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Annex XI4 Full Light Mapping Report Switzerland

Light Mapping Switzerland

Executive Summary Light Mapping Switzerland

Introduction Switzerland is a country of about 7,4 millions of inhabitants politically divided in 26 cantons with a high degree of independency. The Federal Public Health Office maintains the national authority for setting the basic frame of cantonal rules for the provision of health care and its promotion and formulating national standards in food, pharmaceutical products and health technologies. A stable political situation, a high level of GDP per capita, a health system of high quality, the full coverage of social protection and a democracy in constant strive for equality and consensual cohesion makes Switzerland among the stable models for high quality of life and sound policy.

Switzerland detains the second highest expenditure in health in relation to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) within all OECD countries (2011a). The growth in demand for medical services and consequently in its costs had been continuous for the past years and there's no prevision for this trend to reduce. Access to health is reached by its universal mandatory health-insurance coverage and its medical services are proven to be modern and of high quality. The healthcare system is composed of public, subsided private and private structures, which are accessible by free choice of the insured population.

According to OECD report on Switzerland (2011a), Switzerland performs very well in overall well-being, as shown by the fact that it ranks among the top countries in a large number of topics in the Better Life Index.

In Switzerland, the average person earns 27 756 USD a year, more than the OECD average of 22 387 USD a year. But there is a considerable gap between the richest and poorest – the top 20% of the population earn five times as much as the bottom 20%.

In terms of employment, 79% of people aged 15 to 64 in Switzerland have a paid job, above the OECD employment average of 66%. Some 85% of men are in paid work, compared with 72% of women. Only 6% of employees work very long hours, lower than the OECD average of 9%.

SDH-Net Deliverable 2.2 November 2012 www.SDH-Net.eu

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Having a good education is an important requisite for finding a job. In Switzerland, 87% of adults aged 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, higher than the OECD average of 74%. This is truer of men than women, as 90% of men have successfully completed high-school compared with 83% of women. This difference is higher than the OECD average and suggests women’s participation in higher education could be strengthened. Switzerland is nonetheless a top-performing country in terms of the quality of its educational system.

Health and Health System Switzerland has one of the highest life expectancy in the world and all indicators show that the health of the population is increasing steadily.

In terms of health, life expectancy at birth in Switzerland is almost 83 years, three years higher than the OECD average of 80 years. Life expectancy for women is 85 years, compared with 80 for men.

In general, people in Switzerland are more satisfied with their lives than the OECD average, with 76% of people saying they have more positive experiences in an average day (feelings of rest, pride in accomplishment, enjoyment, etc) than negative ones (pain, worry, sadness, boredom, etc). This figure is higher than the OECD average of 72%.

The Swiss health system has been often quoted by other countries as a model of democracy and safety nets as basic health insurance for all Swiss residents of all ages is compulsory. The Swiss health system reflects the complexity of a federal structure, yet it could be considered as its success. The provision of healthcare services and health policy is the responsibility of three different levels of government: the federal government, the cantons and the communes. This situation – a small country with 26 cantonal health systems and communes with a high level of autonomy – leads to fragmentation and duplication in many areas, but the Swiss population nonetheless enjoys an outstanding level of medical care which is available equally to all insured individuals. This has developed in parallel to the expansion in high tech medical companies making Switzerland a world leader in health and medical innovation in the field of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, medical technology, machinery and equipment and other high-tech goods (OECD, 2011b). However, two criticisms emerge: a) the high cost of the health system for each citizen witnessing an explosion and continuous increase of the basic premium for the obligatory health insurance b) and the fact that Switzerland is the OECD country with the lowest investment in prevention programmes for its population. On the other hand, the investments have facilitated sustained R&D and innovation outputs as well as vocational and continuing training.

Health Indicators Swiss life expectancy is among the highest in the world and the positive patient satisfaction reflects in the health system considered to have one of the best performances.

Otherwise, Switzerland follow the normal trend of most developed countries, notably the population ageing factor, which contributes to the rise on chronic diseases and disabilities as well as exponential health costs both in chronic treatment and in medical high-tech devices for improving medical care.

Below, some key figures:

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Main health indicators for Switzerland

Swiss Federal Statistical Office (SFSO) Population Health 2007 Share of the population aged 15 and over (%) who consider themselves to be in good or

very good health 86.8

Share of the population aged 15 and over (%) with a long-term health problem 27.3 Factors influencing health 2007 Share of physically inactive persons (% of the population aged 15 and over) 15.9 Men 13.8 Women 17.9 Daily alcohol intake (% of the population aged 15 and over) Men 19.6 Women 9.0 Share of smokers (% of the population aged 15 and over) 27.9 Men 32.3 Women 23.6 Life expectancy At birth (years) 2010 Men 80.2 Women 84.6 In good health at age 65 (years) 2007 Men 13.0 Women 13.5 Mortality 2009 Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) 1 4.3 Number of deaths from all causes 62'476 of which

Cardiovascular diseases 22'228 Malignant tumors 16'062 Accidents 2'311 Suicides 1'105

