“scythian triad” and “scythian world” leonid t. yablonsky institute of archaeology moscow,...
TRANSCRIPT
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7/31/2019 Scythian Triad and Scythian World Leonid T. Yablonsky Institute of Archaeology Moscow, Russia (page 3-8)
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\nu{ M
Ounzmn` Nujanogfgcmjnf [aogu}
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Iucn`z& Um{nf Zm{oz& n`k Zo{{foho`{z2 Ounzmn` Eug`ro n`k Mug` Nco
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Nez{unj{
_zm`c h}{agfgcmrok nujanogfgcmjnf {ouhz zja nz @ghnkmj
Jmtmfmrn{mg` g`f} koz{ug}z {ao amz{gumjmzh gd nujanogfgc} n`k
n{{njaoz z|oudmjmnf dguhnfm{} {g {ao kmzjm|fm`o. N z{umj{& oq(
{uohof} jn{mgz& n`k z|ojmnff} kotofg|ok n||ugnja dgu {ao
jgh|numzg` gd {ao nujanogfgcmjnf kn{n n`k sum{{o` zgujoz&
agsotou& jgfk hnio nujanogfgc} hguo zjmo`{mdmj n`k& ao`jo&
hguo amz{gumjnf. [g ozjn|o dugh n o{sgui gd n`jmo`{ n`k hgk(
ou` h}{az m{ mz ojozznu} {g juon{o z|ojmdmj uocmg`nf n`k z|ojmnf
nujanogfgcmjnf uojg`z{uj{mg`z g` {ao enzmz gd co`ounf {nqg(
`ghmj njamotoho`{. So ook {g {am`i neg{ {ao co`ounfmrn{mg`
gd uocmg`nf jfnzzmdmjn{mg`z n`k kotmzo sn}z {g eumkco {ao kmddou(
o`{ hf{mkmzjm|fm`nu} amz{gumjnf n`k zjmo`{mdmj n||ugnjaoz. M`
uonfm{} so anto g`f} {sg eumkcoz {an{ jn` eo zok {g jg``oj{
nujanogfgc} sm{a {ao nkbnjo`{ amz{gumjnf kmzjm|fm`o9 {aozo gj(
ju g` n jaug`gfgcmjnf fotof n`k n cogcun|amjnf fgjz.
Io} Sgukz
Zj}{amn` Sgufk& Zj}{amn` n`k Znuhn{mn` nujanogfgc}&
jf{unf jg`{m`h n`k jf{unf agumrg`& o{a`mj jf{uo n`k
jf{uo gd {ao o{a`gz
Zj}{amn` [umnk n`k Zj}{amn` Sgufk
Fog`mk [. ]nefg`zi}
M`z{m{{o gd Nujanogfgc}
Hgzjgs& Uzzmn
M`{ugkj{mg`
[ao umjaoz{ iucn`z {an{ souo oqjntn{ok m` {ao @gu{aou` Efnji
Zon uocmg` kum`c {ao >={a jo`{u} souo |gsoudf jn{nf}z{z dgu
{ao kotofg|ho`{ gd Uzzmn` nujanogfgc}. Cgugk{zgt !>=
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Iucn`z& Um{nf Zm{oz& n`k Zo{{foho`{z2 Ounzmn` Eug`ro n`k Mug` Nco
nh|fo& n kmuoj{ {un`zdou gd {ao o{a`g`}h Zj}{amn` gjjuuok
sm{a uodouo`jo {g eg{a {ao kmtouzo {}|gfgcmjnf n`k jaug`gfgcm(
jnf nz|oj{z gd {ao zm{oz !Uko`ig n`k Uko`ig >=;=9 [gfz{gt
>=4>& >=4:-. N{ |uozo`{& nz snz {ao jnzo m` {ao |nz{& o{a`g(
gumo`{ok jfmjaz zja nz Zj}{amn`z n`k Zj}{agmk Jf{uo
nuo z{mff duo~o`{f}n`k nezgf{of} m`jguuoj{f}m`jgu|gun{ok m`{g
nujanogfgcmjnf |efmjn{mg`z& m`jfkm`c |g|fnu okm{mg`z !o.c.
Nfoiam` >=1=9 Igram` >=1=9 Iugjaim` >====:-. N{ {aoo`k gd {ao 5=149 Hgcmf`migt >=1=-. Sao` m{ eojnho `ojozznu}
{g |ugto `m{}& Aougkg{z {oq{ snz kuns` |g` zm`jo ao jgh(
ho`{ok {an{ {ao Zj}{amn`z ank jnho dugh Nzmn9 juuo`{ h}{a(
hniouz anto oto` nkkok dugh {ao ko|{az gd Jo`{unf Nzmn. Md
m{ ank eoo` |gzzmefo {g |ugto {amz touzmg` |uozo`{ok e} {ao
Dn{aou gd Amz{gu}& nz Aougkg{z anz eoo` jnffok& uozonujaouz
z{k}m`c Oug|on` onuf} Zj}{amn` zm{oz sgfk anto uozgftok
zgho gd {aomu gs` uocmg`nf |ugefohz. Z|ojmdmjnff}& {ao oq|fg(
zmto kotofg|ho`{ gd {ao Zj}{amn` Jf{uo m` {ao Efnji Zon uo(
cmg` sgfk anto eoo` oq|fnm`ok. N` `zgftok |ugefoh snz
{ao {}|gfgcmjnf& jaug`gfgcmjnf& n`k co`o{mj |num{} gd {ao |uo(
Zj}{amn` |oumgk n`k Zj}{amn` |oumgk !dgu n uotmos gd {ao kn{n
uodou {g [ouo graim` >=4?9 Fozigt >=1;9 Ifgjaign`k Hurm`
>=13-. [amz |ugefoh& samja uo~muok jnuodf n`k fnegu(jg`(
zhm`c nujanogfgcmjnf uozonuja n{ n uocmg`nf fotof& sgfk anto
eoo` onzmf} uozgftok e} uojgc`mrm`c {an{ {ao Zj}{amn` |g|fn(
{mg` ank n||onuok m` {ao Efnji Zon nuon nz n jgh|fo{o n`k jgh(
|foq dguhn{mg`. Zmhmfnuf}& {ao mzzo gd {ao gumcm` gd {ao Znughn{mn`
Jf{uo m` {ao Tgfcn Umtou(_unf uocmg` sgfk anto eoo` uozgftok
nz mz juuo`{f} an||o`m`c {gkn} !Raoforjamigt >=132 >5-.
[ouo`graim` n`k {ao zjagfnuz {an{ eofg`cok {g amz zjaggf& |nu({mjfnuf} Hurm` !>=14-& z||gu{ok {ao a}|g{aozmz {an{ Jo`{unf
Nzmn snz {ao gumcm` gd {ao Zj}{amn` Jf{uo. [amz a}|g{aozmz
uo~muok {ao jguuofn{mg` gd jaug`gfgcmjnf kn{n. Nujanogfgcmjnf
zm{oz dugh {ao soz{ou` z{o||oz {an{ jg`{nm`ok Zj}{amn` nu{mdnj{z&
zja nz O`kran& Eofgcunko{z& n`k Tmzgin}n Hgcmfn !Amca
Cunto- !\g|gt& >=:59 Emkrmf}n n`k ]nigto`ig& >=3;9 \gfm`&
>=13-& ank eoo` kn{ok {g {ao 3{a n`k |gzzmef} oto` {g {ao o`k
gd {ao 1{a jo`{u} EJ. Zmh|fo fgcmj& {aouodguo& kohn`kok {an{
Zj}{amn` zm{oz zm{n{ok koo| m` Nzmn zagfk eo kn{ok hja
onufmou.
N{ {ao eocm``m`c gd {ao >=3=1=31-. Hnu{m`gt !>==4- anz nfzg bgm`ok {aoh m` {aouokn{m`c |ugjozz& samfo Raoforjamigt !>=13- n`k Mzhncmfgt
!>=11- anto hnm`{nm`ok n jfgzo |gzm{mg` uocnukm`c {ao gumcm`
gd {ao soz{ou` z{o||o Zj}{amn`z. N{ |uozo`{ n `heou gd Uz(
zmn` nujanogfgcmz{z& agsotou& eofmoto {an{ {ao Nuran` n`{m~m(
{moz zagfk eo kn{ok {g {ao o`k gd {ao 3{a gu oto` {ao 4{a jo`{u}
EJ !Jafo`gtn >==3-.
Du{aou oto`{z njjuok fmio n` ntnfn`jao. M` gukou {g uojgc`mro
{ao Nzmn` gumcm` gd {ao Zj}{amn`z nz uojgukok m` Aougkg{z m{
snz `ojozznu} {g dm`k nujanogfgcmjnf zm{oz m` {ao z{o||oz {an{
eofg`cok {g {ao Jmhhoumn`z& {ao |uojuzguz gd {ao Zj}{amn`z.
[ao kmzjzzmg` anz m`{o`zmdmok jg`jou`m`c {ao jg``oj{mg` eo({soo` jg`juo{o nujanogfgcmjnf jf{uoz n`k kmz|nun{o nujanog(
fgcmjnf zm{oz eofg`cm`c {g {ao Jmhhoumn`z sag souo ho`{mg`ok
m` sum{{o` zgujoz. Hn`} zjagfnuz eofmoto m` {ao oqmz{o`jo gd n
z|ojmdmj Jmhhoumn` o{a`gz. G`f} |uo(Zj}{amn` zm{oz& n`k zm{oz
fgjn{ok m` {ao Efnji Zon nuon& anto eoo` mko`{mdmok sm{a {ao
Jmhhoumn`z ![ouo`graim` >=349 Nfoqoot o{ nf >==:-. Oug(
|on` nujanogfgcmz{z ank kmtmkok g|m`mg`z jg`jou`m`c {ao mko`(
{mdmjn{mg` gd {ao Jmhhoumn`z sm{a {ao kmtouzo |uo(Zj}{amn` n`(
{m~m{moz. Kmzjzzmg` ncnm` zucok jg`jou`m`c {ao jaug`gfgcm(
jnf n`k {}|gfgcmjnf jg``oj{mg`z eo{soo` {ao jf{uoz& n`k {aomu
|fnjo sm{am` g{aou Fn{o Eug`ro Nco jf{unf dguhn{mg`z. [ao
kmzjzzmg` mz dnu dugh gtou& n`k juuo`{f} {aozo oq|ou{z anto
jgho dff jmujfo.
\ugefohz gd {ouhm`gfgc}
Nz m{ jg`{m`ok {g eo kotofg|ok& {ao uozf{z gd {ao Jo`{unf Nzmn`
a}|g{aozmz zuof} sgfk anto zu|umzok {ao {aogu}z dg`kouz.
Dugh zm`c o{}hgfgcmjnff} m`njjun{o {ouhz zja nz Amz{gum(
jnf _`m{} gd {ao Zj}{amn`(Zmeoumn` Sgufk n`k Zj}{amn`(Zm(
eoumn` Jf{unf(Amz{gumjnf _`m{} {ao m``gtn{guz& sag souo
oq|ou{z m` {ao dmofk gd onz{ou` z{o||o nujanogfgc}& eocn` {g zo
oto` hguo jn|umjmgz sguk(jghem`n{mg`z zja nz Jmtmfmrn(
{mg` gd {ao Onuf} Ounzmn` @ghnkz. [ao sguiz gd Hnu{m`gt
anto hnko {ao hgz{ z{nfsnu{ n{{oh|{ {g zez{n`{mn{o {amz jg`(
jo|{. N z|ojmnf jg`douo`jo kotg{ok {g co`ounf mzzoz gd Zj}{amn`
nujanogfgc} snz aofk m` >==5 n{ {ao M`z{m{{o gd Nujanogfgc}
m` Hgzjgs& n`k {ao jg`douo`jo |n|ouz souo |efmzaok !IZMN
>==:-. [ao hnm` jg`jfzmg`z gd {ao jg`douo`jo souo uofn{ok {g
mzzoz gd {ao Zj}{amn` Sgufk. Hoheouz gd {ao Zj}{amn`(
Znuhn{mn` Ko|nu{ho`{ gd {ao M`z{m{{o gd Nujanogfgc}2 N. M.
Hofigtn& H. C. Hgzaigtn& T. Z. Gfiagtzi}& T. C. \o{uo`ig&
T. O. Hnzfgt& @. F. Jafo`gtn& n`k F. [. ]nefg`zi} anto eoo`
m` m`tgftok m` dmofk uozonuja n`k {aoguo{mjnf kotofg|ho`{. [ao}
anto otgftok m`ko|o`ko`{ {}|gfgcmjnf jfnzzmdmjn{mg`z n`k jaug(
`gfgcmjnf zjnfoz {an{ anto eoo` kotofg|ok g` {ao enzmz gd z|o(
jmdmj uocmg`nf hn{oumnfz. [aozo uozonujaouz anto nfzg ~oz{mg`ok
{ao jaug`gfgcmjnf enzmz zok dgu {ao a}|g{aozmz {an{ {aoZj}{amn`z gumcm`n{ok m` Jo`{unf Nzmn. [ao} anto |gz{fn{ok {an{
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{ao onufmoz{ dguhn{mg` dgu eg{a {ao Zj}{amn` n`k Znin Jf{uoz
jgfk `g{ anto {nio` |fnjo eodguo {ao o`k gd {ao 1{a jo`{u}
EJ !]nefg`zi} >==1-.
[ao zjagfnuz ho`{mg`ok negto sag anto sguiok {g dguhfn{o
z|ojmnf {ouhz {an{ jn` eo zok {g ko`g{o {ao kmddouo`{ onuf} Ou(
nzmn` ghnkmj jf{uoz anto eoo` oq{uohof} `zjjozzdf& oto`
dugh n fgcmjnf |gm`{ gd tmos. M` |nu{mjfnu& {ao {ouh Zj}{amn`(Zmeoumn` Sgufk mz mffgcmjnf eojnzo m{ jg``oj{z o{}hgfgcmjnff}
kmzjuo{o {ouhz9 {ao dmuz{ uodouz {g o{a`mjm{} samfo {ao zojg`k {g
cogcun|a}. M{ anz eoo` zccoz{ok {an{ {ao {ouh Zj}{amn`(Zmeo(
umn` Sgufk zagfk eo uo|fnjok sm{a Zj}{amn` Sgufk. [amz
|aunzo mz anukf} zjmo`{mdmj eojnzo m{ jg`{m`oz {ao o{a`mj {ou(
hm`gfgc} Zj}{amn` {aouoe} fneofm`c |g|fn{mg`z sag jgfk
`g{ |gzzmef} anto eofg`cok {g {ao co`m`o Zj}{amn`z zm`jo {aomu
co`ozmz snz `uofn{ok {g {an{ gd {ao |g|fn{mg` gd {ao Efnji
Zon uocmg`.
Unotzi} !>==:- anz |gz{fn{ok {ao jg`jo|{ gd {ao jf{unf jg`(
{m`h. Dgffgsm`c amz |gm`{ gd tmos& {ao jgh|fo{o `nho gd{ao nujanogfgcmjnf jf{uoz {an{ dguhok {amz jg`{m`h hz{
eo {ouhok {ao Ounzmn` Jf{unf Jg`{m`h gd {ao Zj}{amn`
O|gja. M{ mz |gzzmefo {g ncuoo sm{a {ao zohn`{mjz gd {amz {ouh
dgu m{ oqjfkoz eg{a kn`cougz neouun{mg`z n`k o{a`mj jg`{un(
kmj{mg`z. [ao {ouh& agsotou& anz g{ eojgho oz{nefmzaok m` nu(
janogfgcmjnf fm{oun{uo eojnzo gd m{z fo`c{a n`k jgh|foqm{}. M`
n uotmos gd Fn{m` Nhoumjn` nujanogfgcmjnf hn{oumnfz& Enzamfgt
!>==:- anz zccoz{ok {ao m`jgu|gun{mg` gd {ao jg`jo|{ gd jf(
{unf agumrg`z m` jg``oj{mg` sm{a {ao Zj}{amn` Sgufk. Zmhmfnu
hn{oumnf jf{uoz n`k z|mum{nf |ao`gho`n jgfk jgtou tnumgz
{ouum{gumoz }o{ {amz {ouhm`gfgc} kgoz g{ m`jgu|gun{o {ao jg``g(
{n{mg` gd `m{}.
[ao zmh|fmz{mj kodm`m{mg` gd Zj}{amn` [umnk anz eojgho n`
o{a`mj z}hegf n`k& hguogtou& jgh|fo{of} jg`{unkmj{z zjmo`{mdmj
dnj{9 m{ nfzg kofmeoun{of} eum`cz g`(Zj}{amn` Jf{uoz n`k ofo(
ho`{z m`{g {ao Zj}{amn` Jmujfo. [umnk mz& du{aou& n` f{un(
o{a`mj jn{ocgu} zm`jo m{ uo|uozo`{z n ze(jf{unf |uoz{mcmgz
zmc` eofg`cm`c {g |og|foz gd kmddouo`{ jf{unf n`k co`o{mj gum(
cm` !]nefg`zi} >====5& >==4-. M` gukou {g oq|fnm` {ao |ao(
`gho`g` gd {ao oq|fgzmto gjjuuo`jo n`k un|mk kmzzohm`n(
{mg` gd hn{oumnf jf{uo {augcag{ {ao Ounzmn` z{o||oz m{ mz
`ojozznu} {g jg`zmkou {ao enzmj hgkofz gd jf{unf m``gtn{mg`z.
So i`gs dugh o{a`gcun|amj kn{n {an{ m` {ao onuf} z{ncoz gd {ao
kotofg|ho`{ gd n amounujamjnf zgjmo{} ozzo`{mnf kmz{m`j{mg`zgjju eo{soo` hoheouz gd {ao fgsou n`k amcaou zgjmnf z{un{n&
|nu{mjfnuf} jg`jou`m`c um{nfz& tnfoz& n`k fmdoz{}foz. Cunk(
nff}& zgjmnf z{n{zoz eojnho om{aou jgh|fo{of} ko{njaok dugh
onja g{aou gu |gguf} m`dguhok neg{ {ao g{aou. _`kou zja jg`(
km{mg`z& hn{oumnf jf{unf nu{mdnj{z {an{ m`m{mnff} anto n `n{mg`nf
gumcm` eocn` {g fggzo {aomu gumcm`nf {mfm{numn` d`j{mg`& n`k gtou
{mho kotofg| n |uoz{mcmgz n`k z}hegfmj `n{uo.
