sdg indicator 2.4.1 metadata · • forest and other wooded lands, when not part of an agricultural...

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MetadataofSDGIndicator2.4.1ProportionofagriculturalareaunderproductiveandsustainableagricultureGoal:SDG2Target:2.4Pleasenotethatthisisatemporaryfile.ItwillbereplacedbyafinalversionthatwillbepublishedontheUNSDwebsite.

InstitutionalinformationOrganization(s):FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsContactperson(s):Jean-MarcFaurèsEmailaddress(forinternaluseonly)[email protected]

ConceptsanddefinitionsDefinition:Theindicatorisdefinedbytheformula:

𝑆𝐷𝐺2.4.1 =𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝐴𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∗

Thisimpliestheneedtomeasureboththeextentoflandunderproductiveandsustainableagriculture(thenumerator),aswellastheextentoflandareaunderagriculture(thedenominator).Thenumeratorcapturesthethreedimensionsofsustainableproduction:environmental,economicandsocial.Itcorrespondstoagriculturalareaofthefarmsthatsatisfysub-indicatorsselectedacrossallthreedimensions.Thedenominatorisagriculturallandareamanagedbyagriculturalholdings,definedasthesumofagriculturalareautilizedbyagriculturalholdingsthatareowned(excludingrented-out),rented-in,leased,sharecroppedorborrowed.Stateorcommunallandusedbyfarmholdingsisnotincluded.PleaseseethemethodologicaldocumentpreparedbyFAOforamoredetailedexplanation.

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Indicator2.4.1focusesonagriculturalland,andthereforeprimarilyonlandthatisusedtogrowcropsandraiselivestock.Thischoiceofscopeisfullyconsistentwiththeintendeduseofacountry’sagriculturalareaasthedenominatoroftheaggregateindicator.Includedwithinthescope:

• Bothintensiveandextensiveproductionsystems(includingintensivelivestockproduction).• Subsistenceagriculture.• Stateandcommonlandwhenusedexclusivelyandmanagedbytheholding.• Foodandnon-foodcropsandlivestockproducts(examplecropssuchastobacco,cotton,and

livestockraisedfornon-foodproductslikesheepforwool).Cropsgrownforfodderorforenergypurposes.

• Agro-forestry(treesonthefarm).• Aquaculture,totheextentthatittakesplacewithintheagriculturalarea.Forexample,rice-fish

farmingandsimilarsystems.Excludedfromthescope:

• Stateandcommonlandnotusedexclusivelybytheagricultureholding.• Nomadicpastoralism.• Productionfromgardensandbackyards.Productionfromhobbyfarms.• Holdingsfocusingexclusivelyonaquaculture.• Forestandotherwoodedlands,whennotpartofanagriculturalholding.• Foodharvestedfromthewild.

Rationale:AttheheartoftheconceptofsustainabilityisthenotionofbalanceoverthelongtermamongafullrangeofaspectsconcerninghumanactivityonEarth.Thus,whilethereare17distinctSDGgoals,theyare,atthesametime,seenasprovidingcoverageforanintegratedchallenge.Meetingthischallengewillrequiretakingasystems-basedperspectiveonhowthedifferentaspectscombine.Mostcommonly,sustainabilityisconsideredinthecontextofthreedimensions–economic,environmentalandsocial–butotherdimensionsmaybeconsideredsuchasresilienceandgovernance.Dependingonthelocationandcircumstance,anyoneofthedimensionsmaybeinoroutofbalancesuchthatasituationoractivityisconsideredunsustainable.Whiletheissueofsustainabilityisnotnew,discussionoftheconceptattheinternationallevelwasespeciallyrenewedatthe1992RioSummitonSustainableDevelopment,whichcameinthewakeofthereleaseofthe1987BrundtlandCommissionreport.Thediscussionofsustainabledevelopmentininternationalandnationalpolicycirclesatthattimewaswiderangingandmanysectorstookituponthemselvestoconsiderablyextenddiscussionofsustainabilityatasectorlevel.Agriculturewasnoexception.Theapproachestoframinganddefiningsustainableagriculturevaryintermsoftheircoverageofthethreeprimarydimensionsofsustainability,i.e.economic,environmentalandsocial,andintermsofthescalethatwhichtheyassesssustainability,i.e.fromfieldandfarmscales,tonationalandglobalscales.Someapproachesconsiderdifferentfeaturesofsustainability,forexamplewhethercurrentpracticesare

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economicallyfeasible,environmentallysoundandsociallydesirable.Manyapproachestoconsideringsustainableagriculturefocusonparticularpracticessuchasorganic,regenerativeorlow-inputagricultureandcanequatethesewithsustainableagriculture.Theconclusionfromaliteraturereviewassociatedwiththemethodologicaldevelopmentofthisindicatoristhatthemulti-dimensionalapproachdevelopedbyFAOin1988isameaningfulframingoftheconcept.Thus,sustainableagriculturecanbeconsideredas:“Themanagementandconservationofthenaturalresourcebase,andtheorientationoftechnologicalandinstitutionalchangeinsuchamannerastoensuretheattainmentandcontinuedsatisfactionofhumanneedsforpresentandfuturegeneration.Suchdevelopment(inagriculture,forestryandfishingetc.)conservesland,water,plantandanimalgeneticresources,environmentallynon-degrading,technicallyappropriate,economicallyviableandsociallyacceptable.”(FAO,1988)Morerecently,in2014,FAObuiltonthesebroadprinciplesembodiedinthisdefinitionofsustainableagriculture,todescribeavisionforsustainablefoodandagriculture.Recognizingthecurrent“unprecedentedconfluenceofpressures”includingpovertyandhunger,inadequatediets,landandwaterscarcity,lossofbiodiversityandtheeffectsofclimatechange,theFAOdescribedavisionbasedonfiveprinciplesapplicableacrossfivesectors:crops,livestock,forestry,aquacultureandfisheries.Thefiveprinciples(FAO,2014)are:

• Improvingefficiencyintheuseofresourcesiscrucialtosustainableagriculture.• Sustainabilityrequiresdirectactiontoconserve,protectandenhancenaturalresources• Agriculturethatfailstoprotectandimproverurallivelihoods,equityandsocialwell-beingis

unsustainable• Enhancedresilienceofpeople,communitiesandecosystemsiskeytosustainableagriculture• Sustainablefoodandagriculturerequiresresponsibleandeffectivegovernancemechanisms.

TheseserveastheframeworkforSDGindicator2.4.1.Concepts:Theliteraturereview(Hayati,2017)identifiedalargenumberofpotentialsustainabilitythemesacrossthethreedimensionsofsustainabilityand,foreachtheme,usuallyalargenumberofpossiblesub-indicators.Thekeyconsiderationsintheselectionofthemesarerelevanceandmeasurability.Intermsofrelevance,therelationshipbetweentheassociatedsub-indicatorandsustainableagricultureoutcomesatfarmlevelshouldbestrong.Followingthisapproach,onlysub-indicatorsthatareresponsivetofarmlevelpoliciesaimedatimprovingsustainableagricultureareconsidered.Intermsofmeasurability,onlya“core”setofthemesandsub-indicatorsforwhichmeasurementandreportingisexpectedinthemajorityofcountriesareselected.Akeyaspectofallapproachestomeasuringsustainableagricultureistherecognitionthatsustainabilityisamulti-dimensionalconcept,andthatthesemultipledimensionsneedtobereflectedintheconstructionoftheindicator.ThisimpliesthatSDGindicator2.4.1mustbebasedonasetofsub-indicatorsthatcoverthesethreedimensions.Throughaconsultativeprocessthathaslastedovertwoyears,11themesandsub-indicatorshavebeenidentified,whichmakeupSDG2.4.1.