Service providers and health workers 2010 Number of hospital beds /1000 inhabitants 4 4.9 Accommodation places available in homes for the elderly and nursing homes /1000

inhabitants4 11.7

Number of doctors in the ambulatory sector/100,000 inhabitants 4 205 Number of dentists/100,000 inhabitants 4 52 Services and use of services 2007/2010 Doctors' consultations in 2007 2 (% of the population aged 15 and over) 79.9 Dentists' consultations in 2007 3 (% of the population aged 15 and over) 65.3 Hospitalization rates (patients) in acute care hospitals /1000 inhabitants in 2010 4 125.4 Accommodation rate for people aged 80 and over in homes for the elderly and nursing

homes, as % of population aged 80 and over in 2010 4 28.3

Cost and funding 2010 Health expenditure per capita and month in CHF 661 Share of costs as % of GDP 10.9% 1) Infant mortality: deaths during the first year of life per 1000 live births 2) At least 1 consultation during the last 12 months, including specialist and gynaecologist 3) At least 1 consultation during the last 12 months 4) Permanent resident population at the end of the year

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Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities in Switzerland Main challenges identified in the domain of health in the Swiss population had been recently linked to social determinants in the report “Health in Switzerland” from 2008, setting the concepts and describing its intrinsic relations for the first time in an official federal report (Meyer, 2009). The two fundamental determinants identified are Education and Environment, although Migration has an important weight in the composition of the Swiss nation and migrants are still exposed to specific health risks, mostly due to their lower socioeconomic status and cumulative negative work condition effect on health.

In recent years, health care debates have focussed on the causality of chronic diseases linked to both the behaviour and the environment of a person. Up to recently, the assumption was that individuals eating poorly, not getting enough exercise or taking care of themselves are ultimately personally responsible for any subsequent illness. But a growing body of research in the last decade have demonstrated that an individual’s health is also determined by external factors including socioeconomic factors such as education, housing, occupation and income, as well as bio-socio-cultural determinants such as sex, age, ethnic origin and social status. Social determinants of health have therefore been included in a more visible way into research and training even though they were included in research since many decades, such as research on ageing during the Swiss National Research Programme on Ageing (1991-1999).

Health Research Structures and SDH Switzerland is highly ranked in the expenditures on research per GDP in relation to other countries (OECD, 2011b). Investments from the private sector play a major role, and funding is essentially towards the chemical, pharmaceutical and metallurgical industries. The Swiss National Science Foundation is the main federal institution to support scientific research by investment in universities and independent research organizations and also by producing an agenda of priorities for the state from the National Research Programs. The National Funds for Scientific Research received 730 millions of Swiss francs in 2010 from the Confederation to be used specially in the strategic research themes promoted by the National Centers of Competence in Research.

Because the study of social determinants of health has only been coined as an important topic only in the past decade in Switzerland, it is considered as multi-sectorial by definition and not attractive for the private funding. Therefore, projects specifically on social determinants of health are not regrouped in defined research centers and thus, not easily identified.

However, as the pattern of diseases, health behaviour and treatments change constantly, it became clearer to the government that politicians and other decision makers need to be updated frequently to get an overview of the development of health patterns in the population and to examine its causes. For this reason, the Confederation and the cantons assigned the Swiss Health Observatory and the Federal Office of Statistics the task of drafting regularly National Health Reports and specific reports. This report is intended to serve as a basis to propose improvements in preventive medicine and health care, to ensure that achievements are sustainable over the long term and to tackle new challenges.

Another federal mechanism for research can be found through the Swiss National Science Foundation and through the Swiss National Research Programmes who aim at conducting researches on specific population themes and issues for establishing evidence-based policies. In this context, social determinants of health are often included and brought forward in recommendations for policy makers.

Each of the 10 university cantons is responsible for its cantonal university. Cantonal universities receive financial support from the Confederation and from those cantons which do not have their own university.

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The 10 public and official universities in Switzerland in the 3 linguistic areas offer a range of educational programmes including topics linked to social determinants of health and conduct research in those fields. The Swiss Public Health School comprises 5 universities (Geneva, Lausanne, Ticino, Zurich and Basel) with the general topic or more specific topics such as health and economics (Lausanne and Ticino). Universities of applied sciences and continuous education in different fields of health (i.e. Master of Nurse Sciences) have also research units and develop a range of topics including social determinants of health).

However, it is not possible to calculate the precise budget for research on social determinants of health as it is integrated in budgets per academic or professional themes.

A possible pathway for the creation of a research in social determinants of health involving the government would be a request from the Federal Public Health Office for a national health report to the Swiss Observatory of Health and from the data generated, various interested institutions develop a research from. Most of the researches in social determinants of health are not identified as such, making them even more difficult to be recognized as such, so one could rightly say it doesn’t have an identity of its own.

In the other hand, the interest in the subject of the social conditions related to the health status of individuals and communities is not new in the Swiss scenario. An example is given by the study of “Health and social inequities in Switzerland” by Lehmann et al. (2012), issued in 1990. Different departments of Swiss universities and research institutes work in identifying the relation between poverty, migration, education and physical and psychological well being, as the research group, lead by Pr Thomas Abel, on social environment from the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine in the University of Bern.

Research Group "Social Environment"

The work is focused around social, cultural and economical determinants of health. Health inequalities and disparities are explored from different angles including intra- and intergenerational processes of social and cultural transformation, regional and national differences in the distribution of health and

illness as well as cross-national analysis. Quantitative methods are applied to study the unequal distribution of health and the interplay of social, cultural and economical resources for health.

