seangdhamma vol.49 no.469, may, 2014

The Buddha’s Words .........................................1 ÙöÙĉéßĊüĉêÜćöǰēé÷ǰĀúüÜêćßĊǰǰ................................ 2 ÖĞćĀîéÖćøìĞćïčâíøøöÿöēõßǰĩĪǰðŘǰĀúüÜêćßĊ 3 Salayatana-Vibhanga Sutta ............................... 5 King Milinda (Milindapanha) by Du Wayne Engelhart 9 ǰ øć÷îćöđÝšćõćóìĞćïčâǰĶĂćÙćøǰ��ǰðŘǰĀúüÜêćßĊķ.................. 13 ðøąöüúõćóÖĉÝÖøøöÖćøđñ÷ĒñŠóøąóčìíýćÿîć......................18 Ăîčēöìîćóĉđýþǰ�ǰ4QFDJBMǰ5IBOLT............................ 21 ĒÝšÜ×ŠćüðäĉïĆêĉíøøöðøąÝĞćđéČĂîóùþõćÙö.............22 đÿĊ÷Üíøøö��ÝćÖüĆéĕì÷......................ĀúüÜêćßĊǰ 23 ðøąöüúõćóÖĉÝÖøøöìĞćïčâüĆîÿÜÖøćîêŤǰ.................. 30-31 đÿĊ÷Üíøøö��ÝćÖĀúüÜêćßĊǰ...................................... 32ǰ ìŠĂÜóöŠćǰĒéîöĀćđÝéĊ÷ŤìĂÜÙĞćǰéø�óøąöĀćëîĆéǰ��ǰ 39ǰ ÿćøíøøöÝćÖ��óøąĕêøðŗãÖǰ��ǰ��ǰ ÿøčð×ŠćüđéČĂîđöþć÷îǰǰēé÷ǰĒÿÜêąüĆîǰ��ǰ �� "QSJMĴTǰ%POBUJPOǰ#Zǰ7FO�ǰ4BSBXVUǰ......... �� øć÷îćöñĎšïøĉÝćÙĂĂöïčâðøąÝĞćðĊĒúąđÝšćõćóõĆêêćĀćøđßšć 52ǰ øć÷îćöđÝšćõćóëüć÷đóúǰ�ǰ-VODI��ǰ��ǰ ÖĞćĀîéÖćøìĞćïčâüĆîüĉÿć×ïĎßćǰ��ǰ��

Photos taken by 7FO�ǰ,IVNUBO ǰǰ

.S�ǰ,FWJOǰ�ǰ.S�ǰ4BNǰ#BOLǰ�ǰ.T�ǰ(PMGǰ�ǰ4VDIBSU

�5PǰQSPNPUFǰ#VEEIJTUǰBDUJWJUJFT��5PǰGPTUFSǰ5IBJǰDVMUVSFǰBOEǰUSBEJUJPO��5PǰJOGPSNǰUIFǰQVCMJDǰPGǰUIFǰUFNQMFĴTǰBDUJWJUJFT��5PǰQSPWJEFǰBǰQVCMJDǰSFMBUJPOTǰDFOUFSǰGPSǰ #VEEIJTUTǰMJWJOHǰJOǰUIFǰ6OJUFEǰ4UBUFT�

đÝšć×ĂÜǰ�ǰüĆéĕì÷ÖøčÜüĂßĉÜêĆî ǰéĊ�àĊ�ǰ ìĊęðøċÖþćǰ�ǰóøąüĉđìýíøøöøĆÜþĊǰĀúüÜêćßĊǰ ÖĂÜïøøèćíĉÖćøǰ�ǰ óøąÙøĎÿĉøĉĂøøëüĉđìýǰéø�óøąöĀćëîĆéǰǰĂêďëÝćøĊǰ óøąöĀćÿĉìíĉñúǰǰǰÿĉìďíĉñēúǰ óøąöĀćđøČĂÜùìíĉĝǰǰÿöĉìďíĉâćēèǰ óøąÿčøĉ÷ćǰǰđêßüēøǰ óøąöĀćÿøćüčíǰǰÿøćüčēíǰ óøąöĀćđÖþöǰǰĂćîîďēìǰ óøąöĀćýøĊÿčóøèŤǰǰĂêďêìĊēðǰ óøąöĀćÙĞćêĆúǰǰóčìďíÜďÖčēøǰ ĒúąĂčïćÿÖ�ĂčïćÿĉÖćüĆéĕì÷ÖøčÜüĂßĉÜêĆî ǰéĊ�àĊ�ǰ

SAENG DHAMMAǰ.BHB[JOFǰ JTǰQVCMJTIFEǰNPOUIMZǰCZǰ 8BUǰ5IBJǰ8BTIJOHUPO ǰ%�$�ǰ5FNQMFǰ "Uǰ��ǰ-BZIJMMǰ3E� ǰ 4JMWFSǰ4QSJOH ǰ.%ǰ��ǰ 5FM�ǰ��ǰ�� ǰ��ǰ��ǰ &�NBJM�ǰXBUUIBJED��!HNBJM�DPN 'BDFCPPL�ǰXXX�GBDFCPPL�XBUUIBJ�EDǰ )PNFQBHF�ǰXXX�XBUUIBJED�PSHǰ 3BEJPǰ/FUXPSL�ǰXXX�XBUUIBJ�JJSU�OFUǰ � ��ǰ$PQJFT

สื่อส่องทาง สว่างอ�าไพ

ķĖğĚĨêŅęĽĨģŋçľņ��ãħŎãĖķōĿņļäņĽĨķņČïğĩêņħļņħōħħĽŎħņĻðēŏŀäķĨ÷ðğĴņïğĴķĨ÷ļĖēóäŀðĽħŅğņ

ðŘìĊęǰ��ǰǰÞïĆïìĊęǰ��ǰǰðøąÝĞćđéČĂîóùþõćÙöǰó�ý�ǰ��ǰǰ7PM��ǰǰ/P��ǰǰ.BZ ǰǰ��

OBJECTIVES

ĴġþďĚĚĘสารบัญ

Contents

�º¢�²��|ǰ ǰ ĶēúÖđðúĊę÷îĕðǰ ǰ ÝĉêĔÝđðúĊę÷îĒðúÜǰ ǰ ìčÖÿĉęÜĒÿøšÜđÿøĉööć÷ćǰ ǰ đüúćóĆéóćÿøøóÿĆêüŤǰ ǰ öčŠÜÿĎŠüĉïĆêĉÖĆîëšüîìĆęüķ

ǰ ĔîìŠćöÖúćÜÖøąĒÿĒĀŠÜēúÖìĊęÖĞćúĆÜđðúĊę÷îĕðĂ÷ŠćÜøüéđøĘüìčÖÿĉęÜìčÖĂ÷ŠćÜéĞćđîĉîĕðĂ÷ŠćÜêŠĂđîČęĂÜēé÷ĕöŠĀ÷čéîĉęÜǰ ēé÷đÞóćąöîčþ÷ŤÖĘó÷ć÷ćöĒÿüÜĀćÿĉęÜìĊęÙĉéüŠćéĊìĊęÿčéǰ đĀöćąìĊęÿčéÿĞćĀøĆïêĆüđĂÜǰ éšü÷Öćø×üî×üć÷êąđÖĊ÷ÖêąÖć÷đóČęĂĔĀšĕéšöćàċęÜÿĉęÜđĀúŠćîĆĚîǰ ǰ ĒúąÖćøìĊęÝąìĞćĂąĕøÿĞćđøĘÝÿöÙüćööčŠÜĀöć÷ĕéšîĆĚîǰ ìĊęÿĞćÙĆâêšĂÜöĊÝĉêĔÝìĊęđ×šöĒ×ĘÜöĊÙüćööĆęÜÙÜĔîÝĉêĔÝĕöŠĀüĆęîĕĀüêŠĂÿĉęÜĔéėǰ đðŨîêšîǰ ǰ éĆÜîĆĚîǰ öîčþ÷ŤìčÖÙîÝċÜĒÿüÜĀćüĉíĊÖćøìĊęÝąìĞćĔĀšÝĉêĔÝöĊÿõćóöĆęîÙÜéšü÷üĉíĊÖćøìĊęĒêÖêŠćÜÖĆîĂĂÖĕðǰ ǰ Ùîĕì÷ĔîåćîąìĊęîĆïëČĂóøąóčìíýćÿîćđðŨîĀúĆÖÿĞćĀøĆï÷ċéđĀîĊę÷üĒúšü÷ĆÜöĊÖćøđÿøĉöÿøšćÜóúĆÜĔÝēé÷ĂćýĆ÷Öćøÿüéÿćí÷ć÷óøąðøĉêøĀøČĂïìÿüéöîêŤêŠćÜėǰĂĆîÝąìĞćĔĀšöĊÙüćööĆęîÙÜĔîÝĉêĔÝǰöĊÖĞćúĆÜóúĆÜĔÝĔîÖćøêŠĂÿĎšÖĆïðŦâĀćĒúąĂčðÿøøÙêŠćÜėǰĕéšđðŨîĂ÷ŠćÜéĊǰ óøąđéßóøąÙčèóøąüĉđìýíøøöøĆÜþĊǰ ĀúüÜêćßĊǰ ĕéšêĆÖđêČĂîĒîąîĞćÿćíčßîĔĀšêøąĀîĆÖëċÜüĉíĊÖćøéĞćøÜßĊüĉêĔîìŠćöÖúćÜÖøąĒÿēúÖìĊęđðúĊę÷îĒðúÜĕðéšü÷ÖćøìĞćĔÝĔĀšöĆęîÙÜêøÜĀúĆÖÖćøĂ÷ŠćÜîšĂ÷ÿćöðøąÖćøÙČĂǰǰ Ģ�ǰÖćøÿüéöîêŤõćüîćǰ ģ�ǰÖćøòřÖòîÿöćíĉõćüîćǰǰ Ĥ�ǰÖćøòřÖöĂÜìčÖÿĉęÜêćöÙüćöđðŨîÝøĉÜǰ éĆÜîĆĚîǰ ÝċÜĂ÷ćÖĔĀšóüÖđøćìŠćîìĆĚÜĀúć÷ĕéšîšĂöîĞćĕððäĉïĆêĉĔĀšđÖĉéðøąē÷ßîŤêŠĂÖćøéĞćđîĉîßĊüĉêĕéšđðŨîĂ÷ŠćÜéĊǰǰüĆîüĉÿć×ïĎßćǰģĦĦĨǰîĊĚǰǰ×ĂđßĉâßüîìčÖìŠćîĕéšðäĉïĆêĉïĎßćéšü÷ÖćøøĆÖþćýĊúǰðäĉïĆêĉíøøöǰìĞćïčâêĆÖïćêøǰôŦÜóøąíøøöđìýîćǰĒúąđüĊ÷îđìĊ÷îǰîšĂöëüć÷đðŨîóčìíïĎßćēé÷óøšĂöđóøĊ÷ÜÖĆîǰǰĔîüĆîĂćìĉê÷ŤìĊęǰĢĩǰóùþõćÙöǰģĦĦĨ

ÙèąñĎšÝĆéìĞć

��ĐýÚëööô�� Saeng Dhamma1

The Buddha’s Wordsñċêëýċóąüćè

� � ĐČıčī�ĚĩûġĵĘ�Ĥûıûī� ĐČıčī�ĵĎġġĵĘ�øĜī� � ĐČıčī�ùĐıďġĘĩ�Ďįøıùĩ� ĐČıčī�ġĐıČīĒĚŀ�ġįùŀ�Ħ�ŅŃŅ�Ħ

� � ķĘţĘĬķĖĶċĳġĘĤċŤĞęĚĩûħ��ķĘţĘĬĵĎĠĶċĳġĘĤċŤĞęĵĎġħ� � ķĘţĘĬĎįøùŧĶċĳġĘĤċŤĞęĳđĄÿùĨĐďŧ��ķĘţĘĬġįùĶċĳġĘĤċŤĞęûĞĩĘġþđ

� /P�ÝSF�JT�UIFSF�MJLF�MVTU ��/P�DSJNF�MJLF�IBUSFE � /P�JMM�MJLF�UIF�'JWF�"HHSFHBUFT �/P�IJHIFS�CMJTT�UIBO�/JCCBOBÁT�QFBDF�

��ĐýÚëööô��Saeng Dhamma2

� � ±�¸��®º�¾§�� º¢|}�}¾§� ��y¾§w¢|��§��½� �º¢|~�§�� ¾§y�� º��± �� ¾§¢¥µ�� µ��¹��¢|� �¢|²�� º¢|�¾§y�� µ�´��§|� ��º§|�¦��§� � ±�¸��®º�¾§� �º¢|�¾§y�� º��y�§��®º� �¾§µ��®¹� y�§��w� �º��vw§� ´ º �ªv±�ª¹�|� ±�º��§|� �ª�¦� §� �º¢|�¾§�§� ´ º�º�� §|�¦�� ±�¸��®º�¾§� �º¢|�¾§y�� ´ º�º��vw½� ´ º��v� ²�¹´��§|� �ª¹��º§|��y½� �¾§µ��®¹� y�§��¦v� ��§�~¦��½� ´ º�vy�� ¦vv¦�� }��¦��§��

�£�¶��·©¶��´£

�´k�Ç�°��k¨��°�¢��´k�¨�


ขอเชิญร่วมงาน�µ��º��¥¥£¬£Ä¢�¯´¤º©³��£��§�¥��ÚÛ��d� พระวิเทศธรรมรังษี (สุรศักดิ์ ชีวานนฺโท) ��¤�³��t�«z� }§z�¤��¨�~¨��¤�°��¨·°��»��¤� ¯��§t¥� �¤��¨·�Ä�Ç��§�«�¥��ÁÄÄÆ

v¾§ ��v§��¦��ª¹��Æ�È��©��§��ÃÆÆÈ�� }¦��©�¦�©��e��³��ÉÊ��ª� ��|�§�ªf��¦�¢§�©��½�ª¹��É��©��§��ÃÆÆÈ��©�ª�¾§��³��¢§��¦��|y��ÉÊ��ª��¥�©±��¦|�ª�� ±��§��ÁÈ�ÁÁ�� §��¦��§ §�±�º§�� ±��§��ÁÉ�ÄÁ�� ¥�|{½²�¥��§��©v��º¢�v¦��¢³��§�§� � ±��§��ÁÊ�ÁÁ�� ¥�©±��¦|�ª�}��®�±�ª��®�§��¥�¦��¦�}��®�±�ª��±y�¬¹¢|�¢|�º¢��©�ª�¦v�©�§��§�� ±��§��ÂÁ�ÁÁ�� §��©�§�¦��½��¢©��¦v�ª�±¢v¢¦y��§��®�µ��¥}¾§� �¦�¢±��©v§� � � � }��®�±�ª��®�§��¥�¦��¦��µ �º��¥��½��§�§��ª�� ¥�|{½��|��¦v�©½�ÂÁ��®��±}�©��¥��½�� ±}º§�§��§�±y�¬¹¢|µ��¥�|{½¢�³��§�v��º¾§��¦�� ±��§��ÂÂ�ÁÁ�� §��¦��§ §�±��²�¹��¥�|{½�±�©�³�|�§�²v¹�§��®º�§�¹��|§�� ±��§��ÂÃ�ÄÁ�� ¥�|{½²�¥��§��©v��º¢�v¦��¢³��§�§� � ±��§��ÂÄ�ÁÁ�� }�� ©|��©±~�©��©�¦��¥�§�´��©�ª�}�±�ª��®�§�� ²��|��¥��±��§�Â�v¦��½�³��¥� §±��¥��±}º§�§��§�v¦��½±��½� � ±��§��ÂÅ�ÁÁ�� ©�ª��§��©�§�¦vv§�¥²�¹��¥�©±��¦|�ª� � � � ��±�©��¹§�±¢v¢¦y��§��®�µ��v�¹§�²��|��©�§�¦vv§�¥��¥�©±��¦|�ª� � � �� ´��§�wº§�§�v§��¥�§��§�µ��´�v�|�¢�©|�¦��ª��ª�� y�¥�|{½��¥��®��º¢��§��©�§�¦vv§�¥� � � � ��®�±�©��}�� ©|��©±~�©��©�¦��§��©�§�¦vv§�¥�� ¹§�±¢v¢¦y��§��®�µ��§��©�§�¦vv§�¥� � � � ��§�v��§y��µ��²�¥��§��©v��±wº§²��|��©�§�¦vv§�¥�§��¾§�¦�� ¥�©±��¦|�ª�� |�§�ª��v�¹§��¦�³��ª�v�§�� ©�ª��§��º¾§��|�h��§��º§µ��}ª��¢�w¢|�ª¹�¥�«v�±�¸�¢¦�±��¸}�©�ª�¤


ÑüċòĄñèċÙăÜÓâÿ÷ăøñāèć÷ăøñŞòŚöðċêŢèċ×śāïāí

“ธรรมสมโภช ๘๙ ปี พระวิเทศธรรมรังษี (หลวงตาชี)”öĀèüāæăäñŞæĄē��ģ��ðăåćèāñè��ĝĠĠĢ

----------------u ¯}§�w�£�§��¥�«�§��»�·��¯�¶�¯{¸¥�¥�²��¥�t¥��·¥zµ��¤z�· ³��¨¸

� Â��§�±y�¬¹¢|µ��¥�|{½��|��¦v�©½±}�©��¥��½�ÂÁ��®�·��¥�ÆÁÁ��¢��¹§�½�� Ã��§�±y�¬¹¢|µ��²�¹��¥�|{½�¹��©�ª��ÂÁÊ��®�·��¥�ÃÁÁ��¢��¹§�½��Ä��§�y¹§�¦¼�±y�¬¹¢|�©�²�¥µ��²�¹��¥�§�´��©�ª²�¥¢|y½²��|��Ã��®�·��¥��Ã�ÁÁÁ��¢��¹§�½��Å��y¹§±�¹§�§��§ �¥��©v§��¥�|{½´��¹�||§�� Æ��y¹§��º§|± �ª�� |�§�ª�� Ç��y¹§¢§ §��±y�¬¹¢|�¬¹��È��y¹§}¦��©��½ �¦|�¬¢�ª¹�¥�«v�e�¦|y�y�¢�y�¦�f��©��½}¾§��Â�ÁÁÁ�±�¹��·��¥��ÅÁ��§�

¯{¸¥�¥��¥�t¤��»¯��»��£��¥¯��£�Á�¿¿¿�� ·¥�»� � Â��y��|y½�¦v�©½�y��¦��§��³��©v±��v�� Ã��¢��y��§��©��½�|�½

¯{¸¥�¥��¥��£�zy»¯{�§��£�«��»�À¿��¬�µ��£�Ä¿¿�� ·¥�»� � Â��|�y�±��}�¦��½��©�§�§�� Ã��|�y�±��}�¦��½��©�§�§� � Ä��y��ª�ª�y��§��§��¦v� � � Å� Mr. Edward Gresser� � Æ�� Ç�� È�� É�� Ê��ÂÁ��¯{¸¥�¥��¥��£�zy»�¤��¤t�§�¥�«��¥��¨·�¥�·��z¥��À¿È��¬�µ��£�Á¿¿�� ·¥�» � Â��¥¢§}§��½��©�§�±��³��Â��®�� Ã��¥� §y¾§�¦��y��¹¢��¦��½�y�²�¹�©��¢§��|�½�Â��®�� Ä��y�v¦��§�y�v��§�©��¹§|³�}�½�Æ��®�� Å��y�±��ª��}¦��Â��®�� Æ��y��©�©��±v��±�¢�½��Â��®�� Ç��y��©�±�ª¹��±v��±�¢�½��Â��®�� È��y��©³�}�½�y��§�ª�y��§��§�ª�Ã��®�� É��y��©�©µ��§�¦|��Â��®�� Ê��y��v§��§��§��½��Â��®��ÂÁ��y��¦��§��©��©v��Â��®��¦|w§�±}º§�§�¢ªv}¾§��ÊÅ��®��¯{¸¥�¥��¤z�ª �¨·�£�©t}«��¤zw�w� �w�¤��· °�·�¬t�À�¿¿¿�¯�·�µ��£�Ã¿��¥�� Â��¥� §��§��©�¯�©�³��Â�ÁÁÁ��¢��¹§�½��

�§��· ¯�¶�¯{¸¥�¥��¥�t¥��·¥zµ�³�¸�¨·w�£�zy»�¤�³��¢��¨�~¨��±��Â¿À�ÇÆÀ�ÇÅ¿¿


Salayatana-vibhanga Sutta:�An Analysis of

the Six Sense-mediaTranslated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu

http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.137.than.html

Salayatana-vibhanga Sutta: An Analysis of the Six Sense-media

Translator’s Introduction Despite the abstract format of this discourse, it deals with an emotional topic: the source of emo-tions, the use of the emotions in the course of the practice, and the ideal emotional state of a person ZKR�KDV�FRPSOHWHG�WKH�SDWK�DQG�LV�¿W�WR�WHDFK�RWK-ers. In particular, this discourse counters a com-mon misperception: that the distress that comes from having an unachieved goal is an obstacle in the practice, and that the antidote for that distress is to renounce any sense of goals. In actuality, that distress — termed “renunciation distress” — has an important role in the practice: to overcome the dis-tress that comes with a sense of loss over sensual pleasures that have not been attained, or those that have been attained in the past but now no longer ex-ist. Renunciation distress serves as a reminder that the loss of sensual pleasures is not a serious matter. As for renunciation distress, it is overcome, not by abandoning any sense of goal, but by following the path and realizing the joy that comes when the goal is reached. This discourse counters another mispercep-tion as well: that equanimity is the goal of the prac-tice. In actuality, renunciation equanimity serves a function as part of the path of practice — as a tool for letting go of renunciation joy — and then it, too, is transcended by the state called “non-fashioning” (atammayata), in which there is no act of intention, not even the intention underlying equanimity, at all.I have heard that on one occasion the Blessed One

was staying near Savatthi in Jeta’s Grove, Anathap-indika’s monastery. There he addressed the monks, “Monks!” “Yes, lord,” the monks replied. The Blessed One said: “Monks, I will teach you the analysis of the six sense media. Listen, and pay close attention. I will speak.” “Yes, lord,” the monks replied. The Blessed One said: “The six internal sense-media should be known. The six external sense-me-dia should be known. The six classes of conscious-ness should be known. The six classes of contact should be known. The eighteen explorations for the intellect should be known. The thirty-six states to which beings are attached [1] should be known. With regard to them, depending on this, abandon that. There are three frames of reference that a no-ble one cultivates, cultivating which he is a teacher ¿W�WR�LQVWUXFW�D�JURXS��$PRQJ�PDVWHU�WUDLQHUV��KH�LV�VDLG�WR�EH�WKH�XQH[FHOOHG�WUDLQHU�RI�WKRVH�SHRSOH�¿W�to be tamed. This is the summary of the analysis of the six sense-media. “’The six internal sense-media should be known’: thus was it said. And in reference to what was it said? The eye-medium, the ear-medium, the nose-medium, the tongue-medium, the body-medi-um, the intellect-medium. ‘The six internal sense-media should be known’: thus was it said. And in reference to this was it said. “’The six external sense-media should be known’: thus was it said. And in reference to what was it said? The form-medium, the sound-medium, WKH�DURPD�PHGLXP��WKH�ÀDYRU�PHGLXP��WKH�WDFWLOH�sensation-medium, the idea-medium. ‘The six ex-


ternal sense-media should be known’: thus was it said. And in reference to thus was it said. “’The six classes of consciousness should be known’: thus was it said. And in reference to what was it said? Eye-consciousness, ear-consciousness, nose-consciousness, tongue-consciousness, body-consciousness, intellect-consciousness. ‘The six classes of consciousness should be known’: thus was it said. And in reference to thus was it said. “’The six classes of contact should be known’: thus was it said. And in reference to what was it said? Eye-contact, ear-contact, nose-contact, tongue-contact, body-contact, intellect-contact. ‘The six classes of contact should be known’: thus was it said. And in reference to this was it said. “’The eighteen explorations for the intellect should be known’: thus was it said. And in refer-ence to what was it said? Seeing a form via the eye, one explores a form that can act as the basis for hap-piness, one explores a form that can act as the basis for unhappiness, one explores a form that can act as the basis for equanimity. Hearing a sound via the ear ... Smelling an aroma via the nose ... Tasting a ÀDYRU�YLD�WKH�WRQJXH��)HHOLQJ�D�WDFWLOH�VHQVDWLRQ�via the body ... Cognizing an idea via the intellect, one explores an idea that can act as the basis for happiness, one explores an idea that can act as the basis for unhappiness, one explores an idea that can act as the basis for equanimity. Thus there are six happiness-explorations, six distress-explorations, and six equanimity-explorations. The eighteen ex-plorations for the intellect should be known’: thus was it said. And in reference to this was it said. “’The thirty-six states to which beings are at-tached should be known’: thus was it said. And in reference to what was it said? Six kinds of house-hold joy & six kinds of renunciation joy; six kinds of household distress & six kinds of renunciation distress; six kinds of household equanimity & six kinds of renunciation equanimity. “And what are the six kinds of household joy? The joy that arises when one regards as an acquisi-tion the acquisition of forms cognizable by the eye — agreeable, pleasing, charming, endearing, con-nected with worldly baits — or when one recalls the previous acquisition of such forms after they have passed, ceased, & changed: That is called house-hold joy. (Similarly with sounds, smells, tastes, tac-

tile sensations, & ideas.) “And what are the six kinds of renunciation joy? The joy that arises when — experiencing the inconstancy of those very forms, their change, fad-ing, & cessation — one sees with right discernment as it actually is that all forms, past or present, are in-constant, stressful, subject to change: That is called renunciation joy. (Similarly with sounds, smells, tastes, tactile sensations, & ideas.) “And what are the six kinds of household dis-tress? The distress that arises when one regards as a non-acquisition the non-acquisition of forms cogni-zable by the eye — agreeable, pleasing, charming, endearing, connected with worldly baits — or when one recalls the previous non-acquisition of such forms after they have passed, ceased, & changed: That is called household distress. (Similarly with sounds, smells, tastes, tactile sensations, & ideas.)“And what are the six kinds of renunciation distress? The distress coming from the longing that arises in RQH�ZKR� LV� ¿OOHG�ZLWK� ORQJLQJ� IRU� WKH� XQH[FHOOHG�liberations when — experiencing the inconstancy of those very forms, their change, fading, & cessation — he sees with right discernment as it actually is that all forms, past or present, are inconstant, stress-IXO��VXEMHFW�WR�FKDQJH�DQG�KH�LV�¿OOHG�ZLWK�WKLV�ORQJ-ing: ‘O when will I enter & remain in the dimension that the noble ones now enter & remain in?’ This is called renunciation distress. (Similarly with sounds, smells, tastes, tactile sensations, & ideas.) “And what are the six kinds of household equanimity? The equanimity that arises when a foolish, deluded person — a run-of-the-mill, un-taught person who has not conquered his limita-tions or the results of action [2] & who is blind to danger [3] — sees a form with the eye. Such equa-nimity does not go beyond the form, which is why it is called household equanimity. (Similarly with sounds, smells, tastes, tactile sensations, & ideas.) “And what are the six kinds of renunciation equanimity? The equanimity that arises when — experiencing the inconstancy of those very forms, their change, fading, & cessation — one sees with right discernment as it actually is that all forms, past or present, are inconstant, stressful, subject to change: This equanimity goes beyond form, which is why it is called renunciation equanimity. (Simi-larly with sounds, smells, tastes, tactile sensations,


& ideas.) “’The thirty-six states to which beings are at-tached should be known’: thus was it said. And in reference to this was it said. “’With regard to them, depending on this, abandon that’: thus was it said. And in reference to what was it said? “Here, by depending & relying on the six kinds of renunciation joy, abandon & transcend the six kinds of household joy. Such is their abandoning, such is their transcending. By depending & relying on the six kinds of renunciation distress, abandon & transcend the six kinds of household distress. Such is their abandoning, such is their transcending. By depending & relying on the six kinds of renuncia-tion equanimity, abandon & transcend the six kinds of household equanimity. Such is their abandoning, such their transcending. “By depending & relying on the six kinds of renunciation joy, abandon & transcend the six kinds of renunciation distress. Such is their abandoning, such is their transcending. By depending & relying on the six kinds of renunciation equanimity, aban-don & transcend the six kinds of renunciation joy. Such is their abandoning, such their transcending. “There is equanimity coming from multiplici-ty, dependent on multiplicity; and there is equanim-ity coming from singleness, dependent on single-ness. “And what is equanimity coming from mul-tiplicity, dependent on multiplicity? There is equa-

nimity with regard to forms, equanimity with regard to sounds...smells...tastes...tactile sensations [& ideas: this word appears in one of the recensions]. This is equanimity coming from multiplicity, de-pendent on multiplicity. “And what is equanimity coming from single-ness, dependent on singleness? There is equanim-LW\�GHSHQGHQW�RQ�WKH�GLPHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�LQ¿QLWXGH�RI�space, equanimity dependent on the dimension of WKH�LQ¿QLWXGH�RI�FRQVFLRXVQHVV��GHSHQGHQW�RQ�WKH�dimension of nothingness... dependent on the di-mension of neither perception nor non-perception. This is equanimity coming from singleness, de-pendent on singleness. “By depending & relying on equanimity coming from singleness, dependent on singleness, abandon & transcend equanimity coming from multiplicity, dependent on multiplicity. Such is its abandoning, such its transcending. “By depending & relying on non-fashioning, [4] abandon & transcend the equanimity coming from singleness, dependent on singleness. Such is its abandoning, such its transcending. “’Depending on this, abandon that’: thus was it said. And in reference to this was it said. “’There are three frames of reference that a noble one cultivates, cultivating which he is a WHDFKHU�¿W�WR�LQVWUXFW�D�JURXS¶��WKXV�ZDV�LW�VDLG��$QG�in reference to what was it said? “There is the case where the Teacher — out of sympathy, seeking their well-being — teaches

ûįĊĞĐīċĩ�ġįĐĎĚĕīĎĨøĠŧ�ĎŀĩđįĄčĞĩęĳĕĜĤįĎīğĴċţđįĕøĩĚĬ ġįùġĨĐČŧĞĨĐġþøĚĩĐČŧ�ÿīČāĮĻĐđĩĐđĚīġįĎďīĿēįċēţĤþĶġ�


the Dhamma to his disciples: ‘This is for your well-being, this is for your happiness.’ His disciples do not listen or lend ear or apply their minds to gnosis. Turning aside, they stray from the Teacher’s mes-VDJH��,Q�WKLV�FDVH�WKH�7DWKDJDWD�LV�QRW�VDWLV¿HG�QRU�is he sensitive to satisfaction, yet he remains un-WURXEOHG��PLQGIXO�� DOHUW��7KLV� LV� WKH� ¿UVW� IUDPH�of reference that a noble one cultivates, cultivating ZKLFK�KH�LV�D�WHDFKHU�¿W�WR�LQVWUXFW�D�JURXS�� ³)XUWKHUPRUH�� WKHUH� LV� WKH� FDVH� ZKHUH� WKH�Teacher — out of sympathy, seeking their well-be-ing — teaches the Dhamma to his disciples: ‘This is for your well-being, this is for your happiness.’ Some of his disciples do not listen or lend ear or ap-ply their minds to gnosis. Turning aside, they stray from the Teacher’s message. But some of his disci-ples listen, lend ear, & apply their minds to gnosis. They do not turn aside or stray from the Teacher’s PHVVDJH��,Q�WKLV�FDVH�WKH�7DWKDJDWD�LV�QRW�VDWLV¿HG�nor is he sensitive to satisfaction; at the same time KH�LV�QRW�GLVVDWLV¿HG�QRU�LV�KH�VHQVLWLYH�WR�GLVVDWLV-IDFWLRQ��)UHH� IURP�ERWK�VDWLVIDFWLRQ��GLVVDWLVIDF-tion, he remains equanimous, mindful, & alert. This is the second frame of reference...� ³)XUWKHUPRUH�� WKHUH� LV� WKH� FDVH� ZKHUH� WKH�Teacher — out of sympathy, seeking their well-be-ing — teaches the Dhamma to his disciples: ‘This is for your well-being, this is for your happiness.’ His disciples listen, lend ear, & apply their minds to gnosis. They do not turn aside or stray from the Teacher’s message. In this case the Tathagata is sat-LV¿HG�DQG�LV�VHQVLWLYH�WR�VDWLVIDFWLRQ��\HW�KH�UHPDLQV�untroubled, mindful, & alert. This is the third frame of reference that a noble one cultivates, cultivating ZKLFK�KH�LV�D�WHDFKHU�¿W�WR�LQVWUXFW�D�JURXS� “’There are three frames of reference that a noble one cultivates, cultivating which he is a WHDFKHU�¿W�WR�LQVWUXFW�D�JURXS¶��WKXV�ZDV�LW�VDLG��$QG�in reference to this was it said. “’Among master trainers, he is said to be the XQH[FHOOHG�WUDLQHU�RI�WKRVH�SHRSOH�¿W�WR�EH�WDPHG¶��thus was it said. And in reference to what was it said? “Steered by the elephant trainer, the elephant to be tamed runs in only one direction: east, west, north, or south. Steered by the horse trainer, the horse to be tamed runs in only one direction: east, west, north, or south. Steered by the ox trainer, the

ox to be tamed runs in only one direction: east, west, north, or south. “But steered by the Tathagata — worthy and rightly self-awakened — the person to be tamed fans out in eight directions. “Possessed of form, he/she sees forms. This is WKH�¿UVW�GLUHFWLRQ� “Not percipient of form internally, he/she sees forms externally. This is the second direction.“He/she is intent only on the beautiful. This is the third direction. “With the complete transcending of percep-tions of [physical] form, with the disappearance of perceptions of resistance, and not heeding percep-WLRQV�RI�GLYHUVLW\��>SHUFHLYLQJ�@�µ,Q¿QLWH�VSDFH�¶�KH�she enters and remains in the dimension of the in-¿QLWXGH�RI�VSDFH��7KLV�LV�WKH�IRXUWK�GLUHFWLRQ� “With the complete transcending of the di-PHQVLRQ� RI� WKH� LQ¿QLWXGH� RI� VSDFH�� >SHUFHLYLQJ�@�µ,Q¿QLWH�FRQVFLRXVQHVV�¶�KH�VKH�HQWHUV�DQG�UHPDLQV�LQ�WKH�GLPHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�LQ¿QLWXGH�RI�FRQVFLRXVQHVV��7KLV�LV�WKH�¿IWK�GLUHFWLRQ� “With the complete transcending of the di-PHQVLRQ� RI� WKH� LQ¿QLWXGH� RI� FRQVFLRXVQHVV�� >SHU-ceiving,] ‘There is nothing,’ he/she enters and re-mains in the dimension of nothingness. This is the sixth direction. “With the complete transcending of the di-mension of nothingness, he/she enters and remains in the dimension of neither perception nor non-per-ception. This is the seventh direction. “With the complete transcending of the di-mension of neither perception nor non-perception, he/she enters and remains in the cessation of per-ception and feeling. This is the eighth direction. “Steered by the Tathagata — worthy and rightly self-awakened — the person to be tamed fans out in eight directions. “’Among master trainers, he (the Tathagata) is VDLG�WR�EH�WKH�XQH[FHOOHG�WUDLQHU�RI�WKRVH�SHRSOH�¿W�to be tamed’: thus was it said. And in reference to this was it said.”� 7KDW�LV�ZKDW�WKH�%OHVVHG�2QH�VDLG��*UDWL¿HG��the monks delighted in the Blessed One’s words.

The End


A Brief Introduction to The Questions of

King Milinda (Milindapanha)

(GLWHG��5HYLVHG�DQG�:ULWWHQ�%\�'X�:D\QH�(QJHOKDUW

A Brief Introduction to The Questions of King Milinda (Milindapañha)

Overview of This Paper This paper is a brief introduction to an important ZRUN� RI� WKH� 3ƗOL� 6FULSWXUHV�� 7KH� 4XHVWLRQV� RI�King Milinda (Milindapañha), a dialogue between Milinda (Menander, the Indo-Greek king) and the PRQN�1ƗJDVHQD�� 7KH�SDSHU�LV�GLYLGHG�LQWR�WKUHH�VHFWLRQV��)LUVW��there is a short consideration of the origin of The 4XHVWLRQV�RI�.LQJ�0LOLQGD��:KR�DUH�WKH�FKDUDFWHUV�in the dialogue, and did they really exist? How did the ZRUN�FRPH�WR�EH"��,V�LW�7KHUDYƗGLQ�RU�QRW"��6HFRQG��the main part of the paper presents an outline of the seven parts of the work to give some indication of the many subjects that are covered. Third, the paper YHU\�EULHÀ\�SRLQWV�RXW�WZR�LPSRUWDQW�WRSLFV�EURXJKW�XS�LQ�7KH�4XHVWLRQV�RI�.LQJ�0LOLQGD�WKDW�ZRXOG�EH�worthy of further study. Origin of the Work � 7KH�4XHVWLRQV�RI�.LQJ�0LOLQGD��0LOLQGDSDxKD��is a dialogue between King Milinda and the Buddhist PRQN�1ƗJDVHQD��'LG�WKHVH�WZR�LQGLYLGXDOV�UHDOO\�exist? It seems quite reasonable to say that King Milinda did exist and that he was actually the Indo-Greek king Menander, who ruled from 163 to 150 B.C. over a large part of northwestern India (see E. Lamotte, History of Indian Buddhism, p. 419).* There is much evidence to indicate that he was at least sympathetic to the Buddhist religion �/DPRWWH��SS��)RU�H[DPSOH��LW�LV�SRVVLEOH�that Menander’s capital city was called Euthymedia �WKH�*UHHN�ZRUG�IRU�WKH�3ƗOL�VDPPƗ�VDQNDSSD��ULJKW�thought, one of the parts of the Noble Eightfold

Path) (Lamotte, p. 421). If so, Menander might have been a practicing Buddhist. Of course, the greatest evidence for Menander’s sympathy, at least, for the %XGGKLVW� UHOLJLRQ� LV� WKH� WH[W� RI�7KH�4XHVWLRQV� RI�Milinda. It is not so clear, on the other hand, that the PRQN�1ƗJDVHQD�UHDOO\�H[LVWHG��7KHUH�LV�QRW�PXFK�biographical information about him. He seems WR� EH� D�¿FWLRQDO� FKDUDFWHU�� 7KLV� IDFW�ZRXOG� VHHP�to indicate that the dialogue between Milinda and 1ƗJDVHQD�ZDV�D�ZRUN�RI�¿FWLRQ�WR�GLVFXVV�WKH�PDQ\�questions that had arisen regarding the Buddhist religion in the light of its meeting the Greek thinking of the West. �� +RZ�� WKHQ�� GLG� WKH� ZRUN� 7KH� 4XHVWLRQV� RI�King Milinda come to be? It seems that the original work was composed about the beginning of the Christian era (assuming the death of Menander in 150 B.C.). The original Milindapañha existed in three Chinese translations dating back to the third century.** One of the Chinese translations now exists in two versions, one of which is not complete. This translation, called “Sutra of the %KLNVX� 1ƗJDVHQD�´� ZDV� OLNHO\� ZULWWHQ� RULJLQDOO\�in an Indian dialect and (according to Lamotte, at OHDVW��H[SUHVVHG�WKH�WHDFKLQJV�RI�WKH�6DUYƗVWLYƗGLQ�school. The translation corresponds to part of the 3ƗOL�0LOLQGDSDxKD��2QO\�3DUWV�,,��,,,��DQG�VRPH�RI�3DUW� ,� RI� WKH� 3ƗOL� WH[W� DUH� RULJLQDO�� $OO� WKH� RWKHU�Parts were additions to the original text made at a later time in Sri Lanka. �� 6R� LV� 7KH� 4XHVWLRQV� RI� .LQJ� 0LOLQGD�7KHUDYƗGLQ� RU� QRW"� � 7KH� ZRUN� DV� LW� H[LVWV� WRGD\�LV� HVVHQWLDOO\� D� 7KHUDYƗGLQ� ZRUN�� :H� FDQ� VD\��more precisely, that the work as it exists today is D� 6LQKDOHVH� 7KHDUDYƗGLQ� ZRUN� �WKH� WHUP� /DPRWWH�


uses to describe it, p. 423). There are traces of 6DUYƗVWLYƗGLQ�WHDFKLQJ�LQ�LW��VSDFH�DV�XQFDXVHG��IRU�LQVWDQFH�� LV�VRPHZKDW�UHODWHG� WR� WKH�6DUYƗVWLYƗGLQ�idea that space is unconditioned), and it seems that the roots of the original work are in this school.*** �� ,W�VKRXOG�EH�QRWHG��¿QDOO\��WKDW�WKH�0LOLQGDSDxKƗ�(as well as the Nettipakarana and the Petakopadesa) are included in the Myanmar (Burmese) edition of the Tipitaka but not in the Thai edition. Nevertheless, RYHU�WKH�FHQWXULHV�7KH�4XHVWLRQV�RI�.LQJ�0LOLQGD�has been a highly regarded and authoritative text WKURXJKRXW� 7KHUDYƗGD� %XGGKLVP�� )RU� H[DPSOH��WKH�JUHDW�FRPPHQWDWRU�ƖFDUL\D�%XGGKDJKRVD�RIWHQ�cited it as an authority. In the twentieth century the Venerable Mingun Jetavun Sayadaw, teacher of Venerable Mahasi Sayadaw, wrote a commentary on 7KH�4XHVWLRQV�RI�0LOLQGD�FDOOHG�WKH�0LOLQGDSDxKD�$WWDNDWKƗ��

Outline of the Work� 0RGHUQ�HGLWRUV��WKHQ��GLYLGH�7KH�4XHVWLRQV�RI�King Milinda into seven parts.**** The following EULHÀ\�GHVFULEHV�WKH�FRQWHQWV�RI�WKHVH�SDUWV�� 3DUW� ,�� 7KH� ¿UVW� SDUW� RI� WKH� GLDORJXH�� ³3DVW�History,” is the story of how the meeting of King 0LOLQGD�DQG�WKH�PRQN�1ƗJDVHQD�FDPH�WR�WDNH�SODFH��King Milinda had an earlier meeting with the monk Ɩ\XSƗOD�DQG�DVNHG�KLP�WKH�SXUSRVH�IRU�PRQNV�JRLQJ�forth into homelessness. The monk replied that the purpose of going forth was for the sake of “faring in [experiencing] the Dhamma, faring in spiritual calm” (p. 24). The king asked the monk if there were householders who experienced the Dhamma and experienced spiritual calm. The monk admitted that there were. When King Milinda, then, argued that the monks’ going forth was useless, the monk Ɩ\XSƗOD�KDG�QRWKLQJ�WR�VD\��1ƗJDVHQD�GRHV�KDYH�an answer for King Milinda (see pp. 112-113)). � 2QH�RI� WKH�NLQJ¶V� RI¿FHUV� WHOOV� WKH�NLQJ� WKDW�WKHUH� LV� D� ZLVH� PRQN� QDPHG� 1ƗJDVHQD� OLYLQJ� DW�WKH� 6DQNKH\\D� +HUPLWDJH�� 7KH� RI¿FHU� VXJJHVWV�that King Milinda visit him for the answers to his questions. The king, approaching the hermitage ZLWK� IHDU�� VHHV� D� IHDUOHVV� 1ƗJDVHQD� VLWWLQJ� LQ� WKH�middle of his monks. Part II. Parts II and III belong together in terms of themes, and make up the original work without the later additions of the other parts (there are 85

questions all together in the two parts). Part II is FDOOHG�³4XHVWLRQV�RQ�'LVWLQJXLVKLQJ�0DUNV�´��7KH�questions that are considered in Part II include the IROORZLQJ��WKH�WHDFKLQJ�DERXW�QRQ�VHOI��DQDWWƗ��WKH�purpose of the homeless life, kamma and rebirth, GHSHQGHQW� RULJLQDWLRQ� �SDWLFFDVDPXSSƗGD�� WLPH�(for example, the “chicken and the egg” simile: it is impossible to show the earliest point of time, p. 46), 1LEEƗQD��(QOLJKWHQPHQW��DQG�WKH�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI�mental phenomena. The characteristics of mental phenomena are the “distinguishing marks” (lakkhana) that are treated in Buddhist psychology. Regarding these PHQWDO� SKHQRPHQD�� WKH� ¿UVW� TXHVWLRQV� DUH� DERXW�WKH� ¿YH� VSLULWXDO� IDFXOWLHV�� ZLVGRP�� IDLWK�� HQHUJ\��mindfulness, and concentration (pp. 8-9; 34-39). Other questions concern basic mental factors like contact, feeling, perception, volition, and FRQVFLRXVQHVV� �SS�� )XUWKHU� GLVFXVVLRQ�deals with seeing and the various kinds of thinking (pp. 49, 52-53). � $V� IDU�DV� WKH� WHDFKLQJ�RI�QRQ�VHOI� �DQDWWƗ�� LV�concerned, the context for the discussion in The 4XHVWLRQV�RI�.LQJ�0LOLQGD�LV�IDOVH�WHDFKLQJ�DERXW�the nature of the self, for example, the teaching RI� WKH�6DPPLWƯ\DV�� $FFRUGLQJ� WR� WKLV� VFKRRO�� WKH�Buddha taught that the person (puggala) was a NLQG�RI�VHOI�QRW� WKH�VDPH�DV�WKH�¿YH�DJJUHJDWHV²FRUSRUHDOLW\��WKH�PDWHULDO��SK\VLFDO��UǌSD��IHHOLQJ��YHGDQƗ�� SHUFHSWLRQ� �VDxxƗ�� PHQWDO� IRUPDWLRQ��VDQNKƗUD��DQG�FRQVFLRXVQHVV��YLxxƗQD�²��DQG�QRW�completely different from them either (p. 8). The 7KHUDYƗGD�VFKRRO�RSSRVHG�WKLV�LGHD�DERXW�WKH�VHOI��WKLV� ³SHUVRQDOLW\� WKHVLV´� �SXJJDODYƗGD�� LW� ZDV� DQ�attempt to go back to some kind of teaching about a VHOI��1ƗJDVHQD�DUJXHV�WKDW�WKHUH�LV�QR�VHOI��GHVSLWH�the fact that we have a sense of personal identity as time goes by) and that any identity that is given to a self exists in name only. He says that the individual is “neither the same nor another” (na ca so na ca DxxR��SS��+H�XVHV�WKH�VLPLOH�RI�D�ÀDPH�WKDW�EXUQV�WKURXJKRXW�WKH�QLJKW��WKH�VDPH�ÀDPH�DOO�night, but burning ever differently) to show what the individual is like (p. 40). � 3DUW�,,,��7KH�WKLUG�SDUW�RI�WKH�ZRUN��³4XHVWLRQV�for the Cutting Off of Perplexity,” continues the WKHPHV�RI�WKH�VHFRQG�SDUW��)RU�H[DPSOH��UHELUWK�LV�described as a process in which no transmigration