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No. Theme Sub-indicators

1 Landproductivity Farmoutputvalueperhectare

2 Profitability Netfarmincome

3 Resilience Riskmitigationmechanisms

4 Soilhealth Prevalenceofsoildegradation

5 Wateruse Variationinwateravailability

6 Fertilizerpollutionrisk Managementoffertilizers

7 Pesticiderisk Managementofpesticides

8 Biodiversity Useofbiodiversity-supportivepractices

9 Decentemployment Wagerateinagriculture

10 Foodsecurity Foodinsecurityexperiencescale(FIES)

11 Landtenure SecuretenurerightstolandPleaseseetheannexforadetaileddescriptionofthesub-indicators.Commentsandlimitations:Anearlierversionofthemethodologysuggestedacombinationofdifferentdatacollectioninstrumentstomonitorthevarioussub-indicators.Intheconsultationsundertaken,however,severalcountriesdidhighlightthedifficultiesincombiningdatafromdifferentsourcesandrequestedthatthisbeavoidedtotheextentpossible.Other,relativelydatarich,countries,instead,insistedontheneedtoallowfortheuseofexistingdatasources.Thisrevisedmethodologyaddressesbothconcerns:itoffersthefarmsurveyasasingledatacollectioninstrumentforallsub-indicators,butitalsooffersthepossibilityofusingacombinationofdifferentdatasourcesasanalternativeoptionaslongascertaincriteriaaresatisfied.Thedecisiontousethefarmsurveyasauniquedatacollectioninstrumentisinlinewithcountries’efforts,supportedbyFAO,todevelopfarmsurveysasthemostappropriatetoolforgeneratingagriculturalstatistics.ItalsobenefitsfromtheFAOworkindevelopingtheAgriculturalIntegratedSurvey(AGRIS)programme,whichhasbeenrecentlyfinalizedasispartofanewdatainitiativecalled50X2030(http://www.data4sdgs.org/news/how-agriculture-sector-leading-way-investment-data).Thedecisiontofocusonfarmsurveyhasimplicationsonthetypeofinformationthatitispossibletocaptureinordertocoverthedifferentdimensionsofsustainability.Whilefarmsurveysarewellsuitedtomeasuretheeconomicdimensionofsustainability,theymaynotbetheidealtoolformeasuringenvironmentalandsocialsustainabilityintermsofimpact/outcomes.Typically,environmentalimpactsofagriculturearemeasuredthroughmonitoringsystemslikeremotesensing,soilandwatersampling,orothertoolsassociatedwithaspecificarea,ratherthanwithasingleagriculturalholding.Forseveralenvironmentalthemes,itisunlikelythatfarmerswouldbeabletoassesstheenvironmentalimpactoftheirfarmingpracticesonissueslikefertilizerpollutionorpesticideimpact.Usingafarmsurveyinstrument,insteadofenvironmentalmonitoringsystems,thereforeimpliesmovingfrommeasuringoutcome/impacttoassessingfarmers’behaviour.Wheneverpossible,however,therevisedmethodologycontinuestofocusonmeasuringoutcomes.

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Thesub-themesunderthesocialdimensionareusuallybestcapturedthroughhouseholdsurveys.Whileinthemajorityofcasesagriculturalholdingsarecloselyassociatedwithagivenhousehold,thisisnotalwaysthecase,andthereforecapturingthesocialdimensionofsustainabilitythroughafarmsurveycouldposecertainchallenges.

MethodologyComputationMethod:StepstocalculateSDG2.4.1include:

1. Determiningthescopeoftheindicator:Thechoicemadeforindicator2.4.1istofocusoncropsandlivestockproductionthusexcludingforestry,fisheriesandaquaculture.

2. Determiningthedimensionstobecovered:Thechoicemadeforindicator2.4.1istoincludeenvironmental,economicandsocialdimensionsinthesustainabilityassessment.

3. Choosingthescaleforthesustainabilityassessment:Thechoicemadeforindicator2.4.1isfarmlevelwithaggregationtohigherlevels.

4. Selectingthedatacollectioninstrument(s).5. Selectingthethemeswithineachdimension,andchoosingasub-indicatorforeachtheme.6. Assessingsustainabilityperformanceatfarmlevelforeachsub-indicator:Specificsustainability

criteriaareappliedinordertoassessthesustainabilitylevelofthefarmforeachthemeaccordingtotherespectivesub-indicators.

7. Decidingtheperiodicityofmonitoringtheindicator.8. Modalityofreportingtheindicator.Thesetofsub-indicatorsarepresentedintheformofa

dashboard.Thedashboarddescribedaboveoffersaresponseintermsofmeasuringsustainabilityatfarmlevelandaggregatingitatnationallevel.

Therevisedmethodologyproposestofocusonadashboardpresentingthedifferentsub-indicatorsseparately.Thedashboardischosenforreportingtheindicator,assustainabilityisaboutfindinganacceptablebalancebetweenitsthreedimensions.Itoffersseveraladvantages,includingthepossibilityofcombiningdatafromdifferentsourcesandclarityaboutthemainunsustainabilityissues:countriescaneasilyvisualizetheirperformanceintermsofthedifferentsustainabilitydimensionsandthemes,andunderstandwherepolicyeffortscanbefocused.Computationofresultsandconstructionofthedashboardisperformedforeachsub-indicatorseparately:foreachsub-indicator,aggregationatnationallevelisdonebysummingtheagriculturallandareaofallagriculturalholdingsbysustainabilitycategory,followinga‘trafficlight’approach(red,yelloworgreen),andreportedaspercentageofthetotalagriculturallandareaofthecountry(minusthecommonland).SeveralcountrieshavesuggestedusingexistingdatasourcesoralternativedatasourceslikeremotesensingandGISonthegroundsthattheseinstrumentscanbemorecost-effectiveandsometimesprovidemorereliableresultsthanfarmsurveys.Theuseofsuchinstrumentsisallowed,consideringthatseveralaspectsneedtobecarefullytakenintoaccountpriortousingalternativedatasources.Firstofall,itshouldbedemonstratedthatthealternative

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sourcegivesresultsofatleastsamequalityasthesurveysandensureinternationalcomparability.Inordertoproduceconsistentandreliabledataasperrecommendedperiodicity,itisadvisedthattheuseofalternativedatasourcesmaybeconsideredwhentheavailabledatasetsfulfillthefollowingcriteria:

• Canbereflectedinorattributedtoagriculturallandareainthecountry,consideringdifferentfarmtypologiesandagriculturalregions;

• Canbeassociatedwiththecountry’sagriculturalproductionssystems,particularlycrops,livestockandthecombinationsinbetween;

• Capturethesameaspect/phenomenonastheproposedfarmsurveywithatleastadocumentedsamequality,consideringscientificstandards;

• Arerepresentativeofthesituationatthenationallevel(withrespecttoagriculturallandarea)takingintoaccountmainagriculturalregiontypes;

• Arecompliantwithinternational/nationalstandardsandclassificationssystemsinordertoensuretheindicatortobeinternationallycomparable;

• Dataareavailableatthesamelevelofterritorialdisaggregationasthefarmsurvey.• Thewaysandmeanstoadjustforunder-coverageandnon-coverage(whenneeded)shouldbe

clearlydevisedanddescribed;• Datacollectionyearandperiodicityarehomogenousacrossthesub-indicators.

Finally,usingdifferentdatasourcesimpliesthatmechanismsshouldbeputinplaceatthecountryleveltocoordinateregularlytheflowofrequiredinformationgeneratedbyvariousinstitutions.Disaggregation:Indicator2.4.1isexpectedtobecollectedthroughfarmsurveysandtheresultexpressedasanationalvalue.However,themethodologyisscaleindependentandcanbeadoptedatanygeographicallevel.Inadditiontheindicatorcanbedisaggregatedaccordingtotypeoffarmingsystem(crop,livestockormixed)andothercharacteristicsofthefarme.g.size,orgenderofthefarmholder.Treatmentofmissingvalues:Partialnon-responseatindividuallevel(farmholding)willbeimputedusingappropriatestatisticaltechniques,suchasnearest-neighboralgorithms.Thedecisiononwhethertoimputeornotandthechoiceofthemethodisafunctionofthenatureofthevariabletoimputeandtheamountandtypeofdataavailablefortheimputation,suchastheavailabilityofauxiliarydatacomingfromdifferentsources(e.g.surveys,administrativeinformation).Totheextentpossible,rawsurveyresultswillalsobeadjustedtominimizethebiasesassociatedwithtotalnon-response.Itisimportanttoclearlydistinguishmissingdatafromnon-applicableevents.Asspecifiedaboveandinthesub-indicatormethodologysheets,somesub-indicatorscanberecordedas‘notapplicable’foragivenfarm.Inthiscase,thefarmwillbeconsideredsustainablefromtheperspectiveofthegivensub-indicators.Regionalaggregates:ThesedatawillbedisseminatedthroughFAOSTAT,thelargestdatabaseoffoodandagriculturalstatistics.Thereforethemethodofcalculationwillfollowtheinternationalstandardestablishedbythedatabase.In