Theoretical guidance is sought from sociological and economical thinking and empirical findings are applied to feed back to advanced theory development.

The group is set up to facilitate exchange of researchers in the Institute, to foster our expertise and promote the national and international recognition of our work.

http://www.ispm.ch/index.php?id=816

This group has created with the support of the Swiss Public Health Schools, the International Journal of Public Health which includes numerous issues on the social determinants of health and articles involving social determinants related to health.

Research reaches applied sciences in the case of policy development taking into account social inequalities that influence health, project of the University of Health Sciences5.

Thus, research on social determinants of health is embedded in larger researches but is also supported structurally by the federal council and parliament agencies (see graphic 1) who mandate specific researches.

For example, the SECO (State Secretariat of Economic Affairs) mandates researches to academic researchers to evaluate social factors such as the those involved in economic questions (i.e. factors involved in early or late retirement, Wanner, Stuckelberger and Gabadhino, 2002), same with other offices listed in the graphic. Some agencies are specifically conducting research, producing guidelines and teaching material such as OBSAN, Health Promotion Switzerland, bfu or BSV (social security office).

On the other hand many Swiss researchers have a long tradition of publishing articles and books since the 1980s target social determinants of health in a way or another – see reference list or publishing companies based in Switzerland such as Seismo Verlag in

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Zurich, Sozial- und Präventiv Medizin, the international Journal of Public Health or other editors.

Research projects are also currently being conducted on social determinants of health, such as the one by Pr Abel on “Social determinants of health in Switzerland: Examining associations between health relevant economic, cultural and social resources among young Swiss males”, research project conducted from August 2010 to August 2013 for over 300’000.- Swiss Francs.

Other areas are developing since a few years in the Human Rights, Ethics and Health in the context of “Right to health” or “Ethics research”, domains in which social determinants of health are strongly embedded even if not explicitely and systematically mentioned.

More efforts need to be done to coin the term Social determinants of health in titles, subtitles of articles and research projects

Landscape of Swiss System and Agencies in charge of monitoring, conducting or funding research linked to health

and potential SDH • The Swiss Confederation: At the federal level, the Federal Council and the Parliament are

responsible for determining health policy in Switzerland. They draft and pass laws and ordinances. A national health policy, i.e. one sup-ported jointly by the federal government and the cantons, is currently being developed. Because of the way our country evolved (a federal system), the cantons have wide-ranging individual responsibilities within the health system, although joint efforts have been made for the past few years. The Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (SFOPH) has had a ‘Health Policy’ directorate since the end of 2004, and there is a regular dialogue on health matters between the federal government and the cantons.

• State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI): The SERI will be newly established on January 1, 2013 under the Department of Economics. Dr. Dell’Ambrogio currently heads the State Secretariat for Education and Research SER which will be merged with the Federal Office for Professional Education and Technology OPET to create SERI. The new organization will drive Switzerland’s policy of putting top priority on education, research and innovation as described in the Legislative Plan for 2011-2015. The Federal ERI policy 2013-2016 formulated under this plan has highlighted consolidating the high level of grant funding awarded on a competitive basis and further strengthening Switzerland’s internationally competitive position in research and innovation as one of its three guidelines.

• Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (SFOPH): The primary objective of all activities at the SFOPH is to maintain and promote the health of everyone living in Switzerland. Health is understood to mean more than just the absence of disease. Rather, it is re-garded as one of the essential prerequisites for living a productive and self-determined life. The Office‘s remit is correspondingly wide-ranging. The SFOPH assumes that the individual is responsible for himself or herself, but that measures must be taken in certain areas of public health in order to protect the population. The major responsibilities of the SFOPH:

– Accident insurance – Addiction: controlling and preventing (drugs, tobacco, alcohol) – Biosafety – Chemicals: risk assessment, market supervision, inspection, training – Epidemics and infectious diseases: monitoring, control, prevention – Food safety: approval, research, health protection, anti-fraud activities – Health insurance: regulation, monitoring – Health policy – Health professions at the university level – Health research: topics and concepts – Human research – Radiation protection: radioactivity, non-ionizing radiation, noise exposure – Therapeutic products – Transplantation medicine

and much more

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• Federal Office for Social Security (FOSS): Plans, guides and monitors the correct implementation of the social security system that provides for old age and invalidity; also responsible for questions relating to the family.

• Swissmedic: The Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products ensures that only high-quality, safe, effective medicines are brought onto the market.

• Swiss Federal Statistical Office (SFSO): Produces statistics on healthcare provision in Switzerland and on the health of the Swiss population.

• Federal Office of Sports (FOSPO): Responsible for promoting health (sport, exercise and health) and preventing doping.

• State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (seco): Its tasks include health protection and prevention in the workplace and the safety of technical equipment and systems.

• Federal Office for Professional Education and Technology (OPET): Regulates the vocational and continuing training of non-aca-demic health professions.

• Health Promotion Switzerland: Mandated by the federal government, this foundation initiates, coordinates and evaluates health-promotion activities.

• Swiss Health Observatory (obsan): An institution supported by the federal government and the cantons which processes and analyses existing health-related information in Switzerland.

• Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund (SUVA): Suva insures around 1.8 million employees against occupa-tional accidents and diseases and non-occupational accidents; it is also involved in accident prevention and rehabilitation.