RI� DQ\WKLQJ� WDNHV� SODFH� �FRPSDUH� 1ƗJDVHQD¶V�simile of one lamp lighting another lamp, but no lamp passing from one to the next: neither the same ODPS� QRU� DQRWKHU� ÀDPH�� SS�� 0RUDO�responsibility is explained in terms of the passing of the results of kamma from lifetime to lifetime �SS�� 1ƗJDVHQD� DOVR� FRQVLGHUV�how the Buddha accomplished a great deal when he explained how various mental factors are combined together in one act of consciousness (pp. 9; 68: the Buddha “. . . pointed out the arrangement of these incorporeal mental states [contact, feeling, perception, volition, and consciousness] that are mental factors in consciousness and occur in one objective support . . .”). � 3DUW�,9��7KH�QH[W�SDUW�RI�WKH�7KH�4XHVWLRQV�RI�King Milinda, Part IV, “The Dilemmas” (of which WKHUH�DUH��GRHV�QRW�¿W�FORVHO\�ZLWK�WKH�SUHYLRXV�WZR�SDUWV�RI�³4XHVWLRQV´��SS��,W�ZRXOG�VHHP�to have been added later. This is the longest part of the work (in the I. B. Horner translation, eight Divisions for a total of 353 pages). King Milinda has changed and so have the topics that are being considered. King Milinda has become a student of 1ƗJDVHQD� DQG� D� SUDFWLFLQJ� DQG�GHYRWHG�%XGGKLVW��)XUWKHUPRUH�� WKH� PDWHULDO� WKDW� LV� GLVFXVVHG� KDV�changed: rather than being the questions that a Greek king with a knowledge of philosophy and an interest in Buddhism might ask, the questions are now those of someone who knows the Buddhist Scriptures and is confused about the puzzles (dilemmas) that arise. Such dilemmas include those regarding the following: the length of time of the Dhamma, showing homage to the Buddha, reciting verses for protection, transferring merit to those ZKR�KDYH�GLHG��GUHDPV��DQG�1LEEƗQD��DQG�VSDFH��DV�uncaused (pp. 10-11; 78-81, 72-74, 91-93, 124-26, ��5HJDUGLQJ�1LEEƗQD�DQG�VSDFH�DV�uncaused, see the discussion below in “Important Topics in the Work.”) � 3DUW�9��³$�4XHVWLRQ�6ROYHG�E\�,QIHUHQFH�´�WKH�¿IWK�SDUW�RI�7KH�4XHVWLRQV�RI�.LQJ�0LOLQGD��UHYLVLWV�the question already considered in Part III about whether the historical Buddha was real (p. 58). While the answer in Part III was less than one page long, the answer in Part V is lengthy. While the VLPLOHV�LQ�3DUW�,,,�ZHUH�VLPSOH��,V�WKHUH�D�ULYHU�8KƗ�even though you and your father have never seen it? Is there an ocean that is large and deep even you

many people have never seen it?), the presentation in Part V is a complicated story about “the Blessed One’s City of Dhamma” (p. 11). � 3DUW�9,�� 3DUW�9,�� ³7KH� 6SHFLDO�4XDOLWLHV� RI�Asceticism,” deals with a problem that was already discussed in “The Dilemmas” (pp. 112-13). This is the question that brought King Milinda to the monk 1ƗJDVHQD� LQ� WKH� ¿UVW� SODFH��:K\� VKRXOG� D� PRQN�go forth into homelessness when a householder can pursue the holy life at home (p. 11)? While the answer in “The Dilemma” was short and to the point (the monk’s going forth represents a quicker and more direct approach to the goal of the practice), WKH�DQVZHU�LQ�³7KH�6SHFLDO�4XDOLWLHV�RI�$VFHWLFLVP´�is a lengthy argument for the ideal of the life of DVFHWLFLVP��DQ�DUJXPHQW�¿OOHG�ZLWK�VLPLOHV�� 3DUW� 9,,�� ³4XHVWLRQV� RQ� 7DONV� RI� 6LPLOHV´�WKHQ��LV�WKH�VHYHQWK�SDUW�RI�7KH�4XHVWLRQV�RI�.LQJ�Milinda. It would seem to be another addition to the original work by another author. This part of the work gives detailed similes (67 in all) describing aspects of the Buddhist practice. The similes are for WKH�\RJƗYDFDUD�� WKH�³RQH�ZKR� LV�GHYRWHG� WR�PHWDO�WUDLQLQJ´� �S�� )RU�H[DPSOH�� WKHUH�DUH�VLPLOHV�about animals (squirrel, tortoise) (pp. 159-60); DERXW�WKH�HOHPHQWV��ZDWHU��¿UH��VSDFH��SS��about the heavenly bodies (moon, sun) (pp. 166-68); and about individuals (the archer) (pp. 170-71). Similes are developed at length: the tortoise, among other things, for instance, lives in the water �WKH� \RJƗYDFDUD� VSUHDGV� ORYLQJ�NLQGQHVV� IDU� DQG�ZLGH��VXQV�KLPVHOI��WKH�\RJƗYDFDUD�H[HUFLVHV�ULJKW�striving), and pulls his head and limbs into his shell LI�KH�VHHV�RU�KHDUV�DQ\WKLQJ��WKH�\RJƗYDFDUD�JXDUGV�the six sense doors) (pp. 160-61).

Important Topics in the Work� 0DQ\�VXEMHFWV�DUH�FRYHUHG� LQ�7KH�4XHVWLRQV�of King Milinda. There are some topics that would seem to be of special interest and worthy of further study. Two are mentioned here: � 1RQ�VHOI��7KH�QRQ�VHOI��DQDWWƗ��LV�D�IUHTXHQW�WRSLF�LQ�7KH�4XHVWLRQV�RI�.LQJ�0LOLQGD��7KH�ZRUN�is famous for saying that the individual is “neither the same nor another” (na ca so na ca añño) (pp. 39-41). The similes of the lamp (p. 40) (see Part II in the “Outline” above) and of milk that turns into curds, then butter, then ghee (p. 40) are used to


describe this sameness in difference. There is a good discussion of this topic LQ� 1\DQDWLORND� 0DKƗWKHUD¶V� )XQGDPHQWDOV� RI�Buddhism (Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication 6RFLHW\��SS�� )XUWKHUPRUH�� LW�VKRXOG�be pointed out that this idea of sameness in difference regarding the individual is the Buddhist WHDFKLQJ�RI�FRQGLWLRQDOLW\��LGDSSDFFD\ƗWD��ZKLFK�LV�WKH�0LGGOH�7UXWK��PDMMKHQD�GKDPPDGHVDQƗ��6HH��for example, the important passage in Venerable Nyanaponika Thera, Abhidhamma Studies; Buddhist Explorations of Consciousness and Time (4th revised and enlarged edition; Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1998), pp. 96-97.� 8QFDXVHG� 5HDOLWLHV�� 1LEEƗQD� DQG� 6SDFH��ƖNƗVD�� 7KH� WUHDWPHQW� RI� VSDFH� �ƗNDVD�� LQ� 7KH�4XHVWLRQV�RI�0LOLQGD�LV�XQXVXDO�LQVRIDU�DV�VSDFH�LV�considered to be something uncaused (Introduction, S�� ,Q� WUDGLWLRQDO� 7KHUDYƗGD� %XGGKLVP�� RQO\�1LEEƗQD�LV�WKRXJKW�WR�EH�XQFDXVHG��7KH�GLDORJXH��however, does not say that space is unconditioned: RQO\�1LEEƗQD�LV�XQFRQGLWLRQHG�� ,Q�DQRWKHU�FRQWH[W�LQ�WKH�3ƗOL�6FULSWXUHV��VSDFH�is described as one of six elements. As Nyantiloka shows in his Buddhist Dictionary, there are other groupings of the elements besides the four physical elements and the eighteen physical and mental elements (p. 49). There are also the three “World-HOHPHQWV´��VHQVXRXV�ZRUOG��¿QH�PDWHULDO�ZRUOG��DQG�LPPDWHULDO�ZRUOG�� )XUWKHUPRUH�WKHUH�LV�D�VL[IROG�JURXS�RI�HOHPHQWV�WKDW�LQFOXGHV�VSDFH��ƗNƗVD��VROLG��liquid, heat, motion, space, and consciousness. As regards the sixfold group, Nyantiloka cites 0DMMKLPD�1LNƗ\D��DQG�DOVR�0DMMKLPD�1LNƗ\D�� 6HH� 1\DQDWLORND� 0DKƗWKHUD�� %XGGKLVW�Dictionary, edited by Nyanaponika Thera (3rd ed.; Singapore: Singapore Buddhist Meditation Centre, 1991). Regarding the division of the elements and materiality, see also the discussion in Phra Prayudh Payutto, Buddhadhamma; Natural Law and Values for Life, translated by Grant A. Olson (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1995), pp. 53-54, including the footnotes.__________________

* Lamotte, E. History of Indian Buddhism, WUDQVODWHG� IURP� WKH� )UHQFK� E\� 6DUD� :HEE�%RLQ��Publications de L’Institut Orientaliste de Louvain,

36 (Louvain-Paris: Peeters Press, 1988).

**Lamotte, History of Indian Buddhism, p. 423, provides detailed information about the origin of 7KH�4XHVWLRQV�RI�.LQJ�0LOLQGD��7KH�GLVFXVVLRQ�LQ�this paragraph of the paper about the origin of the work comes from this scholar.

***While Lamotte places the roots of the RULJLQDO� 4XHVWLRQV� RI� .LQJ� 0LOLQGD� FRQ¿GHQWO\�LQ� WKH�6DUYƗVWLYƗGLQ� VFKRRO� �DQG� WKLV�ZRXOG� VHHP�reasonable), Bhikkhu Bodhi is less sure. He says LQ�KLV�,QWURGXFWLRQ�WR�WKH�ZRUN��³7KH�6DUYƗVWLYƗGLQ�VFKRRO��DQ�HDUO\�ULYDO�RI�WKH�ROG�7KHUDYƗGD��LV�NQRZQ�WR�KDYH�ÀRXULVKHG�LQ�*DQGKƗUD�DQG�.DVKPLU�GXULQJ�the period to which the Milinda is usually assigned, and it is therefore conceivable that the work had its roots in that school of early Buddhism. Nothing, however, can be established with certainty in this regard, and in any case Milinda is in no way sectarian but for the most part articulates the common Buddhist programme that united the various early schools” (pp. 1-2; see, also, pp. 12-13). See The 4XHVWLRQV�RI�.LQJ�0LOLQGD��$Q�$EULGJHPHQW�RI�7KH�Milindapañha, edited by N.K.G Mendis with an Introduction by Bhikkhu Bodhi (Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 1993). ****The discussion of the parts of the work is based on the Introduction by Bhikkhu Bodhi to The 4XHVWLRQV� RI� .LQJ�0LOLQGD�� SS�� DQG� RQ� WKH�text of this abridgement. All references to the text RI�7KH�4XHVWLRQV�RI�.LQJ�0LOLQGD�LQ�WKLV�SDSHU�DUH�to the Mendis abridgement.

Wat Thai Washington, D.C. April 22, 2014

°¿¯¦¿®©Æ�Ë¨�¦Ë��¿¿«©²Ï®�´¾¦·��°¿¦¢�Óćâ×ăòāïā×ăĖð��Óćâ×ăäòā��ÓćâċüÐ�50/0ÓćâüèÖÓŞ��ÓćâãöÖíò��ÓćâċúðĄñöÓćâċôĒÐ�öăòćâ��ÓćâÙćäăðā��ÓćâèćÐĈô��ÓćâêŖā×Ö��ÓćâêïĀùùòā��ÓćâèāäāôĄêŖāãĘā��ÓćâċíÙò��ÓćâČäŝöċòĆüèďæñ��Óćâúðćñ��Óćâ×āòćâĄÓćâéćÜċôăÖ��ÓćâÓðÑĘā�#SPXO��Óćâäŝüñ��


��ǰðøąêĎìćÜđ×šćĂćÙćøǰ�ǰïćîǰėǰúąǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ �ǰ� ��öĊđÝšćõćóÙøïĒúšü

��ǰǰÙčè÷čóĉîǰǰđúćĀóĆîíŤčǰǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî��ǰǰÙøĂïÙøĆüöćîąÖčúǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî��ǰǰüĆéÿčìíćüćÿǰǰ$"ǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî��ǰǰÖúčŠöđóČęĂîøĆÖǰíøøöǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî

��ǰǰðøąêĎõć÷ĔîĂćÙćøǰ��ǰïćîǰėǰúąǰǰ �ǰ��ǰöĊđÝšćõćóÙøïĒúšü

��ǰǰ4FQUFNCFSǰǰ#JSUIEBZǰ(SPVQǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî��ǰǰÙčèÖčâßúĊǰǰĂîĆîêŤÿč×ýøĊǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî��ǰǰÙčèĒöŠĒúŠöıÙčèíĆââîĆîìîŤǰǰēóíĉĝìĂÜǰǰǰǰǰǰǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî��ǰÙčèüîĉéćǰÿčîìøóĉìĆÖþŤ ǰÙčè÷čóĉîǰÿÜüîìøĆó÷Ť ǰǰÙčèïøøÝÜǰǰǰǰǰǰóüÜĔĀâŠ ǰÙčèéüÜóøǰǰđìĊ÷ïìĂÜ ǰÙčèïčâúćõǰóċęÜóĉîĉÝ ǰǰǰǰÙčèßĉéßĎǰÙÜđÝøĉâøÿǰǰĒúąđóČęĂîėǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰǰ4PVUIFSOǰǰ5IBJǰǰ"TTPDJBUJPOǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćîǰ��ǰǰÙøĂïÙøĆüĒ÷šöđóÖćǰ�ǰǰó÷ĆïđéßćßĆ÷ǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰǰÙčè÷ć÷đÿøĉöýøĊǰǰđßČĚĂüÜýŤǰǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰǰǰǰǰǰǰÙčèìĂÜóĎîǰǰđăĘîđàĘîǰǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî

��ǰǰÙčèöĉęÜıǰÙčèøčšÜùéĊı'BZı.VOJǰǰđóøĉýóøćüǰǰǰǰǰǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰǰÙčèÿöćîǰıǰÙčèÿöĆââćǰǰÝĆîìîćöýøĊǰ ǰǰǰǰǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰÙčèßüúĉê�óøìĉó÷ŤǰĔßšâćè�ÖîÖóøǰìĂÜéøÜÙŤǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰĂčìĉýĔĀšîćÜîĉõćǰöŠüÜēÿõć�óŠĂêčŢ�ĒöŠìĂÜĔïǰöŠüÜēÿǰǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰ ÙčèÿčÖćîéćǰǰïčóóćîîìŤǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰ ÙčèÖĆââćǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî��ǰ ÙčèĒöŠîĉî ǰÙčèïčâÖĂÜǰÿčíćüć ǰĒöŠïčâđĀúČĂǰēýÖìšĂ ǰǰ ÙčèĕÿüǰöĎúìćǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰÙčèüĉđßĊ÷øǰ�ǰÙčèÖĆî÷ćǰÝĉêĕóýćúÿč×ǰǰǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰ ÙčèðĎśǰ4UBOMFZǰ/PXBL ǰǰ Ùčè÷ŠćđóĘâóøøèǰÿøüĉÿĎêøǰ/PXBLǰ ǰǰ �ǰǰïćîǰ 5IPNBTǰ�ǰÙčèÿćíĉ÷ćǰǰĕß÷Öčúǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćîǰ îšĂÜöčÖǰ�ǰîšĂÜĕĀöǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćîǰ��ǰ 1PSNUIJQǰ.ǰǰ4IBJZMǰ ǰǰ �ǰǰïćîǰ��ǰ Ùčèðøą÷Ďøǰ�ǰ3JDIBSUǰǰăĆÖ ǰÙčèüĉÿć×ćǰǰđ×úćÖøąēìÖǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰÙčèßĆ÷Öøǰ�ǰÙčèíîĉéćǰǰóÜþŤÖĉÝÖćøčèǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰÙøĂïÙøĆüÝĉîéćúĆìíǰ�ǰÙčèđøĊ÷ö�ÙčèõĆìøćÜüéĊǰÖčúđéßüĉì÷Ťǰ ÙčèüĉĕúǰÞüĊĂĉîìøŤǰ�ǰÙčèÿčõćóǰ�ÙčèÿčìĆýîŤǰđÿćüŤöĆęîǰ Ùčèîĉê÷Ťóøǰ�ǰÙčèÖćâÝîćǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰ&EXBSE ǰ+S� ǰ/BUBMJF ǰ&EXBSEǰIII

¥´¤�´£�»n�¯�Â�|�Â�n´¢´ ©³¬�º¯º��¥�q�m¯¬¥n´�u¯´�´¥�ÚÒ��d�§©��´�·v


ǰ ÙčèđîćüøĆêîŤǰ#SBOBHBOǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰÙčèéúüøøèǰǰǰđĀüĊ÷îǰǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰ ǰǰ �ǰïćîǰ��ǰÙøĂïÙøĆüÿč×ðøąÿÜÙŤǰÙøĂïÙøĆüÝĆîìøŤîčŠöǰ ǰǰ �ǰïćî��ǰ1BUIBOBǰǰǰǰ5IBOBOBSUǰ ǰǰ �ǰïćî��ǰ4ZMWBJOǰǰǰ7FJMMFVYǰǰ�ǰǰ1BOJEBǰǰǰ4FCBTUJFOǰǰǰ �ǰïćîǰ��ǰÙčèđóĘâýøĊǰ�ǰÙčèöćøĉÿćǰǰǰðúĎÖÿüĆÿéĉĝǰ ǰǰ �ǰïćîǰ��ǰÙčèÿöóÜþŤǰǰǰóĉúćĒóÜǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰ ǰ �ǰïćî��ǰÙčèïčâìĉó÷Ť ÙčèĂčöć ÙčèßćúĊǰìĞćïčâĂčìĉýĔĀšóŠĂïčâĂ÷ĎŠǰñŠĂÜÝĉêøŤǰ�ǰïćî��ǰ-BEEBXBOǰǰ.JLPǰ ǰǰ ǰ�ǰïćîǰ��ǰ5BXJMǰǰǰǰǰ6NQBOUPOHǰ ǰǰ �ǰïćîǰ��ǰ"SWJO�"MJTB�"OOB�+BOUJQBǰǰǰ1BUOBJLǰ ǰǰ �ǰïćî��ǰÙčèÿčßâćǰúĊúćõĆìøćîčøĆÖþŤǰǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰ ǰǰ �ǰïćîǰ��ǰ8BUǰ#VEEIBNPOHLPMOJNJUǰ ǰǰ �ǰïćî��ǰÙøĂïÙøĆüêĆĚÜêøÜüćîĉßǰ ǰ �ǰïćî

��ǰǰĀîšćêŠćÜǰǰ��ǰǰïćîėǰúąǰ��ǰǰöĊđÝšćõćóǰ��ǰïćî��ǰǰÙčèüĉøĆêîŤǰǰÿč×ÿöĂøøëǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî��ǰǰÙčèǰǰ#PPOUBSJDBǰǰïćúĊǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî��ǰǰÙčèÖúüĉì÷ŤǰıǰÙčèøĆßîĊǰǰøóĊóĆîíŤǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰǰÙčèǰǰ/FFUJOBUFǰǰ3BUUBOBOFUǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰǰÙčèǰǰ,BOZBǰǰ,VNCBMBTJSJǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰǰÖúčŠöđóČęĂîøĆÖǰíøøöǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî��ǰǰÙčèéúüøøèǰǰđĀüĊ÷îǰǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰǰÙčèüîĉéćǰÿčîìøóĉìĆÖþŤ ǰÙčè÷čóĉîǰǰÿÜüîìøĆó÷Ť ǰǰǰ �ǰǰïćîǰǰǰǰǰÙčèïøøÝÜǰóüÜĔĀâŠ ǰÙčèéüÜóøǰǰđìĊ÷ïìĂÜ ǰǰǰǰǰÙčèïčâúćõǰóċęÜóĉîĉÝ ǰÙčèßĉéßĎǰÙÜđÝøĉâøÿǰǰĒúąđóČęĂîė��ǰǰÙčèĂćìĉê÷ŤıÙčèĀîĎìĂÜǰÿčíćüć ÙčèđÿëĊ÷øǰÝĆîìüøǰǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî��ǰÙčèÖčĀúćïǰǰðćøąÝĉêøǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî��ǰÙčèîĉøĆîéøŤǰ�ǰÙčèøĆêîćǰǰüÜýŤðčÖĒÖšüǰǰóøšĂöïčêøíĉéćǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰÙčèúĆééćüĆú÷Ťǰ.JLPǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰ8BUUBOBǰǰ5IBJǰǰ3FTUBVSBOUǰ*OD�ǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰÙčèĒöŠïčâúćõǰüĆßēøõćÿǰîó�ïčâ÷Üǰ�ǰÙčèđïâÝøĆêîŤǰóùçĉíćéćǰ ǰ�ǰǰïćî��ǰ7FFOBǰǰǰ1SFJTTMFSǰ ǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰ8BUUBOBǰ5IBJǰ3FTUBVSBOUǰ*ODǰ ǰǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰÙčèÿčõüĊǰđéßêĉýĆÖéĉĝǰĒúąÙčèĂšüîǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ.FFǰǰIJMMǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ6CPMǰǰǰ(VSMBMǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ$IBNSJBOHǰǰǰ#PPOZBQJTJUǰ ǰǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰ4JEZTUVEJPǰǰ*ODǰ ǰǰ �ǰǰïćî��ǰ4BXBJǰǰǰ.PPOUBǰ ǰǰ �ǰïćî��ǰ"SQPSOǰǰ$IPOHPMOFFǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ,BOZBǰ"NPSOQJNPOLVMǰ�ǰ4UFWFOǰ3PUI

ǰǰǰǰǰ3BUUBOBǰ4JSJXBUUBOBLBUF ǰ7BSBXVUI ǰ$IBOZB ǰǰǰǰǰǰ1BTJOǰ8POHQBJCPPOǰ8JQIB ǰ4VUIJTBL ǰ$ISJTUJOB ǰ5BXFDIPUFǰ�ǰ/JCPPODIPUFǰ8POHCVQIBOJNJUSǰ7JDIBJ ǰ$IPUJZB ǰ5IBOBQBQIBǰ�ǰ+JLBEFUǰ"NPSOQJNPOLVMǰ ǰ�ǰïćî