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thecaseofthisindicator,regionalandglobalaggregateswillbecomputedbyweightingthenationalindicatorsaccordingtothecountry’sagriculturalarea.Sourcesofdiscrepancies:GiventhatthisisaTierIIIindicator,nodatacurrentlyexistsforthisindicator.Thereforetherearenodiscrepanciesbetweennationalandsub-nationaldata.Methodsandguidanceavailabletocountriesforthecompilationofthedataatthenationallevel:Themethodologynoteprovidesadetaileddescriptionforthecomputationoftheindicatoronthebasisofthefarmsurvey.Ideally,toobtaintheproportionofagricultureareathatissustainable,theassessmentofsustainabilityshouldbemadeacrossallsub-indicatorsforeachfarmthatispartofthesample.Thefarmwouldthenbeassignedasustainabilitylevelthatisthemostconstrainingacrossallsub-indicators,andtheresultswouldthenbeaggregatedatthenationallevel.However,thisimpliesthatasingledatacollectioninstrument(thefarmsurvey)isusedtocollectinformationonallsub-indicatorsforagivenagriculturalarearepresentativeofthecountry’sagriculturalarea.Ifdifferentsourcesareusedtocollectinformationonthedifferentsub-indicators,itisimpossibletoassesssustainabilityatthelevelofthefarmholding.Inordertoallowforthepossibilitytousealternativedatasources,Indicator2.4.1isderivedfromthedashboardatcountrylevel,andisassociatedwiththeresultofthesub-indicatorthatismostlimitingsustainabilityperformances.Thisistocheckamongstallsub-indicatorsonethathasachievedtheleast‘desirable+acceptable’sustainabilitylevel(orthehighestlevelofunsustainability)atthecountrylevelRespectingthe‘trafficlight’approach,thefollowingvaluescanthenbecalculated:

𝑆𝐷𝐺241! = min!:!!!!

(𝑆𝐼! !)

where:

SDG241d=proportionofagriculturallandareathathaveachievedthe‘desirable’level(estimatedbyexcess,seenotebelow)

SIdn=proportionofsub-indicatornthatisclassifiedas‘desirable’

minreferstotheminimumlevelofSIdnatnationallevelacrossall11sub-indicators

SDG241distheproportionofagriculturalareaforwhichallsub-indicatorsaregreen.

𝑆𝐷𝐺241!!! = min!:!!!!

(𝑆𝐼! + 𝑆𝐼!)!

where:

SDG241a+d= proportionof agricultural land area that have achieved at least the ‘acceptable’ level(estimatedbyexcess,seenotebelow)

SIdn=proportionofsub-indicatornthatisclassifiedas‘desirable’

SIan=proportionofsub-indicatornthatisclassifiedas‘acceptable’

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minreferstotheminimumlevelof(SIdn+SIan)atnationallevelacrossall11sub-indicators

SDG241a+distheproportionofagriculturalareaforwhichallindicatorsareeithergreenoryellow,anacceptablesituation,butthatcouldbeimproved.

𝑆𝐷𝐺241! = 1 − 𝑆𝐷𝐺241!!! = max!:!!!!

(𝑆𝐼! !)

where:

SDG241u = proportion estimated by default of agricultural area that is ‘unsustainable’ (see notebelow)

SIun=proportionofsub-indicatornthatisclassifiedas‘unsustainable’

maxreferstothehighestvalueofSIunacrossall11sub-indicatorsatnationallevel

SDG241u=istheproportionofagriculturalareaforwhichatleastonesub-indicatorisunsustainable,andisthereforeclassifiedasunsustainable.

Theperformancesofcountriesovertimecanbemeasuredbythechange inthevalueofSDG241dandSDG241a+d.Anincreaseovertimeindicatesimprovement,whiledecreaseindicatesdegradation.

Note: It shouldbenoted that thechoiceofusing the resultsof thedashboardatnational level tocomputeIndicator2.4.1.ratherthancompilingresultsatfarmlevelandaggregatingthemfurtheratnationallevelwillsystematicallyover-estimatetheproportionofagriculturalareaundersustainableand productive agriculture. The reason is that the probability is high that different holdings willperformbadly (red) in termsofdifferent sub-indicators. The total area considered ‘unsustainable’willthereforelikelybehigherinrealitythanbylookingatthelimitingfactoraggregatedatnationallevel through the dashboard. This shortcoming is compensated by the higher level of flexibilityofferedbythemethoddescribedabove.

TheperformancesofcountriesovertimecanbemeasuredbythechangeinthevalueofSDG241dandSDG241a+d.Anincreaseovertimeindicatesimprovement,whiledecreaseindicatesdegradation.Note:ItshouldbenotedthatthechoiceofusingtheresultsofthedashboardatnationalleveltocomputeIndicator2.4.1ratherthancompilingresultsatfarmlevelandaggregatingthemfurtheratnationallevelwillsystematicallyover-estimatetheproportionofagriculturalareaundersustainableandproductiveagriculture.Thereasonisthattheprobabilityishighthatdifferentholdingswillperformbadly(red)intermsofdifferentsub-indicators.Thetotalareaassessedas‘unsustainable’willthereforelikelybehigherthanbylookingatthelimitingfactoraggregatedatnationallevelthroughthedashboard.Thisshortcomingiscompensatedbythehigherlevelofflexibilityofferedbythemethoddescribedabove.QualityassuranceFAOwillworkcloselywithcountriesforqualityassurance.NotonlywilldatacollectionforSDG2.4.1respectinternationalstandards,itwillalsoadheretoFAO’sdataqualityassurance“StatisticsQualityAssuranceFramework”(http://www.fao.org/statistics/standards/en/).

DataSourcesDescription:

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Differentdataarecollectedthroughdifferentinstruments.Often,environmentaldataarecollectedthroughenvironmentalmonitoringsystems,includingremotesensing.Yetmanycountriesdonothavethecapacityorresourcestodoso,andthereforethesedataaresparseornon-existent.Inordertoproposeamanageableandcost-effectivesolution,arequirementstressedbyseveralcountriesduringtheconsultations,themethodologyoffersasingledatacollectioninstrumentforallsub-indicators:thefarmsurvey.Severalcountrieshavesuggestedusingexistingdatasourcesoralternativedatasourcesonthegroundsthattheseinstrumentscanbemorecost-effectiveandsometimesprovidemorereliableresultsthanfarmsurveys.Theseinstrumentsincluderemotesensing,GIS,models,agriculturalsurveys,householdsurveys,administrativedataorenvironmentalmonitoringsystems.Themethodologyconsidersthepossibilitytousesuchinstruments,subjecttoaseriesofcriteriatoensuredataqualityandinternationalcomparability.Otherdatasourcesmayalsobeusedtocomplementand/orvalidatefarmsurveyresults.Themethodologynotealsorecommendsthatcountriescomplementthefarmsurveywithamonitoringsystemthatcanmeasuretheimpactofagricultureontheenvironment(soil,water,fertilizerandpesticidepollution,biodiversity)andonhealth(pesticidesresiduesinfoodandhumanbodies).ThiswillprovideadditionalinformationandhelpcrosschecktherobustnessofSDGindicator2.4.1withregardtotheenvironmentaldimensionofsustainability.Collectionprocess:Aquestionnairemodulehasbeendesigned,whichcontainsthecoresetofquestionsnecessarytoobtainthedataforSDG2.4.1.Iffarmsurveysalreadyexistwithinacountry,thesequestionscanbeintegratedintoexistinginstrumentsinordertominimizetheburdentonationalstatisticalofficesindatacollection.Alldatacollectionactivitieswillbedonethroughthenationalstatisticalofficeortheofficedesignatedtocollectdataforthisindicator.FAO,togetherwiththeGlobalStrategy,hascreatedallcapacitydevelopmentmaterialnecessaryforthisindicator,includingamethodologicalguide,anenumeratormanual,andacalculationdocument.Ane-learningmoduleisinpreparationandwillbefinalisedassoonastheindicatorisapprovedbytheIAG-SDG.Regionaltrainingworkshopsarealsoforeseenforend2018and2019..