• The CTI is the Swiss Confederation’s innovation promotion agency. For more than 60 years it has supported the transfer of knowledge and technology between businesses and universities. The CTI promotes the development and application of new technologies. It brings dynamic companies and researchers at universities together by supporting their cooperation in applied R&D. CTI services range from action programmes in the field of informatics to support for setting up high-tech firms. The tools of the CTI can also be used by small and medium-sized enterprises.

The cantons

• Health Departments: Health is basically the responsibility of the cantons, including those areas regulated by the federal gov-ernment. In areas that are the responsibility of the federal government, the cantons‘ general function is to implement the laws and ordinances passed by the national government. Federal regulations may be supplemented by cantonal implementing legislation. The cantons are autonomous in their implementation of legislative requirements.

The tasks of the cantons – To safeguard the provision of healthcare: hospital planning, construction and operation of can-tonal

hospitals and homes, nursing care outside hospitals (Spitex), psychosocial services, school medical service, emergency and rescue services, the sanitary police, etc.

– Monitoring of hospitals, homes and clinics – Prevention and health promotion (in collaboration with the federal government and the communes) – Licensing of individuals in medical and paramedic-al professions (doctors, physiotherapists, etc.) – Food monitoring, poisons monitoring, environmental protection – Financing/subsidies for various facilities; approval of reduced premiums payable for statutory health

insurance by people on a low income • Swiss Conference of the Cantonal Ministers of Public Health (GDK): The GDK is the political

coordination body of the cantonal Health Departments. It promotes collabor-ation between the cantons and between the cantons and the federal government and other major organ-izations in the health system.

• National dialogue between the federal government and the cantons on health policy: Since 2004 the head of the Federal Department of Home Affairs and the chairman of the GDK have met three times a year to discuss areas of health policy.

The communes • Healthcare and social welfare : Healthcare and social welfare tasks may vary con-siderably

depending on the size of the commune. In some cases, neighbouring communes may join to-gether to meet their obligations, or the tasks may be delegated to private organizations.

The tasks of the communes – Providing healthcare services (hospitals and institutions, Spitex, advisory and social services, dental care

in the schools, etc.) – Disease prevention and promotion of healthcare (together with the federal and cantonal author-ities) – Coordinated medical services (together with the federal and cantonal authorities and private or-ganizations)

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National health institutions The authorities alone are not able to deal with all the tasks that arise in the health sector. There is therefore a large number of other institutions – many of which have grown over the years to become part of the health system – which were originally set up as foundations or non-profit organizations and which now work hand in hand with the authorities. • Swiss Red Cross (SRK): Various functions in the health and social sector; train-ing and

recognition of non-academic health professions (nursing professions, etc.). • Swiss Council for Accident Prevention (bfu): Active in the prevention of non-occupational

accidents, e.g. road traffic accidents, domestic, leisure and sport-related accidents. • Swiss Air Rescue Service (REGA): Mountain rescue and airborne rescue of all kinds; re-

patriation of Swiss nationals who have an accident or become ill in other countries. • Swiss Samaritan Organization (SSB): Volunteer service in the rescue, health and social

sectors. • Swiss Cancer League: Cancer prevention; promotion of cancer research.

Inpatient care • Hospitals and homes : In 2003, Switzerland had 354 hospitals and special clinics with a total of

about 42,700 beds. The cost of inpatient care includes expenditures incurred for old people‘s and nursing homes and facilities caring for the disabled. In 2002, 708,465 people – or 9.7% of the Swiss population – were hospitalized. The average stay in a hospital lasted 14.5 days. 4% of these patients had mental disorders.

Swiss Office of Public Health (2005)

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Synthetic list in research in social determinants of health in Switzerland The list below gives the image of the latest papers and projects regarding social determinants of health and the developer and/or funding institutions. The list is non exhaustive as social determinants of health can be part of speciality research and not appear as such in documents.

Institutions SDH Themes Research Papers / Projects on SDH

1. Government - Ministries (key policy making) Federal Public Health Office (FOPH) / Centre de Competences en Evaluation (CCE) Supports all evaluation activities, links researchers to practitioners http://www.bag.admin.ch/evaluation/01771/index.html?lang=en

Health care services Education

Guides: Substance Dependency Treatment Specific to Women and Men Addiction Prevention in Vulnerable Youngsters Food and Physical activity Monitoring Project: Household Budget Survey International Social Survey Program Suisse Households Panel Statistics on Living and Income conditions National Research on Nutrition Addiction Monitoring in Switzerland Health and Intervention and Impact of Community Interpreters in Hospitals and Clinics Reproductive Health of Migrant Population Access to Care of Illegal Migrants, Insurance of Illegal Migrants Report in Depth on Gender and Health National Report on Health Linked to Gender in Switzerland Evaluation of Schools and Health Program

Federal Social Insurance Office (FSIO) Evaluation of the instruments of social politics for the development of social insurances http://www.bsv.admin.ch/index.html?lang=en

Unemployment

Retirement and Professional Benefits Invalidity/Handicap Family, Generations and Society General Foundations and Development of Social Security

State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) Swiss competence center for all core issues related to economic policy – definition and implementation of the

Work environment

Substance usage in the work context in Switzerland 2010 Study on Stress The Future of Families to 2030