÷ĆÜĕöŠöĊđÝšćõćóǰǰ��ǰǰïćî

��ǰǰÖøąđïČĚĂÜöčÜĀúĆÜÙćǰêćøćÜôčêúąǰǰ�ǰ��ǰǰÙčèǰǰ1JOUIPOHǰǰ(SBGGBSJBOǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰǰ� ��ǰǰÙøĂïÙøĆüđÖþöóĆîíĆ÷ǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ� ��ǰǰÙčèýĉøĉóø�&EXBSE�8JMMJBNǰ(SFTTFSǰ ǰǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèìøÜóúıÙčèÿöýøĊǰǰđÖĊ÷øêĉĂõĉüĆçîŤǰ ǰǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèǰǰ8BSBQIPOǰǰ8PSBIBSOǰ�ǰ1VBMǰǰ1FQBMǰǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèǰǰ$IJUUJNBǰ5IBNTJSJǰǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèǰǰ$IVOWJQBǰǰ#BNSVOHQFUDIǰ ǰ ǰǰǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèüĊøćõøèŤ�ÙčèíĊüĉìíŤǰǰüÜþŤēÖüĉìǰ ǰǰǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ5BTTBOFFǰǰǰ,VOBQSBZPPOǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ Ùčèüĉì÷ćǰ�ǰÙčèúĉîÝÜǰ�ǰé�ß�öćüĉîǰǰđÝøĉâñúǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ#PPOZBSVUǰǰ,ǰǰ-ZODIǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ,XBOOBQJTǰ/�ǰǰ#PPOHSFOǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ.BMMJLBǰǰ5JTEBMFǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ ÙčèÝĂĀŤî�ÙčèýøĊüøøè�ÙčèúĉàŠć�ǰ ÙčèüĉúđúĊ÷öǰĒÿêîēÙüĉìàŤǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ 3JDIBSEǰǰǰ#SVOFMMJǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ /BSBǰǰǰǰ.POHLIPMSBUǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ /VBODIBOǰǰ$BSQFOUFSǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ .BMBǰ-FFǰ5TBJǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ ÙčèèĆåÖîÖǰǰǰǰüĆçîÿćìøǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèüĉßĆ÷�ÙčèóüÜìĂÜǰöąúĉÖčú�ÙčèđóĘîîĊ�îšĂÜĒÝÿöĉîǰ óćúĉÖüć�ÙčèđóĉøŤúǰÝĊúđúÿóĊĚ�ÙčèÿčöćúĊǰöąúĉÖčúǰ ǰ �ǰ� ��ǰ+BOFKJUǰǰ.D(VJSFǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ$IBNSJBOHǰǰǰ#PPOZBQJTJUǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰÙčè÷ć÷ÝĞćðŘǰǰǰǰđÝøĉâñúǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰÙčèđïĘâÝüøøèǰǰǰǰĂčÖùþǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ+BLFFǰǰǰ/JBNJOUSBǰǰǰ4BLEBǰǰ3VDDTJLPSOǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰÙčèÖĆî÷ćǰĂöøóĉöúÖčúǰĒúąâćêĉóĊęîšĂÜǰ ǰ �ǰ��

��ǰǰĀšĂÜÿöčéǰǰ��ǰǰêćøćÜôčêǰėǰúąǰǰ�ǰ��ǰÙčèĒöŠüøøèǰǰĕÖøēøÝîćîĆîìŤǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ� ��ǰÙèąÿČęĂöüúßîÝćÖöĎúîĉíĉĂĉýøćǰǰĂöĆîêÖčúǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰÙčèüĆçîĉÝǰǰđÝøĉâóĉìĆÖþŤǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ#SPXOǰǰ'BNJMZǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰîć÷óĉöúǰ�ǰîćÜßčßîćëǰǰõĉââćđÖþöǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ


��ǰ/JQBǰǰ�ǰǰ1PSOTSJǰǰǰǰ"SCVBSBUOBǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰÙčèĒöŠïčččâÿČïǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ(SFTTFSǰǰǰ'BNJMZǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ� ��

��ǰǰĀšĂÜüĉðŦÿÿîćÖøøöåćîǰ��ǰêćøćÜôčêėǰúąǰ�ǰ��ǰǰóøąÙøĎÿĉøĉĂøøëüĉđìýǰéø�óøąöĀćëîĆéǰǰĂêďëÝćøĊǰǰ ǰǰǰ�ǰ� ��ǰǰÙøĂïÙøĆüüøøèÿÖčúǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ�� ǰǰ%FWJOǰǰ4VWBSOOBTVEEIJǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèĂøóøøèǰǰ%FWPZǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèÖĊøêĉǰĂĉîēĂßćîîìŤ ǰÙčèèĆåóøǰđøČĂÜēßêĉßĆßüćúǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèđ÷ćüđøýǰǰĂċÜêøąÖĎúǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèüĉúćÿĉîĊǰđÖĊ÷øêĉĂõĉüĆçîŤǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèìøÜóúıÙčèÿöýøĊǰǰđÖĊ÷øêĉĂõĉüĆçîŤǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèĂćìĉê÷ŤǰǰđÖĊ÷øêĉĂõĉüĆçîŤǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰÙčèüøøèóøǰǰíøøöēßêĉǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ Ùčèüĉì÷ćǰ�ǰÙčèúĉîÝÜǰ�ǰé�ß�öćüĉîǰǰđÝøĉâñúǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ $IBSMFFTǰǰ)ǰǰǰ-JNǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ óøąöĀćđĂîÖǰǰĂđîÖćÿĊǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ óøąÿć÷ĆâǰǰìĂÜóĉöóŤǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ óøąöĀćÿößć÷ǰǰëöìćǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ óøąöĀćðøąéĎŠßĆ÷ǰǰõìďìíöďēöǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ 4VLBOZBǰǰ&JBNBSPPOTJSJǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ 8BUUBOBǰ5IBJǰ3FTUBVSBOUǰ*ODǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰîó�ǰüĉÖøöǰǰÖøøèÿÖčúǰ ǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ ǰ �ǰ� ��ǰĒöŠĂčš÷ïĆüĕĀúǰÿöðøąÿĉìíĉĝǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ+BOFKJUǰǰ.D(VJSFǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ#FOKBNBUǰǰ-JMMFZǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰÙčèÙøčæǰ�ǰÙčèÿąĂćÜÙŤǰǰÿöïĆêĉĔĀöŠǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ� ��ǰ��ǰ5BXBDIBJǰ�ǰ#VCQIBǰǰǰǰ0OTBOJUǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰÙčèüøõćÿǰǰøčÝĉēõßîŤǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ-BEEBXBOǰǰǰ4IJOEFǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ.BMBǰǰ5TBJǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ*WFZǰ�ǰ-BEEBXBǰǰ.VSQIZǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰÙčèÿĉìíĉýĆÖéĉĝǰ�ǰÙčèóøóøøèǰǰǰǰðøćÜ×Ğćǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ� ��ǰÙčèóĊøøĆêîŤǰǰĂöøÖĉÝüćîĉßǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰüĆéóčìíćîčÿøèŤǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ� ��ǰ4PNQPSOǰǰǰ1VBOHTVWBO .�%�ǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰÙčèíîćÖø�üĉúćüĆú÷Ť�íîüĉßâŤ�ðøĉýîć�ðćèĉêćǰüĆçîøĆÜþĊ×Ýøǰǰǰ �ǰ��

��ǰǰĀšĂÜĂćïîĞĚćǰóøšĂöĀšĂÜÿč×ćǰ��ǰĀšĂÜǰėǰúąǰǰ�ǰ� ��ǰǰöĊđÝšćõćóĒúšüǰ�ǰǰĀšĂÜǰǰ

��ǰǰÙøĂïÙøĆüđÝêïčêøǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰĀšĂÜ

��ǰǰÙčèóĆßøćǰǰêüÜđýøþåüčçĉǰǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰ ǰ �ǰǰĀšĂÜǰ��ǰǰéø�ÿčìîêŤǰ�ǰÙčèýĉøĉÖĆî÷Ťǰǰíøøöðøąđÿøĉåǰǰ ǰ �ǰǰĀšĂÜ��ǰǰÖúčŠöóúĆÜïčâǰĒúąÙèąÙčèìĆāĀŤ�ÙčèïčèèŤõĆÿÿøǰ ǰ�ǰǰĀšĂÜ��ǰǰøšćîĂöøćǰ×šćüđĀîĊ÷üöąöŠüÜǰóøšĂöÙøĂïÙøĆüǰĒúąđóČęĂîǰėǰǰǰ�ǰǰĀšĂÜ��ǰǰÙčèîĉóøøèǰǰóøĉĚÜðøą÷Ďøǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰ� �� ǰǰĀšĂÜĂćïîĞĚćǰ4UBOEǰǰ4IPXFSǰ��ǰĀšĂÜǰėǰúąǰǰ�ǰ� ��

öĊđÝšćõćóĒúšüǰǰ�ǰǰĀšĂÜ��ǰǰÙčèđóúĉîÝĆîìøŤǰǰóčßøĆßêŤǰĂčìĉýÿŠüîÖčýúĔĀšóŠĂðøąöüâ�ǰǰǰǰĒöŠóĆüǰìøĆó÷ŤóĆîĒÿîǰĒúąÙčèÿĉìíĉüĆçîŤǰóčßøĆßêŤǰ �ǰǰĀšĂÜ��ǰǰÙčèýčõĉÿøćǰǰÙčøčåĉêĉǰ ǰǰǰ �ǰǰĀšĂÜ��ǰ ÙčèüĉøĆêîŤǰǰÿč×ÿöĂøøëǰǰ5IBJǰǰ1FQQFSǰ�ǰ ǰ �ǰǰĀšĂÜ��ǰ ÙčèđøèĎǰǰÿč×ÿöĂøøëǰǰ5IBJǰǰ1FQQFSǰ�ǰ ǰ �ǰǰĀšĂÜǰ��ǰǰ%VXBZOFǰǰ�ǰǰÙčèßĎîĉîìøŤǰǰǰǰǰǰ&OHFMIBSUǰ ǰǰ �ǰǰĀšĂÜ��ǰǰÙčèÿčÖćîéćǰǰïčóóćîîìŤǰǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰ ǰ �ǰǰĀšĂÜǰ 7BOOFFǰǰǰǰ%BMJBǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ ÙčèüĉßĉêǰǰĀĉøĆâÖĉÝǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ ÙčèüćøĊǰǰĀĉøĆâÖĉÝǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ ÙčèÿĆöùìíĉĝǰǰđéßđéßćîčÖčúǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ 7BOJEBǰǰǰ)JSVOLJUǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ ÙčèÿčÖćîéćǰǰïčóóćîîìŤǰǰǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ#PPOEIBSNǰǰǰ8POHBOBOEBǰ ǰǰ �ǰǰĀšĂÜ��ǰǰ#FOKBNBSEǰǰǰ#FTUǰ ǰǰ �ǰ� ��ǰ ē÷öēöǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ%VXBZOFǰ�ǰÙčèßĎîĉîìøŤǰǰ&OHFUIBSUǰ ǰǰ ǰ�ǰ��

��ǰǰĀšĂÜÿč×ćǰĕöŠöĊĀšĂÜîĞĚćǰ��ǰĀšĂÜǰėǰúąǰǰ�ǰ� ��1. ßöøöøüöîĞĚćĔÝǰ ǰ �ǰĀšĂÜ2. 1BSJDIBSUǰǰǰ,BODIBOBWBUFFǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ ÙčèđøĊ÷öǰǰõĆìøćüéĊ ÙčèîčßÝĉøĆêîŤ ĂúĉþćǰǰÖčúđéßüĉì÷Ťǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ��ǰ /BUJOFFǰǰǰ$IFOTBWBTEJKBJǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ ÙčèĂčĕøüøøèǰǰǰöúĉĀĂöǰǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ ÙčèýýĉíøǰǰðøąöüúìĂÜǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ ÙčèÖĉêêĉóÜþŤǰ�ǰÙčèïĆÜĂøǰǰÜćöÿÜŠćǰ ǰǰ �ǰ� ��ǰ 1FSNTPPLǰǰǰ7BOBEJUǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ Ùčèÿöùìíĉĝǰ�ǰÙčèÿöóøǰǰõĉøö÷ŤøČęîǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ ó�Ă�óĉđýþǰÿĆöóĆîíŤǰǰîćÙąÿĉÜĀŤǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ ÙčèÖĆââćǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ ÙčèöĆìîćǰßöćùÖþŤǰ ǰǰ �ǰ�� Ùčè÷ć÷ÝĞćðŘǰǰđÝøĉâñúǰ ǰ �ǰ��

��ǰǰĀšĂÜÿĞćîĆÖÜćîǰǰêćøćÜôčêúąǰǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰǰ+BOFKJUǰǰǰǰ.D(VJSFǰ ǰ �ǰ��


��ǰǰĀšĂÜđøĊ÷îǰǰǰǰêćøćÜôčêúąǰǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰîó�ǰĂøøèóǰǰêĆîêĉÿčîìøǰ ǰǰ �ǰ� ��ǰǰ/BUJOFFǰǰǰ$IFOTBWBTEJKBJǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰǰ8BUUBOBǰ5IBJǰ3FTUBVSBOUǰ*ODǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰĀšĂÜóĆÖÙøĎ êćøćÜôčêúąǰǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ ÙčèÿöïĎøèŤ�ÙčèÿöýøĊ�î�ÿ�àĂîâŠćǰǰÝøø÷ćìøĆó÷ŤÖĉÝǰ �ǰ��ǰ 4JSJǰǰǰǰǰ-JMFTǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰĀšĂÜÙøĆüǰêćøćÜôčêúąǰǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ&BTUMBOEǰ'PPEǰ$PSQPSBUJPOǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰǰ�� ǰǰÙčèó÷čÜǰıǰÙčèÝĉîêîćǰǰÜćöÿĂćéǰđêćĀšĂÜÙøĆüǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ� ��ǰ ÙčèÿčîĆîìŤǰǰÖøöĕíÿÜǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ +BOFKJUǰǰǰ.D(VJSFǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ $IBSMFFTǰǰ)ǰǰǰ-JNǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��

��ǰǰĀšĂÜÞĆîǰêćøćÜôčêúąǰǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ&BTUMBOEǰ'PPEǰ$PSQPSBUJPOǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��

��ǰĀšĂÜóøąĀúüÜóŠĂéĞćǰêćøćÜôčêúąǰǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèó÷čÜǰıǰÙčèÝĉîêîćǰǰÜćöÿĂćéǰǰǰǰǰǰǰøšćîìąđúĕì÷ǰ ǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ �ǰ� ��ǰ��ǰǰÙčèÖĆââćǰǰÿüŠćÜēøÝîŤǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ� ��ǰǰÙčèóĆßøćüéĊǰ�ǰ"SUJFǰǰǰǰ$MBSLTPOǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèßöǰ�ǰÙčèîšĂ÷ǰǰýøĊÿüŠćÜüÜýŤǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰǰÙčèÝĂĀŤî�ÙčèýøĊüøøè�ÙčèúĉàŠć�ǰǰǰǰÙčèüĉúđúĊ÷öǰĒÿêîēÙüĉìàŤǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰǰ$IBSMFFTǰǰ)ǰǰǰ-JNǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰǰ4VLBOZBǰǰ&JBNBSPPOTJSJǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰǰĒöŠĂčš÷ïĆüĕĀúǰǰÿöðøąÿĉìíĉĝǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰǰ#FOKBNBUǰǰ-JMMFZǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰÙčèèøÜÙŤßĆ÷ǰ�ǰÙčèðøćèĊǰǰǰǰøčŠÜđýøþåĊǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ4VSOTJUǰǰ4VOPOUBEFDIPǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰ1JQBLEFFǰǰ4VXBOOBDIBJSPCǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰÙčèÿčóøøèĊǰǰÿĆêêüĆêøÖčúǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ� ��ǰ"QJSBUǰ�ǰ7JOJUBǰǰǰ1IPOHBHTPSOǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ� ��ǰ3BZNPOEǰ�ǰ4VFǰǰǰ4JSJǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰÙčèÿĊìĆýîŤǰǰǰǰÙčšöïčŠÜÙšćǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰîó�ǰĂøčèǰ�ǰÙčèÿčöîćǰǰÿüîýĉúðşóÜþŤǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��

��ǰÖøąđïČĚĂÜðĎõć÷ĔîĂćÙćøǰǰêćøćÜôčêúąǰǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèǰ5BTBOBǰ1VUUIJXBU Ùčèǰ"ODIBMFF ǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ3BXFFXBOǰ%BUUBOBEPOǰǰǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ$IBSMFFTǰǰ)ǰǰǰ-JNǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ

��ǰǰ4POHTSJǰǰǰǰ/JSBQBUIBNBǰ ǰǰ ǰ ��

��ǰóøöðĎóČĚîǰǰêćøćÜôčêúąǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèéüÜÝĞćðŘǰïčâíøøö ǰÙčèüÜđéČĂîǰđöÛ×čîìé ǰǰǰǰǰǰðŜćîĉê÷ćǰǰìĂöÿĆîǰǰ ǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ1�ǰ$IBOZBTVCLJUǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰǰÙčèéĉđøÖǰ�ǰÙčèÿčđìĉîǰǰǰǰùÖþŤÿĞćøćþǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ.BMMJLBǰǰǰ5JTEBMFǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰÙčèóĉèìĂÜǰǰ(IBGGBSJBOǰǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ�� ǰ��ǰǰ,PTBǰ�ǰ4VOJQBǰǰ,PBUJSBǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ�� ǰ��ǰǰÙčè÷ć÷ÝĞćðŘǰǰđÝøĉâñúǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ1BVMǰǰǰǰ)BTUFOǰ ǰǰ ǰ �ǰ��

��ǰǰĀšĂÜóĆÖóøąÿÜÛŤǰǰ�ǰǰĀšĂÜǰøüöǰ��ǰêøô�ėǰúąǰǰ�ǰ��ǰǰ/BUJOFFǰǰ$IFOTBWBTEJKBJǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ+BOUBOBǰǰǰ$PSOFMMǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰǰ.BMBǰǰǰǰǰ5TBJǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰ��ǰǰøšćîýĉøĉüøøèǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��ǰǰ+FOFKJUǰǰ.D(VJSFǰ ǰǰ �ǰ��

øć÷ßČęĂñĎšïøĉÝćÙìĞćïčâêĆĚÜÖĂÜìčîǰĶđóĉęöïčâ�đóĉęöïćøöĊķÖĂÜìčîúąǰǰ��ǰǰéĂúúŠćøŤ

��ǰ.JTTǰ"MJTBǰ-�ǰ#VSLFUǰBOEǰ'BNJMZǰ ǰ ��ǰìčî��ǰÙčèÖĉêĉöćǰĒôøÜǰ ǰ ��ǰìčî��ǰÙčèèøÜÙŤýĆÖéĉĝǰ�ǰÙčèøĆêîćǰǰēßêĉÖđüßÖčúǰ ǰ ��ǰìčî��ǰ5IPNBTǰ�ǰ+JUUJLVOǰǰ$BCBOTLJǰ ǰ ��ǰìčî��ǰÙčèúšĂöǰĔĀöŠĂĉîìøŤǰ ǰǰ ǰ�ǰǰìčî��ǰ5"/ǰ�ǰ50%%ǰǰ$IBJZBQBOǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰìčî��ǰÙčèðøąÝĉêøćǰöĆßðćēêǰ ǰ ǰ�ǰǰìčî��ǰ.FHIBOǰ$POLMJOǰ/BODZǰ4BWJOǰ ǰ ǰǰ�ǰǰìčî��ǰ4VQBǰǰǰ#BSOXBOJKBLVMǰ ǰǰ ǰ�ǰǰìčî��ǰÙčèíĆââîĆîìŤǰǰǰǰǰēóíĉĝìĂÜǰ ǰǰ ǰ�ǰǰìčî

+++++++++++++++++++++++

¥´¤�´£�»n�¥¶�´��¥²�´«Â�É�£¹¯Å�n¯��ÏË´�§¯��d��³�¥³¢¬�� ° ¢¬��|³ ��³�¥³|��³��Þ��³�� ¯�°�¢¬�£º��°|´��³�¢�¯��¦¯�¬�|¯��³�¢�°��¦¯�¬�|¯�� ³�¢°��¦¯�¬�|¯��³��¬¥¥��¨¬|}�¥


ÑüċÙăÜòŚöðæĘāéćÜäĀĔÖÐüÖæćèį�ĊìĂĒïèĆÛ�˧�ĊìĂĒïèĀñïă�İ

ċíĆēüùðæéæćèùòśāÖüāÓāò�ģě�êŒÐüÖæćèôÿ�ĤĤ�ĤĤ�ãüôôŚāòŞ

ĔŀČ�ãħĽģŉãŏöä�ðģõäęņħņČ�òêöĻ÷ņČğöņê� � ĔŀČðļņ�òêöãŅČãìğļħöņČľéìğĉņä� ĔŀČ�ľäöņę÷ņČ�ïéŎģħŎęŉ�ðģõäĳŉ÷ěņä� � ľäķņČà÷ņä�ïľ÷ČĚĨêŅę�ģņäĳŅēðŀņ� ĔŀČ�ğħŎðěŏöŀČ�ðĳħŏ÷ŀČĽĖČ�ĔŎļŉČĿìğēŅû� � ĽĨĳäħìğ�ķì÷êòģ�òĽ÷ŀìěðđņ� ĔŀČ�ľöŀČļĖĊņ�ñħĳņ�ĔŎěņČðěņ� � ĚĨêŅęðħņ�ĔŎħ÷ĽðĻõä�ðģõäļĖĊðŀĻ��

÷łĒù÷ĕĤāĕèĔõĈăđ÷øĒ� ûăĐĊçäņèĐăłćāúăĔèĒä÷ĩĒúĘíõđĥç÷Ęù� ^ĜþĔĤāúĘíĜþĔĤāúĒăāĕ_� � ĞûăôĝèŃçäćĒāûăĐĊçäņâčç÷łĒù�ċăėčõĔôõłčĊčúöĒāăĒĂąĐĜčĕĂôĠôŃ÷ĕĤćđôĠ÷ĂáăĘçćčêĔçõđù��ôĕëĕ�� Ğ÷ăĈđþ÷ņ��įĬĭ��ĴĳĭĴĲĲĬ��ĴĳĭĴĲĲĭ��âččùĘĞā÷ùĒâčúäĘóĂĔĤç


Students from Barrie School & Our Lady of Good Counsel High School DBNF�UP�MFBSO�UIF�#VEEIJTN�BU�8BU�5IBJ�8BTIJOHUPO %�$��ĎúśÐāòäśüèòĀéčãñ�íòÿðúāċòĆüÖóæçăė�ùðăæĉçăÜāčâ�

ĕĚħûĚİġīĚīĤĚĚčĞīĳĎğ�ĴĜħĕĚħĘĢĩĒŚęħ�ĤįČıČĘĒŨıĵĄ�ġĤĐġĘĩďīĴøţāĩĞČħĞĨĐČø�Ċ�ĞĨċĘþûĜĚĨČĐĩĚĩĘ�ĴĎĘĒşĩ

�¥²£©§¢´ �¶��¥¥£�´¥Â�¤Ã�m ¥² º��ª´¬�´©³�Æ�¤�¥º�©¯�¶��³��·��·�


ûĊħēİŤĒøûĚĤþ��ĳÿŤĩėĩĕĘţĩĐĢŤĤþĀĨĐ��ûįĊĴĤťĞ ûįĊČįťø ûįĊĕĚĕĚĚĊ�ĴĜħĳĕĮĻĤĐĹĚţĞĘĶÿčĞĩęĳĕĜ�

�¾§�¦v¢�§�¦��v�|±�� §�y��±�©��§|�§v�§�y§��¥��¥�©±��¦|�ª� ��|�§�ª�²�¥��§�±�¬¹¢|�ev§��®²��¦v�§�w�§�f��¦�µ��v�|�¢�©|�¦��ª��ª��¦��ª¹��±��§��


º¦ÅÍ®¤¦¿«ÁËµ¶��6SHFLDO�7KDQNV

ÓćâČðŚùÖöè�ċÐăãðĄ��Óćâ×āòćâĄ�íăæčñæĀñ��ÓćâêòÿñĈò÷òĄ��öòċôă÷��ÓćâÙĀññćæç�Óćâñćíā�ùðċÑāĎúÜŚÓćâæĀûúŞ��üĀäöćáă��ÓćâéćââŞïĀùùò��Óćâ÷òùöòòÓŞ��íÖ÷ŞöòăèæòŞ�è�í��üòćâ�Óćâùćðèā�ùöè÷ăôêříÖ÷ŞÓćâôÿðśāñ�Óćâêòÿðöô�æöĄčÙäă�ÓćâæüÖíĈè�ÓćâùćèĀèæā�ċýèċÚśè�Óćâñāñċùòăð÷òĄ��ċÙĆĔüöÖ÷Ş�ÓćâČðŚéĀöďúô�ùðêòÿùăæçăė

ÓćâèÖċñāöŞ��ċãÙā��ÓćâéćÜċôăÖ��öăùĄêŠäñŞ�ÓćâñāñòĘāďí�òāÙíÖøŞ��ÓćâÙĈ÷òĄ�ÐüòŞ�Óćâ×ăäòŞ�ďöñÿöÖøŞ

ċ×śāïāíèĔĘāãĆēðåĀÖĎúÜŚ��ÓŚāďî��åöāñêòÿ×ĘāæćÐċãĆüè

ûĊħġþýŧĴĜħûĊħøĚĚĘøĩĚĞĨċķĎęøĚįþĞĤāīþČĨĐ �ċĬ�ĂĬ��ùĤĤĐįĵĘĎĐĩĴċţġĩďįāĐĎįø�Ĺ�ĎţĩĐ�ĎĬĻĘĬÿīČğĚĨĎďĩčĞĩęėĨČČĩĢĩĚĳāŤĩ�ĳĕĜ�đĚīÿĩûġīĻþùĤþ�ĳġĬęġĜħĴĚþøĩę�ĴĚþĶÿ�øŀĩĜĨþġČīĒũĄĄĩ�ĴĜħûĞĩĘġĩĘĩĚčĳĎţĩĎĬĻĵĤøĩġÿħĤŀĩĐĞę�āţĞęĳĢĜĮĤøīÿøĚĚĘùĤþĞĨċċŤĞęċĬĳġĘĤĘĩ�ĎŀĩĶĢŤĞĨċùĤþĳĚĩĘĬûĞĩĘĳÿĚīĄĚįţþĳĚĮĤþøŤĩĞĢĐŤĩĘĩĵċęĜŀĩċĨđ�ĵċęĳĀĕĩħĎįøĎţĩĐĎĬĻĘĬġţĞĐĚţĞĘĶĐþĩĐĞĨĐġŀĩûĨĄČţĩþ�Ĺ�ùĤþĎĩþĞĨċ�ÿĭþĒĚħøĩğĤĐįĵĘĎĐĩøĨđĎįø�Ĺ�ĎţĩĐĘĩ�Ċ��ĵĤøĩġĐĬļ��

�Óćâüòíòòâ�êòÿùíčÙÓÙĀñ�æĘāéćÜċêŢèċ×śāïāíÐòÿãāøċÙĒãðĆüĎèúśüÖèĘĔāäôüãêŒ�èí�üòćâ�Óćâùćðèā�ùöè÷ăôêříÖ÷Ş�æĘāéćÜåöāñÐòÿãāø��òĄð��Ðòÿãāø�"��ùĘāúòĀéíăðíŞöāòùāò��ČùÖçòòð �ċêċêŖüòŞæāöèŞ��ÙćãĎúÜŚ��èí�čüïāù�íÜ�ðâĄòĀäèŞ�öÖ÷ŞďÙñéĈôñŞ�åöāñČ×ÐĀèãüÐďðś��ÙăĔè�ÓòüéÓòĀöÐćôêòÿċùòăßòĀäèŞ�æĘāéćÜåöāñèĘĔāãĆēð��ċÓù�ÓòüéÓòĀöÓćâöÖ÷Ş��åöāñèĘĔāãĆēð��ċÓù�ÓòüéÓòĀöüðòÐă×öāèăÙ�æĘāéćÜåöāñèĘĔāãĆēð��ċÓù �čÓśÐ��ČíĒÓ �Ùśüè�ùśüð�×āèčîð�åśöñčîð�ČÐśöčîð�òśāèċèòðăäòā�æĘāéćÜåöāñùĀÖÕæāèöĀèċÐăã�åöāñèĘĔāãĆēð �ċêċêŖüòŞæāöèŞ�ČôÿüĆēèđ��ÓćâùćÐĀôñā�ċÓ��ÓćâöĀÙòĄñŞ�äăĖð�æĘāéćÜåöāñêôĀĕÐďîîŖā�×Ęāèöè��üĀè

ùĤĤĐįĵĘĎĐĩđįĄĴċţ�ĕţĤĶĢĄţûŀĩĢĞĩþ�ġþġĘĨęĞþğŧ�ĴĜħûĊħ�ĘĬÿīČğĚĨĎďĩāţĞęĒĜİøĢĄŤĩĞĨċķĎęĦ�ċĬ�ĂĬ��ġĩďįĹĹ


u ¯}§��Õ��§�¤�§��£{¼¥¯�ª ��¥w�

�ùĤĳāīĄĎįøĎţĩĐĚţĞĘĐĘĨġøĩĚĢĜĞþĕţĤĕįĎďĘþûĜĞīĘĜċĬĂĬ�ĴĜħĢĜĞþĕţĤċŀĩ

ĢĜĞþĕţĤċŀĩ�ĒĚħċīĠćĩĐĎĬĻĤĩûĩĚĢĜĨþĶĢĘţ

:PV�BMM�BSF�DPSEJBMMZ�JOWJUFE�UP�8BU�5IBJ �%�$� �5FNQMF�UP�QBZ�SFTQFDU�UP�PS�TJNQMZ�WJFX�UIF�#MBDL�#VEEIB�PO�EJTQMBZ�JO�UIF�/FX�#VJMEJOH�

��èĀãíéëĈśĎìŕçòòðæĄē��öĀãďæñÐòćÖöüÙăÖäĀè �ãĄ�ÚĄ��čæò��·º¦Í¡¯��«°½®¸¿·Å°¢¿²�·Á¤Ç¥Á©Í²��«°½º¿�¿°¯�·Å°Á¯¿�Ë¢�´Í°�Ì²½� ½

�Ît{§��¯�ª· w�¥�¯�§t�¥��}ª·��ª·��¬Ö��¬Õw�¥��«�°�Õz}¨�§��¥��w¥°�Õz !! ®¸¿·¢Á¨��¿¦·Æ¢°�!!��µÜ�§µ±��

!! วิปัสสนาเพื่อชีวิต�!!

Ã��Â�É£©³�� ©³�Â¬´¥q�©³�¯´�¶�¤q��·Ê�Õ��¯��º�Â�¹¯�� Â©§´��D�P��S�P�Ã��Æ£mÂ�É£©³�� º�©³�Â¬´¥q�©³�¯´�¶�¤q��¯�Â�¹¯�� Â©§´��D�P��S�P�

¯�ª· z²��¤��§�¥u�¬}¥�� Ù


ãħŎêŅðķĿōħħĽħìČëĨ��ľéêČęņĚĨ�

ÿčüĉßćēîǰõüĞǰēĀêĉ�ǰñĎšøĎšéĊǰđðŨîñĎšđÝøĉâìčüĉßćēîǰðøćõēü�ñĎšøĎšßĆęüǰđðŨîñĎšđÿČęĂö

ǰ ē÷ǰÝǰüÿďÿÿêĞǰßĊđüǰǰǰǰǰìčðďðťďēâǰĂÿöćĀĉēêǰ đĂÖćĀĞǰßĊüĉêĞǰđÿ÷ďē÷ǰǰǰðťďâüîďêÿďÿǰáć÷ĉēî�ǰ ÖĘñĎšĔéǰöĊðŦââćìøćöǰöĊÝĉêĕöŠöĆęîÙÜǰéĞćøÜßĊüĉêĂ÷ĎŠǰĢġġǰðŘǰÙüćöđðŨîĂ÷ĎŠ×ĂÜñĎšöĊðŦââćǰöĊðÖêĉđóŠÜóĉîĉÝǰöĊßĊüĉêĂ÷ĎŠđóĊ÷ÜüĆîđéĊ÷üǰðøąđÿøĉåÖüŠćÙüćöđðŨî

� e�®Ø�ªy�§��}�©�²�¥��©��©½´}� ²�Ø}¥�ªy�§��®Ø�Ø¢�� v¸�×¢��¾§��¥³��Û´ Ø²v×�×��µ�Ø�§vv�×§�®Ø�ªy�§��®Ø�§v�²�×µ�×�ªy�§��}�©��µ�×�ªy�§��©��©½´}f

Ă÷ĎŠ×ĂÜñĎšîĆĚîǰ ĂĆîÙîìøćöǰ ðŦââćǰ ĀćĒêŠđøČęĂÜßĊüĉêđðúČĂÜǰ éšü÷îĞĚćĔÝǰ Ĕòś×šćÜêĞęćĂ÷ĎŠøšĂ÷ðŘǰ ßĊüĉêĀ÷ćïǰ éšü÷ïćðÖøøößĊóøą÷Ğćǰ ìøćöÙŠćǰ øćÙćÙîǰ ÿŠüîÙîéĊǰ öĊðŦââćǰ ÿöćíĉĀöĆęîéĞćøĉǰ êćöĀúĆÖǰ ĒĀŠÜöøøÙñúĂ÷ĎŠüĆîĀîċęÜǰ ÖĘÿöÙŠćǰ øćÙćÙîéĊÖüŠćÙîǰ ïćðĀîćǰ ðŦââćìøćö

íøøöÿćíÖ

ĊøăðÕæññï��ÖĀÏõÿâĎåð


ǰ óøąïøöýćÿéćǰìøÜðøćøõóøą×ćîčēÖèæĆââđëøąǰÙøĆĚÜĀîċęÜǰ ìŠćîĕéšĕðïĞćđóĘâđóĊ÷øđÝøĉâÿöèíøøöĂ÷ĎŠĔîðśćǰĕéšÿĞćđøĘÝóøąĂøĀĆêêñúǰĒúšüÖúĆïöćđóČęĂĕðđòŜćóøąýćÿéćǰĕéšĀ÷čéóĆÖđ×šćáćîĂ÷ĎŠĔîðśćĒĀŠÜĀîċęÜǰĔîÙČîüĆîîĆĚîóüÖēÝøìĆĚÜĀúć÷óćÖĆîĕððúšîĕéšìøĆó÷ŤöćÙîúąëčÜėǰ óćÖĆîĀúïđ×šćðśćêĆĚÜĔÝüŠćÝąóĆÖñŠĂîàŠĂîìøĆó÷ŤđĂćĕüšǰ đĀĘîóøąđëøąîĆęÜđ×šćáćîĂ÷ĎŠđóøćąÙüćööČéÿĞćÙĆâñĉéÙĉéüŠćđðŨîêĂĕöšǰêŠćÜÙîÖĘđĂćëčÜìøĆó÷Ť×ĂÜêîėǰüćÜàšĂîėǰÖĆîïîýĊøþą×ĂÜóøąđëøąÝîĀöéǰóøąđëøąđÝšćîĆęÜđ×šćáćîđÞ÷Ă÷ĎŠǰÿŠüîóüÖēÝøóćÖĆîóĆÖñŠĂîîĂîĀúĆïĕðǰ ÙøĆĚîđüúćĔÖúšøčŠÜêČęî×ċĚîöćǰđĀĘîóøąđëøąÿĞćÙĆâüŠćđðŨîĂöîčþ÷Ťǰ õĎêĉñĊðŘýćÝǰ ÷ĆÖþŤöćøǰêÖĔÝÖúĆüêĆüÿĆęîðøćøõÝąüĉęÜĀîĊÖĆîǰóøąđëøąĂĂÖÝćÖáćîǰđĀĘîĂćÖćøđßŠîîĆĚîÝċÜïĂÖÖĆïóüÖēÝøđĀúŠćîĆĚîüŠćǰ ĂćêöćđðŨîóøąǰĂ÷ŠćÖúĆüÖĆîđú÷ǰĂćêöćĕöŠđðŨîóĉþđðŨîõĆ÷ĂąĕøĒÖŠĔÙøìĆĚÜîĆĚîǰđöČęĂóüÖēÝøĕéšôŦÜđßŠîîĆĚîǰÖĘéĊĔÝđÖĉéÙüćöđúČęĂöĔÿýøĆìíćĔîóøąđëøąÖúŠćü×Ăēìþ×ĂĂõĆ÷ìĊęĕéšúŠüÜđÖĉîìŠćîđóøćąÙüćöđ×šćĔÝñĉéǰ óøąđëøąÖĘĂēĀÿĉĔĀšǰ ĒúšüóüÖēÝøđĀúŠćîĆĚîÖĘ×ĂïüßĔîÿĞćîĆÖ×ĂÜóøąđëøąìĆĚÜĀöéǰóøąđëøąđÝšćÝċÜîĞćêĆüĕðđòŜćóøąýćÿéćǰ ÖøćïìĎúðøąüĆêĉÙüćöđðŨîöćĔĀšìøÜìøćïǰóøąĂÜÙŤÝċÜìøÜĒÿéÜíøøöĊÖëćǰðøąÖćýÙčè×ĂÜÙüćöđðŨîñĎšöĊðŦââćéĊǰ Ēúąēìþ×ĂÜÙüćöđðŨîñĎšöĊðŦââćìøćöĒÖŠóüÖõĉÖþčđĀúŠćîĆĚîǰĒúšüêøĆÿóøąÙćëćéĆÜìĊęÖúŠćüöćĒúšü×šćÜêšîîĆĚîǰ đøČęĂÜîĊĚđðŨîêĆüĂ÷ŠćÜĔîìćÜßĊĚĔĀšđĀĘîÙčè×ĂÜÙüćöđðŨîñĎšöĊðŦââćéĊǰĒúąēìþ×ĂÜÙüćöđðŨîñĎšöĊðŦââćìøćöǰêćöêĆüĂ÷ŠćÜìĊęÖúŠćüöćĒúšü×šćÜêšîîĆĚîǰóüÖēÝøìĆĚÜĀúć÷ìĊęÙøĂÜßĊüĉêĂ÷ĎŠĕéšǰđóøćąÖćøìĞćēÝøÖøøöǰðúšîÿąéöđĂćìøĆó÷Ťÿĉî×ĂÜÙîĂČęîöćđðŨî×ĂÜêîǰ ìĞćĔĀšÙîĂČęîđéČĂéøšĂîîćîćðøąÖćøđóøćąÖćøÖøąìĞć×ĂÜêîǰ ÙîóüÖìĊęđðŨîēÝøîĊĚđ×ćÖĘöĊðŦââćÙüćöøĎšđĀöČĂîÖĆîǰ ĒêŠöĆîđðŨîÙüćöøĎšßĆęüðŦââćìøćöǰðŦââćìøćöđøĊ÷ÖüŠćǰĶìčððŦââćķǰ ǰ ÙĞćüŠćǰĶìčððŦââćķǰ îĊĚǰ Ē÷ÖĂĂÖđðŨîǰģǰ ýĆóìŤÙČĂǰìčǰ ýĆóìŤĀîċęÜǰ ÖĆïǰǰðŦââćǰ ǰýĆóìŤĀîċęÜǰøüöÖĆîđ×šćđðŨîǰĶìčððŦââćķǰÙĞćüŠćǰĶìčķǰîĆĚîǰđðŨîÙĞćĕöŠéĊǰđöČęĂĕðĂ÷ĎŠ×šćÜĀîšć×ĂÜĂąĕøǰÖĘìĞćĔĀš

×ĂÜîĆĚîĕöŠéĊĕðéšü÷ǰ đßŠîǰ ìčøßîǰ ÙîßĆęüǰ ÙîĕöŠéĊǰ ìčÝøĉêǰðøąóùêĉßĆęüǰðøąóùêĉêĆüĕöŠéĊǰìčýĊúǰÙîĕöŠöĊýĊúǰđðŨîêšîǰÙîìĊęöĊðŦââćìøćöǰÙüćöøĎšßĆęüǰÖĘðøąóùêĉêĆüđðŨîõĆ÷êŠĂÿĆÜÙöǰđßŠîǰóüÖēÝøìĊęĕððúšîìøĆó÷ŤêćöđøČęĂÜìĊęÖúŠćüöć×šćÜêšîîĆĚîǰóüÖēÝøđĀúŠćîĆĚîđ×ćÖĘöĊÙüćöøĎšöĊðŦââćđĀöČĂîÖĆîǰ ĒêŠöĆîđðŨîÙüćöøĎšđðŨîðŦââćĔîìćÜÖŠĂĔĀšđÖĉéðŦâĀćĒÖŠÿĆÜÙöĒĀŠÜÖćøĂ÷ĎŠøŠüöÖĆîǰđðŨîÙüćöøĎšñĉéǰđðŨîÙüćöøĎšßĆęüǰĔÙøÖĘêćöìĊęöĊÙüćöøĎšßĆęüǰðŦââćìøćöǰÙüćöđÿČęĂöÖĘêćööćÿîĂÜïčÙÙúîĆĚîǰĔîïĆĚîðúć÷ĒĀŠÜßĊüĉê×ĂÜđ×ćǰóøąóčìíđÝšćêøĆÿüŠć

ìčüĉßćēîǰðøćõēü�ñĎšøĎšßĆęüǰđðŨîñĎšđÿČęĂö

ǰ ÿŠüîìŠćîóøą×ćèčēÖèæĆââđëøąîĆĚîǰ ìŠćîđðŨîñĎšöĊðŦââćéĊöĊÙüćöøĎšßĂïǰ đÝøĉâÿöćíĉõćüîćÝîÝĉêĔÝöĊÙüćöÿÜïǰÙüćöÿąĂćéǰĒúąÙüćöÿüŠćÜǰĂĆîđðŨîìćÜÖŠĂĔĀšđÖĉéÿĆööĆððŦââćøĎšĒÝšÜđĀĘîÝøĉÜĔîÿøøóÿĉęÜìĆĚÜĀúć÷ǰĒúšüìĞćúć÷ÖĉđúÿĂĂÖÿĞćøĂÖÖĉđúÿĀúčéđðŨîÿöčÝđÞìðĀćîǰ ïøøúčöøøÙñúîĉóóćîǰìŠćîđ×šćáćîđðŨîÖćøĀúïöčöÖĉđúÿǰđðŨîđĀêčĔĀšóüÖēÝøöćóïìŠćîđ×šćǰ ĒúšüìŠćîÖĘĕéšßŠü÷đ×ćđĀúŠćîĆĚîĔĀšĀĆîöćîĆïëČĂóøąóčìíýćÿîćǰðŦââć×ĂÜìŠćîÝċÜđðŨîðŦââćéĊǰ đðŨîÙüćöøĎšßĂïǰ óøąóčìíđÝšćêĂïðŦâĀć×ĂÜóøćĀöèŤÙîĀîċęÜüŠćǰǰÿčüĉßćēîǰõüĞǰǰēĀêĉ�ǰǰñĎšøĎšéĊǰđðŨîñĎšđÝøĉâǰéĆÜîĊĚǰ ðøąđìýĕì÷×ĂÜđøćĔî÷čÙðŦÝÝčïĆîìčÖüĆîîĊĚǰ ÖĞćúĆÜöĊÙüćöđÝøĉâÖšćüĀîšćĔîüĉßćÖćøéšćîđìÙēîēú÷ĊêŠćÜėǰÙîĔîÿĆÜÙöÿŠüîĔĀâŠÖĞćúĆÜóćÖĆîÿîĔÝĔîÖćøÖšćüĕðÿĎŠÙüćöđðŨîðøąđìýĂčêÿćĀÖøøöĔĀöŠǰĔî×èąìĊęđöČĂÜĕì÷×ĂÜđøćđÝøĉâøčéĀîšćĔîìćÜüĆêëčîĉ÷öǰ ÖšöĀîšćÖšöêćÙšć×ć÷ÖĆîúĎÖđéĊ÷üîĊęđĂÜǰ ĔîĂĊÖöčöĀîċęÜ×ĂÜÿĆÜÙöđöČĂÜĕì÷ǰÙČĂéšćîÝĉêĔÝ×ĂÜÙîÖĘÖĞćúĆÜðøąÿïÖĆïÙüćöđÿČęĂöëĂ÷éšü÷ÙčèíøøöúÜêćöúĞćéĆïǰÿćđĀêčîĊĚìĞćĔĀšÝĉêĔÝ×ĂÜÙîĔîÿĆÜÙöđÿČęĂöúÜǰÖĘđóøćąëĎÖĂĉìíĉóú×ĂÜÙüćöđÝøĉâìćÜéšćîüĆêëčÙøĂïÜĞćǰìĞćĔĀšÙîĀúÜĔĀúôčŜÜđôŜĂđĀŠĂđĀĉöĒêŠĔîìćÜüĆêëčĂ÷ŠćÜđéĊ÷üǰĕöŠđĀúĊ÷üĒúëċÜðŦâĀćìĊęÝąđÖĉéĒÖŠÿĆÜÙöêćööćĔîõć÷ĀúĆÜǰúĆÖþèąđßŠîîĊĚđðŨîúĆÖþèą×ĂÜÙî×ćéðŦââćĀøČĂöĊðŦââćìøćöǰđöČęĂöĊðŦââćìøćöÖĘÖŠĂĔĀšđÖĉéðŦâĀćÙČĂÙüćöđĀĘîĒÖŠêĆüǰ