DataAvailabilityDescription:Manysub-indicatorsforthisindicatorarealreadybeingcollectedincountries,eitheraspartofexistingfarmsurveysorthroughotherdatasourcessuchasenvironmentalmonitoringsystems,administrativedataorhouseholdsurveys.Yettheyarenotcollectedinwithacommonsetofcriteriathatguaranteethesamequalityoradherencetointernationalcomparability.SDGindicator2.4.1bringstogether11sub-indicatorsand,throughafarmsurvey,guaranteescomparabilityandaminimumsetofstandardsfordataquality.

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Timeseries:SDGIndicator2.4.1measuresprogresstowardsmoresustainableandproductiveagriculture.Formanysub-indicators,itislikelythatchangeswillberelativelylimitedfromayeartoanother.Furthermore,the3-yearperiodicitywillenablecountriestohavethreedatapointsontheindicatorbefore2030.Itisthereforerecommendedthatthesurveybeconductedeverythreeyears.

CalendarDatacollection:Datacollectionwilldependoncurrentlyexistingdatacollectioncyclesforfarmsurveyswithincountries.FAOintendstointegratethequestionnairemoduleassociatedwiththisindicatorinAGRIS,andinfutureagriculturalcensuses.Datarelease:Althoughnewdatamaynotbeavailableannuallyforeachcountry,allnewinformationisexpectedtobereleasedannuallythroughFAOSTAT.

DataprovidersNationalStatisticalOfficesordesignatedofficeswithincountrieswillberesponsibleforcollectingdataforthisindicator.

DatacompilersNationalStatisticalOfficesordesignatedofficeswithincountrieswillberesponsibleforcollectingdataforthisindicator.TheywillinturnreporttoFAOwhowillprovidecapacitydevelopment,conductqualitycontrolanddisseminatetheinformationthroughFAOSTAT.FAOwillinturnreporttotheinternationalstatisticalcommunity.

ReferencesFAO.1988.ReportoftheFAOCouncil,94thSession,1988.Rome.FAO.2014.Buildingacommonvisionforsustainablefoodandagriculture:Principlesandapproaches,FAORome.FAO.2017.ReportfromtheExpertGroupMeetingonSDGindicator2.4.1.April,2017.FAO,2018.LandUseClassification.In:SEEAAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries,AnnexI,pg.120,130-135.FAOandUNSD,Rome,Italy.

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FAO.2018.Reportofthe26thCommitteeonAgriculture,1-5October2018.GlobalStrategyforImprovingAgriculturalandRuralStatistics.2017.HandbookontheAgriculturalIntegratedSurvey.Hayati,D.2017.LiteratureReview:ALiteratureReviewonFrameworksandMethodsforMeasuringandMonitoringSustainableAgriculture.TechnicalReportn.22.GlobalStrategyTechnicalReport:Rome.

RelatedindicatorsDirectlinksto:2.1.2Prevalenceofmoderateorseverefoodinsecurityinthepopulation,basedontheFoodInsecurityExperienceScale(FIES)5.a.1(a)Percentageofpeoplewithownershiporsecurerightsoveragriculturalland(outoftotalagriculturalpopulation),bysex;and(b)shareofwomenamongownersorrights-bearersofagriculturalland,bytypeoftenureIndirectlinkto:

Indicator2.3.2:Averageincomeofsmall-scalefoodproducers,bysexandindigenousstatus

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Annex:descriptionofthesub-indicators

1.FarmoutputvalueperhectareDimension:Economic

Theme:LandProductivity

Land productivity is ameasure of agricultural value of outputs obtained on a given area of land.Maintaining or improving the output over time relative to the area of land used is an importantaspectinsustainabilityforarangeofreasons.Atfarmlevel,thelandproductivityreflectstechnologyandproductionprocessesforgivenagro-ecologicalconditions.Inabroadersense,anincreaseinthelevelof landproductivityenableshigherproductionwhilereducingpressureon increasinglyscarcelandresources,commonly linkedtodeforestationandassociated lossesofecosystemservicesandbiodiversity.

Coverage:Allfarmtypes(exceptthosethatpurchasemorethan50%ofthefeedfortheirlivestock)

Description:

Thesub-indicatorisdescribedasfarmoutputvalueperhectare(cropsandlivestock).

Informationonfarmoutputsandagriculturalareashouldbestandardinformationavailablefromfarmsurveysthusprovidingagoodbasisforassessmentatfarmlevel.

• Farm output: The volume of agricultural output at farm level generally takes into accountproductionofmultipleoutputs,e.g.croptypesandcropandlivestockcombinations,etc.Sincethevolumeofagriculturaloutputsisnotmeasuredincommensurateunits(e.g.notalloutputsare measured in tonnes, and tonnes of different output represent different products), it isnecessarytoestablishanappropriatemeansofaggregation,inthiscaseusingamonetaryunit.Asimplewaytoenableaggregationistoreflectthemultipleoutputsproducedbyasinglefarmintermsofvalues(i.e.quantitymultipliedbyprices).

• Farmagriculturallandarea:definedastheareaoflandusedforagriculturewithinthefarm1.

Sustainabilitycriteria:

Distancefromthe90thpercentileofthenationaldistribution2:

• Green(desirable):Sub-indicatorvalueis≥2/3ofthecorresponding90thpercentile

• Yellow (acceptable): Sub-indicator value is ≥ 1/3 and < 2/3 of the corresponding 90thpercentile

• Red(unsustainable):Sub-indicatorvalueis<1/3ofthecorresponding90thpercentile

Dataitems

1AccordingtotheSEEA-AFFclassificationandtheclassificationoftheWorldAgriculturalCensus20202Thepercentileiscalculatedbymajorproductionsystem(crops,livestock,crops/livestock)andbymajoragriculturalareasofthecountryandfarmproductivityiscomparedwithsimilarfarmsinsameagriculturalarea.

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Referenceperiod:calendaryear

1.1. Quantitiesandfarmgatepricesofthe5maincropsorlivestockproductsandby-productsproducedbythefarm

1.2. Quantitiesandfarmgatepricesofotheragriculturalproducts(agro-forestryoraquacultureproducts)producedbythefarm

1.3. Agriculturalareaoftheholding1.4. Distributionofsourcesofanimalfeedusedontheagriculturalholding(sameas8.2)

⃝1 percentageproducedontheagriculturalholding

⃝2 percentagepurchasedfromoutsidetheholding

2.NetFarmIncomeDimension:Economic

Theme:Profitability

An importantpartof sustainability inagriculture is theeconomic viabilityof the farm,driven toalargeextentbyitsprofitability.Profitabilityismeasuredusingthenetincomethatthefarmerisabletogainfromfarmingoperations.Availabilityanduseofinformationonfarmeconomicperformance,measuredusingprofitability,willsupportbetterdecisionmakingbothatmicroandmacro-economiclevel. Since performancemeasures drive behaviour, better information on performance can alterbehaviour and decision-making by government and producers both in large-scale commercialfarmingandmediumandsmall-scalesubsistenceagriculture.

Coverage:Allfarmstypes

Description:

Thesub-indicatormeasures ifthefarmisconsistentlyprofitableovera3-yearperiod.Thefocusofthis sub-indicator is on income from farming operations as distinct from the total income of thefarminghousehold,whichmayincludeothersourcesofincomesuchas,forexample,employmentinlocalbusinessesbyotherfamilymembers,tourismactivity,etc.

Formula3:

𝑁𝐹𝐼 = 𝐶𝑅 + 𝑌! − 𝑂𝐸 − 𝐷𝑒𝑝 + ∆𝐼𝑛

where:

• NFI=TotalNetFarmIncome• CR=Totalfarmcashreceiptsincludingdirectprogrampayments• Yk=Incomeinkind• OE=Totaloperatingexpensesafterrebates(includingcostsoflabour)• Dep=Depreciation• ΔInv=Valueofinventorychange.

Estimating profitability at a farm level will generally require compilation of basic farm financialrecords, i.e.daily,weekly,monthlyor seasonal transactions inanorganizedway. Ingeneral, largecommercial farmsmaintaindetailedfinancialrecordshowever, incaseofmediumfarmsandsmallsubsistenceagriculture, recordkeeping isseldompracticedand inmostof thecountries itdoesn’texistatall.