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general foundation of the economic activity http://www.seco.admin.ch/index.html?lang=en

Swiss Questionnaire in the Office Working Conditions and Musculoskeletal Diseases Unbalance Between Professional Life and Private Life and Conditions Affecting the Back Work and Health Night Work Without Alternation: Professional Tracks and Health The Costs of Stress in Switzerland Mobbing and Other Psychosocial Tensions in the Workplace in Switzerland

2. Institutions and national groups of research Swiss Observatory for Health (Obsan) Analysis of data on health in Switzerland for public planification and decision making http://www.obsan.admin.ch/bfs/obsan/en/index/01.html The Swiss Health Observatory (Obsan) is an organisational unit of the Federal Statistical Office, which emerged from the national Public Health Policy project and is commissioned by the government and cantons. The Health Observatory analyses the information available on health in Switzerland. It supports government, cantons and other institutions involved in public health with their planning, decision making and implementation. Website www.obsan.ch and www.nationalgesundheit.ch.

Education Water and sanitation Health care services Housing

National Health Report Cantonal Health Reports Psychological Health in Switzerland Migrant Population and Health

Swiss Foundation for Research in Social Sciences (FORS) Centre of expertise in social sciences supported by the Universite de Lausanne for conducting surveys, disseminating its data and developing research in empirical social sciences http://www2.unil.ch/fors/?lang=en

Unemployment Education Housing Work environment

Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) European Social Survey (ESS) Measures and Sociological Observation of Attitudes in Switzerland (MOSAiCH)

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3. National research system for health Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Private agency promoting scientific research mandated by federal authorities http://www.snf.ch/E/Pages/default.aspx

Health care services Work environment Unemployment Housing Water and sanitation Education Agriculture and food production

Case management for frequent users of the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial (policlinique médicale universitaire université de Lausanne)

Social determinants of health in Switzerland: examining associations between health relevant economic, cultural and social resources among young Swiss males (abteilung für gesundheitsforschun ginstitut für sozial- und präventivmedizin universität Bern)

"Interpreting" in the north and east of romandie: interaction's analysis in the health-care, social and educational services (haute ecole de santé arc hes-so)

"Work& care" - follow-up study on reconciling employment and family care in the context of the health care system (kalaidos research kalaidosfachhochschuleschweiz)

A survey of health, ageing and retirement in europe - Switzerland

(institutd'economieet de management de la santé (iems) université de Lausanne)

Adolescent food habits and other health related behaviours: multivariate study in apprentices living in Geneva (institut de médecine sociale et préventive faculté de medicine université de genève)

Ageing, agency and health in urbanizing tanzania (ethnologisches seminar universität Basel)

age quake in prisons: reality, policies and practical solutions concerning custody and health care for ageing prisoners in

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switzerland (institute für bio- und medizinethik basel (IBMB) universität Basel)

Age-related frailty and health services utilization in the swiss community-dwelling population (institutuniversitaire de medicine sociale et préventive - IUMSP université de Lausanne)

Analysis of interrelationships between environmental alterations, land-use and health risks in frontier settlements in the western amazon region of brazil (universität Basel – BS)

Anger at work: functional and dysfunctional strategies in relation to health, conflict, and performance (université de Genève – GE)

Workplace analysis and concept-development in mental health social work (institutprofessionsforschung und kooperativewissensbildunghochschulefürsozialearbeit, FHNW)

Barriers to health systems and exclusion - a comparative study on the developed strategies to remove health care barriers and combat social deprivation in European urban context (département de sociologie faculté des sciences économiques et socialesuniversité de Genève)

Bully/victim problems in school and cyberspace: what moderates or mediates the impact on adolescents' psychosocial adjustment? (jacobs center for productive youth development universität Zurich)

Cardiovascular risk factors and social inequalities: distributionand trends from 1992 to 2000 in

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Geneva;validation of social class indicators; comparison with the swiss health survey (division d'épidémiologiecliniquedépartement de médecinecommunautairhôpitauxuniversitaires de genève)

Children with special health care needs in switzerland: prevalence, health care utilization and social determinants (institutfürsozial- und präventivmedizinuniversität Zurich)

Conflits et gouvernance: nouvelles médiations politiques et territoriales dans les agglomérations urbaines (institut d'histoire économique et sociale (IHES) université de Lausanne)

Controlling health risk - the relative contribution of medicine (universität zürich – zh)

Health promoting schools in a time of rapid social change (vuille jean-claude )

Duration of exposure with symptoms and outcome of occupational asthma in function of socioeconomic and immigrational status (centre de recherché hôpital de sacre-coeur)

Economic valuation of food risks to life and health (eth Zurich – ethz)

Integration of young refugees in africa and europe: various approaches of researchers (haute école de travail social hes-so)

Prevalence, determinants and health-related outcomes of work-life imbalance within the swiss working population. a cross-sectional and longitudinal study based on data of the swiss

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household pane (institutfürsozial- und präventivmedizinuniversität Zurich)

Protection vulnerable persons in health care (institut d'éthique biomédical faculté de médecine université de Genève)

Reasons for non-adherence, treatment interruption and loss to follow-up in a decentralized antiretroviral treatment program in rural zimbabwe. a mixed methods study (sonstige)