ĒúšüÖĘìĞćÙüćößĆęüĔîÖćøÖĂïēÖ÷đĂćñúðøąē÷ßîŤöćĔÿŠêîǰđ×šćúĆÖþèąǰĶēĂÖćÿĔÙøöĊǰöČĂĔÙø÷ćüǰÖĘÿćüđĂćĔĀšđêĘöìĊęǰ ĕöŠĂć÷ñĊÿćÜđìüéćǰ ×šćĕéšđðŨîóĂǰ ÙîĂČęîßŠćÜöĆîǰðøąē÷ßîŤ×ĂÜÞĆîđĀîČĂÖüŠćðøąē÷ßîŤÙîĂČęîķǰîĊęÙČĂÝĉêĔÝ×ĂÜÙîìĊęëĎÖüĆêëčîĉ÷öÙøĂïÜĞćǰìĞćĔĀšđ×ćöĂÜĕöŠđĀĘîÙîĂČęîǰîĂÖÝćÖêĆüđ×ćđĂÜĒúąóøøÙóüÖ×ĂÜđ×ćđìŠćîĆĚîǰ îĊęÙČĂúĆÖþèą×ĂÜüĆêëčđÝøĉâ×ċĚîǰ ĒêŠÝĉêĔÝ×ĂÜÙîĔîÿĆÜÙöÖúĆïđÿČęĂöúÜǰöĆîđðŨîðŦâĀćìĊęîŠćÙĉéļ ǰ óĎéÖĆîêćöÙüćöđðŨîÝøĉÜĒúšüǰ øąéĆïÖćøýċÖþćĔîðøąđìýĕì÷×ĂÜđøćǰĔî÷čÙðŦÝÝčïĆîìčÖüĆîîĊĚǰÖĘöĊÙüćöđÝøĉâÖšćüĀîšćĕöŠĒóšðøąđìýìĊęóĆçîćĒúšüĂČęîėǰđĀöČĂîÖĆîǰĔîðŘÖćøýċÖþćĀîċęÜėǰ đöČĂÜĕì÷×ĂÜđøćĕéšñúĉêðŦââćßîøąéĆïðøĉââćêøĊǰēìǰđĂÖǰĂĂÖöćÿĎŠÿĆÜÙööĉĔßŠîšĂ÷ǰđöČęĂđðŨîđßŠîîĊĚǰÿĆÜÙöĕì÷×ĂÜđøćîŠćÝąĕöŠöĊðŦâĀćéĆÜìĊęđðŨîĂ÷ĎŠĔîðŦÝÝčïĆîîĊĚǰĒêŠüŠćÙüćöđðŨîñĎšöĊÖćøýċÖþćÿĎÜǰöĊðøĉââćøąéĆïêŠćÜėǰîĆĚîǰöĆîöĉĔßŠđðŨîđÙøČęĂÜüĆéÝĉêĔÝ×ĂÜÙîüŠćÝąéĊÜćöĀøČĂÿĎÜÿŠÜĒêŠðøąÖćøĔéǰÖćøýċÖþćøąéĆïðøĉââćîĆĚîÿĎÜǰĒêŠÝĉêĔÝêĞęć×ćéÙčèíøøöÖĘöĊëöĕðǰ ïćÜÙîöĊÖćøýċÖþćÝîðøĉââćöćÝćÖđöČĂÜîĂÖǰĒêŠÖúĆïđðŨîïĆèæĉêêÖÜćîǰìĞćĔĀšôčŜÜàŠćîÖúčšöĔÝđú÷÷šć÷ĕðĂ÷ĎŠÖĆï÷öïćúéšü÷ÖćøñĎÖÙĂêć÷ÖĘöĊǰ ïćÜÙîĂćýĆ÷ìĊęêîĕéšøĆïÖćøýċÖþćöĊðŦââćÙüćöøĎšǰ öĊìøĆó÷Ťǰ öĊĂĞćîćÝǰ ÖĘđìĊę÷üêüćéÖé×Ċę×ŠöđĀÜÙîĂČęîêŠćÜėǰ îćîćǰ Ĕßš

ĂĞćîćÝïćêøĔĀâŠĔîĀîšćìĊęÖćøÜćîÖĂïēÖ÷đĂćÙüćöÿč×ïîÙüćöìčÖ×ŤÙüćöđéČĂéøšĂî×ĂÜÙîĂČęîÖĘöĊǰĔîìćÜêøÜÖĆî×šćöǰ óüÖìĊęöĊÙüćöøĎšîšĂ÷éšü÷ÖćøýċÖþćǰ ĒêŠìüŠćđðŨîÙîöĊÝĉêĔÝÿĎÜéšü÷Ùčèíøøöǰ ÝĉêĔÝ×ĂÜđ×ćĕöŠëĎÖÙøĂïÜĞćéšü÷üĆêëčîĉ÷öǰđöČęĂđðŨîđßŠîîĊĚǰđ×ć÷ŠĂöéĊÖüŠćðøąđÿøĉåÖüŠćÙîìĊęöĊÖćøýċÖþćÿĎÜǰ öĊðøĉââćǰ ĒêŠüŠćÝĉêĔÝêĞęćǰ öĊÙüćöðøąóùêĉđúüéšü÷àĞĚćĕðǰ öĊ ó ø ąïøöø ć ēß ü ćì×Ă Üóøąïćìÿö đ éĘ ÝóøąđÝšćĂ÷ĎŠĀĆüøĆßÖćúðŦÝÝčïĆîǰÙüćöêĂîĀîċęÜüŠćǰĶñĎšöĊÙüćöÿčÝøĉêĒúąïøĉÿčìíĉĝĔÝǰ ĒöšÝąöĊÙüćöøĎ šîšĂ÷ǰ ÖĘ÷ŠĂöìĞćðøąē÷ßîŤĔĀšĒÖŠÿŠüîøüöĕéšöćÖÖüŠćñĎšöĊÙüćöøĎšöćÖǰ ĒêŠĕöŠöĊÙüćöÿčÝøĉêǰĕöŠöĊÙüćöïøĉÿčìíĉĝĔÝķǰ ĔîÿĆÜÙöðŦÝÝčïĆîìčÖüĆîîĊĚǰ ĕöŠüŠćÝąđðŨîÿĆÜÙö×ĂÜÙîßćêĉĕĀîǰ õćþćĕĀîǰ öĆÖÝąöĊïčÙÙúðøąđõììĊęđøĊ÷ÖÖĆîüŠćǰĶñĎšøĎšßĆęüǰöĊðŦââćìøćöķǰđðŨî÷ćéĞćĒìøÖĂ÷ĎŠìĆĚÜîĆĚîǰĒúąöĊÖĆîđðŨîÝĞćîüîöćÖđÿĊ÷éšü÷ǰ óüÖđĀúŠćîĊĚÿøšćÜðŦâĀćĂĆîđðŨîêšîêĂÖŠĂĔĀšđÖĉéÙüćöìčÖ×ŤÙüćöđéČĂéøšĂîĒÖŠÙîĔîÿĆÜÙöđĀúČĂìĊęÝąóøøèîćǰ ðŦâĀćĂćßâćÖøøöðøąđõìêŠćÜėǰĔîìćÜÿĆÜÙöìĆęüēúÖđÖĉéÝćÖïčÙÙúðøąđõìǰĶñĎšøĎšßĆęüǰðŦââćìøćöķǰǰìĆĚÜîĆĚîđðŨîñĎšÖŠĂ×ċĚîǰóüÖìĊęöĊÙüćöøĎšĔîÖćøÿøšćÜĂćüčíöĀćðøąúĆ÷ǰ đóČęĂìĞćúć÷ßĊüĉêìčÖðøąđõìǰ đðŨîđĀêčìĞćĔĀšēúÖÞĉïĀć÷đúüøšć÷÷ĉęÜĕðÖüŠćîĆĚîǰ óüÖìĊęÿøšćÜ

y�§}§��Û��§��¦�±�ª�|�§�±�ª¹��v©}v��w¢|�¦� y��¥�}�Û�y��|�Û�y��©�¦��±�¬¢|µ��¾§��¦�±v©�


ßćêĉëìďēíǰíîëìďēíǰǰǰǰēÙêďêëìďēíǰÝǰē÷ǰîēøǰ ǰ ÿťďâćêċǰĂêĉöťďđâêĉǰǰêĞǰǰðøćõüēêǰǰöč×Ğ� ÙîĔéĀ÷ĉęÜđóøćąßćêĉǰĀ÷ĉęÜđóøćąìøĆó÷ŤǰĀ÷ĉęÜđóøćąÿÖčúǰ÷ŠĂöéĎĀöĉęîâćêĉ×ĂÜêîǰ×šĂîĆĚîđðŨîđĀêčĒĀŠÜÙüćöđÿČęĂö×ĂÜïčÙÙúîĆĚî ǰ ÙîđÖĉéĔîßćêĉÿĎÜǰßćêĉñĎšéĊǰìĆĚÜòść÷ïĉéćìĆĚÜòść÷öćøéćǰÖĘÿĞćÙĆâñĉéÙĉéüŠćêĆüđĂÜéĊÖüŠćÙîĂČęîǰĒúšüÖĘìĞćĔĀšĀ÷ĉęÜñ÷ĂÜöĂÜÙîĂČęîüŠćêĞęćêšĂ÷éšĂ÷ÖüŠćêĆüǰ ÙîìĊęöĊìøĆó÷ŤđðŨîđýøþåĊǰöĀćđýøþåĊǰ ÖĘöĊÙüćöĀ÷ĉęÜĔîÙüćööĊìøĆó÷Ťǰ ëċÜÖĆïéĎëĎÖđĀ÷Ċ÷éĀ÷ćöÙî÷ćÖÙîÝîüŠćǰ đðŨîÙîêĞęćßšćđúüìøćöǰÙîìĊęđÖĉéĔîåćîąéĊöĊÿÖčúǰÖĘĀ÷ĉęÜĔîÙüćöđðŨîñĎšéĊöĊÿÖčú×ĂÜêîǰđĀĘîÙîĂČęîđðŨîÙîĂćõĆóĂĆïüćÿîćǰ đóøćąđÖĉéöćĔîÿÖčú×ĂÜÙîíøøöéćÿćöĆâǰ ĕöŠöĊÙüćöÿĞćÙĆâĔîéšćîßČęĂđÿĊ÷ÜđÖĊ÷øêĉÙčèǰ đðŨîÿÖčú×ĂÜÙî÷ćÖÙîÝîÙîĕöŠöĊåćîąǰ îĊęúŠąìĉäåĉöćîąÙüćöĀ÷ĉęÜñ÷ĂÜóĂÜ×î×ĂÜÙîöĊßćêĉǰöĊìøĆó÷ŤǰöĊÿÖčúǰ ÙüćöÝøĉÜÙîđøćÝąđðŨîÙîđúüđóøćąßćêĉǰ đóøćąìøĆó÷Ťǰ ĒúąđóøćąÿÖčúÖĘĀćĕöŠǰ ÝąđðŨîÙîðøąđÿøĉåđóøćąßćêĉǰđóøćąìøĆó÷ŤǰĒúąđóøćąÿÖčúÖĘĀćĕöŠǰĒêŠÙîđøćÝąđðŨîÙîđúüÖĘđóøćąÖøøöÙČĂÖćøÖøąìĞć×ĂÜêîđĂÜǰ ÝąđðŨîÙîðøąđÿøĉåÖĘđóøćąÖøøöÙČĂÖćøÖøąìĞć×ĂÜêîđĂÜǰ ìĞćßĆęüÖĘđðŨîÙîđúüǰìĞćéĊÖĘđðŨîÙîðøąđÿøĉåǰ ÙüćößĆęüǰđßŠîǰÙüćöēúõǰÙüćöēÖøíǰÙüćöĀúÜǰìĉäåĉöćîąǰ ÙüćöĂĉÝÞćøĉþ÷ćǰ ÙüćöîĉîìćüŠćøšć÷ǰ ëšćĔÙøĕððøąóùêĉđ×šćÖĘÖúć÷đðŨîÙîßĆęüÙîđúüǰǰĕöŠüŠćđ×ćđĀúŠćîĆĚîÝąđðŨîÙîðøąđõìĕĀîǰ đÖĉéĔîßćêĉĂąĕøǰÿÖčúĂąĕøǰöĊìøĆó÷ŤÿöïĆêĉöćÖöć÷×îćéĕĀîǰúÜĕéšìĞćÙüćößĆęüĒúšüǰÖĘđðŨîÙîßĆęüÙîđúüéšü÷ÖĆîìĆĚÜîĆĚîǰÿŠüîÖćøìĞćÙüćößĆęüǰ đßŠîǰÖćøÛŠćÿĆêüŤǰ ÖćøúĆÖìøĆó÷Ťǰ ÞšĂøćþãøŤïĆÜĀúüÜǰ ìčÝøĉêÙĂøŤøĆðßĆęîǰðøąóùêĉñĉéĔîđøČęĂÜđóýǰ ÖćøóĎéđìĘÝēÖĀÖĀúĂÖúüÜǰêøąïĆéÿĆê÷Ťǰ êøąïĆéÙĞćóĎéǰ đĀúŠćîĊĚëšćĔÙøÖøąìĞćĀøČĂóĎéđ×šćÖĘÖúć÷đðŨîÙîßĆęüÙîđúüǰ ĕöŠüŠćđ×ćđĀúŠćîĆĚîÝąđðŨîÙîðøąđõìĕĀîǰßćêĉĂąĕøǰÿÖčúĂąĕøÖĘêćöǰúÜĕéšìĞćÙüćößĆęüđ×šćĒúšüǰÖĘêšĂÜđðŨîÙîßĆęüÙîđúüéšü÷ÖĆîìĆĚÜîĆĚîǰóøąìĞćßĆęüÖĘđðŨîóøąßĆęüǰ ÙùĀĆÿëŤìĞćïćðÖĘđðŨîÙùĀĆÿëŤïćðǰ ĕöŠöĊÖćø

Ăćüčíéšü÷ÿćøđÙöĊđðŨîóĉþđóČęĂóĉßĉêýĆêøĎÙĎŠĂćÛćêĔĀšüĉîćýÞĉïĀć÷ǰ đĀúŠćîĊĚúšüîĒêŠđðŨîǰĶìčüĉßćēîķǰ ĒúąđðŨîǰĶìčðǰðŦâēâķǰ ÙČĂñĎšøĎšßĆęüðŦââćìøćöéšü÷ÖĆîìĆĚÜîĆĚîǰ ĂćßâćÖøðøąđõìêŠćÜėǰ ĔßšĂćüčíúšćÜñúćâßĊüĉê×ĂÜÙîĂČęîĒúąÿĆêüŤĂČęîǰëšćøüöÖĆîìĆęüēúÖüĆîĀîċęÜėǰÖĘđðŨîđøČĂîĀöČęîđøČĂîĒÿîìĊđéĊ÷üǰ ßĊüĉê×ĂÜÿøøóÿĆêüŤìĆĚÜĀúć÷ëĎÖúšćÜñúćâǰ đóøćąÙüćöøĎšßĆęüðŦââćìøćö×ĂÜÙîĔÝêĞęćĒìšėǰ ÙîøĎšßĆęüǰðŦââćìøćöǰĂĊÖðøąđõìĀîċęÜǰàċęÜÿøšćÜðŦâĀćìćÜĂćßâćÖøøö×ċĚîĔîÿĆÜÙööîčþ÷ŤìĆęüēúÖĂ÷ŠćÜîŠćĀüćéÖúĆüìĊęÿčéǰîĆęîÖĘÙČĂÙîøĎšßĆęüðŦââćìøćöĔîÖćøñúĉêđăēøĂĊî×ċĚîöćǰĂĆîđðŨî÷ćđÿóêĉéĔĀšēìþðøąđõììĊęðúĉéßĊüĉêöîčþ÷ŤĂ÷ŠćÜđúČĂéđ÷ĘîđðŨîðŦâĀćøąéĆïēúÖǰ øĆåïćú×ĂÜĒêŠúąðøąđìýđÖČĂïìĆęüēúÖēé÷đÞóćąðøąđìýìĊęóĆçîćĔîéšćîüĆêëčđÝøĉâëċÜ×ĊéÿčéĒúąðøąđìýìĊęÖĞćúĆÜóĆçîćðøąÿïÖĆïðŦâĀćđøČęĂÜ÷ćđÿóêĉéðøąđõìđăēøĂĊîÖĆîĂ÷ŠćÜĀîĆÖǰ êšĂÜìčŠöđìÜïðøąöćèĔîÖćøðøćïðøćöĒêŠúąðŘöĉĔßŠîšĂ÷ǰĒêŠÖĘĕöŠÙŠĂ÷Ýąĕéšñúǰ đóøćąÙîìĞćÙîñúĉêöĆîøĎšÝĆÖìŠćĀîĊìĊĕúŠǰđú÷ðøćïöĆîúĞćïćÖǰ óüÖøĎšßĆęüðŦââćìøćöđĀúŠćîĊĚǰ öĆîöĊ×Ăï×Šć÷óüÖóšĂÜ×ĂÜöĆîêĉéêŠĂÖĆîĒïïđðŨîøąïïìĆęüēúÖǰöĊđÙøČęĂÜĕöšđÙøČęĂÜöČĂĂčðÖøèŤÖćøÿČęĂÿćøĂĆîìĆîÿöĆ÷ǰ ÖćøìĞćÖćøñúĉêÖćøêĉéêŠĂÖĆïúĎÖÙšćǰ ÖćøÝĞćĀîŠć÷×ć÷ÿŠÜ�×ć÷ðúĊÖǰĔßšđÙøČęĂÜöČĂÿČęĂÿćøìĊęìĆîÿöĆ÷ìĆĚÜîĆĚîǰöĊÖĆîéćþéČęîēé÷đÞóćąĔîüÜÖćø×ĂÜóüÖđýøþåĊĔÝìøćöĒúąóüÖöĊĂĞćîćÝĔÝêĞęćǰ đ×ćëČĂÖĆîüŠćöĊđÜĉîöĊĂĞćîćÝđÿĊ÷Ă÷ŠćÜÝąĕðÖúĆüĂąĕøǰĔÙøöĆîÝąÖúšćöćĒĀ÷öǰ óüÖøĎšßĆęüðŦââćìøćöǰ öĊđÜĉîöĊĂĞćîćÝÖĘĔßšđÜĉîĔßšĂĞćîćÝĕðĔîìćÜđïĊ÷éđïĊ÷îÙîĂČęîĔĀšĕéšøĆïÙüćöìčÖ×ŤÙüćöđéČĂéøšĂîîćîćðøąÖćøǰ ĕöŠÿÜÿćøÙî÷ćÖÙîÝîǰ Ēëö÷ĆÜéĎëĎÖđĀ÷Ċ÷éĀ÷ćöüŠćĂ÷ćÖđÖĉéöćđðŨîÙîÝîìĞćĕöǰĕöŠÿîĔÝĔÙøÝą÷ćÖÝąÝîǰĕöŠìĞćïčâĕöŠìĞćìćîǰĕöŠđÝČĂÝćîĒÖŠĔÙøǰÖĎöĊđÜĉîÖĎöĊĂĞćîćÝǰÖĎĕöŠĔĀšĔÙøǰĔÙøÝąìĞćĂąĕøÖĎǰĔÙøÝąđÖúĊ÷éĔÙøÝąßĆÜǰßŠćÜĀĆüöĆîǰÖĎĕöŠìčÖ×ŤøšĂîǰÖĎöĊđÜĉîǰ đÜĉîđìŠćîĆĚîìĊęöĆîìĞćĔĀšÖĎÿïć÷ĕðêúĂéßćêĉǰ ÙîöĊĂĞćîćÝǰÙîöĊđÜĉîǰđÖĉéĔîêøąÖĎúñĎšéĊöĊÿÖčúǰöĆÖÝąéĎĀöĉęîÙîĂČęîéšü÷ĂćÖćøĂ÷ŠćÜîĊĚǰéĆÜóčìíćîčÿćÿîĊüŠć


÷ÖđüšîĒÖŠĔÙøìĆĚÜîĆĚîǰđóøćąÞąîĆĚîǰÙîđøćÝċÜĕöŠÙüøÝąéĎëĎÖđĀ÷Ċ÷éĀ÷ćöÖĆîǰÙüøøĆÖÖĆîßŠü÷đĀúČĂÖĆîîĆęîĒĀúąéĊǰ ĕéšóĎéëċÜđøČęĂÜǰĶñĎšøĎšßĆęüǰðŦââćìøćöķǰöćóĂÿöÙüøĒúšüǰ ÷ĆÜöĊÙîðøąđõìîĊĚĂĊÖöćÖǰ ×ĂòćÖĔĀšìŠćîìĆĚÜĀúć÷ïøø÷ć÷đĂćđĂÜÖĘĒúšüÖĆîǰðøąđéĘîêŠĂĕðÖĘ×ĂÖúŠćüëċÜǰĶñĎšøĎšéĊǰöĊðŦââćßĂïķǰđóČęĂðøąÖĂïÖćøýċÖþćĀćÙüćöøĎšÖĆîêŠĂĕðǰñĎšøĎšéĊđðŨîñĎšđÝøĉâǰÙĞćüŠćǰĶñĎšøĎšéĊǰöĊðŦââćßĂïķǰîĆĚîǰĕéšĒÖŠñĎšìĊęöĊÙüćöøĎšđßĊę÷üßćâĒêÖÞćîĔîÿć×ćüĉßćÖćøêŠćÜėǰĀøČĂĔîÙĞćÿĂîêŠćÜėǰĒêŠüŠćđðŨîÙüćöøĎšéĊǰđðŨîðŦââćßĂïǰđðŨîÿčÝøĉêǰĀøČĂÿĆööĆððŦââćǰÝąđðŨîÙüćöøĎšðøąđõìĕĀîǰÿć×ćĕĀîǰýćÿêøŤĂąĕøÖĘêćöǰøüöÙüćöĒúšüêšĂÜđðŨîÙüćöøĎšéĊǰîĞćöćĔßšĔĀšđÖĉéðøąē÷ßîŤĒÖŠêîđĂÜĒúąÿĆÜÙöÿŠüîøüöĕéšǰđðŨîĕðĔîìćÜÿøšćÜÿøøÙŤĔîìćÜÿĆîêĉǰ êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜđßŠîǰ ÙüćöøĎšĔîéšćîÖćøýċÖþćǰĔîÖćøðÖÙøĂÜǰøĆåýćÿêøŤǰÿĆÜÙöǰđýøþåÖĉÝǰìĀćøǰ ÖćøđöČĂÜǰ đøČęĂÜìćÜĒóì÷Ťǰ ó÷ćïćúǰ ÖćøĂîćöĆ÷ǰđĀúŠćîĊĚđðŨîêšîǰ ÙîìĊęöĊÙüćöøĎšÙüćöđ×šćĔÝĔîđøČęĂÜđĀúŠćîĊĚĕéšéĊǰ öĊÙüćöđßĊę÷üßćâĒêÖÞćîǰ îĞćĕðĔßšÖćøĔßšÜćîĕéšÝøĉÜėǰđøĊ÷ÖüŠćǰĶñĎšøĎšéĊǰöĊðŦââćßĂïķ ǰ ïčÙÙúñĎšöĊÙüćöøĎšéĊǰ÷ŠĂöđðŨîñĎšđÝøĉâĔîìĊęìčÖÿëćîĒúąĔîÖćúìčÖđöČęĂǰ êîđĂÜÖĘđÝøĉâÙČĂđÝøĉâéšü÷úćõǰ ÷ýǰÿøøđÿøĉâǰ ÿč×ǰ ìčÖðøąÖćøǰ Ēúšü÷ĆÜÿøšćÜÙüćöđÝøĉâĔĀšĒÖŠÙîĂČęîǰĒÖŠÿĆÜÙöǰĒÖŠðøąđìýßćêĉǰĒúąĒÖŠÿĆÜÙöēúÖĂĊÖéšü÷ǰñĎšøĎšéĊöĊðŦââćßĂïđÖĉé×ċĚîĔî÷čÙĕĀîÿöĆ÷ĕĀîǰ÷čÙîĆĚîÿöĆ÷îĆĚîǰ