3SeeStatisticsCanadaat:http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/21-010-x/21-010-x2014001-eng.pdf

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Incasewhendetaileddataarenotavailableatfarmlevel,thenestimateswillbecalculatedbasedonfarmerdeclarationofoutputsandinputsquantityandvalue.Inthesecases,depreciation,variationofstocksandtaxesmaybeneglected.Thisisdescribedbelowassimplifiedoption(1).

Asecondsimplifiedoption(shortquestionnaire)isalsooffered,basedonfarmer’sdeclarationoftheagriculturalholding’sprofitabilityoverthe lastthreecalendaryears. It isrecommendedtousethissimplifiedoptiononlywhenotheroptionsarenotfeasible.


Forafarmtobeprofitablethenetfarmincomeshouldbeabovezero.

• Green(desirable):abovezeroforpast3consecutiveyears

• Yellow(acceptable):abovezeroforatleast1ofthepast3consecutiveyears

• Red(unsustainable):belowzeroforallofthepastconsecutiveyears

Dataitems

Referenceperiod:lastthreecalendaryears

Detailedoption

Datafromfarmfinancialrecords,i.e.daily,weekly,monthlyorseasonaltransactionsinanorganizedway(ingeneral,largecommercialfarmsmaintaindetailedfinancialrecordsonthebasisofwhichtheNFIcanbecalculatedasperaboveequation).

Simplifiedoption(1)

Tobeusedwhenthedetaileddataarenotavailableat farm level (betteradaptedtosmallholdersand household sector). Variables to be calculated are Farm Cash Receipts; Income in kind; Directprogrampayments;andOperatingExpenses.

1.1 Outputquantity(cropsandlivestockproductsandby-productsmarketedorself-consumed)1.2 Farmgatepricesofaboveoutputs1.3 Inputsquantityandprices1.4 Incomefromotheron-farmactivities1.5 Operatingexpenses

Simplifiedoption(2)

1.1 Respondent’sdeclarationonagriculturalholdingprofitabilityoverthelast3calendaryears

3.RiskmitigationmechanismsDimension:Economic

Theme:Resilience

Resilienceencompassabsorptive,anticipatoryandadaptivecapacitiesandreferstothepropertiesofasystemthatallowsfarmstodealwithshocksandstresses,topersistandtocontinuetobewell-functioning(inthesenseofprovidingstability,predictablerules,securityandotherbenefitstoitsmembers).


Description:

Thissub-indicatormeasurestheincidenceofthefollowingmitigationmechanisms:

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• Accesstooravailedcredit4.• Accesstooravailedinsurance.• Onfarmdiversification(shareofasingleagriculturalcommoditynotgreaterthan66%inthe

totalvalueofproductionoftheholding).

Accesstocreditand/orinsuranceisdefinedhereaswhenagivenserviceisavailableandtheholderhasenoughmeanstoobtaintheservice(requireddocuments,collateral,positivecredithistory,etc.).Broadly,accesstooneormoretheabove3factorswillallowthefarmtoprevent,resist,adaptandrecoverfromexternalshockssuchas,floods,droughts,marketfailure(e.g.priceshock),climateshockandpest/animaldiseases.


Afarmholdingisconsideredresilientifithasavailedorhasthemeanstoaccesstheriskmitigationmechanismsasfollows:

• Green(desirable):Accesstooravailedatleasttwooftheabove-listedmitigationmechanisms.

• Yellow(acceptable):Accesstooravailedatleastoneoftheabove-listedmitigationmechanisms.

• Red(unsustainable):Noaccesstothelistedmitigationmechanisms.

**************

Dataitems

Referenceperiod:lastcalendaryear

3.1. Agriculturalholdingaccesstocredit,insuranceorotherfinancialinstruments:

• Credit(formal,informal)• Insurance

3.2 Listofotheron-farmactivitiesapartfromcropsandlivestock

3.3 Valueofproductionforthelistedon-farmcommodities

4.PrevalenceofsoildegradationDimension:Environmental

Theme:Soilhealth

Many of the processes affecting soil health are driven by agricultural practices. FAO and theIntergovernmentalTechnicalPanelonSoils(ITPS)have identified10mainthreatstosoil functions:soil erosion; soil organic carbon losses; nutrient imbalance; acidification; contamination;waterlogging;compaction;soilsealing;salinizationandlossofsoilbiodiversity.


Description:

4 Includecashloansandin-kindloans(e.g.,seedsprovidedbyanotherfarmerandrepaidwithashareoftheharvest,seeds,etc.)onlyforagriculturerelatedinvestments.

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The sub-indicator measures the extent to which agriculture activities affects soil health andthereforerepresentsasustainability issue.Areviewof the10threats tosoil showsthatallexceptone (soil sealing,which is the lossofnatural soil to construction/urbanisation)arepotentiallyandprimarily affected by inappropriate agricultural practices. Ideally, therefore, all soils underagriculturallandareainacountryshouldbethesubjectofperiodicmonitoringinordertoassesstheimpact of agriculture on soils. This requires detailed surveys and sampling campaigns, associatedwithlaboratorytesting.Inordertoproposeamanageablesolutionwhilecapturingthemaintrendsinthecountryintermsofsoilhealth,thefarmsurveyfocusesonthefourthreatsthatcombinethecharacteristicsmorewidespread (fornationalmonitoring,countriesmaychoose toaddanyof theotherareasindicatedabove,dependingonrelevance),andeasiertoassessthroughfarmsurveys:

1. Soilerosion2. Reductioninsoilfertility3. Salinizationofirrigatedland4. Waterlogging

Thefarmsurveycapturesfarmer’sknowledgeaboutthesituationoftheagriculturalholdingintermsof soildegradation.Experiencehas shown that farmersareverymuchawareof the stateof theirsoils,healthanddegradation level.Farmersmayalsobeofferedtheopportunitytomentionotherthreatsthantheabovefour.Other data sources on soil healthmay either complement the information collected through thefarmsurveyandofferopportunitiesforcross-checkingfarmers’responses;orbeusedasalternativesourcesofdata.Priortothefarmsurvey,adeskstudycouldcollectallavailableinformationonsoilhealth, including using national official statistics or statistics available from international agenciessuchasFAO.Thistypicallyincludesmaps,models,resultsfromsoilsampling,laboratoryanalysisandfieldsurveys,andallexistingreportonsoiland landdegradationatnational level.Onthebasisofthisinformation,mapsortables(byadministrativeboundariesorotherdivisionsofthecountry)canbeestablished,showingthethreatstosoilsaccordingtotheabove4categoriesofthreats.Sustainabilitycriteria:Proportionofagriculturalareaofthefarmaffectedbysoildegradation.

• Green(desirable):Thecombinedareaaffectedbyanyofthefourselectedthreatstosoilhealthisnegligible(lessthan10%ofthetotalagricultureareaofthefarm).

• Yellow(acceptable):Thecombinedareaaffectedbyanyofthefourselectedthreatstosoilhealthisbetween10%and50%ofthetotalagricultureareaofthefarm.

• Red(unsustainable):Thecombinedareaaffectedbyanyofthefourselectedthreatstosoilhealthisabove50%ofthetotalagricultureareaofthefarm.

**************DataitemsReferenceperiod:lastthreecalendaryears

4.1 Listofsoildegradationthreatsexperiencedontheholding

o Soilerosion(lossoftopsoilthroughwindorwatererosion)o Reductioninsoilfertility5o Salinizationofirrigatedlando Waterlogging

5Reductioninsoilfertilitywillbeexperiencedbyfarmersasprogressivereductioninyieldandwillbetheresultofanegativenutrientbalancebywhichtheamountofnutrientapplication(includingthroughmineralandorganicfertilizers,legumes,orgreenmanure)islowerthantheamountthatislostandexportedbycrops.

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o Othero Noneoftheabove

4.2 Totalareaoftheholdingaffectedbythreatsrelatedtosoildegradation

5.VariationinwateravailabilityDimension:Environmental

Theme:Wateruse

Agriculture, more specifically irrigated agriculture, is by far the main economic sector usingfreshwater resources. Inmany places, water withdrawal from rivers and groundwater aquifers isbeyond what can be considered environmentally sustainable. This affects both rivers andundergroundaquifers.Sustainableagriculturethereforerequiresthatthatlevelofuseoffreshwaterfor irrigation remains within acceptable boundaries. While there is no internationally agreedstandards ofwater use sustainability, signals associatedwith unsustainable use ofwater typicallyincludeprogressivereductioninthelevelofgroundwater,dryingoutofspringsandrivers,increasedconflictsamongwaterusers.