Occupation, workplace factors and motor control associated with low back pain and socioeconomic correlates of chronicity (gruppearbeitsphysiologie/arbeitsmedizininstitutfür hygiene und arbeitsphysiologie eth-zentrum nw)

Parasitic diseases of the global poor: from understanding complex host-parasite interactions to sustainable control (schweizerischestropen- und public health-institut)

Community interpreting and intercultural mediation: do they contribute to inclusion? comparing policies and practices in the sectors of health, education, social and legal services (institute für pflegewissenschaft universität Basel)

Mapping patterns of multiple deprivation and well-being in contemporary Switzerland using self organizing maps (dipartimento di scienz e aziendali e sociali scuola universitaria professionale della svizzera italiana supsi)

Modelling health risks induced by man-technical wokplace inter- actions (institutuniversitaireromand de santé au travail)

Improving equity in access through adherence to HIV care and treatment (institutfürsozial- und

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präventivmedizinuniversität basel swiss tph) Individual (social, cultural and regional) and structural

determinants of health services utilization in switzerland: state of the art (institute für sozial- und präventivmedizinuniversität Zurich)

School nurses facing family deprivation: toward a better understanding of the links between social conditions and health/disease (haute ecole de santé de genève (heds) hes-so)

Food-borne trematodiasis: role in hepatobiliar and intestinal morbidity and risk patterns for infection in ecological and socio-economic distinct settings of southeast asia (schweizerischestropen- und public health-institut)

Health impact of wastewater use in small-scale, urban agricultural projects in sahelian countries (schweizerischestropen- und public health-institut)

Household decision-making in health care in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. an anthropological inquiry (ethnologisches seminar universität Basel)

Social, cultural and clinical dimensions of suicide and deliberate self-harm (abt. öff. gesundheitswesen und epidemiologieschweizerischestropen- und public health-institut)

Socio-economic position and mortality: swiss national cohort (institutfürsozial- und präventivmedizinuniversität bern)

Socio-economical, behavioral and biological factors and child health in Sikasso (Mali): why do girls have higher mortality rates than boys? (institut de médecinesociale et preventive

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faculté de médicine université de Genève) soil resources of Ukraine: fertility status, contamination, and

implications for environmental protection and human health (institute for soil science and agrochemistry research dept. of soil conservation

Struggling for health in the city: an anthropological inquiry of health, vulnerability and resilience in dar es salaam, tanzania (ethnologisches seminar universität Basel)

Success and wellbeing of young persons in Switzerland: capacity, education, and occupation (institute für soziologie universität Basel )

The roles of socio-economical factors vs health-related behaviors in relation to health outcomes among a cohort of families in the city of sikasso (mali) (institut de medicine sociale et preventive faculté de medicine université de Genève)

Tourism, social change, stress and mental health in the pearl of the alps; a systemic study of a village process (psychiatrie Oberwallis und psychosomatische station Kreisspital)

Trajectoires de vie et de santé dans la grande vieillesse (SWILSOO) (centre interfacultaire de gérontologie CIG université de Genève)

Undernutrition and bone health (service des maladies osseuses département de réhabilitation et gériatrie hôpitaux universitaires de Genève)

Volunteering as a psychosocial resource concerning work-life balance and health (institutfürsozial- und präventiv Medizin universität Zurich)

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Welfare, consumption and home production in elderly households (volkswirtschaftlichesinstitutabteilungwirtschaftstheorieuniversität bern)

Workshop on occupational and environmental health: approaches to physical and psychosocial stressors (institute universitaire romand de santé au travail)

Technology Assessment Switzerland (TA-Swiss) Monitors developments in technology instruments in medicine deployed in the social field http://www.ta-swiss.ch/en/

Health care services

Usefulness and costs of medical treatments

4. Civil society organizations Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) Interdisciplinary research on health and well-being to respond to local, national and international public health priorities http://www.swisstph.ch/

Health care services Water and sanitation Agriculture and food production Housing

Health Impact Assessment Ecosystem Services, Climate & Health Medical Anthropology Cultural Epidemiology

5. International financiers and networks European Union and other European agencies Multinational institutes of research (e.g. Pharma, Nestlé, Medtronics, etc)

European Observatory on Health. Care Systems and the Research

International research funds financing health Private foundations and funding

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References (non exhaustive list) Abel T, Frohlich KL (2011), Capitals and capabilities: Linking structure and agency to reduce

health, in Social Science & Medicine, 74(2), 236-244. Abel Thomas in Health and Modernity (2007). Cultural Capital in Health Promotion Abel Thomas in International Journal of Public Health (2007). New name and new perspectives

for the International Journal of Public Health, formerly SPM Abel Thomas in International Journal of Public Health (2010). Social determinants of health:

working continuously towards change Abel Thomas in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (1997). Bevölkerungswachstum und Public Health:

Eine ergänzende Betrachtung Abel Thomas in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2004). Physical activity and health in the European

Union Abel Thomas in Visuelles Wissen und Bilder des Sozialen (2013) Blowing Up Society:

Fotodokumentarische Bildpraktiken im Rahmen einer Visuellen Soziologie Abel Thomas, Alfredo Morabia in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2006). East meets West – in

Montreaux Survey, surveillance and health promotion in Eastern Europe Abel Thomas, Alfredo Morabia in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2005). Health and risk factors

surveillance: a global perspective Abel Thomas, Alfredo Morabia in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2002). Health and society Abel Thomas, Andrea Abraham, Kathrin Sommerhalder in Gesundheitliche Ungleichheit (2009).