ÖĘöĊĒêŠÙüćöÿč×ÙüćöđÝøĉâǰ ðøćýÝćÖĂčïĆêĉđĀêčđõìõĆ÷ĂĆîêøć÷ìĆĚÜĀúć÷ìĆĚÜðüÜǰ ÙîĔîÿĆÜÙöÖĘöĊĒêŠÙüćöøĆÖĔÙøŠÿćöĆÙÙĊÖĆîǰÿøšćÜÿøøÙŤÿĉęÜìĊęđðŨîðøąē÷ßîŤĒÖŠÿĆÜÙöĒĀŠÜÖćøĂ÷ĎŠøŠüöÖĆîĂ÷ŠćÜ÷ĉęÜĔĀâŠĕóýćúǰ éĆÜîĆĚîǰ ñĎšøĎšéĊöĊðŦââćßĂïǰÝċÜđðŨîïčÙÙúìĊęÿĆÜÙöđøĊ÷ÖøšĂÜêšĂÜÖćøêúĂéđüúćǰ ĔîìćÜóøąóčìíýćÿîćǰóøąóčìíđÝšćêøĆÿüŠć ðťďâüćǰóčìďíĉÿöďðîďēîǰǰüĉíćîüĉíĉēÖüĉēìǰ ǰ ÖćúťďťĎǰÿö÷ťďťĎǰÝǰǰǰǰǰǰÿǰøćßüÿêċǰüđÿ�ǰ ñĎšöĊðŦââćǰëċÜóøšĂöéšü÷ÙüćöøĎšǰÞúćéĔîüĉíĊéĞćđîĉîÜćîǰøĎšÖćúøĎšÿöĆ÷ǰđ×ć÷ŠĂöĂ÷ĎŠĔîøćßÖćøĕéšǰ êćöîĆ÷ĒĀŠÜóčìíõćþĉêîĊĚǰßĊĚĔĀšđĀĘîĂ÷ŠćÜđéŠîßĆéüŠćǰÙîöĊðŦââćǰǰëċÜóøšĂöéšü÷ÙüćöøĎšéĊǰöĊðäĉõćèéĞćđîĉîÜćîéšü÷ÙüćöøĂïÙĂïǰøĎšüŠćđüúćĕĀîÙüøÝąìĞćĂąĕøǰøĎšÿöĆ÷ÙüøøĊïÖĘøĊïǰÖĘéŠüîÖĘéŠüîǰÙüøßšćÖĘßšćǰĔßšðŦââćđðŨîđÙøČęĂÜîĞćìćÜǰÝĆéÖćøÝĆéÜćîêŠćÜėǰĔĀšéĞćđîĉîĕðéšü÷ÙüćöđøĊ÷ïøšĂ÷ǰđðŨîðøąē÷ßîŤĒÖŠêîđĂÜĒúąÙîĂČęîǰêúĂéëċÜÿĆÜÙöĒĀŠÜÖćøĂ÷ĎŠøŠüöÖĆîǰ ÿøšćÜÿøøÙŤĒêŠÿĉęÜìĊęđĂČĚĂĂĞćîü÷ßŠü÷ĔĀšßćüēúÖöĊÙüćöøŠöđ÷ĘîđðŨîÿč×ǰ ĒúąÿĆîêĉõćóĂĆîëćüøǰ îĊĚĒúÙČĂĂčìćĀøèŤĒĀŠÜÙĞćüŠćǰ ĶñĎšøĎšéĊǰ đðŨîñĎšđÝøĉâķǰ ǰ đĂüĆÜÖĘöĊéšü÷ðøąÖćøÞąîĊĚ

w¢¢�³��§�Ø§��§�§µ��¾§��¢�©�´ Øy�¢��ª��¥��©�²�¥��§��®Ø²�×²w¸|²v×�¦�µ��¤��ª��ª��


¿«¨°½¤¾§Î��¿¦·��°¿¦¢×´¾¡Ï¤¯�¡Â��Â��¨Â�àâ ČùèÚāéÚąĔÖ� äòąÖĎ×� ďãśêòÿùéÓòāöďãśíé� ïāíÙĄöăä� ×ăäùćÑùĀèäŞÖāèêŒĎúðŚ� öĀèùÖÐòāèäŞ� ùāèùĀðíĀèçŞÙĆēèÙĄöĀè� ÑöĀÜÙĄöĄ� êŒčÙÓÙĀñ� úôöÖäāÙĄ� ðĄċðääā� ĎéúèśāñăĔðæŚāèċüăéüăēð� ëĈÐČÑèÑöĀÜ� öĀèùãĎùċÑśāČåöñāö� òüÓăö� Ùāöċæ÷�ďæñêòÿæĀéĎ×� ďãśòĀéíò� èüèìŠèãĄ� ďãśêőãæüÖ� ëŚüÖëăö� úôöÖíŚüãĘāùòÖèĔĘāíòÿ� ċôă÷ôĔĘā� èĘāùćÑĄùĀÖÕæāè� èśüðåöāñ� íòśüðèśüÖíĄēÙŚāÖðāÐðĄ� úôāÐúôāñ� ďãśÙĆēèÙð� ÖāèüüÐòśāè�üāúāò� ČôÿùăēÖÑüÖďãśôăĔðôüÖ� ċðèĈďæñ� Ď×ùćÑùðéòòñāÐā÷� ċðĆüÖùñāð� èŚāüïăòðñŞċðĆüÖüćãð� ČëŚèãăèæüÖ� ëŚüÖüĘāďí� ñăĔðùćÑùĀèäŞ� úòòøā� úèśāäāëŚüÖîŠÖċùĄñÖòśüÖ� ċùĄñÖãèäòĄ� öĀèêŒĎúðŚÙðČùãÖ� îŖüèòĘā� ċôĆüãċèĆĔüďæñ×ăäöăÜÜāâ� üüÐ×āÐĎ×� ďæñòöðÐĀè� öĀèÓòüéÓòĀö� üéüćŚè� éćÜòöðÜāäăêòÿÙāÙāäă� ùāðĀÓÓĄ� æĄēċìŖāìŠè×ÖïĈðăĎ×� ċÙĆĔüÙāäăċòā� ċëŚāíÖøŞíĀèçćŞĎúśòĀÐÐĀè� êòüÖãüÖďöś� ÓĆüďæñČæś� � ðĆü×ĀéðĆü� êòÿùāèďöś�� Ď×òöðĎ×� ċüĆĔüċîŔŤüċëĆēüČëŚ�� òĀÐċüŝñòĀÐ� ČëŚèãăèČðŚ� � ċæĄēñÖČæśČèŚ×òăÖďðŚæăĔÖÐĀè�þ

øĆæăñþ�á�ûĀöñïöñăåñÕæññï��éñþìÿçæŝ


�§´¦Ì¸Ó�²º�¯¿´·Ä§·¿¦¨°½Ë« Â·��°¿¦¢×¨ÂÎ¸®ÓÏ¤¯�¨°½�Ø¿¨Â�ÝààâHAPPY T HAI NEW YEAR FEST IVAL, WAT T HAI D.C., APRIL 13, 2014


«°½´ÁË¤µ¥°°®°¾�¶Â�¸²´�¢¿�Â��¦Ø¿� ½·��×Ì²½«Å¤¥µ¿·¦Á��¦¤Ø¿§Å�´¾¦·��°¿¦¢×Í¡¯®Â¦¿¯´Á�¿´¾�¦×�ºÁµ°¾�¡Â�Ëº�º¾�°°¿�¤Æ¢Ï¤¯� ��°Å�´º�Á�¢¾¦�Ë Ò̈¦¨°½¥¿¦Î¦«Á¥Â�ÜÞ�Ë®�¯�


ĶîćîćÝĉêêĆÜķǰĒöšÝąđðŨîđøČęĂÜíøøöéćǰĀøČĂĀâšćðćÖÙĂÖǰĒêŠÙĉéĕöŠĂĂÖüŠćĕéšĒÖŠĂąĕøÖĆîĒîŠǰ đóČęĂĒÖš×šĂ×šĂÜĔÝ×ĂÜÙøĎÿĊĔîđøČęĂÜîĊĚǰĀúüÜêćÖĘÝąßĊĚĔĀšđĀĘîĔîðøąđéĘîêŠćÜėǰéĆÜêŠĂĕðîĊĚǰ ÙĞćüŠćǰĶîćîćÝĉêêĆÜķǰîĆĚîǰöĆîđðŨîÿĞćîüîÙĞćóĎéìĊęĔßšóĎéÖĆîöćîćîĒúšüĔîĀöĎŠÿĆÜÙöÙîĕì÷ǰĕéš÷ĉîĕéšôŦÜÖĆîöćÝîßĉîĀĎǰ đßŠîǰ đöČęĂĔÙøÙîĔéÙîĀîċęÜìĞćĂąĕøñĉéĕðÝćÖöîčþ÷ŤíøøöéćìĊęđ×ćìĞćÖĆîǰ ÖĘöĆÖÝąóĎéÖĆîüŠćöĆîđðŨîđøČęĂÜ×ĂÜǰĶîćîćÝĉêêĆÜķǰ êŠćÜÝĉêêŠćÜĔÝǰ ĔÙøÝąìĞćĂąĕøĂ÷ŠćÜĕøÖĘĕéšǰÝąĕðĀšćöÖĆîĕéšĂ÷ŠćÜĕøǰ îĊęÙČĂÙüćöøĎšÿċÖ×ĂÜÖúčŠößîìĊęëĎÖĂĉìíĉóúîćîćÝĉêêĆÜÙøĂïÜĞćÝĉêǰÖĘöĆÖÝąÙĉéÖĆîĕðĔîìĞćîĂÜĂ÷ŠćÜîĊĚǰÙúšć÷ėǰÖĆïüŠćǰÙîðøąđõìîĊĚĔÙøėǰÝąìĞćĂąĕøÖĘĕéšêćöÙüćöøĎšÿċÖîċÖÙĉé×ĂÜêîǰĔÙøÝąĕðĀšćöÙüćöøĎšÿċÖîċÖÙĉéêŠćÜėǰ ĕéšǰ ĕöŠöĊĂąĕøìĊęÝąìĞćĔĀšÙîđøćöĊÙüćöøĎšÿċÖîċÖÙĉéđĀöČĂîÖĆîĕéšǰêŠćÜÝĉêêŠćÜĔÝǰĔÙøÝąìĞćǰÝąóĎéǰÝąÙĉéĂąĕøÖĘĕéšǰêćöĂĞćîćÝĂĉìíĉóú×ĂÜÝĉêĔÝǰ óüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜǰ ÖĘÝąöĆÖÝąìĞćĂąĕøĕðêćöĂĞćîćÝÝĉêǰĕöŠÙĉéëċÜđĀêčñúǰĒúą×šĂđìĘÝÝøĉÜǰđßŠîǰïćÜóüÖÖĘÙĉéÖĆîüŠćǰÿĉęÜĔéÖĘêćöìĊęđÖĉé×ċĚîñĉéðÖêĉíøøöéćǰÖĘöĆÖÝąđßČęĂÖĆîüŠćđðŨîÿĉęÜĕöŠéĊǰ đðŨîĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøǰ đßŠîǰ ĕÖŠ×Ćîñĉéđüúćǰ ĀöćĂĂÖúĎÖïîđêćĕôǰĂąĕøìĞćîĂÜîĊĚǰóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜÖĘđßČęĂÖĆîüŠćǰ öĆîđðŨîđøČęĂÜĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøǰ đÖĉé×ċĚîìĊęĕĀîÖĘïøøúĆ÷ìĊęîĆęîǰ

Ë·Â¯�¥°°®��¿�¸²´�¢¿�Â

�¥»¬·��§©��´¬¯� นานาจิตตัง

ÙøĎÿĊ��ǰ üĆîĀîċęÜǰ ÙøĎÿĊĕéšĕðüĆéđóČęĂÿîìîćđøĊ÷îëćöðŦâĀć×šĂ×šĂÜĔÝÖĆïĀúüÜêćǰ êćöìĊęđÙ÷

ðäĉïĆêĉöćđðŨîðøąÝĞćǰĀúĆÜÝćÖÖøćïóøąðøąíćîǰîöĆÿÖćøĀúüÜêćđøĊ÷ïøšĂ÷Ēúšüǰ ÙøĎÿĊÖĘđøĉęöïìÿîìîćđøĊ÷îëćöðŦâĀć×šĂ×šĂÜĔÝÖĆïĀúüÜêćêŠĂĕðüŠćǰ ĀúüÜêćÙøĆïǰ üĆîîĊĚñö×ĂđøĊ÷îëćöðŦâĀćíøøöéćėǰ ĒïïìĊęđ×ćđøĊ÷ÖÖĆîüŠćǰĶĀâšćðćÖÙĂÖķǰ ĒêŠüŠćöĆîÖĘÙĉéĕöŠĂĂÖÿĞćĀøĆïñöñĎšĂŠĂîðŦââćǰÖĘđú÷êšĂÜöćøïÖüîĀúüÜêćĂĊÖêćöđÙ÷ǰǰðŦâĀćìĊęñöÝąđøĊ÷îëćöîĊĚÖĘÙČĂđøČęĂÜǰĶîćîćÝĉêêĆÜķǰñöĕéš÷ĉîĕéšôŦÜöćöćÖǰǰĔîüÜÖćøÿîìîćđÖČĂïìčÖüÜÖćøóĎéÖĆîĕðóĎéÖĆîöćǰëšćêÖúÜĂąĕøÖĆîĕöŠĕéšǰđóøćąÙüćöđĀĘîĒêÖêŠćÜÖĆîǰêŠćÜÙîêŠćÜÖĘöĊđĀêčñú×ĂÜĔÙø×ĂÜöĆîǰ ÙüćöđĀĘîĕöŠÿĂéÙúšĂÜÖĆîǰÖĘöĆÖÝąóĎéÖĆîüŠćöĆîǰĶîćîćÝĉêêĆÜķǰôŦÜĒúšüñöĕöŠđ×šćĔÝǰĀúüÜêćēðøéĒëúÜĕ×ĔĀšÙüćöÖøąÝŠćÜĒÖŠñöĀîŠĂ÷ĕéšĕĀöÙøĆïǰĀúüÜêćǰ ĀúüÜêć��ǰǰĒðúÖóĉúċÖ�ǰîċÖĕöŠëċÜüŠćÙøĎÿĊÝąöĊÙüćöÿÜÿĆ÷ĔîđøČęĂÜǰ ĶĀâšćðćÖÙĂÖķǰ đßŠîîĊĚǰ ĒêŠüŠć��öĆîÖĘđðŨîđøČęĂÜíøøöéćîŠąÙøĎÿĊǰ ïćÜìĊ×ĂÜìĊęöĆîĂ÷ĎŠĔÖúšêĆüđøćìĊęÿčéîĊęĒĀúąǰĒêŠđøćÖĘöĂÜĕöŠđĀĘîǰđßŠîǰ×îÙĉĚü×ĂÜĒêŠúąÙîǰöĆîÖĘĂ÷ĎŠ×šćÜïîđĀîČĂêć×ĂÜđøćĒìšėǰ ĒêŠĒúšüöĊĔÙøöĂÜđĀĘî×îÙĉĚü×ĂÜêîÖĆîïšćÜǰ ĕöŠöĊ��ǰ îĊęÖĘìĞćîĂÜđéĊ÷üÖĆîÖĆïđøČęĂÜǰ


ĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøǰ öĆîđÖĉé×ċĚîÝćÖĂąĕøǰ ĕöŠĔßŠđÖĉéÝćÖÿĉęÜìĊęñĉéðÖêĉíøøöéćǰéĆÜìĊęóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜđ×ćđßČęĂÖĆîîĆĚîéĂÖĀøČĂǰĀøČĂüŠćöĆîđÖĉé×ċĚîÝćÖÿćđĀêčĂ÷ŠćÜĂČęî ĀúüÜêć��ǰÙøĎÿĊđĂţ÷ǰ�ǰĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøÝøĉÜėîĆĚîǰöĆîĕöŠĕéšđÖĉéÝćÖÿĉęÜñĉéðÖêĉíøøöéćđĀúŠćîĆĚîĀøĂÖǰĒêŠöĆîđÖĉéÝćÖÖćøìĞćßĆęüǰÙîóĎéßĆęüǰÖćøÙĉéßĆęüǰ×ĂÜÙîđøćêŠćÜĀćÖđúŠćǰÖć÷ìčÝøĉêǰ ðøąóùêĉßĆęüéšü÷Öć÷ǰ đßŠîǰ ÛŠćÿĆêüŤǰ úĆÖìøĆó÷ŤǰðøąóùêĉñĉéĔîÖćöǰ üÝĊìčÝøĉêǰ ðøąóùêĉßĆęüéšü÷üćÝćǰ đßŠîǰóĎéđìĘÝǰóĎéÿŠĂđÿĊ÷é÷č÷ÜǰóĎéĀ÷ćïÙć÷ǰóĎéđĀúüĕĀúĕøšÿćøąǰöēîìčÝøĉêǰðøąóùêĉßĆęüéšü÷ĔÝđßŠîǰÙĉéēúõĂ÷ćÖĕéš×ĂÜÙîĂČęîöćđðŨî×ĂÜêîǰÙĉéó÷ćïćìðĂÜøšć÷ìĞćúć÷ÙîĂČęîǰÙĉéñĉéìĞćîĂÜÙúĂÜíøøöǰÙüćößĆęüìĆĚÜĀúć÷đĀúŠćîĊĚĒĀúąǰÙČĂêĆüĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøìĊęĒìšÝøĉÜǰĔÙøÖĘêćöëšć×ČîðøąóùêĉßĆęüéšü÷Öć÷ǰüćÝćǰĔÝǰïŠĂ÷ėǰÖĘöĊĀüĆÜĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøöĆîìĞćĔĀšüĉïĆêĉÞĉïĀć÷ĒîŠėǰ ĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøǰ öĆîđÖĉéÝćÖÙîðøąóùêĉĕöŠéĊǰ ĒúšüĕðēìþñĊÿćÜÙćÜúć÷ǰ ÿĆÜÙöøąÿĞęćøąÿć÷üčŠîüć÷ÖîĕðìčÖĀ÷ŠĂöĀâšćǰ ÿćđĀêčÖĘöćÝćÖÙîĕöŠéĊĔîÿĆÜÙöđðŨîñĎšÖŠĂ×ċĚîǰĕöŠĔßŠđÖĉéÝćÖÿĉęÜñĉéðÖêĉíøøöéćǰĀøČĂõĎêñĊðŘýćÝĂąĕøÖĆîđú÷ǰéĆÜîĆĚîǰêĆüĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøìĊęĒìšÝøĉÜǰÝċÜđÖĉéÝćÖÖćøìĞćßĆęüǰÖćøóĎéßĆęüǰĒúąÖćøÙĉéßĆęü×ĂÜÙîđøćǰÖćøìĞćǰÖćøóĎéǰÖćø

đÖĉé×ċĚîÖĆïïčÙÙúĔéǰÖĘîĞćõĆ÷óĉïĆêĉöćĔĀšĒÖŠïčÙÙúîĆĚîǰÝąêšĂÜĒÖšĕ×ÖĆîéšü÷üĉíĊ×ĂÜóøćĀöèŤĒúąĕÿ÷ýćÿêøŤǰĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøÝċÜÝąĀć÷ĕðĕéšǰ êćöÙüćöđðŨîÝøĉÜĒúšüǰÿĉęÜìĊęđÖĉé×ċĚîñĉéðÖêĉíøøöéćîĆĚîǰöĆîÖĘöĊÖĆîĂ÷ĎŠìĆęüĕðǰ ĕöŠđĀĘîöĆîÝąđðŨîĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøÖĆîìĊęêøÜĕĀîǰĕÖŠ×ĆîñĉéđüúćǰĀöćĂĂÖúĎÖïîđêćĕôǰđðŨîđøČęĂÜíøøöéćǰòĎÜĂĊÖćïĉîöćÝĆïĀúĆÜÙćìĞćđîĊ÷ïøĆåïćúĂąĕøđĀúŠćîĊĚǰöĆîđðŨîðøćÖäÖćøèŤíøøöéćîćîėǰöĊÙøĆĚÜǰĕöŠÙĉéÖĆîïšćÜĀøČĂüŠćǰ ïćÜìĊïćÜÙøĆĚÜÙîđøćÖĘÙúĂéúĎÖêćöëîîĀîìćÜǰêćöøëêćöđøČĂǰ ĀøČĂĕöŠÖĘÙúĂéêćöđúšćĀöĎđúšćĕÖŠǰ ĔîÿöĆ÷ēïøćèǰ ÖĘöĊÖĆîĂ÷ĎŠđÿöĂǰ ÖĘĕöŠđĀĘîöĆîÝąđðŨîĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøĂąĕøÖĆîǰ öĆîđÖĉé×ċĚîêćöđĀêčêćöðŦÝÝĆ÷×ĂÜöĆîǰ ĒöšĒêŠóøąóčìíđÝšć×ĂÜđøćǰóøąĂÜÙŤÖĘ÷ĆÜðøąÿĎêĉǰèǰðśćúčöóĉîĊǰĒêŠĒúšüóøąĂÜÙŤÖúĆïđðŨîñĎšðøąđÿøĉåÿčéǰ÷ĉęÜÖüŠćöîčþ÷ŤìĊęđÖĉéïîðøćÿćìøćßöèđæĊ÷øǰ îĊęĒĀúąÙøĎÿĊǰǰóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜđ×ćđßČęĂÖĆîĂ÷ŠćÜîĊĚǰëšćÝąöĊĔÙøïĂÖđ×ćüŠćǰÙüćöđßČęĂđßŠîîĆĚîöĆîĕöŠëĎÖêšĂÜǰöĆîĕöŠéĊǰĂ÷ŠćĕðđßČęĂđßŠîîĆĚîǰđ×ćÖĘïĂÖüŠćǰöĆîîćîćÝĉêêĆÜǰÞĆîÝąđßČęĂ×ĂÜÞĆîĂ÷ŠćÜîĊĚǰ ĔÙøÝąĀšćöÞĆîĕéšǰ öĆîêŠćÜÝĉêêŠćÜĔÝǰ ÙøĎÿĊđ×šćĔÝĕĀöúą�� ÙøĎÿĊ��ǰ ñöđ×šćĔÝÙøĆïǰ ĀúüÜêć�ǰ ĒúšüĀúüÜêćüŠć