Coverage:Allfarmtypes

Description:

Thesub-indicatorcapturestheextenttowhichagriculturecontributestounsustainablepatternsofwateruse.Ideally,thelevelofsustainabilityinwateruseismeasuredatthescaleoftheriverbasinor groundwater aquifer, as it is the combined effect of all users sharing the same resource thatimpactwatersustainability.Thefarmsurveycapturesfarmers’awarenessandbehaviourinrelationwithwater scarcity, and associates themwith three levels of sustainability. These awareness andbehaviourareexpressedintermsof:

- whetherthefarmeruseswatertoirrigatecropsonatleast10%oftheagricultureareaofthefarmandwhy,iftheanswerisnegative(doesnotneed,cannotafford);

- whetherthefarmerisawareaboutissuesofwateravailabilityintheareaofthefarmandnoticesareductioninwateravailabilityovertime;

- whetherthereareorganizations(waterusersorganisations,others)inchargeofallocatingwateramongusersandtheextenttowhichtheseorganisationsareworkingeffectively.

Otherdatasourcesmayeithercomplementthefarmsurveyonwateruseandofferopportunitiesforcross-checkingfarmers’responses;orbeusedasalternativesourcesofdata.Priortothefarmsurvey,a desk study should collect all available information on water balance, including national officialstatistics or statistics available from international agencies such as FAO. Information on waterresourcesanduseisusuallycollectedbytheentitiesinchargeofwatermanagementormonitoringandareorganisedbyhydrologicalentity(riverbasinorgroundwateraquifer).Theytypicallyincludehydrologicalrecords(riverflow,groundwaterlevels),modelsandmapsshowingtheextentofwaterusebyhydrologicalentity.


Farmsustainabilityinrelationwithwaterusewillbeassessedasfollows:

• Green(desirable):doesnotusewaterforirrigatingcropsonmorethan10%oftheagricultureareaofthefarm,orwateravailabilityremainsstableovertheyears

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• Yellow(acceptable):useswatertoirrigatecropsonatleast10%oftheagricultureareaofthefarm,doesnotknowwhetherwateravailabilityremainsstableovertheyears,orexperiencesreductiononwateravailabilityovertheyears,butthereisanorganisationthateffectivelyallocateswateramongusers.

• Red(unsustainable):inallothercases.

Dataitems

Referenceperiod:lastthreecalendaryears

5.1 Irrigatedagriculturalareaoftheholding

5.2 Reductioninwateravailabilityexperiencedontheholding

5.3 Existenceoforganizationsdealingwithwaterallocation

6.ManagementoffertilizersDimension:Environmental

Theme:Fertilizerpollutionrisk

Agriculture can affect the quality of the environment through excessive use or inadequatemanagement of fertilizers. Sustainable agriculture implies that the level of chemicals in soil andwater bodies remains within acceptable thresholds. Integrated plant nutrient managementconsiders all sources of nutrients (mineral and organic) and theirmanagement in order to obtainbestnutrientbalance.Measuringsoilandwaterqualitycapturestheextentandcausesofpollution,butestablishingmonitoringsystemsofsoilandwateriscostlyandnotalwaysfeasibleincountries.

Note:themanagementofplantnutrientsaddressestwosustainabilityissues:avoidingpollution,andmaintainingagoodlevelofsoilfertility.Thissub-indicatoraddressesthefirstissue,whilethesecondoneisaddressedundersub-indicator4‘Soilhealth’.


Description:

Theproposedapproach isbasedonquestions to farmersabout theiruseof fertilizer, inparticularmineral or synthetic fertilizers, their awareness about the environmental risks associated withfertilizer and manure applications, and their behaviour in terms of plant nutrient management6.Managementmeasuresconsideredtohelpreducingriskisasfollows:

1. Followprotocolsasperextensionserviceorretailoutletrecommendationsorlocalregulations,notexceedingrecommendeddoses

2. Useorganicsourceofnutrients(includingmanureorcompostingresidues)alone,orincombinationwithsyntheticormineralfertilizers

3. Uselegumesasacovercrop,orcomponentofamulti/croporpasturesystemtoreducefertilizerinputs

4. Distributesyntheticormineralfertilizerapplicationoverthegrowingperiod

6Inordertokeepthequestionnairemanageable,themoduledoesnotconsiderdifferenttypeofcroporpractice.Themethodthereforeassumesthatifafarmerreportsbestpractices,thesepracticesareappliedovertheentirefarm.Itmaythereforeover-estimatetheareaundergoodpractices.

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5. Considersoiltypeandclimate7indecidingfertilizerapplicationdosesandfrequencies6. Usesoilsamplingatleastevery5yearstoperformnutrientbudgetcalculations7. Performsite-specificnutrientmanagementorprecisionfarming88. Usebufferstripsalongwatercourses.


Farmsustainabilityinrelationwithfertilizerpollutionriskwillbeassessedasfollows:

• Green(desirable):Thefarmdoesnotusefertilizers9orusesfertilizersandtakesspecificmeasurestomitigateenvironmentalrisks(atleastfourfromthelistabove)

• Yellow(acceptable):thefarmusesfertilizersandtakesatleasttwomeasuresfromtheabovelisttomitigateenvironmentalrisks

• Red(unsustainable):farmerusesfertilizeranddoesnottakeanyoftheabovespecificmeasurestomitigateenvironmentalrisksassociatedwiththeiruse.

**************

Dataitems


6.1 Useofsyntheticormineralfertilizeroranimalmanure/slurrybytheagriculturalholding(Y/N)

6.2 Specificmeasurestakentomitigatetheenvironmentalrisksassociatedwiththeexcessiveuseormisuseuseoffertilizersasperlistbelow:

⃝1 Followprotocolsasperextensionserviceorretailoutletrecommendationsorlocalregulations,notexceedingrecommendeddoses

⃝2 Useorganicsourceofnutrients(includingmanureorcompostingresidues)alone,orincombinationwithsyntheticormineralfertilizers

⃝3 Uselegumesasacovercrop,orcomponentofamulti/croporpasturesystemtoreducefertilizerinputs

⃝4 Distributesyntheticormineralfertilizerapplicationoverthegrowingperiod⃝5 Considersoiltypeandclimateindecidingfertilizerapplicationdosesandfrequencies⃝6 Usesoilsamplingatleastevery5yearstoperformnutrientbudgetcalculations⃝7 Performsite-specificnutrientmanagementorprecisionfarming⃝8 Usebufferstripsalongwatercourses.

7.ManagementofpesticidesDimension:Environmental

Theme:Pesticiderisk

Pesticidesareimportantinputsinmodernagriculture(cropandlivestock),butifnotwellmanagedtheycancauseharmtopeople’shealthortotheenvironment.Practicesassociatedwithintegrated

7Soiltype,combinedwithclimate,andinparticularthefrequencyandintensityofrainfallevents,areimportantelementstoconsiderindecidingfertilizerapplicationdosesandfrequencies.8Precisionfarmingisafarmingmanagementconceptbasedonobserving,measuringandrespondingtointerandintra-fieldvariabilityincrops.9Fertilizerstobeconsideredincludemineralandsyntheticfertilizersaswellasanimalmanure.

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pest management (IPM10 ) exist that contribute to minimise risks associated with the use ofpesticidesandlimittheirimpactonhumanhealthandontheenvironment.TheInternationalCodeofConductonPesticideManagementdefinesbestpracticeinpesticidemanagement.