Kulturelles Kapital, kollektive Lebensstile und die soziale Reproduktion gesundheitlicher Ungleichheit

Abel Thomas, Andrea Abraham, Kathrin Sommerhalder in Gesundheitliche Ungleichheit (2006). Kulturelles Kapital, kollektive Lebensstile und die soziale Reproduktion gesundheitlicher Ungleichheit

Abel Thomas, Dominik Schori in Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie (2009) Abel Thomas, Jere Wysong in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (1991). Sozialer Status,

gesundheitliches Risiko und Krankenversicherung: Eine vergleichende Analyse der BRD und den USA

Abel Thomas, Thomas Kohlmann in International Journal of Public Health (2007) Abraham Andrea, Kathrin Sommerhalder, Thomas Abel in International Journal of Public

Health (2010). Landscape and well-being: a scoping study on the health-promoting impact of outdoor environments

Bisegger Corinna, Bernhard Cloetta, Ursula von Bisegger… in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2005). Health-related quality of life: gender differences in childhood and adolescence

Bruhin Eva, Martin Werner, Thomas Abel, Franziska Müller in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2002). Age and gender in the management of HIV-relevant sexual risks: theoretical background and first results of a population survey in the German speaking part of Switzerland

Buddeberg-Fischer Barbara, Richard Klaghofer, Thomas Abel… in BMC Health Services Research (2006). Swiss residents' speciality choices - impact of gender, personality traits, career motivation and life goals

Der Capability-Ansatz in der Gesundheitsförderung: Ansatzpunkte für eine Neuausrichtung der Ungleichheitsforschung

Galobarde Bruna s, Alfredo Morabia, Thomas Abel in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2002). Introduction of a new series: Hints & Kinks in survey research

Hofmann Karen, Dominik Schori, Thomas Abel in Social Indicators Research (2012). Self-Reported Capabilities Among Young Male Adults in Switzerland: Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of a German, French and Italian Version of a Closed Survey Instrument

Hovaguimian T., Grab B., Hirsch E. and Stuckelberger A. (1988). Psychosocial Problems and the Health of the Elderly with Special Reference to Social Isolation. Danish Medical Bulletin, Suppl.: 6:2-6.

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Lehmann, Ph. (2012) Stratégies et actions des cantons pour diminuer les inégalités sociales en santé. SGGP-Schriftenreihe / Collection de la Société Suisse pour la Politique de la Santé, Berne, Vol. 114, 240 pages

Madarasova Geckova Andrea, Peter Tavel, Jitse P van Dijk, Thomas Abel… in BMC Public Health (2010). Factors associated with educational aspirations among adolescents: cues to counteract socioeconomic differences?

Margreet S. Duetz, Thomas Abel, Christoph E. Minder in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2003). Clarifying gender interactions in multivariate analysis

McQueen David V., Ilona Kickbusch, Louise Potvin… (2007). Health and Modernity Meyer Katharina (ed.), Health in Switzerland -The 2008 National Health Report, Journal of Public

Health, June 2009, Volume 17, Issue 3, pp 231-232 Michel Gisela, Corinna Bisegger, Daniela C. Fuhr, Thomas Abel in Quality of Life

Research (2009). Age and gender differences in health-related quality of life of children and adolescents in Europe: a multilevel analysis

Morabia Alfredo, Thomas Abel in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2006). The WHO report “Preventing Chronic Diseases: a vital investment” and us

Morabia Alfredo, Thomas Abel in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2005). New section: surveys, surveillance, and health promotion in Eastern Europe

Morabia Alfredo, Thomas Abel in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2003). International comparison of health determinants: let's move on to the next step

Morabia Alfredo, Thomas Abel in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2001). International comparison of health determinants

OBSAN (2009). Health in Switzerland: National Health Report 2008. Obsan: Neuchâtel. OECD (2011a). Reviews of Health Systems - Switzerland, ISBN: 978-92-64-12090-7 OECD (2011b). Health Trends and data. Petra Kolip, Thomas Abel in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2003). We are all part of it: gender

bias in public health Potvin Louise, Abel Thomas in International Journal of Public Health (2011). A new section for

IJPH: knowledge synthesis, translation and exchange Prof. Dr. Alfred Rütten, Thomas Abel, Lasse Kannas… in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2001).