Nz `g{ok negto& zo|nun{o zgjmnf fn}ouz gd jf{uoz jn` gjju
sm{am` {ao `m{ok o{a`gz. [ao o{a`gfgcmjnf {ouhm`gfgc} dgu {amz
|ao`gho`g` mz jf{uo gd ze(zgjmh. Jf{unf m``gtn{mg`z
jn` gjju m` om{aou gd {sg sn}z9 {augca m`to`{mg` gu eguugs(m`c. [ao hojan`mzh gd eguugsm`c& om{aou {mfm{numn` gu z}h(
egfmj& snz z{umj{f} ko|o`ko`{ |g` {ao d`j{mg` gd {un`zhm{{m`c
{ao geboj{. N` geboj{& m{zofd& jn` jnuu} o{a`mj n{{ume{oz. Kmz(
zohm`n{mg` gd m{ohz sm{a {mfm{numn` d`j{mg` mz znff} jg`(
`oj{ok sm{a hnuumnco(dnhmf} m`{ouuofn{mg`z e{& `otou{aofozz&
so eofmoto {an{ {ao hnbgum{} gd {un`zhm{{ok cggkz gumcm`n{ok m`
{ao zo{{foho`{z. N`} um{nf |ao`gho`n& m`jfkm`c {ao nu{mdnj{z
zok m` d`ounf um{oz& ank z}hegfmj zmc`mdmjn`jo n`k nuo znff}
dg`k m` eumnfz. [ao m``gtn{mg` hojan`mzh gd |uoz{mcmgz(zmc`|ug|ou{} anz n z|ojmnf janunj{ou. Nd{ou nuumtm`c n{ {ao |uoz{m(
cmgz ofm{o z{un{n gd {ao o{a`gz& {ao geboj{ mz eguugsok dugh g`o
ze(zgjmh jf{uo {g n`g{aou {aouoe} juon{m`c n janm` uonj(
{mg`. N{ {ao eocm``m`c& g`f} ofm{o o{a`mj z{un{n souo m`tgftok m`
m`{ou(o{a`mj jg`{nj{z. M{ mz mh|gu{n`{ {g ho`{mg` {an{ hmfm{nu}
fonkouz souo {ao zgjmnf cug| hgz{ duo~o`{f} m`tgftok m` {amz
{}|o gd oqjan`co. Kn{n m`kmjn{oz {an{ jf{unf m``gtn{mg`z souo
z|uonk om{aou m` n z{unmca{ fm`o gu g`f} m` n agumrg`{nf z|njo
zm`jo {ao} |oumgkmjnff} hgtok tou{mjnff} m`zmko {ao z}z{oh gd
o{a`mj zgjmnf z{un{mdmjn{mg`. [aomu z|uonk m` {ao agumrg`{nf km(
uoj{mg` snz oq{un(o{a`mj.
M eofmoto {an{ {ao Zj}{amn` [umnk m{zofd n||onuz nz n tmtmk oq(
nh|fo gd |uoz{mcmgz zmc` n{{ume{oz gd {ao hn{oumnf n`k z|mum(
{nf jf{uo z}z{ohz. M{ jg`zmz{ok gd zo|nun{o& e{ z|mum{nff}
zmc`mdmjn`{ ofoho`{z. Sao` onja gd {aozo ofoho`{z nuo {nio`
zo|nun{of} {ao} sgfk anto g`f} ank n {mfm{numn` ugfo& e{ sao`
{ao} nuo `m{ok m` {ao [umnk& {ao} nj~muok z}hegfmjnf n`k
uofmcmgz |uoz{mco& m` nkkm{mg` {g antm`c hncmjnf d`j{mg`z.
Eguugsm`c uofmcmg(hncmjnf n{{ume{oz snz dnjmfm{n{ok sao` {ao
`mtouznf janunj{ou gd zgho h}{agfgcmjnf jg`jo|{z |ouhm{{ok
|oujomtm`c n`g{aou nz zohn`{mjnff} mko`{mjnf {g gu. Sao`
eguugsm`c {ao {oja`gfgcmjnf z}z{oh& agsotou& hn`} geboj{mto
jmujhz{n`joz souo uo~muok& zja nz n` n||ug|umn{o ojgfgcm(
jnf jfmhn{o {an{ nfzg m`jfkoz n zm{nefo zgjmnf n`k |z}jagfgcm(
jnf n{hgz|aouo. Oto` `kou n||ug|umn{o jg`km{mg`z& {ao fotof
gd kotofg|ho`{ nz soff nz n zmhmfnu ojg`ghmj(jf{unf gumo`{n(
{mg` hz{ eo m` |fnjo dgu z|ojmdmj jf{unf ofoho`{z {g eo nz(
zmhmfn{ok. M{ mz `g{ jnznff} |ugto`& {aouodguo& {an{ {}|gfgcmjnf
n`k {oja`gfgcmjnf n`nf}zoz gd onja ofoho`{ jgh|gzm`c {ao
Zj}{amn` [umnk m` {ao kmddouo`{ uocmg`z gd {ao z{o||oz& koh(
g`z{un{o {unkm{mg`nf z|ojmdmjm{} m` {ao oqoj{mg` gd {ao zm`cfnu
ofoho`{z gd {ao [umnk.[amz mz {uo sao{aou m{ eo {}|oz gd nuhn(
ho`{ gu {ao z{}fmz{mj ofoho`{z gd {ao N`mhnf Z{}fo. San{ mz uo(
~muok mz n` otnfn{mg` gd uocmg`nf don{uoz& zja nz n`mhnf z{}fo
mhncoz& {}|oz gd nuugsaonkz& n`k aguzo anu`ozz dnz{o`ouz nz
soff nz {ao {oja`gfgcmoz m`tgftok m` {aomu hn`dnj{uo.
[ao jg`jo|{ gd jf{unf agumrg`& {an{ uo|fnjoz {ao fozz n||ug(
|umn{o jg``g{n{mg` gd jghh`m{} n`k `m{}& sguiz soff nfzg
sao` so jg`zmkou {ao nujanogfgcmjnf hn{oumnfz jg`jou`ok sm{a
{ao mzzoz gd {ao dguhn{mg` gd {ao Znughn{mn` Jf{uo.
Jg`jfzmg`z
Onja z{o||o uocmg` uotonfz jf{unf n`k n`{aug|gfgcmjnf z|ojm(
dmjm{} sm{am` {ao co`ounf amz{gumjnf(z{nkmh|ao`gho`n. [ao
{un`zm{mg` {g {ao jg`jo|{ gd jf{unf agumrg`z gu jg`{m`h
nfzg dgujoz z {g zonuja dgu `os ho{agkgfgcmjnf n||ugnjaoz
sao` sguim`c sm{a nujanogfgcmjnf hn{oumnfz. M` {amz jg`{oq{so zagfk jg`zmkou {sg {aohoz9 {ao dmuz{ jg`jou`z {ao |ugefoh
Zj}{amn` [umnk n`k Zj}{amn` Sgufk
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Iucn`z& Um{nf Zm{oz& n`k Zo{{foho`{z2 Ounzmn` Eug`ro n`k Mug` Nco
Uodouo`jozNimzaot& I.N. n`k Nimzaot& N. I. >=31. \ugefohm iaug`gfgcmmun`ocg o{n|nznizigm if{um& ||. :=(4: m` Nimzaot& I. !ok.-&
Nuiaogfgcmjaozimo |nh}n{`mim Inrnaz{n`n. Nfhn(N{n2 @nin!Jaug`gfgcmjnf \ugefohz m` {ao Onuf} Z{nco gd {ao Znin Jf({uo. Nujanogfgcmjnf Hg`ho`{z gd Inrniaz{n`-.
Nfoqoot& N. _.& Injanfgtn& @. I. n`k [ga{nzmot& J. \. >==:.Imhhoumm{zm2 o{`gif{u`n}n |um`nkfora`gz{. Zn`j{(\o{oueuc2Ouhnigt !Jmhhoumn`z2 O{a`g(Jf{unf Nddmfmn{mg`-.
Nfoiam`& B. \. >=1=. I tg|ugz if{u`g(o{`mjaozima zt}nrom&zg{zmnf`gm gucn`mrn{zmm m mkogfgcmm gzm{ofo} egfzaouojao`zigm if{um&||. :4(3 m` Hnu{m`gt&N. M. !ok.-& \ugefohm nuiaogfgcmm zimdg(
zmemuzigcg hmun. Iohougtg2 IC_ !G` {ao ~oz{mg` gd {ao jf({unf(o{a`mj jg``oj{mg`& zgjmnf gucn`mzn{mg` n`k mkogfgc} gd {ao
gd n |num{} eo{soo` o{a`mj jf{uo n`k jf{uo gd {ao o{a`gz&
jg`jo|{z {an{ nuo g{ o~nf. [ao zojg`k {aoho mz uofn{ok {g {ao
|ugefoh gd jf{unf agumrg` egukouz {an{ hn} anto jgm`jmko`jo&
gu fnji gd jgm`jmko`jo& m` {mho n`k z|njo. M` {ao dmuz{ |fnjo& {ao
{ouhm`gfgc} jg`{m`h n`k agumrg` nzzho n jg`{m`gz
cogcun|amj kmz{ume{mg` gd jou{nm` jf{unf n{{ume{oz. [aozo n{(
{ume{oz hguo gd{o` uodfoj{ {ao jf{uo gd {ao o{a`gz nz g||gzok
{g {ao o{a`mj jf{uo.
O{a`gfgcmz{z jg`zmkou {ao {ouh jf{uo gd o{a`gz {g uo|uozo`{
{ao o`{muo jgh|foq gd jf{unf |ug|ou{} eofg`cm`c {g n cmto`
o{a`gz& n` `kouz{n`km`c {an{ mz m`ko|o`ko`{ gd sao{aou gu g{
tnumgz ofoho`{z gd jf{uo anto o{a`mj jgfgum`c& gu nuo o{a`m(
jnff} `o{unf. M` |um`jm|fo& {ao hn{oumnf jf{uo gd kmddouo`{
o{a`gzoz jn` m`jfko hguo gu fozz zmhmfnu nu{mdnj{z ko {g {aomu
z|ojmnfmrok d`j{mg`z. [amz sgfk eo {uo& dgu oqnh|fo& gd nu{m(
dnj{z {an{ eofg`cok {g jf{uoz sm{a {ao znho {}|o gd ojg`gh}.
[ao {ouh o{a`mj jf{uo mz kodm`ok nz {ao {g{nfm{} g`f} gd {agzo
ofoho`{z n`k z{uj{uoz gd {ao o{a`gz jf{uo {an{ nj{nff} anto
o{a`mj z|ojmdmjm{}& n`k {an{ |oudguh n` o{a`mj |nu{m{mg` m` g||g(zm{mg` {g so n`k {ao} !Igrfgt >=3=-. N`} o{a`gz& n`k |ao(
`gho`n {an{ {ao o{a`gz m`jfkoz& jn` eo |uozo`{ok nz n zgfmkm(
dmok jg`z{n`{f} {an{ z||gu{z {ao dfgs gd z}`jaug`gz n`k
kmnjaug`mj m`dguhn{mg` {an{ f{mhn{of} o`zuoz {ao jf{unf nk(
n|{n{mg` hojan`mzhz dgu onja jghh`m{}. Hguo gd{o` {ao z|o(
jmdmj n{{ume{oz gd n` o{a`mj jf{uo nuo {ao uozf{ gd {ao z}`(
jaug`gz dfgs gd m`dguhn{mg` {an{ juon{oz {ao g|{mhh jg`km(
{mg`z dgu m``gtn{mg`. [ao n{{ume{oz gd {ao o{a`mj jf{uo nuo
z||gu{ok e} {ao kmnjaug`mj hgtoho`{ gd `dguhn{mg` n`k juo(
n{o {ao {unkm{mg`nf jghh`m{} enzo. [ao z}`jaug`gz m`dguhn(
{mg` dfgs |ugtmkoz {ao tnumn`{z gd m`{ou(o{a`mj kmnfgco& samfo
{ao kmnjaug`mj dfgs |ugtmkoz jghh`mjn{mg` sm{am` co`oun(
{mg`z {an{ nuo {ao fmhm{z gd n cmto` o{a`gz& m.o. {agzo {unkm{mg`z
{an{ z{nemfmro n` o{a`gz gtou {mho !Nu{}`gt >=1=-. Zojg`kf}&
z{umj{f} g{fm`ok egukouz gd {ao kmz{ume{mg` gd jf{unf zmc`znuo
`n{unff} nezo`{. [ao euonk{a gd {ao agumrg`{nf uotmos nfsn}z
ko|o`kz |g` {ao {nqg`ghmj fotof {an{ so zo m` gu jfnzzmdm(
jn{mg`. [ao zmh|fmdmok `kouz{n`km`c gd {ao hgkofz zok m` {ao
amz{gumjnf |ugjozzoz nuo uodfoj{ok m` {ao mkon gd amz{gumjnf `m{}.
[g jg``oj{ `jg``oj{ok |ao`gho`n uozf{z m` {ao kotofg|ho`{
gd nu{mdmjmnf n`k dnu(do{jaok {aogumoz {an{& otou{aofozz& uo~muo
zmc`mdmjn`{ oddgu{ {g |ugto {ao} kg `g{ oqmz{.
M` h} g|m`mg` {ao hnm` {nziz gd Zj}{amn` n`k Znuhn{mn` nu(
janogfgc} nuo nz dgffgsz2
[g kotofg| z|ojmnf nujanogfgcmjnf {ouhm`gfgc}& {an{
mz duoo dugh hojan`mjnf n`k gd{o` hon`m`cfozz o{amj({ouhm(
`gfgcmjnf eguugsm`cz& m.o. amz{gumjnf `m{} n`k amz{gumjnf(
jf{unf jghh`m{}& n`k uo|fnjo {aoh sm{a n z}z{oh gd
jg`jo|{z {an{ anto nujanogfgcmjnf n`k cogcun|amjnf zohn`(
{mjz& m.o. jf{unf agumrg`& jf{unf jg`{m`h& jf{unf
uocmg`& n`k jf{unf kmz{umj{& o{j.
[g uodzo {g zo n`jmo { {oq{nf zgujoz {g |ugto nu(
janogfgcmjnf jg`jo|{z. M{ smff eo n |z}jagfgcmjnff} kmddmjf{
z{o| {g hnio {aozo jan`coz& e{ g`f} e} kgm`c zg hmca{ so
kodo`k Zj}{agfgc} n`k Znuhn{gfgc} dugh ho{agkgfgcmjnfzofd(koz{uj{mg`. M{ mz mh|gzzmefo {g z{n{o {amz hguo n||ug|um(
n{of} {an` Mtn`jami !>==4-& n` oq|ou{ m` {ao z{k} gd n`jmo`{
{oq{z& sag sug{o {an{ m{ snz |uohn{uo {g uo|uozo`{ {ao mko`(
{m{} gd {ao Jmhhoumn`z sm{a n`} nujanogfgcmjnf jf{uo eo(
dguo {ao} nuo mko`{mdmok m` {ao sum{{o` zgujoz. Ozzo`{mnff}
{ao {ouh Jmhhoumn` Jf{uo nz dg`k m` {ao nujanogfgcm(
jnf fm{oun{uo& mz hguo n jg`km{mg`nf kozmc`n{mg` gd {ao |uo(
Zj}{amn` Jf{uo gd {ao @gu{aou` Efnji Zon uocmg`. [amz {ouh
mz {ao uozf{ gd {ao `jum{mjnf nkaouo`jo {g {ao sum{m`cz gdAougkg{z. [ao uofmnemfm{} gd {amz z{gu}& agsotou& mz g{ n{ nff
getmgz. Nujanogfgcmjnf fm{oun{uo anz `g tnfo m` n amz{gum(
jnf z{k} nz& dgu oqnh|fo& m` {ao hn{{ou gd {ao Jmhhoumn`
|ugefoh. [ao uozonuja gd amz{gumjnf {oq{z zagfk |uojoko o{a(
`mj mko`{mdmjn{mg` gd nujanogfgcmjnf zm{oz n`k jf{uoz.G{a(
ousmzo {ao Jmhhoumn` Jf{uo anz g`f} n jg`km{mg`nf janu(
nj{ou n`k m{z {uo jg``oj{mg` sm{a amz{gumjnf uonfm{} uohnm`z
`jfonu.
_zm`c h}{agfgcmrok nujanogfgcmjnf {ouhz zja nz
@ghnkmj Jmtmfmrn{mg`& g`f} koz{ug}z {ao amz{gumjmzh gd nu(
janogfgc} n`k n{{njaoz z|oudmjmnf dguhnfm{} {g {ao kmzjm|fm`o.N z{umj{& oq{uohof} jn{mgz& n`k z|ojmnff} kotofg|ok n|(
|ugnja dgu {ao jgh|numzg` gd {ao nujanogfgcmjnf kn{n n`k
sum{{o` zgujoz& agsotou& jgfk hnio nujanogfgc} hguo zjm(
o`{mdmj n`k& ao`jo& hguo amz{gumjnf.
[g ozjn|o dugh n `o{sgui gd n`jmo`{ n`k hgkou
h}{az m{ mz `ojozznu} {g juon{o z|ojmdmj uocmg`nf n`k z|ojmnf
nujanogfgcmjnf uojg`z{uj{mg`z g` {ao enzmz gd co`ounf {nqg(
`ghmj njamotoho`{. So anto {g kotofg| z{umj{& {nqg`ghm(
jnff} toumdmok& zjmo`{mdmj jfnzzmdmjn{mg`z zm`jo {aouo mz `g |fnjo
dgu zm`cfo(fotof {nqg`z zja nz {ao N`kug`gtg Jf{uo&
{ao Nfnif Jf{uo& {ao N`kug`gtg Jghh`m{}& {ao
Znuhn{mn` Jf{uo& {ao \ugagugtg Jf{uo& n`k {ao
Znughn{mn`(Znuhn{mn` Amz{gumjnf Jghh`m{}.