Description:

Theproposedsub-indicatorisbasedoninformationontheuseofpesticidesonthefarms,thetypeofpesticideusedandthetypeofmeasure(s)takentomitigatetheassociatedrisks11.ItconsidersthepossibilitythattheholdingusespesticidesintheframeworkofanIntegratedPestManagement(IPM)program, or adopts specificmeasures to help reducing risks associatedwith pesticide use. List ofpossiblemeasures:

Health

1. Adherencetolabelrecommendationsforpesticideuse(includinguseofprotectionequipment)

2. Safedisposalofwaste(cartons,bottlesandbags)

Environment

1. Adherencetolabelrecommendationsforpesticideapplication2. Adoptanyoftheabovegoodpractices:adjustplantingtime,applycropspacing,crop

rotation,mixedcroppingorinter-cropping3. Performbiologicalpestcontrolorusebiopesticides4. Adoptpasturerotationtosuppresslivestockpestpopulation5. Useofpestresistant/tolerantcultivars,diseaseresistant/tolerantlivestockbreedand

standard/certifiedseedandplantingmaterial6. Systematicremovalofplantpartsattackedbypests7. Maintenanceandcleansingofsprayequipmentafteruse


Farmsustainabilityinrelationwithpesticideswillbeassessedasfollows:

• Green(desirable):Thefarmdoesnotusepesticidesorusesonlymoderatelyorslightlyhazardous12pesticides(WHOClassIIorIII).Inthiscase,itadhereseithertoanIPMprogrammeortobothhealth-relatedmeasuresandatleastthreeoftheenvironment-relatedmeasures

• Yellow(acceptable):farmerusesonlymoderatelyorslightlyhazardouspesticides(WHOClassIIorIII)andtakessomemeasurestomitigateenvironmentalandhealthrisks(atleasttwofromeachofthelistsabove)

• Red(unsustainable):farmeruseshighlyorextremelyhazardouspesticides(WHOClassIaorIb),illegalpesticides,orusesmoderatelyorslightlyhazardouspesticideswithouttakingspecificmeasurestomitigateenvironmentalorhealthrisksassociatedwiththeiruse(fewerthantwofromeachofthelistsabove).

10IntegratedPestManagement(IPM)isanecosystemapproachtocropproductionandprotectionthatcombinesdifferentmanagementstrategiesandpracticestogrowhealthycropsandminimizetheuseofpesticides(FAO).11Inordertokeepthequestionnairemanageable,themoduledoesnotconsiderdifferenttypesofcroporlivestock.Themethodthereforeassumesthatifafarmerreportsbestpractices,thesepracticesareappliedovertheentirefarm.Itmaythereforeover-estimatetheareaundergoodpractices.12WHOClassIIorIIIpesticidesasdefinedbyWHOclassification(http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/pesticides_hazard_2009.pdf),orequivalentnationalclassification.

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Dataitems


7.1 Useofpesticidesforcroporlivestockbytheagriculturalholding(Y/N)

7.2 Useofhighlyorextremelyhazardouspesticidesbytheagriculturalholding(Y/N)

7.3 AdherencetoanIntegratedPestManagementProgramme(Y/N)

7.4 Measurestakentoprotectpeoplefromhealth-relatedrisksassociatedwithpesticides:

1. Adherencetolabelrecommendationsforpesticideuse,includinguseofpersonalprotectionequipment(Y/N)

2. Safedisposalofwaste(cartons,bottlesandbags)(Y/N)

7.5 Measurestakentoavoidenvironment-relatedrisksassociatedwithpesticides:

3. Adherencetolabelrecommendationsforpesticideapplication(Y/N)4. Adjustmentofplantingtime(Y/N)5. Applicationofcropspacing(Y/N)6. Applicationofcroprotation(Y/N)7. Applicationofmixedcropping(Y/N)8. Applicationofinter-cropping(Y/N)9. Performbiologicalpestcontrol(Y/N)10. Useofbiopesticides(Y/N)11. Adoptingpasturerotationtosuppresslivestockpestpopulation(Y/N)12. Useofpestresistant/tolerantcultivars(Y/N)13. Useofdiseaseresistant/tolerantlivestockbreed(Y/N)14. Useofstandard/certifiedseedandplantingmaterial(Y/N)15. Systematicremovalofplantpartsattackedbypests(Y/N)16. Maintenanceandcleansingofsprayequipmentafteruse(Y/N)

8.Useofbiodiversity-supportivepracticesDimension:Environmental

Theme:Biodiversity

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) stresses the close relationship between agricultureactivities and biodiversity, considering three levels of biodiversity: genetic level diversity;agrobiodiversity at production system level; and ecosystem level (wild) biodiversity. The wayagricultureispracticedinfluencesallthreelevels.Attemptstodevelopindicatorsofbiodiversityforagriculture systematically consider a large number of sub-indicator, with no universally agreedsustainabilitycriteria.Consideringtheseconstraints,andthe importanceofaddressingbiodiversityin the construction of Indicator 2.4.1, it is proposed to develop a sub-indicator that captures theefforts towardsmorebiodiversity-friendlyagriculture,by identifyinga limited listofpractices thatareconducivetobiodiversityconservation.


Description:

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Thissub-indicatormeasuresthelevelofadoptionofbiodiversity-supportivepracticesbythefarmatecosystem, species and genetic levels. This indicator addresses both crops and livestock. Thepracticesarebrokendownasfollows:

1. Leavesatleast10%oftheholdingareafornaturalordiversevegetation.Thiscanincludenaturalpasture/grassland13,maintainingwildflowerstrips,stoneandwoodheaps,treesorhedgerows,naturalpondsorwetlands.

2. Doesnotusesyntheticpesticides,doesnotpurchasemorethan50%ofthefeedforlivestockanddoesnotuseantimicrobialsasgrowthpromoters.

3. Atleasttwoofthefollowingcontributetothefarmproduction,eachofthemrepresentingatleast10%ofthevalueoftheholding’sproduction:1)crop/pasture14;2)treesortreeproducts(includingpermanentcropslikeorchardsorvineyards);3)livestockoranimalproducts;4)fish.

4. Practicescroporcrop/pasturerotationinvolvingatleast3cropsorcropsandpasturesonatleast80%ofthefarmarea(excludingpermanentpastures)overaperiodof3years.

5. Theareaunderasinglecontinuouscommodityisnotlargerthan2hectares(excludingpasture),andareaslargerthan2hectaresunderasinglecommodityuseatleasttwodifferentvarieties.

6. Atleast50%ofeachanimalspecies’populationconsistsoflocallyadaptedbreeds15orbreedsatriskofextinction16.


Levelofadoptionofbiodiversity-supportivepractices:

• Green(desirable):Theagriculturalholdingmeetsatleastfouroftheabovecriteria• Yellow(acceptable):Theagriculturalholdingmeetstwoorthreeoftheabovecriteria• Red(unsustainable):Theagriculturalholdingmeetslessthantwooftheabovecriteria

Dataitems


8.1 Percentageoftheholdingareacoveredbynaturalordiversevegetation(notcultivated),includingnaturalpastureorgrasslands;wildflowerstrips;stoneorwoodheaps;treesorhedgerows;naturalpondsorwetlands

8.2a Useofpesticidesbytheagriculturalholding(Y/N)(coveredbysub-indicator7)

8.2b Distributionofsourcesofanimalfeedusedontheagriculturalholding

⃝1 percentageproducedontheagriculturalholding

⃝2 percentagepurchasedfromoutsidetheholding

13Naturalpasturesorgrasslandimpliesnouseofmineralorchemicalfertilizerandnopesticides14Avalueneedstobeappliedforpastureevenifitisusedforanimalproductiononthefarm15Locallyadaptedbreeds:“whichhavebeeninthecountryforasufficienttimetobegeneticallyadaptedtooneormoreoftraditionalproductionsystemsorenvironmentsinthecountry.”15FAO.2000.Guidelinesforthedevelopmentofcountryreports(availableathttp://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/021/am228e.pdf).

16TheenumeratorwillbeprovidedwithanationallistofbreedsatriskofextinctionbasedonDAD-IS(http://www.fao.org/dad-is/en/).