Gesundheitsförderung durch Sport und körperliche Aktivität: Politik, Verhalten und Infrastrukturen im europäischen Vergleich

Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike , Angela Gosch, Thomas Abel… in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2001). Quality of life in children and adolescents: a European public health perspective

Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike, Michael Erhart, Luis Rajmil… in Quality of Life Research (2010). Reliability, construct and criterion validity of the KIDSCREEN-10 score: a short measure for children and adolescents’ well-being and health-related quality of life

Regional differences in health literacy in Switzerland, research conducted by Jen Wang, Margareta Schmid

Rütten Alfred, Günther Lüschen, Thomas von Lengerke… in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2003). Determinants of health policy impact: comparative results of a European policymaker study

Rütten, Günther Lüschen, Thomas von Lengerke… in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2003). Determin Alfred ants of health policy impact: a theoretical framework for policy analysis

Sakari Karvonen, Thomas Abel, Roland Calmonte, Arja Rimpelä in Sozial- und Präventivmedizin (2000). Patterns of health-related behaviour and their cross-cultural validity — A comparative study on two populations of young people

Social change and Cultural diversity – current and future topics in IJPH Stefano Campostrini, V. David McQueen… in International Journal of Public Health (2011). Social

determinants and surveillance in the new Millennium Stuck A.E., Stuckelberger A., Gafner Zwahlen H., Beck J.C. (1995). Visites préventives à domicile

avec évaluations gériatriques multidimensionnelles chez les 75 ans et plus: Projet EIGER. Médecine et Hygiène, 53 (2094):2385-2397.

Stuckelberger A. (1997). Men and women age differently, World Health: 4:.8-9. WHO: Geneva. Stuckelberger A. (1998). Effet du parcours de vie sur le vieillissement différentiel homme-femme.

In Alter, Psychotherapie, Beratung und Begleitung älterer Menschen, Heft 5 (pp. 29-44). Szondi Institut: Zürich. (Monographie)

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Stuckelberger A. (1998). Les aspects de genre des solidarités familiales intergénérationnelles/Geschlectsspezifische Aspecte der familiären solidarität zwischen den Generationen, Questions familiales, 1:59-66, Office Fédéral des Assurances Sociales (OFAS), Berne.

Stuckelberger A. (1999). Des indicateurs aux états de santé: différences femme-homme au cours du vieillissement. In Maeder T., Burton-Jeangros C. et Haour-Knippe M. (Eds.), Santé, Médecine et Société: contributions à la sociologie de la santé (pp.384-419). Seismo: Zürich.

Stuckelberger A. (2000). Des transitions démographiques à une société pour toutes les générations. Editorial des Actes du Congrès Suisse de Gérontologie 1999. SGG-SSG : Berne.

Stuckelberger A. (2006). Vieillissement de la population : Défi de société, défi de santé publique. In Peter van Eeuwijk, Brigit Obrist, Vulnerabilität, Migration und Altern. Medizinethnologische Ansätze im Spannungsfeld von Theorie und Praxis (pp. 241-261). Zürich: Seismo-Verlag.

Stuckelberger A. (2007). Human and Family Development:: the Importance and Value of Older Persons for the Family and Future Generations, in Scott Loveless et al. (Eds.). The Family in the New Millennium: Protecting the Natural and Fundamental Group Unit of Society, Vol. 2. Praeger Publishing.

Stuckelberger A. (2008). Los poderes demogràficos y transgeneracionales que dan dorma a nuestro mundo: efectos de la vejez y el papel y la responsbilitdad de los ancianos en la de cohesiòn social y la paz, In M. Raich & S. Dolan (Eds), Màsallà – empresa y sociedad en transformación (p. 56-71). Tecsup: Lima, Perù.

Stuckelberger A. (2012s). Transgenerational Violence and Abuse: The Need for a New Paradigm integrating a Structural and Personal Framework. In Angela Browne-Miller (Ed.), Violence and Abuse in Society. ABC-CLIO and Praeger, Cal.

Stuckelberger A. and Chastonay P. (2012). “The Invisible Old”: Age discrimination and Social Neglect of Older Persons: The urgent need for an international human rights and ethics framework for old age. In Angela Browne-Miller (Ed.), Violence and Abuse in Society. ABC-CLIO and Praeger, Cal.

Stuckelberger A. and Höpflinger F. (1998). Dynamics of ageing in Switzerland from a gender perspective. Ageing International: 62-84.

Stuckelberger A. and Höpflinger F. (2000). Swiss National Research Programme on Ageing: Synthesis of Results. University of Geneva: Geneva.

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Stuckelberger A. et Höpflinger F. (1998). Soziodemografischer und dynamischer Wandel der Wohnsituation älterer menschen in der Schweiz, Soziale Sicherheit, 6:322-326.

Stuckelberger A., Abraham D. and Chastonay P. (2011, in press). Age discrimination as a source of exclusion in Europe : State of the art and need for a human rights plan for older persons. In N. Keating (Eds) Exclusion - Inclusion in later life. The Policy Press: United Kingdom.

Stuckelberger A., Saxena A. et Chastonay P. (2009). Ethique de la recherche et santé publique internationale: des études de cas au développement de matériel de formation global, Revue Médicale Suisse, Vol. 5 (Suppl.) :S21-S23.

Stuckelberger A., Tecklenburg U. et Grab B. (1989). Enquête de santé chez les personnes âgées par interview à domicile: étude de quelques indicateurs. Sozial-Und Praventivmedizin -Médecine Sociale et Préventive, 6:260-264.

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WHO (2009). Casebook on Ethical Issues in International Health Research. In R Cash, D Wikler, A Saxena, A Capron (Eds.) with the collaboration of A Stuckelberger and Ph Chastonay. Joint University of Geneva and WHO publication with the support of RUIG-GIAN. Publication WHO: Geneva. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241547727_eng.pdf

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Venkatapuram, S. (2009). "A bird's eye view. Two topics at the intersection of social determinants of health and social justice philosophy." Public Health Ethics 2(3): 224-234.

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