So `ook {g {am`i neg{ {ao co`ounfmrn{mg` gd uocmg`nf jfnzzmdm(
jn{mg`z n`k kotmzo sn}z {g eumkco {ao kmddouo`{ hf{mkmzjm|fm`nu}
amz{gumjnf n`k zjmo`{mdmj n||ugnjaoz. M` uonfm{} so anto g`f}
{sg eumkcoz {an{ jn` eo zok {g jg``oj{ nujanogfgc} sm{a {ao
nkbnjo`{ amz{gumjnf kmzjm|fm`o9 {aozo gjju g` n jaug`gfgcmjnf
fotof n`k n cogcun|amjnf fgjz.
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UN@ !Jmhhoumn`z. Onuf} Onz{ou` Jmtmfmrn{mg` n`k Z{o||o @g(hnkz gd {ao 1{a(3{a jo`{umoz EJ-.
Ifgjaig& T. M. n`k Hurm`& T. B. >=13. G kn{mugtio jaou(`gcgugtzima m `gtgja{uinzzima |nh}n{`migt& ||. 5?4 m` Hurm`T.B. !ok-& Imhhoum}{zm m Zimdm. Imot2 @nigtn khin !G` {aoJaug`gfgcmjnf Kn{n gd {ao Jaou`gcgugtjin}n n`k @gtg(
jaouinzzin}n Zm{oz. Jmhhoumn`z n`k Zj}{amn`z-.
Igram`& \. H. >=1=. \uok|gzmfim dguhmugen`mn zimdg(zmemuzimajf{u& ||.>4= m` Kgera`zi}& T. M. !ok.-& Zimdg(Zmemuzimm hmu.Iohougtg2 @nin !N \uohmzo dgu {ao Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Jf{unfDguhn{mg`. Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk-.
Igrfgt& T. M. >=3=. O{`gz m if{un. Zgto{zin}n O{`gcundmn:& 3;14 !O{a`gz n`k Jf{uo. Zgtmo{ O{a`gcun|a}-.
IZMN. >==:. Iun{imo zggezao`mn M`z{m{{n Nuiaogfgcmm!Eumod Uo(|gu{z gd {ao Hgzjgs M`z{m{{o gd Nujanogfgc}-.
Iugjaim`& C. @. >==4 ![ao Cgfk Iucn` gd {ao Zmeoumn` Zj}{amn`z. @n({uo-.
Iugjaim`& C. @. >==:. Egcn{mo iucn`m zimdzigm r`n{m an co Zmemum.Zn`i{(\o{oueuc2 \o{oueucighz{n{ ![ao Umja Iucn`z gd {aoZj}{amn` Numz{gjunj} m` Zg{aou` Zmeoumn-.
Fozigt& N. H. >=1;. Jaug`gfgcmjaozigh zgg{`gzao`mm|nh}n{`migt njanfn un``ocg raofor`gcg toin n co otug|om}zigmjanz{m ZZZU& ||. >;3(?5 m` Hofigtn& N. M.& Hgzaigtn& H. C.n`k \o{uo`ig& T. C. !okz.-& Kuot`gz{m Otunrmm t Zimdg(Znuhn{zigotuoh}n. Hgzitn2 @nin ![ao jaug`gfgcmjnf jguuofn{mg` eo{soo`
zm{oz gd {ao eocm``m`c gd {ao Onuf} Mug` Nco m` {ao zg{aou` |nu{ gd{ao _ZZU. Ounzmn` N`{m~m{moz gd {ao Zj}{ag(Znuhn{mn` \oumgk-.
Hnu{m`gt& N. M. !ok.-. >=1==4.Nuiaogfgcmn. Hgzitn2 Tmzzan}n zaigfn!Nujanogfgc}-.
Hnu{m`gt& N. M. n`k Nfoqoot& T. \. >=14.Mz{gumn m |nfogn`{ug|gfgcmnzimdg(zmemuzigcg hmun. Iohougtg2 Iohougtg Z{n{o _`mtouzm{} !Amz({gu} n`k \nfogn`{aug|gfgc} gd {ao Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk-.
Hgcmf`migt& T. N. >=1=. @oig{gumo |ugefohm co`ormzn m o{`mjaozigm|um`nkfora`gz{m if{u un``ocg raofor`gcg toin fozgz{o|m Rn|n`gmZmemum& ||. 45(33 m` Igznuot& H. D. !ok.-&Rn|nk g(Zmemuzin}n fozgz{o|`n ueorao eug`rgtgcg m raofor`gcg toigt. [ho`2 _`mtouzm{} gd[ho` !Zgho \ugefohz gd Co`ozmz n`k O{a`mjm{} |ou{nm`m`c {g{ao Onuf} Mug` Nco Dguoz{(Z{o||o Jf{uoz gd Soz{ou` Zmeoumn.[ao Soz{ou` Zmeoumn` Dguoz{(Z{o||o n{ {ao Eg`knu} gd {ao Eug`ron`k Mug` Ncoz-.
Hgzaigtn& H. C. >=11. \g`}n{mo nuiaogfgcmjaozin}nif{un m zntughn{g znuhn{zin}n if{u`g(mz{gumjaozin}ngeza`gz{& ||. 1=(>=1=.@nugkm m if{um. Unrtm{mo m trnmhgko}z{tmo. Hgzitn2@nin !\og|foz n`k Jf{uoz. Kotofg|ho { n`k M {ounj{mg`-.
Enzamfgt& T. N. >==:. Hgra`g fm zjam{n{ zimdg(zmemuzimm hmu
{zmtmfmrn{zmom igjaot`migt7 Iun{fmo zggezao`mn M`z{m{{n Nuiaogfgcmm5=3;. Imhhoummzimo |gcuoeo`m}nTmzgigm Hgcmfm. Zgto{zin}n Nuiaogfgcmn>& >??3 !Jmhhoumn` Eumnfzm` {ao Tmzgin}n Joho{oumoz. Zgtmo{ Nujanogfgc}-.
Jafo`gtn& @. F. >==3.[zo`{unf`n}n Nrmn m zimdm. Kn{n iucn`n Nuran`m ocg hoz{g t zmz{oho if{u zimnzigcg hmun. Hgzitn !Jo`{unf Nzmnn`k {ao Zj}{amn`z. Jaug`gfgcmjnf kn{n gd {ao Nuran` Iucn` n`k m{z\fnjo m` {ao Jf{unf Z}z{oh gd {ao Zj}{amn` Sgufk-.
Koeo{z& C. D. >=;1.\nfogn`{ug|gfgcmn ZZZU ![ukm M`z{m{{nO{`gcundmm. @gtn}n zoumo MT-. Hgzitn(Fo`m`cunk2 @nin!\nfogn`{aug|gfgc} gd {ao _ZZU. Uozonuja gd {ao M`z{m{{o gdO{a`gcun|a}-.
Cgugk{zgt& T. N. >=
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Iucn`z& Um{nf Zm{oz& n`k Zo{{foho`{z2 Ounzmn` Eug`ro n`k Mug` Nco
Jg`jo|{ gd Nujanogfgcmjnf Jf{uo n`k {ao Znughn{mn`(Znuhn{mn` Jf{unf(Amz{gumjnf Jghh`m{}. \ugefohz gdZnuhn{mn` Nujanogfgc} n`k Amz{gu}-.
Hgzaigtn& H. C. >=1=.\{m m gzgeo``gz{m unrtm{mn `nzofo`mnzntughn{g(znuhn{zigm if{u`g(mz{gumjaozigm gefnz{m. Hgzitn ![aoSn}z n`k Z|ojmdmjm{} gd {ao Kotofg|ho`{ gd {ao Znughn{mn`(
Znuhn{mn` Jf{unf(Amz{gumjnf Nuon-.
Hgzaigtn& H. C. >==>. Gz`gt`mo |ugefohm znuhn{zigmnuiaogfgcmm. Iun{imozggezao`mn M`z{m{{n Nuiaogfgcmm5=14. @oig{gumo kmzizzmg``mo tg|ugzmzgtuoho``gcg zimdgtoko`mn !Nujanogfgc} gd {ao _iun`mn`ZZU 5-. Imot2 @nigtn khin !Zgho Kmzjzzmg`z g` {ao^oz{mg`z gd Juuo`{ Zj}{agfgc}. Nujanogfgc} gd {ao_iunm`o ZJU-.
\gfm`& Z. T. >=13. Iug`gfgcmn un``ozimdzima |nh}{`migtZotou`gcg \umjaou`ghgun& |. >3; m` Hn{zao`ig& T. M. !ok.-&Mz{gumjaozimo ja{o`mn |nh}n{m Hmanmfn \o{ugtmjan Cu}nr`gtn.[ormzm kgjfnkgt gefnz{`gm ig`douo`{zmm. Ghzi ![ao jaug`gf(gc} gd {ao Onuf} Zj}{amn` zm{oz m` {ao `gu{aou` Efnji Zon nuon.Amz{gumjnf uonkm`cz kotg{ok {g {ao hohgu} gd Hmianmf\o{ugtmja Cu}nr`gt. Nez{unj{z gd Uocmg`nf Jg`douo`jo-.
\g|gt& U. >=:5. Hgcmf>`m{m cugegtm |um z. O`kran !Mrtoz{mn nEfcnuzimn Nuiaogfgcmjaozim M`z{m{{-. Zgdmn2 Efcnumn` Nujanog(fgcmjnf M`z{m{{o ![ao Joho{oumoz n{ {ao O`krn Zo{{foho`{.\ugjookm`cz gd {ao Efcnumn` Nujangfgcmjnf M`z{m{{o-.
Unotzi}& K. Z. >==:. If{u`g(Mz{gumjaozigo okm`z{tg mfmif{u`mm ig`{m`t. Iun{imo zggezao`mn M`z{m{{n Nuiaogfgcmm5=>1n. Offm`z{tg m mun`z{tg `n co Ugzzmm.\o{ugcunk2 Gc`m !Cuooiz n`k Mun`mn`z m` Zg{a Uzzmn-.
Ugz{gt{zot& H. M. >=>1e. Iucn``mo `nagkim Guo`euczigm
gefnz{m o|gam un``ocg m |grk`ocg offm`mrhn. \o{ugcunk2 Gc`m!Iucn` Dm`kz m` {ao Guo`euc Kmz{umj{ gd {ao Onuf} n`kFn{o Offm`mrh O|gja-.
Uko`ig& Z. M. >=?:.If{un `nzofo`mn cgu`gcg Nf{n}n t zimdzigotuoh}n. Hgzitn ( Fo`m`cunk2 N@ ZZZU ![ao Jf{uo gd {ao Nf{nmHg`{nm` \g|fn{mg` kum`c {ao Zj}{amn` \oumgk-.
Uko`ig& Z. M. >=4=;=.Mzizz{tg zimdgt Nf{n}n.
Hgzitn2 N@ ZZZU. !Nf{nm Zj}{amn` Nu{-.
[ouo`graim`& N. M. >=4?. Gz`gtm iaug`gfgcmm |uokzimdzigcg|oumgkn. Zgto{zin}nNuiaogfgcmn5& 4=(35 !\um`jm|nfz gd Jaug`gf(gc} gd {ao \uo(Zj}{amn` \oumgk. Zgtmo{ Nujanogfgc}-.
[ouo`graim`& N. M. >=34. Imhhoum}{zm. Imot2 @nigtn khin![ao Jmhhoumn`z-.
[gfz{gt& Z. \. >=4>. \umnunfzimo zimdm m Iaguorh2 I mz{gumm gztgo`mnm rnzofo`mn kuot`om kof{m Z}uknum. Zgto{zin}n O{`gcundmn;&>>3(;:![ao Zj}{amn`z gd {ao Nunf Zon Uocmg` n`k Jaguozhmn2 [ao Amz({gu} gd Nzzmhmfn{mg` n`k Zo{{foho`{ gd {ao N`jmo`{ Z}u(Knu}nKof{n. Zgtmo{ O{a`gcun|a}-.
[gfz{gt& Z. \. >=4:. Zuok`onrmn{zimo zimdm t zto{o `gtomzamanuiaogfgcmjaozima g{ium{mm. Toz{`mi Kuot`om mz{gumm5& :?(;< !Jo`({unf Nzmn` Zj}{amn`z m` {ao Fmca{ gd Uojo`{ Nujanogfgcmjnf Kmz(jgtoumoz. Effo{m` gd N`jmo`{ Amz{gu}-.
]nef g`zi}& F. [. >= =< . Zimdzin}n [umnkn m |ugefohno{`mja`gz{m nuiaogfgcmjaozima |umr`nigt& ||. >;(4 m`
Jam`km`n& F. N. !ok.-& \ugefohm mz{gumjaozigmm`{ou|uo{n{zmmnuiaogfgcmjaozima m o{`g(cun|amjaozima mz{gja`migt Rn|nk`gmZmemum. [ghzi2 Z{n{o _`mtouz m{} gd [ghzi ! Zj}{amn` [umnkn`k {ao \ugefoh gd Nujanog fgc mjn f M`k mjn { mg`z g d O{a`mjm{}. \ugefohz gd {ao Amz{gumjnf M`{ou|uo{n{mg` gd{ao Nujanogfgcmjnf n`k O{a`gcun|amjnf zgujoz gd Soz{(ou` Zmeoumn-.
]nefg`zi}& F. [. >==5. Zimdg(znizin}n ig`{ni{`n}n rg`n2|ugefohn {m|gfgcmrn{zmm o{`gco`o{mjaozima |ug{zozzgt& ||. >3(5;m` Dokgugt(Kntmkgt& C. N.& Iguo`otzi}& Z. @. n`k Ktgu`mjao`ig&T. T. !okz.-& If{u`g(mz{gumjaozigo okm`z{tg Otunrmm m TofmimmZaofigtmm
|{. Hgzitn2 Jo`{u Zaofigtmm |{ ![ao Zj}{ag(Znin Jg`{nj{
Rg`o2 [ao \ugefoh gd {ao [}|gfgcmjnf Kotofg|ho`{ gdO{a`gco`o{mjnf \ugjozzoz. [ao Jf{unf(Amz{gumjnf _`m{} gdOunzmn n`k {ao Cuon{ Zmfi Ugnk-.
]nefg`zi}& F. [. >==4. Znim _ra`gcg \umnunf}n !nuiaogfgcmn mn`{ug|gfgcmn hgcmf`migt-. Hgzitn2 [MHU. !Znin gd {ao Zg{a NunfZon Nuon YNujanogfgc} n`k N`{aug|gfgc} gd {ao Joho{oumozX-.
]nefg`zi}& F. [. >==1. Rtoum`mm z{mf un``ma zig{gtgkgt \umnunf}nt aug`gfgcmjaozigh nz|oi{o& ||. 3:(3 m` Tmmfm`eniagt& C. T. n`kZ{gf}nu& N. K.!okz.-& Zimdm& Ianrnum& Zfnt}n`o& Kuot`}n Uz. Zn`i{(\o{oueuc2 Cgz. Aouhm{nco ![ao N`mhnf Z{}fo gd {ao Onuf} Jn{{fo(euookouz gd {ao Zg{aou` Nunf Zon Nuon dugh n Jaug`gfgcmjnf \gm`{
gd Tmos. Zj}{amn`z& Anrnuz& Zfntz n`k {ao N`jmo`{ Uz-.
Raoforjamigt& E. D. >=13. I |ugefoho |ugmzagrako`mn jf{uz{o|`ma igjaot`migt t TMM ( TM tt. kg .o.& ||. >;(? m` Imhhoum}{zmm zimdm. Imugtgcunk2 Amz{gumjnf hzoh ![ao \ugefoh gd {ao Jf({unf Gumcm` gd {ao Z{o||o @ghnkz gd {ao 3{a ( 4{a jo`{umozEJ. Jmhhoumn`z n`k Zj}{amn`z-.
Raoforjamigt& E. D. n`k \zao`mja`i& N. A. >==;. \foho`n_ra`gcg \umunf}n t TM(MMM tt. kg .o.& ||. 54(:> m` Zium|im & N.Z. !ok.-& \ugefohm mz{gumm m if{umznuhn{gt. Tgfcgcunk2 Z{n{o _`m(touzm{} gd Tgfcgcunk ![ao Zg{aou` _unf [umeoz gd {ao 4{a ( :{ajo`{umoz EJ. \ugefohz gd {ao Jf{uo n`k Amz{gu} gd {ao
Znuhn{mn`z-.
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=
Nez{unj{
Jounhmjz& geboj{z gd otou}kn} zo& hgu{nu} |unj{mjoz& n`k g{aou
m`kmjn{guz gd o{a`mj n`k jf{unf zmhmfnum{} souo zmc`mdmjn`{f}
kmddouo`{ sm{am` {ao zgjmo{moz {an{ jgh|gzok {ao zg(jnffok
Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk. [aozo nu{mdnj{z zagfk eo jg`zmkouok
nz jf{unf hnuiouz. [ao kocuoo gd nddm`m{} mz kmzjuo{o eo{soo`
{ao jf{uoz jgh|gzm`c {ao Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk. N Jf{unf
Agumrg` hz{ eo m`{ou|uo{ok& g{ nz _`m{} e{ un{aou nz n` Ou(
nzmn` jf{unf jg`{m`m{} gd {ao Zj}{amn` o|gja. @omcaegum`c
jf{uoz nuo hguo zmhmfnu sm{am`& }o{ {ao} uo{nm` gumcm`nfm{}. [amz|n|ou smff kohg`z{un{ok {an{ {ao cfgenf amz{gumjnf |ugjozz anz
co`ounf uocfnum{moz {an{ jn` eo uotonfok m` {ao ahn` jghh(
`m{moz {an{ oqmz{ok m` kmddouo`{ {mhoz n`k z|njo.
Io} sgukz
Zj}{amn`z jf{uo n`k m{z gumcm`& Znin& Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk&
agumrg` hniouz
Zgho Juuo`{ \ugefohz Jg`jou`m`c {ao Amz{gu} gd Onuf} Mug`Nco Ounzmn` Z{o||o @ghnkmj Zgjmo{moz
Tfnkmhmu N. Enzamfgt n`k Fog`mk [. ]nefg`zi}
M`z{m{{o gd Nujanogfgc}Hgzjgs& Uzzmn
M`{ugkj{mg`
O`tmug`ho`{nff}& {ao Ounzmn` z{o||o rg`o mz n uofn{mtof} hg(
`g{g`gz& sggkfozz fn`kzjn|o. [ao ojgfgcmjnf janunj{oumz{mjz
`m{o zja kmz{n`{ uocmg`z nz {ao {ouum{gu} gd hgkou` A`cnu}m` {ao soz{& n`k {ao |fnm`z gd Hg`cgfmn dnu {g {ao onz{. M` {ao
`gu{a {ao z{o||oz nuo kodm`ok e} {unj{z gd {ao Onz{ou` Oug|on`
dguoz{z n`k {ao Zmeoumn` {nmcn& samfo m` {ao zg{asoz{ {ao Efnji
Zon jgnz{ n`k {ao Jnjnzz |ugtmko {ao eg`knumoz gd {ao z{o||o.
