunteers to the Fro
'shirkers' and 'slackers' who were not doing
i t d d t i t i ffi i t d l t f l
'. . . human tendency is not to minim
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y
There may have been some national feeling b
involved with recruitment. Scots were alread
and Scotland produced a substantial amount o
agriculture. The first rush of volunteers to en
economy. A rather jaundiced note in the GRO
'thoroughly skinned' by the recruiting officers
E t W k f R i t
the Scottish coast. This was not always possithat on the small island of Colonsay with its g
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that on the small island of Colonsay, with its g
The Records
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The Records
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Family History
Scotland. A list of the documents in this seriesubjects in the series particularly for the twen
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subjects in the series, particularly for the twen
specific tasks of the Registrar General, such a
(Image: Haymaking, from the James Paterson Collec
Although the GRO series contains the most d
National Archives for Scotland, for example,
the Registrar General's correspondence. Sinc
their personal views in an uninhibited way. Tbehaviour not only of local registrars, but of w
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behaviour not only of local registrars, but of w
Here is a sample of an examiner's view of cer
'I have often been struck, while exam
Coast, with the names of the fisherminhabitants of Avoch are distinguish
exists in such places as Nairn, Crom
their avocation leads them, they inva
letters too are a valuable historical source.
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GRO5
The Registrar General's correspondence for th
by subjects that can be easily identified in the
A number of these files are closed for 100 yea
Published Material
Detailed Research
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Detailed ResearchThe authors of this website have produced mo
registration in Scotland, and this page offers c
added to from time to time. To access these p
1. For a full report of papers delivered at a syScotland and England, see
'Birth pains and death throes: the creation of v
supported by the Wellcome Trust, arising fromthe History of Medicine, University of Glasgo
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y , y g
2. On the old parish registers
Cameron, A., 'The fate of the old parish regis
14 (2008). This is a pdf file of the unedited ty
3. On the making of the Registration Act o
1939
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An index to the textual section of the annual r
project. It may be of assistance to those cons
for download in a zipped MS ACCESS file he
explaining the construction and use of the dat
open it with a zip programme, such as the free
database
Further Reading
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Further ReadingGeneral Surveys
There are two excellent introductory guides to
For Scotland:
Cecil Sinclair,Jock Tamson's Bairns: A Histo
For England:
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Edward Higgs,Life, Death and Statistics: Civ
Register Office, 1836-1952 (Hatfield, 2004).
Costs 12.50 if ordered direct from Local Pop
For those requiring a more detailed list of wor
issues for Scotland and England, a pdf. file is