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8.2c Useofantimicrobialsasgrowthpromoterforlivestock(Y/N)

8.3 Productionontheholding(coveredbysub-indicator1)⃝1 Cropsorpasture⃝2 Treesandtreeproducts⃝3 Livestockandanimalproducts⃝4 Fish

8.4 Percentageoftheagriculturalareaonwhichcroprotationorcrop/pasturerotationinvolvingatleastthreecropsispracticedovera3yearperiod

8.5 Areaoftheagriculturalholdingcoveredbythe(upto5)maincropslistedforsub-indicator1(excludingpasture)

8.6 Numberofvarietiesusedforeachofthe(upto5)maincropscultivatedontheholding

8.7 Listofdifferentbreedsandcross-breedandpercentageofanimalstheyrepresentforeachanimalspecies

9.WagerateinagricultureDimension:Social

Theme:Decentemployment

The theme provide information on the remuneration of employees working for the farm andbelonging to the elementary occupation group, as defined by the International StandardClassificationofOccupation(ISCO-08-code92).It informsabouteconomicrisksfacedbyunskilledworkersintermsofremunerationreceived,thelaterbenchmarkedagainsttheminimumwagesetatnational level in the agricultural sector. This sub-indicator allows distinguishing between holdingsthat pay a fair remuneration to all employees under the elementary occupation group, andagricultural holdings paying a remuneration to their employees belonging to the elementaryoccupationgroupthatisbelowtheminimumwagestandard.Inthelattercase,agriculturalholdingsaredeemedtobenon-sustainablesincetheremunerationpaidisnotsufficienttoensureadecentlivingstandard.

Coverage:Notapplicabletofarmsthatemployonlyfamilylabour.

Description:

Thesub-indicatormeasuresthefarmunskilledlabourdailywagerateinLocalCurrencyUnits(LCU).

𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟 =𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑

∗ 8 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

Wherecompensation=bothmonetaryandinkindpaymentsexpressedinLCU


Unskilledlabourwagerateinrelationtonationaloragriculturesectorminimumwagerate.Incasethere is no national or agriculture sector minimum wage rate, the national poverty line is usedinstead:

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• Green (desirable): if the farm doesn’t hire any labour or if the holding has fair labourcertification17or if thewage rate paid to unskilled labour is above theminimum nationalwagerateorminimumagriculturalsectorwagerate(ifavailable).

• Yellow (acceptable): if the wage rate paid to unskilled labour is equals to the minimumnationalwagerateorminimumagriculturalsectorwagerate(ifavailable).

• Red(unsustainable):ifthewageratepaidtounskilledlabourisbelowtheminimumnationalwagerateorminimumagriculturalsectorwagerate(ifavailable).

Dataitems


9.1 Unskilledworkershiredontheagriculturalholding(Y/N)

9.2 Averagepayin-cashand/orin-kindforahiredunskilledworkerperday(of8hours)

9.3 Minimumagriculturalsectorwagerate(ifavailable)orminimumnationalwagerate

10.FoodInsecurityExperienceScale(FIES)Dimension:Social

Theme:Foodsecurity

FIES is ametric of severityof food insecurity at thehousehold level that reliesonpeople’s directyes/noresponsestoeightsimplequestionsregardingtheiraccesstoadequatefood.Itisastatisticalmeasurement scale similar to other widely-accepted statistical scales designed to measureunobservable traits such as aptitude/intelligence, personality, and a broad range of social,psychologicalandhealth-relatedconditions.

Coverage:Onlyhouseholdfarms

Description:

The Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) produces ameasureof the severityof food insecurityexperiencedbyindividualsorhouseholds,basedondirectinterviews.

The FIES questions refer to the experiences of the individual respondent or of the respondent’shouseholdasawhole.Thequestionsfocusonself-reportedfood-relatedbehaviorsandexperiencesassociatedwithincreasingdifficultiesinaccessingfoodduetoresourceconstraints.

TheFIESisderivedfromtwowidely-usedexperience-basedfoodsecurityscales:theU.S.HouseholdFood Security SurveyModule and the LatinAmerican andCaribbean Food Security Scale (SpanishacronymELCSA). It consists of a set of eight short yes/noquestions askeddirectly topeople. Thequestions focus on self-reported, food-related behaviours and experiences associated withincreasing difficulties in accessing food due to resource constraints. The FIES is based on a well-grounded construct of the experience of food insecurity composed of three domains:uncertainty/anxiety,changesinfoodquality,andchangesinfoodquantity.

Thissub-indicatorisSDGindicator2.1.2,contextualisedforafarmsurvey.

Sustainabilitycriteria:LevelonFIESscale17Recognizednationally

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• Green(desirable):Mildfoodinsecurity18• Yellow(acceptable):Moderatefoodinsecurity• Red(unsustainable):Severefoodinsecurity

Dataitems


10.1 Therespondent’srecollectionthathe/she(oranyotheradultinthehousehold)wouldbeworriedaboutnothavingenoughfoodtoeatduetolackofmoneyorotherresources

10.2 Therespondent’srecollectionthathe/she(oranyadultinthehousehold)wasunabletoeathealthyandnutritiousfoodbecauseoflackofmoneyorotherresources

10.3 Therespondent’srecollectionthathe/she(oranyadultinthehousehold)onlyateafewkindsoffoodduetolackofmoneyorotherresources

10.4 Therespondent’srecollectionthathe/she(oranyadultinthehousehold)hadtoskipamealbecausetherewasnoenoughmoneyorotherresourcesforfood

10.5 Therespondent’srecollectionthathe/she(oranyadultinthehousehold)atelessthanhe/shethoughtheshouldduetolackofmoneyorotherresources

10.6 Therespondent’srecollectionthathe/she(oranyadultinthehousehold)ranoutoffoodbecauseofalackofmoneyorotherresources

10.7 Therespondent’srecollectionthathe/she(oranyadultinthehousehold)washungrybutnoteatingduetolackofmoneyorotherresourcesforfood

10.8 Therespondent’srecollectionthathe/she(oranyadultinthehousehold)didnoteatforawholedaybecauseofalackofmoneyorotherresources

11.SecuretenurerightstolandDimension:Social

Theme:Landtenure

Thesub-indicatorallowsassessingsustainabilityintermsofrightsoveruseofagriculturallandareas.Since agricultural land is a key input for agricultural production, having secure rights over landensuresthattheagriculturalholdingcontrolssuchakeyassetanddoesnotrisklosingthelandusedbytheholdingforfarming.

Evidenceshowsthatfarmerstendtobelessproductiveiftheyhavelimitedaccesstoandcontrolofeconomic resources and services, particularly land. Long-lasting inequalities of economic andfinancial resources have positioned certain farmers at a disadvantage relative to others in theirabilitytoparticipatein,contributetoandbenefitfrombroaderprocessesofdevelopment.

As such, adequate distribution of economic resources, particularly land, help ensure equitableeconomicgrowth,contributestoeconomicefficiencyandhasapositiveimpactonkeydevelopmentoutcomes,includingpovertyreduction,foodsecurityandthewelfareofhouseholds.

Thissub-indicatorisSDGindicator5.a.1.,contextualisedforafarmsurvey.

18Computationoffoodinsecuritylevelisdescribedindetailsine-learningcourseonSDG2.1.2:http://www.fao.org/elearning/#/elc/en/course/SDG212

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Description:

Thesub-indicatormeasurestheownershiporsecurerightsoveruseofagriculturallandareasusingthefollowingcriteria:

• FormaldocumentissuedbytheLandRegistry/CadastralAgency• Nameoftheholderlistedasowner/userightholderonlegallyrecognizeddocuments• Rightstosellanyoftheparceloftheholding• Rightstobequeathanyoftheparceloftheholding


Levelofsecurityofaccesstoland.

• Green(desirable):hasaformaldocumentwiththenameoftheholder/holdingonit,orhastherighttosellanyoftheparceloftheholding,orhastherighttobequeathanyoftheparceloftheholding

• Yellow(acceptable):hasaformaldocumentevenifthenameoftheholder/holdingisnotonit

• Red(unsustainable):nopositiveresponsestoanyofthe4questionsabove

Dataitems


11.1 Typeofformaldocumentforanyoftheagriculturallandoftheholder/holdingthatitholds(alternatively‘possess,use,occupy)issuedbytheLandRegistry/CadastralAgency

⃝1 Titledeed⃝2 Certificateofcustomarytenure⃝3 Certificateofoccupancy⃝4 Registeredwillorregisteredcertificateofhereditaryacquisitions⃝5 Registeredcertificateofperpetual/longtermlease⃝6 Registeredrentalcontract⃝7 Other

11.2 Nameofanymemberoftheholdinglistedasanowneroruserightholderonanyofthelegallyrecognizeddocuments

11.3 Therightoftheholder/holdingtosellanyoftheparceloftheholding

11.4 Therightoftheholder/holdingtobequeathanyoftheparceloftheholding

sdg indicator 2.4.1 metadata · • forest and other wooded lands, when not part of an agricultural...

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