Du{aou onz{& {ao Jnz|mn` n`k Nunf Zonz& n`k {ao zn`kz gd {ao
cuon{ Jo`{unf Nzmn` kozou{z nz soff nz {ao \nhmu n`k Zn}n`
hg`{nm` un`coz |ugtmko {ao hguo zg{aonz{ou` egukou.
Kum`c {ao |oumgk eodguo {ao Zj}{amn` n`k Znin {umeoz n||onuok
m` {ao amz{gumjnf nuo`n& Eug`ro Nco |g|fn{mg`z gd kmtouzo co(
`o{mj gumcm`z m`anem{ok {ao tnz{ z{o||o oq|n`zo. [aozo |og|foz
dgffgsok hmqok dnuhm`c(|nz{gunf ojg`ghmoz n`k souo o`cncokm` a`{m`c& cn{aoum`c& n`k umtou dmzam`c. Kghoz{mj n`mhnfz souo
euok n`k m` zgho |fnjoz |fn`{ jf{mtn{mg` snz |unj{mjok zm`c
|umhm{mto muumcn{mg` z}z{ohz& e{ `om{aou n`mhnf euookm`c `gu
ncumjf{uo snz {ao |um`jm|nf ojg`gh}. [ao zmhmfnum{moz gezoutok
nhg`c {ao hn{oumnf jf{uoz gd {aozo |g|fn{mg`z souo hgz{f}
ko {g co`ounff} jgh|nunefo ojgfgcmjnf jg`km{mg`z& fotofz gd
ojg`ghmj kotofg|ho`{& n`k {ao nezo`jo gd zoumgz cogcun|amj
gez{njfoz {an{ jgfk mh|oko kmuoj{ m`{ounj{mg` eo{soo` `omca(
egum`c cug|z.
[ao Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk
Kum`c {ao zojg`k hmffo``mh EJ& {ao z{o||oz gd Ounzmn souo
m`anem{ok e} {sg im`kuok |g|fn{mg`z {an{ nuo {gkn} uo|uozo`{ok
e} {sg hnbgu nujanogfgcmjnf jf{uoz2 {ao [mheou(Cunto Jf(
{uo !Zue`n}n- n`k {ao N`kug`gtg Jf{uo. [ao rg`o gd {aomu
m`m{mnf jg`{nj{z zoohz {g anto eoo` {ao Tgfcn(_unf uocmg` n`k
{ao zohm(kozou{ nuonz zg{a gd {ao Nunf Zon. [ao dguhn{mto |ug(
jozz gd {ao M`kg(fun`mn` fn`cnco mz jg`zmkouok {g anto {nio`
|fnjo m` {amz jg`{nj{ rg`o.>
Kum`c {ao Eug`ro Nco& {ao {ggfz& mh|foho`{z gd fnegu& n`k
kojgun{mto geboj{z souo hnko gd z{g`o& eg`o& sggk& n`k eug`ro.
M` {ao fn{{ou anfd gd {ao zojg`k hmffo``mh EJ {ao z{o||o |g|(
fn{mg` hgtok dmuz{ sm{am` {aomu {unkm{mg`nf ojgfgcmjnf rg`o& n`k
{ao` dnu eo}g`k {aomu gumcm`nf eg`knumoz. Jou{nm` ofoho`{z gd
{ao hn{oumnf jf{uo janunj{oumz{mj gd {ao z{o||o nuon n||onuok
m` tnumgz uocmg`z samja oq{o`kok dugh {ao Jnjnzz Hg`(
{nm`z {g {ao zg{aou` nuonz gd _reoimz{n`& [nbmimz{n`& n`k
[uiho`mz{n`. N `heou gd nujanogfgcmz{z n`k |a}zmjnf n`(
{aug|gfgcmz{z z||gu{ hmcun{mg` {aogumoz samja o`tmznco {ao
gjjuuo`jo gd n fg`c kmz{n`jo zg{asnuk hgtoho`{ gd |og|fo
dugh {ao Ounzmn` z{o||oz {g Jo`{unf Nzmn& `gu{aou` M`kmn n`k
{ao Mun`mn` |fn{on kum`c {ao fn{o zojg`k hmffo``mh EJ
!Hn`kofza{nh >=44& >=439 \g{ohim`n >=139 \}n`igtn >=3;&
>=139 ]nefg`zi}& >==4-.
\nfogcogcun|amj z{kmoz |ugtmko hn{oumnf samja zccoz{z {an{
m`juonzm`c numkm{}& |nu{mjfnuf} m` {ao onz{ou` uocmg`z gd {ao
z{o||oz& snz nhg`c {ao jnzoz gd {aozo |g|fn{mg` hgtoho`{z
!Rkn`gtmja n`k Zaumeou >=11-. Fnuco |g|fn{mg` cug|z |zaok
g{snukz m` zonuja gd hguo toukn`{ |nz{uoz dgu {aomu jn{{fo.
[ao onufmoz{ dm`kz gd aguzo anu`ozz ofoho`{z eofg`cm`c {g {amz
|oumgk m`kmjn{o {an{& n{ fonz{ e} {ao Fn{o Eug`ro Nco& z{o||o
ksoffouz jgfk umko aguzoz n`k souo nefo {g {untouzo jg`zmkou(
nefo kmz{n`joz.
N fmdo gd jonzofozz hgtoho`{ cunknff} jg`km{mg`ok n |gu{mg`gd {ao |g|fn{mg` {g eojgho z|ojmnfmrok m` `ghnkmj fmtoz{gji
euookm`c. [amz |ugjozz snz nz}`jaug`gz gtou {ao tnz{ z{o||o
nuon& n`k m` zgho uocmg`z& oz|ojmnff} saouo umtoum`o jg`km{mg`z
kmk `g{ `koucg zmc`mdmjn`{ jan`coz& {ao |uotmgz {unkm{mg`nf
jgh|foq dguh gd ojg`gh} zutmtok. E} {ao 1{a ( 3{a jo`{umoz
EJ& agsotou& z|ojmnfmrok z{gjieuookouz ank ko{ouhm`ok {ao
hnm` kmuoj{mg` gd {ao un|mk o{a`gco`o{mj& |gfm{mjnf& n`k co`ounf
amz{gumjnf kotofg|ho`{z gd {ao z{o||o |g|fn{mg`z. Jou{nm`
`mg`z gd z{gjieuookouz eojnho `znff} nj{mto& {ao `ghnkz
eojnho nj~nm`{ok sm{a {ao Ounzmn` z{o||oz& n`k mug` mh|fo(
ho`{z eocn` {g eo zok. Oto` n{ m{z m`m{mnf z{nco& {ao Onuf} Mug`
Nco snz hnuiok e} n zanu| umzo m` {ao zgjmnf kotofg|ho`{ gd
z{gjieuookm`c jghh`m{moz {an{ f{mhn{of} juon{ok n kodm`ok
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>=?;-. [ao {ouh Zj}{amn` snz zok eojnzo {ao dmuz{
nu{mdnj{z gd {amz {}|o souo uojgtouok dugh cuntoz {an{ |ugenef} eo(
fg`cok {g {ao amz{gumjnf Zj}{amn`z nzkozjumeok e} Aougkg{z.
Oqjntn{mg` gd Zj}{amn` cuntoz m` {ao z{o||oz gu{a gd {ao Efnji Zon
eocn` kum`c {ao >1{a jo`{u} NK& n`k n` oq{uohof} umja tnumo{} gd
jf{unf nu{mdnj{z& m`jfkm`c `hougz eug`ro n`k cgfk |mojoz sm{a
{ao hgz{ z|fo`kmk nu{mz{mj gu`nho`{n{mg`& souo dg`k sm{am` iucn`z!eumnf hg`kz-. [ao uozf{z gd {ao oqjntn{mg`z |ugtmkok n |gsou(
df mh|o{z dgu {ao kotofg|ho`{ gd nujanogfgc} m` Uzzmn& n`k zgg`
Zj}{agfgc} eojnho n z|ojmnfmrok eun`ja gd Uzzmn` nujanogfgc}.
N`{m~m{moz kn{ok {g {ao Zj}{amn` |oumgk& samja gumcm`n{ok dugh {ao
onz{ou` [un`zunf z{o||oz& dmuz{ eojnho i`gs` m` Oug|o nz n uozf{
gd {ao okmj{ mzzok e} [rnu \o{ou {ao Cuon{ m` {ao >1{a jo`{u}. M`
jg`{unz{& fnuco zjnfo zjmo`{mdmj oqjntn{mg`z gd Onuf} Mug` Nco hg`(
ho`{z m` zg{aou` Zmeoumn n`k Jo`{unf Nzmn g`f} eocn` m` {ao >=5=:=3>-.
[amz a}|g{aozmz snz du{aou z||gu{ok e} {ao {auoo cug|z gd dnj{z2
Aougkg{z uo|gu{ok {an{ {ao Zj}{amn`z ank jgho {g uozmko m` {ao
Efnji Zon nuon dugh {ao aonu{ gd Nzmn& n`k m{ snz oz{nefmzaok
nujanogfgcmjnff} {an{ zgho anu`ozz ofoho`{z !{}|mjnf Zj}{amn`({}|o
hn{oumnfz- souo onufmou m` kn{o m` {ao Nzmn{mj eumnfz {an` m` {aomu
Oug|on` jg`{ou|nu{z. M` nkkm{mg`& {ao Eug`ro Nco Oug|on` z{o||o
|g|fn{mg` kmk `g{ anto {ao rgghgu|amj ko|mj{mg`z gd {ao {}|o {an{souo fn{ou kodm`ok nz {ao {}|mjnf kmnc`gz{mj Zj}{amn` N`mhnf Z{}fo
gu`nho`{n{mg`. M` {ao onz{ou` z{o||oz& dugh {ao ]o`mzom Umtou enzm`
zg{a m`{g {ao Hg`cgfmn` |fnm`z& zgho ofoho`{z gd {ao N`mhnf Z{}fo
nuo kn{ok {g {ao Fn{o Eug`ro Nco. [aozo |mojoz nuo z|ojmnf n`mhnf
ko|mj{mg`z jnutok g` z{g`o z{ofo samja {gkn} nuo uodouuok {g nz {ao
gfo``m}o inh`m.
[ao {aogu} gd n` onz{ou` gumcm` gd {ao Zj}{amn`z !m`kmco`gz {aogu}-
anz eg{a z||gu{ouz n`k g||g`o`{z. G||g`o`{z eofmoto {an{ Zj}{amn`z
souo jf{unff} m`kmco`gz {g {ao Efnji Zon z{o||oz& n`k co`o{m(
jnff} fm`iok {g {ao fgjnf Fn{o Eug`ro Nco |g|fn{mg`z !Cunigt >=33-&
n`k |nfogn`{aug|gfgcmjnf kn{n kgoz `g{ jg`{unkmj{ {amz nzzou{mg`!Koeo{z >=;19 Nfoqoot >=1=31-. [un`zdgu(
hn{mg`z& uoz|g`zmefo dgu {ao kotofg|ho`{ gd {ao tnumn`{z&
gjjuuok eojnzo jg`{nj{z souo uofn{mtof} z{nefo eo{soo`
`omcaegum`c cug|z gd ghnkz& n`k {ao |um`jm|nf N`mhnf Z{}fo
{aohoz souo kotofg|ok eg{a m`ko|o`ko`{f} nz soff nz sm{am`
{ao z|aouoz gd tnumgz m`dfo`{mnf jo`{ouz. M{ snz {aouodguo
|gzzmefo dgu {ao jf{unf ofoho`{z {g eo zmc`mdmjn`{f} kmddou(
o`{ sm{am` kmtouzo z{o||o uocmg`z !Un}otzi} >==:-.
N `heou gd nu{mdnj{z kn{ok {g {ao f====4-.
[ao zmhmfnum{} gd jou{nm` jf{unf {unm{z sm{am` n tnz{ {ouum({gu} mz g{ `m~o m` {ao sgufk gd nujanogfgc}. Kum`c {ao
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>>
>=;=;1-. [ao smko
kmz{ume{mg` gd jou{nm` nu{mz{mj z{}foz gu zmhmfnu ho{agkz gd |g{(
{ou} kojgun{mg` souo m`jfkok nhg`c {ao m`kmjn{guz dgu {ao kmd(
douo`{ agumrg`z. _`md}m`c ofoho`{z gd onja N`kon` agumrg` souo
uodouuok {g nz agumrg` hniouz. N||f}m`c {ao ho{agkgfgc}zok dgu {ao N`kon` jf{uoz {g {agzo gd {ao Ounzmn` z{o||oz&
m{ mz jfonu {an{ {ao jg`jo|{ gd jf{unf agumrg`z mz n||fmjnefo {g
{ao |ao`gho`g` gd {ao Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk. [ao Zj}{amn`
[umnk m` nkkm{mg` {g n heou gd g{aou nu{mdnj{z hn} eo jg`zmk(
ouok {g eo agumrg` hniouz.
[ao jg`jo|{ gd Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` `m{} jg`{m`oz {g uohnm` tou}
|g|fnu n`k anz n smko kmz{ume{mg` samja fonkz z {g fggi dgu
n ho{agkgfgcmjnf z}z{oh zm{nefo dgu m{z n`nf}zmz. [sg fotofz
gd m`toz{mcn{mg` hz{ eo kmddouo`{mn{ok2 {ao nujanogfgcmjnf |ao(
`gho`g` n`k m{z amz{gumjnf m`{ou|uo{n{mg`.
Uo{u`m`c {g Jo`{unf N`kon` nujanogfgc} du{aou z{kmoz uotonfok
{an{ m{ snz `ojozznu} {g hgkmd} {ao gumcm`nf jf{unf agumrg`z.
[sg agumrg`z& enzok g` {ao zmhmfnum{} gd jounhmj kojgun{mto ho{a(
gkz& souo zgg` uoboj{ok n`k {ao} g`f} uohnm`ok zmc`mdmjn`{ nz
jaug`gfgcmjnf m`kmjn{guz. [auoo g{aou agumrg`z onuf} ho{ {ao znho
dn{o. Ko{nmfok m`toz{mcn{mg` gd {ao nujanogfgcmjnf hn{oumnfz uotonfok
n` m``ou ao{ougco`om{} e{& n{ {ao znho {mho& m{ kohg`z{un{ok {an{
{ao} souo ncnm` g`f} zmc`mdmjn`{ nz jaug`gfgcmjnf hnuiouz. N{
|uozo`{& g`f} {auoo agumrg`zOnuf}& Hmkkfo n`k Fn{ooqmz{ m`
{ao |oumgkmrn{mg` gd Jo`{unf N`kon` |uoamz{gu} nz z|ojmdmj o|gjaz
m` jf{unf(amz{gumjnf kotofg|ho`{ !Ugso >=4==4-. M` nkkm{mg`& {aozo nu{mdnj{z
souo kmz{ume{ok soff eo}g`k o{a`mj eg`knumoz. [ao}
jn``g{& {aouodguo& eo jg`zmkouok {g eo zm{nefo dgu zo
nz n` m`koq gd uozohefn`jo m` ko{ouhm`n{mg` gd jf(
{unf `m{}. M` jg`{unz{& jounhmjz& geboj{z gd otou}kn}
zo& hgu{nu} |unj{mjoz& n`k g{aou m`kmjn{guz gd o{a`mj
n`k jf{unf zmhmfnum{} anto eoo` zags` {g eo zmc`mdm(
jn`{f} kmddouo`{ nhg`c {ao zgjmo{moz {an{ jgh|umzo {ao
zg(jnffok Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk. Zja geboj{z zagfk&{aouodguo& eo jg`zmkouok {g eo jf{unf hnuiouz.
\ugefohz Jg`jou`m c {ao Amz{gu} gd Onuf} Mug` Nco Ounzmn` Z{o||o @ghnkmj Zgjmo{moz
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>5
Iucn`z& Um{nf Zm{oz& n`k Zo{{foho`{z2 Ounzmn` Eug`ro n`k Mug` Nco
Uodouo`joz
Nfoqoot& T. \. >=1(5 !Kmzjzzmg`z gd {ao \uge(fohz gd @n{mto Zj}{agfgc}. \g|fn{mg` gd Nzmn n`k Ndumjn-.
Koeo{z& C. D. >=;1. \nfogn`{ug|gfgcmn ZZZU ![ukm M`z{m{{nO{`gcundmm. @gtn}n zoumo MT-. Hgzitn ( Fo`m`cunk 2 N@ ZZZU!\nfogn`{aug|gfgc} gd {ao _ZZU. Uozonuja gd {ao M`z{m{{o gdO{a`gcun|a}. @os Zoumoz-.
Cunigt& E. @. >=33. Un``mm raofor`mm toi. Hgzitn2 Hgzjgs Z{n{o_`mtouzm{} ![ao Onuf} Mug` Nco-.
Cunigt& E. @. n`k Hofigtn& N. M. >=?;. Ge o{`mjaozima mif{u`ma unrfmjam}nia t z{o|`mia m fozg(z{o|`mia gefnz{}nia
]otug|omzigm janz{m ZZZU t zimdzigo tuoh}n& |. =: m` Zaofgt& K.E. !ok.-& Tg|ugzm zimdg(znuhn{zigm nuiaogfgcmm. Hgzitn2 @nin !O{a(`mj n`k Jf{unf Kmddouo`joz m` {ao Z{o||oz n`k Dguuoz{(Z{o||oNuonz gd {ao Oug|on` \nu{ gd {ao _ZZU kum`c {ao Zj}{amn` \o(umgk. ^oz{mg`z gd Zj}{ag(Znuhn{mn` Nujanogfgc}-.
Cu}nr`gt& H. \. >=31. I tg|ugz g zfgrao`mm if{u zimdg(zmemuzigcg{m|n t zt}nrm z g{ium{moh iucn`n Nuran`. Iun{imo Zggezao`mn M`z{m{{nnuiaogfgcmm>?;& =(>1 !G` {ao ^oz{mg` gd {ao Dguhn{mg` gd {aoZj}{ag(Zmeoumn`({}|o Jf{uoz m` Jg``oj{mg` sm{a {ao g|o`m`c gd{ao Nuran` Iucn`. Eumod uo|gu{z gd {ao Hgzjgs M`z{m{{o gd Nu(janogfgc}-.
Cu}nr`gt& H. \. >=1=44. Igjaot`mim n |{m t M`km !Hn{oumnfmm mzzfokgtn`mn |g nuiaogfgcmm ZZZU >:4-. Hgzitn2 @nin ![ao@ghnkz gd {ao Ug{o {g M`kmn. Hn{oumnfz n`k M`toz{mcn{mg`z gd{ao Nujanogfgc} gd {ao _ZZU-.
Hn`kofza{nh& N. H. >=43. @gtmo |gcuoeo`mn zue`gcg {m|nt ]ra`gm [uiho`mm. Iun{imo Zggezao`mn M`z{m{{n nuiaogfgcmm>>5& 4>(? !@os Eumnfz gd {ao Zue`n}n Jf{uo m` Zg{a(ou` [uiho`mz{n`. Eumod uo|gu{z gd {ao Hgzjgs M`z{m{{o gdNujanogfgc}-.
Hnu{m`gt& N. M. >==4.Nuiaogfgcmn. Hgzitn2 Tmzzan}n zaigfn!Nujanogfgc}-.
Hurm`& T. B. >===13. I tg|ugz g hmcun{zmm `n }c z{o|`mia|foho` o|gam eug`rm. T rnmhgkomz{tmo igjaotmia if{u m kuot`mia{zmtmfmrn{zmm& ||.34(3. Nfhn(N{n2 Zjmo`jo !G` {ao ^oz{mg` gdEug`ro Nco Z{o||o [umenf Hmcun{mg`z {g {ao Zg{a. M`{ounj{mg`eo{soo` @ghnkmj Jf{uoz n`k N`jmo`{ Jmtmfmzn{mg`z-.
\}n`igtn& F. [. >=3;. Hgcmf`mi o|gam eug`rm [mcugtn}n Enfin.Zgto{zin}n nuiaogfgcmn:& >3>(1< ![ao Eug`ro Nco joho{ou} gd[mcugtn}n Enfin. Zgtmo{ Nujanogfgc}-.
\}n`igtn& F. [. >=13. I tg|ugz g zohom`mia m gezaoz{to``miag{`gzao`m}nia t o|ga |grk`om eug`rm !|g hn{oumnfnh hgcmf`migt
Tniazazigm if{um-.Hn{oumnf`n}n if{un [nkbmimz{n`n;& ;=(?>!G` {ao ^oz{mg` gd Dnhmfmnf n`k \efmj Uofn{mg`zam|z kum`c{ao Eug`ro Nco !g` {ao enzmz gd nu{mdnj{z dugh joho{oumoz gd {aoTniazazin}n Jf{uo-. Hn{oumnf Jf{uo gd [nbmimz{n`-.
Un}otzi}& K. Z. >==:. If{u`g(mz{gumjaozigo okm`z{tg mfmif{u`mm ig`{m`h7 Iun{imo zggezao`mn M`z{m{{n nuiaogfgcmm5=3>. Zimdzin}n if{un. \ugefohm Zimdzigmnuiaogfgcmm. Hn{oumnfm m mzzfokgtn`mn |g nuiaogfgcmm ZZZU >33.Hgzitn2 @nin !\ugefohz gd {ao Zj}{amn` Jf{uo. Hn{oumnfzn`k M`toz{mcn{mg`z gd {ao Nujanogfgc} gd {ao _ZZU-.
Smffo}& C. U. >=;1. N D`j{mg`nf N`nf}zoz gd {ao Agumrg` Z{}fom` \outmn` Nujanogfgc}& ||. =(>: m` Eo``o{{& S. J. !ok.-&N Uo(n||unmznf gd \outon` Nujanogfgc}. !Hohgumoz gd {ao Zgjmo{} dguNhoumjn` Nujanogfgc} ;-. @os ]gui2 Zgjmo{} dgu Nhoumjn` Nu(janogfgc}.
]nefg`zi}& F. [. >==4. Znim ]r`gcg \umnunf}n !nuiaogfgcmn mn`{ug|gfmcmn hgcmf`migt-. Hgzitn2 [MHU ![ao Znin gd {ao Zg{a(ou` Nunf Zon Nuon !{ao nujanogfgc} n`k n`{aug|gfgc} gd {ao joh(o{oumoz-.
Rkn`gtmja& C. E. n`k Zaumeou& T. I. >=11. \ouoagk`mo o|gam tnuiaogfgcmm2 nz|oi{m mzzfokgtn`mn !|g hn{oumnfnh @gu{aou`(Inrniaz{n` nujanogfgcmjnf oq|okm{mg` !ZINO-( _unfmn`(Inrniaz{n`nujanogfgcmjnf oq|okm{mg` !_INO--& ||. 4(>5 m` Rkn`gtmja& C. E.!ok.-& \ugefohm nuiaogfgcmm _unfg(Ianrnz{n`zima z{o|om. Jaof}nem`zi2Jaof}nem`zi Z{n{o _`mtouzm{} ![un`zm{mg`nf O|gjaz m` Nujanogfgc}2Nz|oj{z gd {ao M toz{mcn{mg` !g` {ao enzmz gd {ao Hn{oumnfz gd ZINO( _INO-. \ugefohz gd {ao nujanogfgc} gd {ao _unf(Inrnia Z{o||oz-.
hmcun{mg`z m` zhnff cug|z sgfk |ugenef} anto nfzg jg`{ume(
{ok {g {ao kotofg|ho`{ gd {aozo jf{unf zmhmfnum{moz.
[ao kocuoo gd nddm`m{} mz kmzjuo{o eo{soo` {ao jf{uoz samja
jgh|umzo {ao Zj}{ag(Zmeoumn` Sgufk. N jf{unf agumrg` hz{
eo m`{ou|uo{ok& agsotou& g{ nz `m{} e{ un{aou nz Ounzmn`
jf{unf jg`{m`m{} gd Zj}{amn` o|gja !Unotzi} >==:-. @omca(
egum`c jf{uoz nuo hguo zmhmfnu sm{am`& e{ {ao} z{mff uo{nm`{aomu gumcm`nfm{}. [ao |nu{mjfnuz kmzjzzok negto zags {an{ cfg(
enf amz{gumjnf |ugjozzoz sm{a co`ounf jg`dguhm{moz jn` eo uo(
tonfok m` zgjmnf jghh`m{moz n`k& m` nkkm{mg`& {an{ {ao} oqmz{ok
m` kmzjuo{o {mho n`k z|njo.
O`k`g{o>. [amz mz g`f} g`o gd zotounf a}|g{aozoz neg{ {ao |fnjo n k {mho gd {ao
M`kg(Mun`mn` fn`cnco gumcm` !ok. `g{o-
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>:
Nez{unj{
@ghnkmj zgjmo{moz nuo {unkm{mg`nff} uocnukok nz nz}hho{umjnff}
uo|uozo`{ok e} {aomu hn{oumnf jf{uo !geboj{z-. Hon`samfo& zgho
gd {ao nu{mdnj{ jn{ocgumoz nuo amcaf} hon`m`cdf. [ao enzmj janu(
nj{oumz{mjz gd `ghnkz nz uotonfok e} o{a`gcun|a} kg `g{ nf(
sn}z dm`k n jguuofn{mg` m` nujanogfgc}. Konfm`c hgz{f} sm{a
hn{oumnf geboj{z& nujanogfgc} jfnmhz {g mko`{md} {ao uofn{mg`(
zam|z {an{ oqmz{ eo{soo` nu{mdnj{z& zgjmnf m`{oujan`co n`k |gsou&
n`k jf{unf mko`{m{moz n`k mkogfgc}. [aozo nuo gd cuon{ mh|gu(
{n`jo dgu {ao m`toz{mcn{mg` gd `ghnkmj jf{uoz.
Io}sgukz
hn{oumnf jf{uo& nujanogfgcmjnf m`{ou|uo{n{mg`z& onuf} ghnkz&
iucn` uojg`z{uj{mg`
N dos sgukz neg{ jf{uo m` co`ounf
[ao hn{oumnf jf{uo gd n zgjmo{} jg`z{m{{oz n zez{n`{mnf |nu{
gd {ao jf{uo n`k m{ mz gucn`mjnff} jg``oj{ok sm{a {ao g{aou
zez{uj{uoz gd n cmto` zgjmo{}& m`jfkm`c {ao `g`(hn{oumnf
g`oz. N{ {ao znho {mho& hn{oumnf jf{uo mz eg{a {ao |ugkj{ gd
ahn` |u|gzo n`k }o{ m{ mz hn{oumnf dgffgsm`c {ao fnsz gd {ao
`g`(ahn` sgufk !Agkkou >==52 >>-.
M{ mz zgho{mhoz kmddmjf{ dgu z {g `kouz{n`k n jg`{oh|gunu}
jf{uo {an{ |ou{nm`z {g n kmddouo`{ jf{unf z}z{oh. [amz kmddm(
jf{} m`juonzoz mhhonzunef} sao` g`o hz{ nzzozz n jf{uo
{an{ mz kmz{n`{ m` {mho e} zotounf jo`{umoz gu hmffo``mn. Tgf`(
{numf} gu `g{& so n||ugnja {amz kmz{n`{ jf{uo zm`c gu gs`
jum{oumn n`k |z}jagfgc}. [aozo ohegk} n cuon{ heou gd jg`(
jo|{z gd jf{uo {an{ uodfoj{z {ao |oujo|{mg` gd {am`cz& samja&
m{ sgfk zooh& nuo dnhmfmnu {g otou}g`o. N{{oh|{m`c {g z|oni
{ao fn`cnco gd n kmddouo`{ jf{uo& so kmzjgtou& sm{a zu|umzo&{an{ tou} gd{o` so jn` `om{aou `kouz{n`k {amz jf{uo `gu gu(
zoftoz. [aozo jmujhz{n`joz nuo du{aou kohg`z{un{ok e} {sg
g||gzm`c tmos|gm`{z {an{ n{{oh|{ {g nzzozz {ao nemfm{} gd nu(
janogfgc} {g ge{nm` m`dguhn{mg` dugh n dgzzmfmrok jf{uo.[ao
nkaouo`{z gd {ao dmuz{ |gm`{ gd tmos eofmoto {ao |g{o`{mnf mz tou}
fmhm{ok eojnzo nujanogfgc} hnm`f} konfz sm{a konk {am`cz&
n`k oq{un|gfn{m`c m`dguhn{mg` dugh o{a`gcun|amj hn{oumnf {g
m`{ou|uo{ nujanogfgcmjnf m`dguhn{mg` mz m`nkhmzzmefo n`k zo`zo(
fozz eojnzo gd {ao kmddouo`joz m` {mho eo{soo` {ao |nz{ n`k
|uozo`{. [ao dgffgsouz gd {ao zojg`k |gm`{ gd tmos nuo jg`(
touzof} zuo {an{ {ao jgc`m{mto |g{o`{mnf gd nujanogfgc} mz m`dm(
`m{o. Getmgzf}& eg{a |oujo|{mg`z nuo oq{uoho n`k {ao {u{a fmozzghosaouo m` eo{soo`.
M` |um`jm|fo& {ao uozonuja gd |uoamz{gumj jf{uoz uohnm`z n` n{(
{oh|{ {g `untof n jugzzsguk |rrfo jgh|gzok gd i`gs` sgukz
e{ zm`c `i`gs` ufoz. So hn} eo nefo {g |nu{mnff} `kou(
z{n`k9 {amz |gzzmemfm{} fmoz m` {ao co`ounf `mdguhm{} gd {ao ko(
tofg|ho`{ gd ahn`im`k. Jou{nm` jghhg` |ao`gho`n oqmz{
m` hgz{ jf{uoz& m.o.& z}hegfmzh gd {ao jgfgu {umnk& sam{o(uok(
efnji ![ou`ou >=1:-9 gu hncmj& {ao `heou zoto`& {ao g||gzm(
{mg` gd umca{ n`k fod{& | n`k kgs`& n`k oto` n`k gkk. Nff gd
{aozo nuo koo|f} jg``oj{ok sm{a {ao |z}jag(|a}zmgfgcmjnf nz(
|oj{ gd {ao ahn` gucn`mzh !Mtn`gt >=31-. G`o jn` nfzg kmz(
{m`cmza zgho don{uoz m`aouo`{ m` {ao jf{uoz gd kmzjuo{o
Sgufkz& m.o.& Aoffo`mz{mj& Jaumz{mn`& n`k Zj}{ag(Znuhn{mn`&
o{j. Zm`jo {ao jf{unf gjjuuo`joz nuo uocfn{ok uofn{mtof} soff&
m{ mz |gzzmefo {g uofn{o jou{nm` geboj{z `kou z{k} {g {ao hguo
`nuugs hf{m{ko gd zgho cmto` jfnzz gd oto`{z samja so i`gs
!Keugtezi} >=3=& n{aguz {un`zfn{mg`-.
Hn{oumnf jf{uo n`k jf{uo
M` {ao z{k} gd hn{oumnf jf{uo g`o zoz zotounf ho{agkgfgcm(jnf n||ugnjaoz& eocm``m`c sm{a {ao co`ounf kodm`m{mg` n`k `(
kouz{n`km`c gd n jf{uo& nz soff nz n {aoguo{mjnf gumo`{n{mg`&
m.o.& jf{unf(amz{gumjnf& |ugjozznf& |gz{(|ugjozznf& n`k g{a(
ouz. Dgu m`z{n`jo& g`o jf{unf gu |ugjozznf n||ugnja |ug(
tmkok e} o{a`gfgc} gu jf{unf n`{aug|gfgc} gddouz zgho tnumn(
{mg`z gd {ao zg(jnffok z}z{ohmj {aogu} gd jf{uo& g` {ao enzmz
gd samja {ao jg`jo|{ gd ahn` nj{mtm{} !m` {ao Uzzmn` tou(
zmg`- n`k eoantmgu !{ao Soz{ou`- anz eoo` |{ dgusnuk. Hn`}
Uzzmn` nujanogfgcmz{z souo okjn{ok g` {ao kodm`m{mg` zc(
coz{ok e} Hnuinu}n` !>=35- sag sug{o {an{ ahn` nj{mtm{} mz
zgjmnff} gumo`{ok& n`k jf{uo mz n sn} gd m{z uonfmrn{mg`. M{ m`(
jfkoz nfzg {ao uozf{z gd zja n` nj{mtm{}. Nu{}`gt !>=1=- anzkmz{m`cmzaok dgu z|aouoz gd jf{uo2 \ugkj{mg` gd hn{oumnf
tnfoz& hon`z gd zezmz{o`jo !anem{n{& dggk& n`k jfg{am`c-& zg(
jmnf n`k `guhn{mto zejf{uo !fns& um{nf& n`k uofmcmg`-& n`k
ahn`m{numn` ze(jf{uo !i`gsfokco& nu{& n`k oq|oumo`jo& o{j.-.
[aozo z|aouoz jg`z{m{{o {ao {g{nfm{} gd jf{unf z{uj{uo. N
zohmg{mj n||ugnja zccoz{ok e} Uzzmn` zjagfnuz kum`c {ao
>=3=3>2 >;4-.
Nz Cgfgt`ot!>==?2 5>- anz zccoz{ok& ahn` nj{mtm{} mz uonf(
mrok m` {sg enzmj z|aouoz2 @n{unf !o`tmug`ho`{- n`k zgjmnf.
Ojg`ghmj nj{mtm{} mz jg``oj{ok sm{a ahn`(`n{uo uofn{mg`(
zam|z& }o{ ahn`(zgjmo{} uofn{mg`zam|z nuo uonfmrok m` {ao
Zgho @g{oz Neg{ {ao Hn{oumnf Jf{uo gd Ounzmn` @ghnkz
Fkhmfn Igu}nigtn
M`z{m{{o gd Amz{gu} n`k Nujanogfgc}Uzzmn` Njnkoh} gd Zjmo`joz
_unf Z{n{o _`mtouzm{}
Oin{oum`euc& Uzzmn
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>;
Iucn`z& Um{nf Zm{oz& n`k Zo{{foho`{z2 Ounzmn` Eug`ro n`k Mug` Nco
zgjmnf z|aouo. Ojgfgcmjnf n`k hn{oumnf zejf{uoz zouto nz n
hon`z gd ojg`ghmj nj{mtm{}9 zgjmnf nj{mtm{} mz n{{njaok {g `gu(
hn{mto n`k z|mum{nf zejf{uoz. Dgu {unkm{mg`nf !nujanmj- jf(
{uoz& m{ mz kmddmjf{ {g zo|nun{o {aomu hn{oumnf n`k z|mum{nf jgh(
|g`o`{z. Hn{oumnf geboj{z |ouzg`mdmok |og|fo m` {aomu fmdo9 {aouo(
dguo& duo~o`{f} |og|fo souo eumok sm{a {aomu |ouzg`nf eofg`c(
m`cz. Kum`c |uoamz{gu}& {ao m`m{mnf z|mum{nf jg`{o`{ gd n`} hn(
{oumnf geboj{ snz amca& e{ {ao hn{oumnf jg`{o`{ snz tou} fgs.Fn{ou& eojnzo gd cuon{ou {oja`gfgcmjnf z|ojmnfmrn{mg`& {ao |ug(
kjou gd n` geboj{ n`k {ao jg`zhou souo du{aou zo|nun{ok.
Eodguo jund{ z|ojmnfmrn{mg` snz oz{nefmzaok& {ao hn{oumnf z|aouo
snz jfgzof} jg``oj{ok sm{a {ao ojgfgcmjnf z|aouo !Cgfgt`ot
>==?2 5;(54-.
G`o hn} zn} {an{ nujanogfgcmz{z konf sm{a hn{oumnf geboj{z m`
otou}kn} |unj{mjo& om{aou {augca {aomu jfnzzmdmjn{mg`& {ao ko(
tofg|ho`{ gd ko{nmfok {}|gfgcmoz& gu n{{oh|{m`c {g zjmo`{mdm(
jnff} m`{ou|uo{ {aozo nzzohefncoz. Nujanogfgcmz{z hz{ n||f}
tnumgz zjmo`{mdmj ho{agkz dgu n` geboj{mto m`{ou|uo{n{mg` gd
hn{oumnf jf{uo. oz{mg`z jg`jou`m`c {ao uofn{mg`zam| eo{soo`fmtm`c jf{uoz nuo m`{umjn{of} uofn{ok {g nujanogfgcmjnf oq|uoz(
zmg` n`k `kouz{n`km`c. [aozo nuo& m` dnj{& {ao hnm` ~oz{mg`z
uotgftm`c nug`k nujanogfgcmjnf m`{ou|uo{n{mg`z n`k {ao} km(
tmko nujanogfgcmz{z m`{g tnumgz cug|z sag nzi kmddouo`{ ~oz(
{mg`z. San{ zagfk nujanogfgcmz{z kg7 Konf g`f} sm{a hn{oumnf
geboj{z n`k {aomu |uo|nun{mg` dgu d{uo amz{gumjnf m`{ou|uo{n{mg`
!Ifom` >=31-& zagfk so eo n`{aug|gfgcmz{z7 !Em`dguk >=45-&
gu zagfk so m`{ou|uo{ {ao hn{oumnf jf{uo hf{mtgjnff} n`k
jg`{oq{nff}7 !Zan`iz n`k Agkkou >==?-.
Hn{oumnf jf{uo n`k nujanogfgc}
M{ mz {uo {an{ hn`} oq|fn`n{mg`z gd nu{mdnj{z nuo z{mff zeboj{mto.[ao nu{mdnj{z z{kmok e} nujanogfgcmz{z {off z neg{ {ao amz(
{gu} e{ `g{ m` {ao fn`cnco gd amz{gumn`z !Agkkou >==52 >>-.
Md {ao enzmz gd {ao o~n{mg` eo{soo` n hn{oumnf jf{uo jgh|foq
n`k zgjmnf cug|m`c mz nhemcgz {ao` hja gd {ao nujanog(
fgcmjnf m`{ou|uo{n{mg` hz{ uohnm` zeboj{mto& oto` n{ {amz d`(
knho`{nf fotof gd g|oun{mg` !Zan`iz n`k Agkkou >==?-. [ao
enzmj |um`jm|foz gd {amz n||ugnja uofmoz g` {ao z}hegfmj hon`(
m`c gd n`} nu{mdnj{. M` |nu{mjfnu& {amz n||onuz {g eo ~m{o uonfmz(
{mj sao` so z|oni neg{ {ao Ounzmn` `ghnkmj N`mhnf Z{}fo
gd nu{. Zgho gd m{z jn{ocgumoz nuo amcaf} hon`m`cdf9 {aouodguo&
{ao N`mhnf Z{}fo mz bz{f} jg`zmkouok {g eo n zohmg{mj z}z{oh
{an{ oqmz{ok sm{am` `ghnkmj zgjmo{moz !Un}otzi} >=1?-.
Konfm`c |umhnumf} sm{a hn{oumnf geboj{z& n` nujanogfgcmz{ jfnmhz
{g mko`{md} {ao jaug`gfgcmjnf jg`{oq{ gd nu{mdnj{z& n`k {g ko{ou(
hm`o eo{soo` {ao nu{mdnj{z {ao zgjmnf uofn{mg`zam|z n`k |gsou&
jf{unf mko`{m{moz& n`k mkogfgc}. Nff gd {aozo nuo gd cuon{ mh(
|gu{n`jo dgu {ao m`toz{mcn{mg` gd `ghnkmj jf{uoz eojnzo gd
{aomu kmz{m`cmzam`c janunj{oumz{mjz.
Zgho jg`{ugtouzmoz sm{a {ao kodm`m{mg` gd `ghnkmzh
M` gu oddgu{z {g jg`z{uj{ n |ugdmfo gd {ao `ghnkmj hn{oumnf
jf{uo so jn``g{ oq|oj{ ~mji n`k onz} uozf{z. M` dnj{& aouk(
m`c nz n z|ojmnf im`k gd nj{mtm{} uo~muoz tmu{nff} g {ggfz !Jumee
>==>-. N{{oh|{z {g mko`{md} `ghnkmj jf{uoz e} zm`c n jou(
{nm` hn{oumnf jgh|foq anto unuof} eoo` zjjozzdf. [ao znho
jn` eo znmk neg{ {ao otgf{mg` gd ghnkmzh. O{a`gcun|a} m`(
kmjn{oz {an{ |uo ghnkmzh mz oq{uohof} unuo. Njjgukm`c {g zgho
Uzzmn` zjagfnuz& {ao z|ojmdmjz {an{ m`kmjn{o n `ghnkmj hgko
gd fmdo nuo nz dgffgsz2 N |gu{nefo agzo& n cggk znkkfo sm{a
z{muu|z& fmca{ o~m|ho`{& n`k oq{o`zmto n`mhnf euookm`c sm{a
n``nf aoukm`c. [ao enzmj |n{{ou` gd `ghnkmzh |ugtmkok e}
o{a`gcun|amj oqnh|foz& agsotou& kgoz `g{ nfsn}z dm`k n jgu(uofn{mg` sm{a nujanogfgc}. Eozmkoz& `ghnkmj zgjmo{moz& uo|uo(
zo`{ok e} {aomu hn{oumnf geboj{z nuo {unkm{mg`nff} jg`zmkouok {g
eo nz}hho{umjnf. [amz zm{n{mg anz |ugkjok n `heou gd jgh(
hg` jg`{ugtouzmoz.
[ao dmuz{ jg`{ugtouz} mz |ugkjok e} {ao kmddouo`{ kodm`m{mg`z
gd `ghnkmzh n`k |nz{gunfmzh nz soff nz {ao kmddouo`{ m`{ou|uo(
{n{mg`z gd n` nujanogfgcmjnf jgh|foq. M` {ao dmuz{ |fnjo& m{ jg`(
jou`z n` m`{ou|uo{n{mg` gd zgho jf{uoz gd {ao Ounzmn` Eug`ro
Nco m` {ouhz gd `ghnkmzh.San{ nuo {ao jghhg`f} njjo|{ok
nujanogfgcmjnf hnuiouz gd Ounzmn` |nz{gunf ghnkmzh7 [aozo
m`jfko n iucn` eumnf cug`k9 {ao uofn{mto nezo`jo gd |ouhn(`o`{ zo{{foho`{z n`k agzoz gu {ao |uozo`jo gd jnh| zm{oz9 {ao
nezo`jo gu n tou} fmhm{ok zjnfo gd dnuhm`c9 saoofok {un`z|gu{9
n`k {ao eg`oz gd n`mhnfz sag souo jn|nefo gd {untofm`c fg`c
kmz{n`joz n`k cunrm`c nff }onu ug`k& n`k nu{mdnj{z samja sgfk
anto eoo` zok dgu oq|fgm{n{mg` gd {aozo n`mhnfz. N`g{aou |uge(
foh mz {an{ duo~o`{f} {ao zoko`{nu} |g|fn{mg` jgfk zo hn`}
jgh|g`o`{z gd {ao zg(jnffok `ghnkmj hn{oumnf jgh|foq& n`k
tmjo touzn !Jumee >==>-. Kum`c {ao Mug` Nco {ao jgh|foq gd
`ghnkmj son|g`z n`k aguzo anu`ozzoz snz smkoz|uonk gtou
n tnz{ |gu{mg` gd Ounzmn& dgu oqnh|fo& m`jfkm`c {ao dguoz{(
z{o||o n`k oto` {ao dguoz{ rg`oz. [ao g`f} nu{mdnj{z {an{ jn` eo
zok {g zo|nun{o {ao jf{uoz n{{njaok {g {ao kmddouo`{ fn`kzjn|oznuo |g{{ou} n`k zo{{foho`{z. Zgho gd {ao fn{{ou nuo fgjn{ok m`
hnucm`nf rg`oz {an{ jgfk anto zoutok nz jghh`mjn{mg` |gm`{z&
n`k jgfk nfzg anto jgh|umzok n jg`jo`{un{mg` gd tnumgz |g|(
fn{mg`z& m`jfkm`c {agzo {an{ souo `ghnkmj.
M`toz{mcn{m`c `ghnkmj hn{oumnf jf{uo
@ghnk hn{oumnf jf{uo hn} eo o{a`gcun|amjnff} kodm`ok nz
antm`c {auoo hnm` janunj{oumz{mjz2 !>- Zm{o du`m{uo !dmq{uoz gu
|gu{nefo geboj{z-& !5- kunefo gu |oumzanefo geboj{z n`k& !:-
tnfnefoz gu oq|o`knefoz !Jumee >==>-. [ao smkoz|uonk zo gd
jfn} |g{{ou} mz amcaf} janunj{oumz{mj dgu onuf} Ounzmn` ghnkz9
nfhgz{ otou} cunto aofk zgho ~n`{m{} gd an`khnko onu{ao`(snuo. M{ zagfk eo `g{ok {an{ {agzo tozzofz hnko g` n |g{{ouz
saoof souo znff} mh|gu{ok dugh {ao uocmg` gd n z{n{oaggk.
Nz uojo`{ uozonuja zagsz& ghnkz tozzofz jgfk jg`{nm` gukm(
`nu} dggkz& zja nz hmfi& hon{ eug{a& n`k inzan !jouonf gu cunm`-
!Igu}nigtn n`k Knmuo >==3-. [ao eug`ro jnfkug`z znff}
nzzgjmn{ok sm{a `m~o eumnfz jg`{nm`ok n`mhnf eg`oz {an{
gumcm`nff} jg`zmz{ok gd hon{ samja snz |fnjok m` {ao eumnf.
[ao ne`kn`jo gd |g{{ou} m` {ao eumnf& n` m{oh {an{ jgfk onz(
mf} eo eugio` n`k snz oz|ojmnff} tf`ounefo kum`c hmcun{mg`z&
|ugtgioz n dnmu ~oz{mg` neg{ m{z |fnjo sm{am` `ghnkmj hn{o(
umnf jf{uo. M`kook& so jn``g{ n`zsou {amz ~oz{mg` dff} eo(
jnzo so kg `g{ i`gs {ao jgh|fo{o jg`{o`{ gd {ao hn{oumnf
jf{uo& n`k eojnzo n zez{n`{mnf |nu{ gd {amz jgh|foq snz hnko
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>?
dugh gucn`mj hn{oumnfz {an{ nuo co`ounff} g{ |uozoutok. Dgu{(
`n{of}& so nuo nefo {g hnio m`douo`joz dugh {ao mkonf oqnh|foz
|ugtmkok e} {ao dugro` {ghez gd {ao Nf{nm ghnkz. M{ mz i`gs`
{an{ {aozo |og|fo |ugkjok hn`} {o`zmfz hnko gd sggk !kmzaoz&
hcz& egsfz-& emuja enui !egqoz-& n`k fon{aou !zgho {}|oz gd
bnu- !Uko`ig >=4=139 \gfgzhni >==;-. N` m`(
{ouoz{m`c ~oz{mg` {an{ anz `g{ eoo` kmzjzzok uofn{oz {g {ao
ho{agk e} samja Ounzmn` ghnkz gucn`mrok {ao hn`dnj{uogd |g{{ou} n`k m{z |uozoutn{mg` dugh euoninco kum`c{un`zhm(
cun{mg`. [ao} jgfk anto hn`dnj{uok m{ om{aou m` {ao zhhou
jnh| gu n{ {ao sm`{ou agzo& nf{agca {ao {oja`gfgc} n`k gucn(
`mrn{mg` gd |ugkj{mg` sgfk anto eoo` kmddouo`{ m` onja fg(
jnfo. Nz gu oq|oumho`{z anto kohg`z{un{ok& m{ mz `g{ kmddmjf{
{g hnio |g{{ou} m` zhhou oto` sao` {aouo mz n |njm{} gd
sggk !Igu}nigtn n`k Dokgugt >==:-. M{ {nioz n||ugqmhn{of}
>.? aguz {g hnio n |g{ n`k n` nkkm{mg`nf :>< hm`{oz {g
kojgun{o m{. Njjgukm`c {g o{a`gcun|amj n`nfgcmoz n`k oq(
|oumho`{nf nujanogfgc}& kumok n`k |uozzok k`c& ne`kn`{f}
ntnmfnefo& mz hguo {an` zddmjmo`{ dof {g dmuo jounhmjz& n`k
m{ sgfk anto eoo` `ojozznu} {g zo sggk g`f} tou} hm`m(hnff}. Kumok n`k |uozzok k`c dmuoz | tou} ~mjif} n`k
hnm`{nm`z m{z {oh|oun{uo dgu n fg`c {mho. Dmum`c gjjuz
sm{ag{ dfnhoz sm{a {oh|oun{uo uonjam`c n||ugqmhn{of}
====-& n`k hn`} {mhoz {ao dguoz{
zoutok nz n |fnjo gd uodco.>
Duo~o`{f}& n`k oz|ojmnff} m` Soz{ou` |efmjn{mg`z {ao nzzh|(
{mg` mz hnko {an{ {ao N`kug`gtg n`k Zue`n}n ![mheou(Cunto-
Jf{uoz souo `ghnkmj. G` {ao jg`{unu}& {ao hn{oumnf jf{uo
jgh|foqoz gd {aozo zgjmo{moz |ugkjoz otmko`jo gd n hguo jgh(
|fmjn{ok ojg`ghmj z{uj{uo {an` {an{ samja oqmz{ok m` {ao Ou(
nzmn` z{o||oz. Kum`c {ao zojg`k anfd gd {ao zojg`k hmffo`(
`mh EJ& {ao ojg`gh}& nz zoo` m` {ao nujanogfgcmjnf hn{oumnfz
gd {ao |g|fn{mg`z& snz `g{ jf{unff} aghgco`ogz& nf{agca
m{ n||onuok {g anto eoo` ~m{o zmhmfnu gtou {amz aco cogcun|am(jnf uocmg`.
Nz so anto zoo`& ghnkmj hn{oumnf jf{uo mz janunj{oumrok e}
zgho z|ojmdmjz {an{ nuo uojgc`mrnefo nz o{a`gcun|amj hgkofz.
M` {ouhz gd ojg`ghmj n`k jf{unf {}|oz& Uzzmn` o{a`gcun|aouz
anto |{ dgusnuk {ao jg`jo|{ {an{ jou{nm` tnumo{moz gu kocuooz
gd `ghnkmzh oqmz{oktncun`{& zohm(zo{{fok& zohm(`ghnkmj& n`k
`ghnkmj& o{j. Nff gd {aozo {}|oz gd ghnkmzh souo i`gs` amz(
{gumjnff}& }o{ md so fggi n{ {aoh dugh {ao |gm`{ gd tmos gd {aomu
hn{oumnf jf{uo& so smff `g{ `g{mjo n`} cuon{ kmddouo`joz eo(
{soo` {aoh. [amz mffz{un{oz {ao |um`jm|nf nujanogfgcmjnf |uge(
foh ( {ao `ojozzm{} {g uojgc`mro {ao tnumo{} gd `ghnkmj {}|oz
dg`k m` {ao nujanogfgcmjnf nzzohefncoz.
Md so anto {ao uohnm`z gd fnuco zo{{foho`{z samja jg`zmz{z gd
kgro`z gd fnuco agzoz& nz mz {ao jnzo dgu {ao N`kug`gtg Jf(
{uo& ags hn} so z|oni neg{ {ao `ghnkmj janunj{ou gd {amz
jf{uo7 M` h} g|m`mg` {amz mz mh|gzzmefo& n`k m{ mz tnfmk g`f} {g
z|oni gd ghnkmj |nz{gunf {o`ko`jmoz n`k g{ neg{ n ghnkmj
hgko gd fmdo {an{ snz hguo janunj{oumz{mj dgu {ao z{o||o m`ane(
m{n`{z kum`c {ao Mug` Nco. [ao ~oz{mg` mz& {g san{ oq{o`{ jn`
so otnfn{o jou{nm` io} kmz{m`j{mg`z m` |ugkj{mg`& hgemfm{}&n`k zo{{foho`{ m` |uoamz{gumj |nz{gunf n`k ncug(|nz{gunf jf(
{uoz. M{ anz eoo` zccoz{ok m` {ao fm{oun{uo {an{ {ao zonuja dgu
n dff} `ghnkmj zgjmo{} zagfk eo nen`kg`ok m` dntgu gd n`
n||ugnja {an{ smff uojgc`mro `ghnkmj {o`ko`jmoz {an{ souo
hn`mdoz{ok m` tnu}m`c kocuooz {augcag{ n smko un`co gd zg(
jmo{moz. M{ mz {uo {an{ `ghnkmj |nz{gunfmzh jg`zmz{z gd |nz{gunf(
mzh n`k `ghnkmzh. [ao cuon{ou {ao kocuoo gd |nz{gunfmzh& {ao
z{ug`cou {ao {o`ko`j} {gsnuk `ghnkmzh !Jumee >==>-.
[ao |nz{gunf `ghnkz gd {ao Ounzmn` z{o||o& i`gs` m` {ao fm{(
oun{uo nz {ao N`jmo`{ @ghnkz& ank n iucn` d`ounf um{nf
{an{ anz eoo` kozjumeok hn`} {mhoz m` `hougz |efmjn{mg`z.
]o{& so z{mff kg g{ anto n`} kodm`m{mto oq|fn`n{mg` gd {ao um{nfz
ugfo m` `ghnkmj zgjmo{moz& gu {ao |ugjozzoz n`k jmujhz{n`joz
gd {ao hgu{nu} jg`z{uj{mg`. G`f} n dos |mojoz gd uozonuja
anto eoo` kotg{ok {g {aozo |ugefohz. [ao aco iucn`z gd {ao
Zj}{amn`z& {ao Znuhn{mn`z& n`k g{aou n`jmo`{ `ghnkz samja
jg`{nm` {ao uohnm`z gd fnuco sggko` !zgho{mhoz z{g`o- d`ounu}
janheouz nuo soff i`gs`. Getmgzf}& {ao ouoj{mg` gd zja jg`(
z{uj{mg`z uo~muok n fnuco fnegu m`toz{ho`{& n`k {ao zo gd n
cuon{ konf gd sggk& n` m{oh znff} g{ onzmf} njjozzmefo m` {ao
{uoofozz z{o||oz. \uotmgzf}& so anto {uon{ok zja z{uj{uoz nz
otmko`jo gd zgjmnf z{un{mdmjn{mg`. Zgho gd dnhgz Zj}{amn` d(
`ounf jgh|foqoz n||onu {g anto eoo` uozok uo|on{okf} n`k
jgfk eo jg`zmkouok {g eo {ao |ouhn`o`{ agzoz gd `ghnkmj|og|fo.Nz anz eoo` gezoutok m` {ao \nr}u}i Jf{uo& zgho
fgcz dugh |ouhn`o`{ fmtm`c ~nu{ouz souo uozok m` {ao jg`(
z{uj{mg` gd {ao d`ounu} janheou. N` ||ou jgtoum`c |fnjok
negto {ao d`ounf uggh m` Iucn` > gd {ao Ni(Nfnian Joh(
o{ou}& dgu oqnh|fo& jgh|umzok {ao fgcz dugh n kohgfmzaok |g(
f}cg`nf agzo !\gfgzhni >==;2 >:-. [amz dm`km`c hn} zccoz{
{an{ {ao `ghnkz ank ~m{o zgfmk sm`{ou agzoz m` {ao fgjnfoz
saouo {ao son{aou snz |nu{mjfnuf} zotouo. Nz \gfgzhni sum{oz&
{ao _igi \fn{on snz {uoofozz& e{ {ao \nr}u}i |og|fo zok n
fnuco nhg`{ gd sggk m` {aomu d`ounu} jg`z{uj{mg`z. [ao}
jgfk anto {un`z|gu{ok m{ dugh {ao `onuoz{ dguoz{ kum`c sm`{ou
e} |ffm`c m{ njugzz {ao mjo& nz anz eoo` `kou{nio` kum`c uo(jo`{ {mhoz. Ko`kugjaug`gfgcmjnf n`nf}zmz anz zags` {an{ nff gd
{ao fgcz zok dgu d`ounu} janheouz souo doffok kum`c {ao sm`(
{ou !\gfgzhni >==;2 >;-. [aozo nuo nff nucho`{z {g m`kmjn{o
{an{ {ao hgz{ zg|amz{mjn{ok d`ounu} jg`z{uj{mg`z jgfk anto
eoo` emf{ m` nktn`jo& e{ {an{ {amz sgfk g`f} anto eoo` |gz(
zmefo m` hguo gu fozz z{nefo ojgfgcmjnf n`k |gfm{mjnf jg`km{mg`z.
Nz mz soff i`gs`& {ao iucn` snz g{ g`f} n d`j{mg`nf hgu{(
nu} jg`z{uj{mg`& m{ snz nfzg n jgh|foq nujam{oj{unf z{uj{uo
samja uodfoj{ok {ao z|ojmdmj nu{mz{mj gu jgzhgfgcmjnf mkonz {an{
oqmz{ok sm{am` n cmto` zgjmo{}. M{ mz dgu {amz uonzg` {an{ m{ mz
|gzzmefo {g `g{o {ao {}|gfgcmjnf tnumo{} gd m``ou iucn` jg`(
z{uj{mg`z sm{am` {ao tnz{ z{o||o n`k dguoz{(z{o||o rg`o
Zgho @g{oz Neg{ {ao Hn{oumnf Jf{uo gd Ounzmn` @ghnkz
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>4
Iucn`z& Um{nf Zm{oz& n`k Zo{{foho`{z2 Ounzmn` Eug`ro n`k Mug` Nco
!Cu}nr`gt >=4>-. Hn`} nujanogfgcmz{z dgjzm`c g` {ao Ou(
nzmn` iucn`z gd {ao Mug` Nco anto |gm`{ok g{ {an{ fnuco iucn`z
znff} gjj|mok {ao amcaoz{ |gm`{ m` {ao fn`kzjn|o& n`k nuo tmz(
mef} jg``oj{ok {g g{aou fnuco iucn`z dguhm`c n janm` {an{ jn`
z{uo{ja dgu ?>< imfgho{ouz. Zhnffou iucn`z nuo nfzg m`jfkok
sm{am` {aozo jgh|foqoz. [amz z}z{oh gd iucn` fgjn{mg`z jgfk
anto |fn}ok n ugfo nz hnuim`c |gm`{z m` ghnkmj jghh`mjn{mg`
z}z{ohz. Zm`cfo iucn` eumnfz co`ounff} fgjn{ok m` sn{ouzaokz&n`kzm{n{ok m` {ao g|o` z{o||oz n{ n hguo gu fozz zmc`mdmjn`{ kmz(
{n`jo dugh n umtou& n||onu g`f} n{ {ao eocm``m`c gd {ao Mug` Nco.
[ao} kmddouok dugh {ao iucn`z gd {ao Eug`ro Nco {an{ nuo z(
nff} fgjn{ok m` cug|z nfg`c n umtou {ouunjo !Rkn`gtmja o{ nf >=1;2
;>-. Zgho uozonuja g` {ao uojg`z{uj{mg` gd iucn` z{uj{uoz
ank eoo` `kou{nio` e} zotounf cug|z gd nujanogfgcmz{z& |nu(
{mjfnuf} m` `gu{aou` Inrniaz{n` !Rkn`gtmja o{ nf >=1;- n`k m`
{ao zg{aou` _unfz ![nmugt n`k Eg{nfgt >=11-. M` {ao dmuz{ jnzo
ko{nmfok |nfogzgf n`nf}zoz |ouhm{{ok zjagfnuz {g jg`jfko {an{ fnuco
iucn`z& zja nz Inun(Gen n`k Genf} m` `gu{aou` Inrniaz{n`&
souo emf{ dugh uoj{n`cfnu efgjiz gd {g|zgmf samja dguhok eumjiz.
[ao n{aguz uojg`z{uj{ok {ao jg`z{uj{mg` zo~o`jo dgu n iucn`m` {ao dgffgsm`c hn``ou2
M`m{mnff}& n |fnjo zm{nefo dgu eumnf snz jagzo`. M{ zagfk eo
zm{n{ok `onu n |nz{uo& `g{ dnu dugh n sn{ou zgujo& n`k jou(
{nm`f} g` {ao ofotn{ok n`k dguoz{fozz z{o||o cug`k. [ao |fnjo
dgu {ao eumnf hg`k snz g{fm`ok e} n zanffgs& smko km{ja& {ao
zgmf dugh samja snz |fnjok g` {ao m``ou zmko. [ao` jouohg(
`moz{ao {unjoz gd samja jgfk eo `g{ok e} {ao jan`cok janu(
nj{ou gd |nfogzgf n`k {ao uohnm`z gd gucn`mj hn{oumnfz zja nz
cunzz gu euzasggksouo |oudguhok. Nd{ou {an{ n cunto |m{ snz
kc. [ao fnuco nhg`{ gd zgmf {nio` dugh {ao |m{ snz kmz{ume(
{ok nug`k m{& n`k n zhnffou nhg`{ snz z|uonk du{aou g{
sm{am` {ao kodm`ok nuon.N jmujfnu hgn{ sm{a n zhnffou kmnh(
o{ou {an` {an{ gd {ao km{ja snz jg`z{uj{ok dugh ahz fgnh}
zgmf. [ao eumnf snz jgh|fo{ok n`k |nu{ gd {ao zgmf snz uo{u`ok
{g {ao |m{. [ao cug`k zudnjo sm{am` {ao |m{ snz jgtouok sm{a
euzasggk n`k dmffok sm{a zgmf. [ao {g| fotof gd {ao jg`z{uj(
{mg` snz jgtouok sm{a {ao {g|zgmf efgjiz. N`k dm`nff} {amz jg`(
z{uj{mg` snz |fnz{ouok sm{a jfn} oq{unj{ok dugh {ao km{ja
!Rkn`gtmja o{ nf >=1;2 ;:(;;-.[ao ntounco tgfho gd zgmf uo(
hgtok dugh {ao cug`k zudnjo gd {ao m`{oumgu gd {ao jg`jo`(
{umj nuon snz n||ugqmhn{of} 5>.4 h !Dmc. 5- ![nmugt n`k Eg{nfgt >=112
>>5(>>:-. [aozo {sg oqnh|foz nffgs z {g mhncm`o san{ n cun`(
kmgzo mh|uozzmg` {aozo jg`z{uj{mg`z sgfk anto hnko.
Iucn`z nuo nfzg jg`zmkouok {g anto hnuiok {ao {ouum{gumnf
eg`knumoz gd jfn` gu dnhmf} fn`kz !\gfgzhni >==;2 >;-. _`{mf
uojo`{ {mhoz& {ao Inrniz n`k I}uc}r eumok {aomu kojonzok g`f}
`onu sm`{ou |nz{uoz !Uko`ig >=?52 =(>=1=11-. [ao aguzo anu`ozz mz g`o gd {ao {}|mjnf jaug(
`gfgcmjnf m`kmjn{guz gd n `ghnkmj jf{uo. M` jg`{unz{& kum`c
{ao Eug`ro Nco {ao duo~o`j} gd n`} geboj{ nzzgjmn{ok sm{a
aguzo {un`z|gu{ snz ~m{o fmhm{ok. Sncg`z n`k janumg{z& n`k
eg`o jaooi |mojoz souo& agsotou& janunj{oumz{mj dgu zgho Ou(
nzmn` z{o||o jf{uoz gd {ao Hmkkfo Eug`ro Nco. ]o{ {ao ~oz(
{mg` mz& nuo so jguuoj{ {g m`{ou|uo{ {ao dm`kz gd saoofok {un`z(
|gu{ nz otmko`jo gd n `ghnkmj hgko gd fmdo& n`k jg`zo~o`{f}
nz otmko`jo gd ojg`ghmj hmcun{mg`7
Jg`jfzmg`
[amz |n|ou anz eoo` nmhok {gsnuk n jgh|nun{mto tmos gd n
`heou gd mzzoz |ou{nm`m`c {g `ghnkmzh& n`k n kmzjzzmg` gd
zgho |nu{mjfnu nz|oj{z gd {aozo |ugefohz. Koz|m{o {ao fg`c
{unkm{mg` gd z{k}m`c {ao hn{oumnf jf{uo gd Ounzmn` `ghnkz&
n`k {ao n||nuo`{ zmh|fmjm{} gd {amz {g|mj& m{ jn``g{ eo jg`zmk(
ouok {g eo soff kotofg|ok. M{ mz tou} mh|gu{n`{ {g uo{am`i gu
{aoguo{mjnf n||ugnjaoz {g {ao z{k} gd `ghnkmj hn{oumnf jf{uo&
n||ugnjaoz samja anto g{ kotofg|ok zm`jo {ao >=4=3. [amz snz nfzg toumdmok kum`c h} jg`touzn{mg` sm{a {ao Enzaimu |og|fo
gd {ao zg{aou` _unfz.
5. Kum`c {ao jguzo gd {ao oqjntn{mg` gd {ao Zin{} eumnf cug`k sojnho {g {ao znho jg`jfzmg` !Igu}nigtn n`k Knmu-.
Zgho @g{oz Neg{ {ao Hn{oumnf Jf{uo gd Ounzmn` @ghnkz
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>3
Zgho @g{oz Neg{ {ao Hn{oumnf Jf{uo gd Ounzmn` @ghnkz
Uodouo`joz
Nu{}`gt& Z. N. >=1=.@nugk} m if{u}2 unrtm{m}o m trnmhgkomz{tm}o.Hgzjgs2 @nin !\og|foz n`k Jf{uoz2 Kotofg|ho`{ n`k M`({ounj{mg`-.
Em`dguk F.U. >=45. Nujanogfgc} nz N`{aug|gfgc}.Nhoumjn` N`({m~m{}51& .5>3(5?.
Jumee& U. >==>.@ghnkz m` Nujanogfgc}. Jnheumkco2 Jnheumkco_`mtouzm{} \uozz.
Keugtezi}& K. M. >=3=. Unzzamdugtim igkgt.Tg|ugz} dmfgzgdmm>5&13(>=1>:(= m` Cutmja& Z. H.!ok.-& Zohom`n}n geu}nk`gz{ `nugkgt Zmemum. Hgzjgs2 @nin![tm`mn`z. Kghoz{mj um{nfm{} gd {ao |og|foz gd Zmeoumn-.
Cgfgt`ot& N. T. >==?. Cgtgu}nzazam}o if{u}. Oin{oum`euc2 _unfKmtmzmg` gd UNZ ![nfim`c Jf{uoz-.
Cu}nr`gt& H. >=4>. Iucn` ini nuiam{oi{u`}m |nh}n{`mi& ||.5>(? m` U}enigt& E. !ok.-& [ormz} kgifnkgt `n rnzokn`m}nia&
|gzt}nzajao``}ia m{gcnh |gfot}ia mzzfokgtn`mm t >=4< c. Hgzjgs2M`z{m{{ nuiaogfgcmm !Iucn`z nz n` nujam{oj{unf hg`ho`{.Nez{unj{z gd {ao zozzmg` g` {ao uozf{z gd dmofksgui m` >=4==5. [aogu} n`k |unj{mjo m` nujanogfgc}. Fg`kg`2Ug{fokco.
Mtn`gt& T. T. >=31.Jao{ m `ojao{. Nzzho{um}n hgrcn m r`nigt}iaz}z{oh. Hgzjgs2 Zgto{zig}o unkmg !Gkk n`k Oto`. Nz}ho{u} gdn eunm` n`k zmc` z}z{ohz-.
Ifom` F.Z.& >=31.Nujaogfgcmjaozim}o mz{gja`mim. Fo`m`cunk2Fo`m`cunk _`mtouzm{} |uozz !Nujanogfgcmjnf otomko`joz-.
Igu}nigtn& F. @. >=11. Un``mm raofor`}m toi Rnufn}n m Rn|nk`gmZmemum. Ztoukfgtzi2 _unfzimm _`mtouzm{o{ !Onuf} Mug` Nco gd [un`z(_unfz n`k soz{ou` Zmeoumn-.
Igu}nigtn& F. @.& n`k Knmuo& H.(]. !okz.- >==3.[ao jf{uo gd[un`z(_unfmn` jn{{fo n`k aguzo euookouz n{ {ao {u` gd {ao oun.Oin{oum`euc2 Oin{oum`euc \uozz.
Igu}nigtn& F. @. n`k Dokgugt& U. G. >==:. Cg`janu`m}o nt}imrnunfzigcg nzofo`m}n t kuot`gz{m t un``oh raofor`gh toio& ||.34(=4 m` Igu}nigtn& F. @. !ok.-& R`n`m}n m `nt}im unfzigcg`nzofo`m}n t kuot`gz{m m zuok`otoigt}o. Oin{oum`euc2 _unfzig}og`kofo`m}o UN@ !\g{{ou} hnim`c zimffz gd [un z(_unfmn` |g|(fn{mg` m` {ao Onuf} Mug` Nco. I`gsfokco n`k zimffz gd {ao _unf|g|fn{mg` m` |uoamz{gumj n`k Hokmotnf {mhoz-.
Ienuot& T. K. >=13.Iucn`} _fn`ku}in. @gtgzmemuzi2 @nin!Iucn`z gd _fn`ku}i-.
Fg{hn`& ]. H. n`k _z|o`zi}& E. N. >=3>. G zohmg{mjaozighhoian`mrho if{u}& ||. >;;(4 m` Fg{hn`& ]. !ok.-& [uk} |gr`nigt}h z}z{ohnh Tgf. T& _jao`m}o rn|mzim {nu{zzigtg `mtouzm{o{n.[nu{2 [nu{ _`mtouzm{o{ !G` zohmg{mj hojan`mzh gd n jf{uo.
Uozonuja g` zmc` z}z{ohz-.
Hnuinu}n`& O. Z. >=35. Tg|ugz} zmz{oh`gcg mzzfokgtn`m}ngezajaoz{tn. Hgzjgs2 @nin !^oz{mg`z g` {ao z}z{ohmj m`(toz{mcn{mg` gd zgjmo{}-.
Hoktokot& N. \. >===.Un``m raofor`}m toi fozgz{o|`gcg \gkg`}n.Hgzjgs2 @nin !Onuf} Mug` Nco gd {ao dguoz{(z{o||o gd Kg` nuon-
\gfgzhni& @. T. >==;. Z{ouoczajam}o rgfg{g cum|a}. @gtgzmemuzi2@nin !Cnukm`c {ao cgfk cumddm`z-.
Un}otzi}& K. Z. >=1?.Hgkof hmun zimdzigm if{u}. Hgzjgs2 @nin!N sgufk hgkof gd {ao Zj}{amn` Jf{uo-.
Uko`ig& Z. M. >=?5.Cgu`gnf{nmzim}o `niagkim m zimd}. Hgzjgs(Fo`m`cunk2 Mrkn{ofz{tg N@ ZZZU !Zj}{amn` |oumgk kmzjgtoumoz m`{ao Nf{nm hg`{nm`z-.
Uko`ig& Z. M. >=4==?. \ugjozznf& |gz{|ugjozznf n`km`{ou|uo{mto nujanogfgcmoz& ||. :(5= m` Agkkou& M.& Zan`iz& H.&Nfoqn`kum& N.& Ejam& T.& Jnuhn & B.& Fnz{& B. n`k Fjnz& C. !okz.-&M`{ou|uo{m`c Nujanogfgc}. Fg`kg`2 Ug{fokco.
[nmugt& N. K. n`k Eg{nfgt& Z. C. >=11. Iucn` zofn Tnu`n& ||.>=1; .
G|}{ mz|gfrgtn`m}n t nuiaogfgcmm |nfog|gjato``}ia ho{gkgtmzzfokgtn`m}n !iucn`} Inun(Gen m Genf} t Zotou`gh Inr(niaz{n`o-. Zgto{zin}n nuiaogfgcm}n;& :?(;1 !N` oqnh|fo gd {aon||fmjn{mg` gd |nfogzgmf n`nf}zmz {g nujanogfgc} !Inun(Gen n`kGenf} iucn`z m` `gu{aou` Inrniaz{n`. Zgtmo{ nujanogfgc}-.
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>1
Iucn`z& Um{nf Zm{oz& n`k Zo{{foho`{z2 Ounzmn` Eug`ro n`k Mug` Nco
Dmc. 5. Tnu`n !Zg{a _unfz-. N tnumn`{ gd {ao uojg`z{uj{mg`. !Nd{ou [nmugt n`k Eg{nfgt >=11& |fn{o 3.-
Dmc. >. Inun(Gen iucn`& `gu{aou` Inrniaz{n`. Uojg`z{uj{mg` gd {ao zudnjo jg`z{uj{mg`. !Nd{ou Rkn`gtmja& o{.nf.& >=1;&|fn{o ;.-
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>=
Nez{unj{
[amz |n|ou zooiz {g oq|fguo {ao n`nf}{mjnf hoo{m`c |gm`{ eo(
{soo` nujanogfgcmjnf {aogu}& hgu{nu} m`{ou|uo{n{mg` n`k n zo(
umoz gd Onuf} Mug` Nco ghnkmj eumnfz dugh {ao Zg{aou` _unf
uocmg` gd Uzzmn. [ao o`zm`c kmzjzzmg` nkkuozzoz {ao jgh(
|foqm{} nzzgjmn{ok sm{a m`{ou|uo{n{mto dunhosguiz& samja n{(
{oh|{ {g dunho zgjmo{nf gucn`mzn{mg` {augca {ao n`nf}zoz gd
{ao tnumnemfm{} nzzgjmn{ok sm{a eumnf z{uj{uo |n{{ou`z n`k cuntocggkz m`jfzmg`. Zmc`mdmjn`{ zgjmg(jf{unf ofoho`{z zja nz nco&
zoq'co`kou jn{ocgumzn{mg` n`k amounujamjnf un`i n`k z{n{z uo(
fn{mg`zam|z nuo kmzjzzok sm{am` {ao jg`{oq{ gd {ao hn{oumnf uo(
hnm`z dugh n cug| gd Znug(Znuhn{mn` `ghnkmj eumnfz n{
\giugtin& Jaou`n}n n`k Inuknmofgtn.
Io} Sgukz
`ghnkmj eumnfz& hgu{nu} tnumnemfm{}& zoq'co`kou jn{ocgumz(
n{mg`& fmhm`nfm{}& jg`{oq{nf nujanogfgc}
M`{ugkj{mg`
[ao Mug` Nco `ghnkmj cug|z gd {ao Ounzmn` z{o||o anto uo(jomtok n` m`juonzok nhg`{ gd Soz{ou` fm{ounu} n{{o`{mg` m` uo(
jo`{ }onuz. Zjagfnuf} m`toz{mcn{mg`z anto dgjzok |g` {ao ko(
hgcun|amj hgtoho`{z n`k zgjmo{nf gucn`mzn{mg` gd {aozo |nz{
hgemfo |nz{gunf |og|foz n`k uozf{n`{ hgkofz anto eoo` kotof(
g|ok {g njjg`{ dgu {ao amz{gumjnf zmc`mdmjn`jo gd ghnkmj |g|(
fn{mg`z sm{am` {ao |uoamz{gu} gd {ao tnz{ Ounzmn` Z{o||o uocmg`.
Agsotou& m` jg`zmkoun{mg` gd {ao kohgcun|amjz n`k zgjmo{nf
jg`jo|{z gd {ao dmuz{ hmffo``mh EJ n`k {ao {un`zm{mg` m`{g {ao
Mug` Nco |oumgk hja gd {ao nujanogfgcmjnf otmko`jo {g z|(
|gu{ tnu}m`c {aoguo{mjnf |ug|gzm{mg`z anz eoo` ge{nm`ok dugh
hgu{nu} jg`{oq{z& {}|mjnff} nzzgjmn{ok sm{a {ao {hfz !iucn`-dguh gd eumnf. [amz zm{n{mg` zagfk ~m{o uonzg`nef} kuns aont}
zju{m`}& oz|ojmnff} m` fmo gd uojo`{ n`nf}{mjnf {uo`kz& samja anto
|ugcuozzmtof} zgca{ {g unmzo {ao jg`jo|{nf nsnuo`ozz nzzgjm(
n{ok sm{a {ao jgh|foqm{} gd eumnf m`{ou|uo{n{mg`z n`k {ao {aog(
uo{mjnf dunhosguiz zuug`km`c zja n{{oh|{z. [aouodguo& {amz
|n|ou zanff nkkuozz {aozo mzzoz m` {ao jg`{oq{ gd n kmzjzzmg`
|ou{nm`m`c {g uojo`{ n||ugnjaoz jg`jou`m`c {ao n`nf}zoz gd hgu(
{nu} hn{oumnfz dugh Mug` Nco ghnkmj eumnfz fgjn{ok m` {ao zg{a(
ou` _unf uocmg` gd Uzzmn !Dmc. >-.
[ao |u|gzo gd {ao juuo`{ |n|ou smff eo {g mffhm`n{o zotounf
mh|gu{n`{ {aoguo{mjnf mzzoz n`k ~oz{mg`z samja hn} eo co`(
oun{ok e} n` oqnhm`n{mg` gd {aozo hn{oumnfz nz {ao} uofn{o {g n
hgemfo |nz{gunf hgko gd zezmz{o`jo n`k {ao zgjmg(jf{unf
k}`nhmjz nzzgjmn{ok sm{a {ao `ghnkmj dguh gd zgjmo{nf
gucn`mzn{mg`. [ao |n|ou smff jg`jfko sm{a n` oq{o`zmg` gd {ao
uofotn`j} gd {aozo mzzoz e} sn} gd n eumod kmzjzzmg` gd d`ounu}
hn{oumnfz uojgtouok dugh n cug| gd Mug` Nco Znug(Znuhn{mn`
`ghnkmj eumnfz oqjntn{ok n{ {ao Inuknmofgtn n`k Jaou`n}n
zm{oz fgjn{ok m` {ao zg{aou` _unf Hg`{nm` uocmg` gd Uzzmn.
\uotmgz n||ugnjaoz {g hgu{nu} tnumnemfm{}
Hn{oumnf uohnm`z kmzjgtouok {augca hgu{nu} oqjntn{mg`z anto
eoo` {ao |umhnu} uozgujo zok e} eg{a Onz{ou` n`k Soz{ou`
zjagfnuz m` tnumgz n{{oh|{z {g uojg`z{uj{ {ao zgjmo{nf janunj(
{oumz{mjz gd |uoamz{gumj `ghnkmj cug|z. Zmc`mdmjn`{ mzzoz uo(
fn{m`c {g {aozo m`douo`joz uotgfto nug`k {ao |ugefohn{mj `n(
{uo gd eumnf tnumnemfm{} n`k m`jfko mh|gu{n`{ {aoguo{mjnf jg`(
z{uj{z zja nz {ao zgjmnf un`i& z{n{z n`k ugfo gd |nz{ zgjmo{nf
hoheouz. [ao {ggfz zok m` oz{nefmzam`c {aozo n`nf}{mjnf jg`(
z{uj{z {}|mjnff} dgjz g` eumnf {}|oz& cunto cggk m`jfzmg`'
`g`(m`jfzmg` !m`jfkm`c ~nfm{} n`k ~n`{m{} gd cunto cggk
nzzohefncoz-& m`toz{ho`{ gd hn{oumnfz n`k fnegu e} {ao fmtm`c
m` d`ounu} z{uj{uoz& otmko`jo gd um{nf& o{j.
M{ anz eoo` nucok {an{ zgjmo{nf janunj{oumzn{mg`z enzok |g`
{ao |uohmzo gd {amz n`nf}{mjnf dunhosgui nuo zodf m` kotofg|(
m`c n co`ounf `kouz{n`km`c gd {ao k}`nhmjz gd n |nz{ jf{uo&
agsotou& {ao} kg g{ njjun{of} uo|uozo`{ gu nji`gsfokco {ao
jgh|foqm{} sm{a samja eumnf um{nf n`k zezo~o`{ tnumnemfm{}
nuo jgh|gzok. [aouodguo& m{ smff eo oh|anzmzok {augca {ao
dgffgsm`c kmzjzzmg` {an{ n cuon{ou nsnuo`ozz gd {aozo jgh|g(
`o`{z eo m`{ousgto` sm{am` {ao dunhosgui gd {aoguo{mjnf hgk(
ofz samja zooi {g n||ugnja n` `kouz{n`km`c gd {ao jgh|foqm{}
zuug`km`c {ao tnumnemfm{} gd hgu{nu} uohnm`z.
Iucn` eumnfz n`k zgjmg(jf{unf jfnzzmdmjn{mg`z
N uojo`{ nu{mjfo e} Igu}nigtn !>==4- m`m{mn{ok uodouo`jo {g |nz{
n`nf}zoz n`k eugnk zjnfo janunj{oumzn{mg`z gd {ao hgu{nu} zm{oz
fgjn{ok sm{am` {ao _unf hg`{nm` Uocmg` gd Uzzmn& samja jaug(
`gfgcmjnff} dnff sm{am` {ao dmuz{ hmffo``mh EJ n`k {ao Ou(
nzmn` Mug` Nco |oumgk. [ao jn{ocgumzn{mg` gd {aozo eumnf zm{oz
nuo enzok |g` n jfnzzmdmjn{gu} n||ugnja |gzm{ok e} Cunja
!>=1=3?-. Sm{am` {amz zjaoho&
g`o jn` dm`k eumnfz jfnzzmdmok m`{g dgu enzmj cug|z2 !m- Ug}nf
Eumnfz& !mm- Ofm{o Eumnfz& !mmm- Gukm`nu} \g|fn{mg` Eumnfz& n`k!mt- Ko|o`ko`{ \g|fn{mg` Eumnfz !Igu}nigtn >==42 544(43-.
Mug` Nco @ghnkmj Eumnfz gd {ao Ounzmn` Z{o||o
N Kmzjzzmg` Oq|fgum`c Eumnf Um{nf Jgh|foqm{}
Eu}n` An`iz
Ko|nu{ho`{ gd Nujanogfgc}
_`mtouzm{} gd Jnheumkco
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5==42 5;=-.
Sm{am` {amz {aoguo{mjnf zjaoho& g`o jn` zoo {an{ {ao n`nf}{mjnf
uonzg`m`c oh|fg}ok e} |uotmgz zjagfnuz mz |uokmjn{ok |g`
{ao m`{ou|uo{n{mg` gd eumnf hn{oumnf |n{{ou`m`c. Zgjmo{nf
gucn`mzn{mg`& n`k m`douo`joz jg`jou`m`c tou{mjnf uofn{mg`zam|z&
nuo jfonuf} kotofg|ok dugh {ao janunj{oumzn{mg` gd g{ g`f} {ao
zmro n`k jgh|foqm{} gd {ao eumnf z{uj{uo e{ nfzg {mok {g n`
n`nf}zmz gd m`jfkok cunto cggkz. Nucnef}& {aoguo{mjnf n|(
|ugnjaoz zja nz {aozo |uoz||gzo n `onuf} kmuoj{ jguuofn{mg`
eo{soo` {ao cunto hn{oumnfz |uozo`{ n`k {ao uoz|oj{mto
kojonzokz un`i n`k z{n{z sm{am` {ao |uotmgz fmdo. M` g{aou
sgukz& {aozo n{{oh|{z oq|fmjm{f} zooi {g dunho tou{mjnf zgjmo{nfuofn{mg`zam|z eofmotok {g eo |uozo`{ sm{am` |nz{ zgjmo{moz.
[ao |ugefohn{mj `n{uo gd n||ugnjaoz zja nz {aozo jguuofn{oz
sm{a {ao fnji gd nsnuo`ozz dgu zja mzzoz nz2 !m- {ao m`aouo`{
n`k amcaf} zmc`mdmjn`{ ugfo gd {ao fmtm`c zgjmo{nf hoheouz n`k
{aomu uoz|oj{mto jagmjoz sm{am` eumnf um{nf |unj{mjoz& !mm- jgh(
|foq mzzoz uofn{m`c {g zoq'co`kou n`k nco jn{ocgumoz n`k {aomu
uofn{mg`zam| {g eumnf |n{{ou`m`c& n`k !mmm- {ao mh|gu{n`jo gd {ao
|ugjozz gd um{nf sm{a uoz|oj{ {g {ao hnm`{o`n`jo n`k |ou|o{n(
{mg` gd jf{uo n`k zgjmo{}.
Eumnf |n{{ou`m`c n`k zgjmnf z{n{zN uojo`{ nu{mjfo e} Kntmz(Imhenff !>==1- anz umca{f} kuns`n{{o`{mg` {g {ao `ook dgu n hguo `emnzok n{{oh|{ n{ {ao m`{ou(
|uo{n{mg` gd eumnf um{nf n`k cunto cggk n`nf}zmz. Z|ojmdmjnff}&
Kntmz(Imhenff anz nucok dgu n` m`juonzok nsnuo`ozz dgu {ao
ugfo gd z{n{z uofn{m`c {g sgho` sm{am` {ao Onuf} Mug` Nco `g(
hnkmj cug|z. Nz zao anz z{n{ok& nujanogfgcmz{z gd {ao >= {a
n`k 5==12 >;5-.
Nz n uoz|g`zo enzok |g` {amz jum{mjmzh& Kntmz(Imhenff anz
kotofg|ok n ho{agkgfgc} dgu zgjmo{nf uojg`z{uj{mg` gd Znug(
Znuhn{mn` ghnkmj cug|z enzok |g` nujanogfgcmjnf oqjntn(
{mg`z `kou{nio` eo{soo` >==5 n`k >==? e} n jgffnegun{mto
Nhoumjn`(Uzzmn` |ugboj{ n{ \giugtin& Uzzmn !Dmcz. > n`k 5-.
Kntmz(Imhenffz n||ugnja mz dguhfn{ok {augca n` m`{ou|uo(
{n{mg` gd nzzgjmn{mto cunto cggk nu{mjfoz uojgtouok dugh sm{am`
iucn` eumnfz. Enzok |g` {amz hn{oumnf otmko`jo zao anz
|gz{fn{ok n jn{ocgumzok fmz{ gd z{n{zoz dgu eg{a dohnfo n`k
hnfo hoheouz gd {ao Znug(Znuhn{mn` `ghnkmj zgjmo{moz.
[ao un{mg`nfo oh|fg}ok dgu {ao kotofg|ho`{ gd z{n{zoz snz
njamotok {augca {ao zofoj{mto n`nf}zmz gd z|ojmdmj cunto
cggk m{ohz& sm{a |g{{ou}& dn`nf hn{oumnfz& n`k mug` i`mtozeom`c jgh|fo{of} oqjfkok !{amz smff eo du{aou kmzjzzok
n{ n fn{ou |gm`{- ko {g {aomu amca duo~o`j} sm{am` {ao eum(
nfz !Kntmz(Imhenff >==12 >;5-.
[g eumodf} zhhnumzo {amz n||ugnja& {ao co`ounf hgkof |ug(
|gzok e} Kntmz(Imhenff !Memk. >;5- kmtmkoz zgjmo{nf z{n{zoz
nz zja2 !m- aonu{a |ouzg`& !mm- |umoz{ gu |umoz{ozz n`k !mmm- snu(
umgu !memk2.>;5-. [ao oq{o`zmg` gd {amz hgkof& jg|fok sm{a uo(
{umotok hn{oumnf nu{mjfoz dg`k sm{am` {ao jg`{oq{ gd {ao eumnfz&|ugtmkoz dgu {ao nji`gsfokcoho`{ gd {ao dgffgsm`c z{n{zoz2
Hnfoz2 !>- Snuumguz9 !5- Hnfo eumnfz sm{ag{ !gu tou} dos-
cunto nu{mjfoz9 n`k !:- Hnfoz eumok sm{a n jamfk.
Dohnfoz2 !>- Aonu{a sgho`9 5- \umoz{ozzoz9 :- Dohnfo snu(
umguz n`k9 ;- Snuumgu(\umoz{ozzoz.
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n{ {ao {mho gd amz'aou kon{a sm{am` {ao onuf} `ghnkmj zgjmo{}.
[ao eumnf tnumnemfm{} samja Kntmz(Imhenff o`jg`{ouok !m.o.
kmddouo`{ cunto cggk nzzohefnco |n{{ou`z-& kum`c {ao oqjntn(
{mg` n`k |gz{(oqjntn{mg` n`nf}zoz& souo zok nz {ao dg`kn{mg`
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|ouzg`& snuumgu& o{j.- sm{am` {ao Onuf} @ghnkmj zgjmo{nf
gucn`mzn{mg`.
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amounujamjnf zgjmo{nf dunhosguiz jgfk eo |gzm{ok {augca {ao
jgh|numzg` gd hgu{nu} z{uj{uoz& {}|o n`k ~n`{m{} gd cunto
cggkz& o{j. Ncnm`& so nuo fok {g eofmoto {an{ {aouo mz n kmuoj{
uodfoj{mg` gd {ao kojonzok m`kmtmknfz un`i n`k z{n{z sm{am`
{ao eumnf z{uj{uo jgh|gzm{mg` n`k uo|uozo`{n{mto cunto cggk
nzzohefnco. Eg{a Kntmz(Imhenffz ho{agkgfgc} n`k {ao n|(
|ugnjaoz kmzjzzok onufmou nuo |uokmjn{ok |g` n` n`nf}{mjnf
enzmz {an{ snz ~m{o dntgunefo kum`c {ao >=3=1
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7/31/2019 Scythian Triad and Scythian World Leonid T. Yablonsky Institute of Archaeology Moscow, Russia (page 3-8)
21/30
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kojonzok aofk n{ {ao {mho gd {aomu kon{a.
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m`dfo`jok e} {ao onuf} sgui gd io} m`kmtmknfz kum`c {ao dgu(
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nz jgh|o{m{mg` dgu uozgujoz& dunhosguiz dgu fm`onf kozjo`{&
n`k {ao juon{mg` gd zo|nun{o dguhnfmzok n`k eg`kok nuonz dgu
eumnf um{nf5 !Hguumz >==>2 >;1-. Znqoz zez{n`{mnf jg`{ume(
{mg` snz fn{ou oq{o`kok e} {ao sgui gd Cgfkz{om` !>=34-& sag
n||fmok n`k eugnko`ok Znqoz gumcm`nf jg`{ume{mg` {augca {ao
zo gd n eugnk(enzok jugzz(jf{unf n