�Ø§�±��©��§��¾§��§�±��±�¬¹¢±�ß��|y��Ç�±�� ĤĐįĵĘĎĐĩûĊħ�:BSE�4BMF�čĞĩęėĩāĐħĳûĚĮĻĤþĢįþČŤĘ�


ÙĉéǰĂĆîđðŨîĕðĔîìćÜìčÝøĉêñĉéýĊúñĉéíøøöǰîĊęÙČĂđĀêčđÖĉé×ĂÜêĆüĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøìĊęĒìšÝøĉÜǰ ĒêŠëċÜÖøąîĆĚîÖĘêćöǰóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜÖĘĕöŠôŦÜđÿĊ÷Üǰ ÷ĆÜđëĊ÷ÜĂ÷ĎŠøĞęćĕðüŠćǰ öĆîđðŨîđøČęĂÜ×ĂÜîćîćÝĉêêĆÜǰ êŠćÜÙîêŠćÜđßČęĂǰ óüÖđøć÷ĆÜđßČęĂÖĆîüŠćĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøđÖĉéÝćÖÿĉęÜñĉéðÖêĉíøøöéćǰĶĀúĆÜÙćĔßŠìĊęĀöćĀüĆÜǰĔÝéúĀöć×ĆÜĕð×ċĚîĒúĕêŠĕðöćķǰ×ĂÜñĉéíøøöéćđßŠîîĊĚǰÝąĕöŠĔĀšđßČęĂüŠćđðŨîĂčïćìüŤÝĆâĕøĕéšĂ÷ŠćÜĕøǰđĀĘîĕĀöúąùìíĉĝ×ĂÜóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜǰ öĆîéĆîìčøĆÜĒúąđĂć×šćÜđ×šćëĎĂ÷ŠćÜîĊĚĒĀúą��ǰĂîĉÝÝćǰ�ǰ óüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜĂĊÖóüÖĀîċęÜÖĘđßČęĂÖĆîüŠćǰóøąóčìíøĎðǰóøąïĎßćǰóøąđÙøČęĂÜîćîćßîĉéǰđúĘÖïšćÜǰĔĀâŠïšćÜǰ×îćéêŠćÜėǰ ìĊęÙîöĊĕüšĔîïšćîĔîđøČĂîǰ đóČęĂÖøćïĕĀüšÿĆÖÖćøïĎßćĔĀšđÖĉéÿĉøĉöÜÙúĒÖŠêîĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰëšćđÖĉéßĞćøčéǰĒêÖĀĆÖïčïÿúć÷ĂąĕøîĉéėǰĀîŠĂ÷ėǰÖĘóúĂ÷ĔĀšđÖĉéÙüćöÿÜÿĆ÷ĕðĔîìćÜđðŨîúćÜĕöŠéĊǰëšć×ČîđĂćĕüšĔîïšćîĔîđøČĂîêŠĂĕðǰÖĘÝąđÖĉéÙüćöđÿĊ÷Āć÷ǰĀøČĂđðŨîĂĆîêøć÷Ă÷ŠćÜĔéĂ÷ŠćÜĀîċęÜĒÖŠđÝšć×ĂÜïšćîǰÙîēïøćèëČĂÖĆîüŠćĔĀšîĞćĕðĕüšìĊęüĆéǰÝċÜÝĆÖóšîÙüćöüĉïĆêĉÞĉïĀć÷ǰĂĆîêøć÷ÝċÜÝĆÖĕöŠđÖĉé×ċĚîĒÖŠđÝšć×ĂÜïšćîǰêŠćÜÝĉêêŠćÜĔÝǰĔÙøÝąđßČęĂĂ÷ŠćÜĕøÖĘĕéšǰéšü÷đĀêčîĊĚǰóøąóčìíøĎðǰóøąïĎßćǰóøąđÙøČęĂÜǰìĊęĒêÖĀĆÖǰïčïÿúć÷ǰïĉęîøšćüǰêćöÿŠüîêŠćÜėǰ ×ĂÜĂÜÙŤóøąǰ ÝċÜĕððøąéĉþåćîĂ÷ĎŠêćöēïÿëŤǰêćöüĉĀćøǰêćöýćúćēøÜíøøöǰĔîüĆéêŠćÜėöćÖöć÷ǰ ÙüćöÝøĉÜǰ óøąóčìíøĎðîĆĚîǰ ÝąđðŨîóøąßîĉéĕĀîǰðøąđõìĕĀîǰìĞćéšü÷ĂąĕøǰđúĘÖĔĀâŠǰ×îćéĕĀîÖĘêćöǰÝąĒêÖÝąĀĆÖĂąĕøïšćÜîĉéėǰĀîŠĂ÷ėǰÖĘĕöŠđðŨîóĉþđðŨîõĆ÷ǰĕöŠđðŨîúćÜøšć÷ĂąĕøĒÖŠĔÙøĀøĂÖǰîĂÖÝćÖÝąđðŨîÿĉøĉöÜÙúÿŠÜñúĔĀšđÖĉéÙüćöÿč×ÙüćöđÝøĉâĒÖŠÙîÖøćïĕĀüšïĎßćëŠć÷đéĊ÷üđìŠćîĆĚîǰóøąóčìíøĎðđðŨîǰĶÿčÙēêķǰđÿéĘÝĕðìĊęĕĀîÖĘéĊǰĂ÷ĎŠÖĆïĔÙøÖĘđÝøĉâǰ óøąĕöŠđðŨîóĉþđðŨîõĆ÷ǰ ĕöŠđðŨîĂĆîêøć÷ĒÖŠĔÙøėǰìĆĚÜîĆĚîǰĒêŠóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜǰÖĘ÷ĆÜ÷ċéëČĂĔîÙüćöđĀĘî×ĂÜêîǰÙîđøćöĆîîćîćÝĉêêĆÜÙčèđĂţ÷��ǰÞĆî÷ĆÜđßČęĂ×ĂÜÞĆîđßŠîîĊĚ��ǰ đĀĘîĕĀöÙøĎÿĊǰ öîčþ÷ŤđøćîĊĚöĊÙüćöđĀĘîĒðúÖėǰ

ĒĀüÖĒîüǰĒúšüĒêŠÝĉêöĆîÝąßĆÖîĞćĕðǰÙøĎÿĊđ×šćĔÝĀøČĂ÷ĆÜ�� ÙøĎÿĊ��ǰ ÷ĆÜöĊĂĊÖĕĀöÙøĆïǰ ĀúüÜêćǰ óüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜǰ÷ÖêĆüĂ÷ŠćÜöćĔĀšôŦÜĂĊÖïšćÜÖĘÝąéĊǰóüÖìĊęĀúüÜêćÖúŠćüöć×šćÜêšîîĆĚîǰ ñöđ×šćĔÝéĊĒúšüǰ öĆîđðŨîéĆÜìĊęĀúüÜêćÖúŠćüöćîĆĚîĕöŠöĊñĉé ĀúüÜêć��ǰ ÷ĆÜöĊĂĊÖÙøĎÿĊǰ êĆĚÜĔÝôŦÜĔĀšéĊǰ ÝąđúŠćêŠĂĕðǰóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜïćÜđĀúŠćǰ óćÖĆîđ×šćĔÝĒúąđßČęĂüŠćǰ ÖćøìĞćïčâïšćîĔîÜćîöÜÙúêŠćÜėǰ ëšćĀćÖüŠćđÝšćõćóÙîĔéîĉöîêŤóøąǰ ĥǰ øĎðĕðÿüéöîêŤĔîÜćîǰ ÖĘđðŨîÖćøĕöŠéĊñĉéðøąđóèĊēïøćèĒêŠÖćúÖŠĂîǰ đðŨîúćÜÿĆÜĀøèŤĂćÝÝąđÖĉéĂĆîêøć÷Ă÷ŠćÜĔéĂ÷ŠćÜĀîċęÜĒÖŠđÝšćõćóÖĘĕéšǰóüÖđ×ćđßČęĂÖĆîüŠćǰÙîēïøćèĀšćöîĆÖĀšćöĀîćüŠćǰĂ÷ŠćîĉöîêŤóøąǰĥǰøĎðđ×šćĕðĔîïšćîǰđðŨîÖćøĀćđÙøćąĀŤõĆ÷öćĔĀšÙøĂïÙøĆüǰÖúĆüÖĆîÝîđ×šćÖøąéĎÖéĞćìĊđéĊ÷üǰÙüćöđßČęĂĒïïîĊĚđðŨîÙüćöđßČęĂđÖŠćĒÖŠöĊöćĒêŠēïøćèǰ ñÿöñÿćîÖĆîÙüćöđßČęĂĔîýćÿîćóøćĀöèŤǰ ĕöŠĔßŠÙüćöđßČęĂêćöĒïï×ĂÜßćüóčìíñĎšîĆïëČĂóøąóčìíýćÿîć

ǰ ĀćÖÝąêĆĚÜðŦâĀćëćöüŠćǰìĞćĕöóøąǰĥǰøĎðǰđ×šćĕðĔîïšćîĀøČĂĕðÿüéöîêŤĔîÜćîìĞćïčâïšćîǰ ÝċÜĕöŠđðŨîöÜÙúǰđðŨîúćÜøšć÷ǰ ĒúąđðŨîÖćøĕöŠéĊǰ ÖĘĂćÝÝąĕéšøĆïÙĞćêĂïüŠćǰđóøćąóøąǰĥǰ øĎðđ×šćïšćîǰ ĀøČĂĕðÿüéöîêŤĔîÖćøìĞćïčâđĀöČĂîÖĆïóøąìŠćîĕðÿüéÜćîýóǰìĞćĔĀšÝĉêĔÝ×ĂÜđÝšćõćó


ĀøČĂđÝšć×ĂÜïšćîĕöŠÿïć÷ǰ ĂćÝÝąĒðŨîĂĆîêøć÷Ă÷ŠćÜĔéĂ÷ŠćÜĀîċęÜǰ ëċÜĒÖŠÙüćöêć÷ÖĘĕéšǰ đóøćąêćöðÖêĉíøøöéćÜćîöÜÙúìĆęüėǰ ĕðîĆĚîǰ ÙîöĆÖÝąîĉ÷öîĉöîêŤóøąÝĞćîüîÙĊęǰÙČĂǰĤǰøĎðǰĦǰøĎðǰĨǰøĎðǰĪǰøĎðǰđðŨîêšîǰÿŠüîÜćîĂüöÜÙúǰđßŠîǰÜćîýóǰÖĘîĉöîêŤóøąǰĥǰøĎðǰĕðÿüéýóǰÙĞćêĂïđßŠîîĊĚǰÖĘ÷ĆÜĕöŠöĊđĀêčñúóĂìĊęÝąĔĀšđßČęĂĕéšĂ÷ŠćÜÿîĉìĔÝǰđóøćąĔîìćÜíøøöüĉîĆ÷ǰ óøąóčìíđÝšćÖĘĕöŠĕéšìøÜïĆââĆêĉĕüšüŠćǰ ĔĀšîĉöîêŤóøąÝĞćîüîÙĊęĕðĔîÜćîöÜÙúǰĔĀšîĉöîêŤóøąǰĥǰøĎðǰĕðÿüéýóǰÝąîĉöîêŤóøąÝĞćîüîđìŠćĕøǰĕðĔîÜćîĂąĕøÖĘĕéšìĆĚÜîĆĚîǰĕöŠÖŠĂĔĀšđÖĉéÙüćöđÿĊ÷Āć÷ǰĒúąđðŨîúćÜøšć÷ĒêŠĂ÷ŠćÜĔéǰöĊĒêŠÖŠĂĔĀšđÖĉéÙüćöđðŨîÿĉøĉöÜÙúÿŠÜñúĔĀšöĊĒêŠÙüćöÿč×ÙüćöđÝøĉâēé÷ëŠć÷đéĊ÷üǰ óĂóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜĕéšôŦÜÙĞćĂíĉïć÷ðøąÖĂïǰ ĒìîìĊęÝąßĂïÖúĆïÿŠć÷ĀĆü÷ĆÜÖúĆüĕöŠÖúšćîĉöîêŤóøąǰĥǰøĎðǰđ×šćïšćîǰÙîēïøćèÿĆęÜ×ćéĂčïćìüŤÝąđ×šćđøČĂîǰôŦÜéĎđĀöČĂîÖĆïüŠćǰ óøąìŠćîđðŨîêĆüđÿîĊ÷éÝĆâĕøĂ÷ŠćÜîĆĚîĒĀúą��ǰĂîĉÝÝćǰ�ǰóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜĕöŠôŦÜđÿĊ÷ÜĔÙøïšćÜđú÷ǰÙøĎÿĊđÙ÷ĕéš÷ĉîĕéšôŦÜóüÖđĀúŠćîĊĚđ×ćóĎéÖĆîĕĀöúąüŠćǰóøąǰĥǰøĎðǰđ×šćïšćîĕöŠĕéš ÙøĎÿĊ��ǰđÙ÷ÙøĆïǰĀúüÜêć�ǰöĊëöĕðĔîüÜÖćø×ĂÜóüÖßćüïšćîìĆęüĕðǰêĆüñöđĂÜÖĘ÷ĆÜóúĂ÷ôŜćóúĂ÷òîĕðÖĆïđ×ćïšćÜǰđóøćąđ×ćĂšćÜđĀêčĂšćÜñúÝîôŦÜĒúšüêšĂÜÙúšĂ÷êćöǰĒêŠ

óĂĕéšöćôŦÜÙĞćĂíĉïć÷ÝćÖĀúüÜêćǰ éüÜðŦââćÖĘÞć÷ĒÿÜĂĂÖöćÖĞćÝĆéòŜćïĆÜêćĔĀšĂĆîêøíćîĕðǰ ÙüćööČéĀć÷ĕðǰÙüćöÿüŠćÜĕÿüÖĘđ×šćöćĒìîìĊęǰ êŠĂĕðîĊĚñöÙÜĕöŠĀúÜÙćøö×ĂÜóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜĂĊÖĒúšüÙøĆïǰ ĀúüÜêćǰ ĒêŠüŠć��ǰ ÷ĆÜöĊóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜìĊęöĊÙüćöđßČęĂòŦÜĒîŠîĂ÷ĎŠĔîÝĉêĔÝǰĕöŠ÷ĂöđßČęĂĔÙøÜŠć÷ėǰ ĂĊÖĕĀöÙøĆïǰ ĀúüÜêćǰ ×ĂÙüćöÖøčèćîĞćöćĂíĉïć÷ĔĀšñöĀć÷×šĂ×šĂÜĔÝĂĊÖéšü÷ǰ ĀúüÜêćǰ Ĕî÷čÙÖŠĂîìĊęóøąóčìíđÝšć×ĂÜđøćǰ ÝąĕéšêøĆÿøĎšđðŨîóøąóčìíđÝšćîĆĚîǰ öĊóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜÙúĆęÜĔîúĆìíĉÙüćöđßČęĂëČĂÖĆîöćÖöć÷Āúć÷ÝĞćóüÖǰđßŠîǰóüÖðøĉóóćßÖǰĂđÝúÖ ǰéćïÿǰßãĉúǰùćþĊǰ ßĊĕóøǰĒúąĂąĕøĂĊÖĀúć÷óüÖǰĒêŠúąóüÖĒêŠúąđĀúŠćǰ ÖĘđ×šćĔÝĒúąđßČęĂÖĆîĕðêŠćÜėǰ îćîćǰÿøčðúÜĔîúĆìíĉÙèćÝćø÷ŤìĆĚÜǰħǰÙČĂǰ ǰ Ģ�ǰðĎøèąǰÖĆÿÿðąǰ ǰ ģ�ǰöĆÖ×úĉǰēÙýćúǰ ǰ Ĥ�ǰĂßĉêąǰđÖÿÖĆöóúǰ ǰ ĥ�ǰðÖčíąǰÖĆÝÝć÷îąǰ ǰ Ħ�ǰÿâßĆ÷ǰđüúĆäåïčêøǰ ǰ ħ�ǰîĉÙøîëŤǰîćäïčêøǰ îĂÖÝćÖÙøĎìĆĚÜǰħǰîĊĚĒúšüǰÖĘ÷ĆÜöĊúĆìíĉÙüćöđßČęĂëČĂĂĊÖöćÖöć÷Āúć÷úĆìíĉǰ ĒêŠúąóüÖÖĘđßČęĂĔîúĆìíĉ×ĂÜêîüŠćëĎÖ

y�¥�§�©�ª¹�Ø¢|�×��©�ª�¾§±�¸�v��¥¢�©��²�×y��¦��§�²vØ��®��©��Ûw�¦��¦�µ��¤��ª��ª��±��


êšĂÜǰ ×ĂÜóüÖĂČęîǰ úĆìíĉĂČęîǰ đĀúüĕĀúǰ ĕöŠĕéšÙüćöǰ ĒúšüÖĘó÷ć÷ćöÿĂîÙîĂČęîĔĀšđßČęĂêćöúĆìíĉÙĞćÿĂî×ĂÜêî ðĎøèąǰÖĆÿÿðąǰñĎšîĉ÷öĔîúĆìíĉîćîćÝĉêêĆÜÙîĒøÖǰÖĘöĊÙüćöÙĉéĒðúÖėǰĒĀüÖĒîüǰđ×ćđßČęĂüŠćÖćøÖøąìĞćĂ÷ŠćÜĔéĂ÷ŠćÜĀîċęÜǰàċęÜÝĆéüŠćđðŨîÙüćößĆęüǰđðŨîïćðǰđßŠîǰÖćøÛŠćÿĆêüŤǰúĆÖìøĆó÷ŤǰðøąóùêĉñĉéĔîÖćöǰúüîúćöÙĎŠÙøĂÜ×ĂÜÙîĂČęîǰóĎéđìĘÝǰĀúĂÖúüÜǰđðŨîêšîǰÖćøìĞćÙüćößĆęüđĀúŠćîĊĚǰëšćĕöŠöĊÙîøĎšĕöŠöĊÙîđĀĘîǰĕöŠöĊÙîÝĆïĕéšǰ ĕöŠöĊĔÙøúÜēìþǰÙüćößĆęüìĊęđ×ćìĞćđßŠîîĆĚîđðŨîđĀêč÷ŠĂöĕöŠöĊĒÖŠđ×ćǰ đ×ćĕöŠĕéšøĆïñú×ĂÜÙüćößĆęüđóøćąÖćøìĞćđßŠîîĆĚîǰ ĔîÿŠüîìĊęđðŨîÙüćöéĊǰđðŨîïčâÖčýúǰđßŠîǰÖćøĔĀšìćîǰÖćøøĆÖþćýĊúǰÖćøôŦÜíøøöǰÖćøđÝøĉâđöêêćõćüîćǰ đðŨîêšîǰ ëšćĕöŠöĊÙîøĎšǰ ĕöŠöĊÙîßöǰĕöŠöĊÙîĔĀšïĞćđĀîĘÝøćÜüĆúǰ ÖĘĕöŠßČęĂüŠćđðŨîïčâđðŨîÖčýúǰ ñúïčâ÷ŠĂöĕöŠöĊĒÖŠđ×ćǰđ×ć÷ŠĂöĕöŠĕéšøĆïñúïčâîĆĚîǰóüÖîĊĚđðŨîóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜðøąđõììĊęđøĊ÷ÖüŠćǰ ĶĂÖĉøĉ÷ìĉäåĉķǰ ÙČĂðäĉđÿíñú×ĂÜÖćøÖøąìĞćǰìĞćĒúšüĕöŠđðŨîĂĆîìĞć

öĆÖ×úĉǰ ēÙýćúǰ ÖúŠćüÙĆéÙšćîđĀêčðŦÝÝĆ÷ĒĀŠÜÙüćöéĊĒúąÙüćößĆęüǰÙîđøćîĆĚîÝąĕéšøĆïñúéĊñúøšć÷ĂąĕøǰÖĘđðŨîĕðêćöÙøćüđÙøćąĀŤéĊĒúąđÙøćąĀŤøšć÷ǰĕöŠǰĕöŠöĊđĀêčĕöŠöĊðŦÝÝĆ÷Ăąĕøǰ ëċÜÙøćüđÙøćąĀŤéĊÖĘĕéšéĊđĂÜǰ ìĞćĂąĕøúÜĕðÖĘöĊĒêŠÙî÷Ö÷ŠĂÜßöđß÷ǰĒúąĔĀšÙüćößŠü÷đĀúČĂÿîĆïÿîčîǰúćõǰ÷ýǰÿøøđÿøĉâǰÿč×ǰÖĘđÝøĉâêćööćđĀöČĂîđìüéćïîÿüøøÙŤǰĒêŠ

óĂëċÜÙøćüđÙøćąĀŤøšć÷ǰ ìĞćĂąĕøúÜĕðÖĘðøąÿïĒêŠÙüćöĀć÷îąǰđÿČęĂöđÿĊ÷ǰëĎÖêĞćĀîĉêĉđêĊ÷îǰëĎÖ×Ćé×üćÜìĞćúć÷ǰúćõÖĘĀć÷ǰ÷ýÖĘđÿČęĂöǰÙüćöìčÖ×ŤÖĘêćööćǰÙîîĉîìćÖĘöćÖǰìčÖÿĉęÜìčÖĂ÷ŠćÜĔîēúÖĕöŠöĊđĀêčĕöŠöĊðŦÝÝĆ÷ǰ đðŨîĕðêćöđÙøćąĀŤêćöÙøćüǰëċÜÙøćüđÙøćąĀŤéĊÖĘéĊđĂÜǰëċÜÙøćüđÙøćąĀŤøšć÷ÖĘøšć÷đĂÜǰ îĊęÙČĂóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜðøąđõìǰ ĶĂđĀêčÖìĉäåĉķǰðäĉđÿíđĀêčðŦÝÝĆ÷ǰîĆęÜÙĂ÷îĂîÙĂ÷ēßÙßąêć��ǰĂîĉÝÝć� Ăßĉêąǰ đÖÿÖĆöóúǰÙîîĊĚđ×ćđßČęĂ×ĂÜđ×ćüŠćǰÿøøóÿĉęÜĔîēúÖđðŨîíøøößćêĉÿĎâđðúŠćǰĕöŠöĊĂąĕøǰïćðÖĘĕöŠöĊǰïčâÖĘĕöŠöĊǰñú×ĂÜÖćøìĞćéĊìĞćßĆęüÖĘĕöŠöĊǰÙčèöćøéćïĉéćǰÙčèÙøĎïćĂćÝćø÷ŤÖĘĕöŠöĊǰ ēúÖîĊĚÖĘĕöŠöĊǰ ēúÖĀîšćÖĘĕöŠöĊǰ îøÖǰ ÿüøøÙŤǰüĉöćîǰîĉóóćîǰĕöŠöĊìĆĚÜîĆĚîǰìĞćïčâÖĘĕöŠđðŨîïčâǰìĞćïćðÖĘĕöŠđðŨîïćðǰöĆîđðŨîđóĊ÷ÜíćêčǰĥǰéĉîǰîĞĚćǰúöǰĕôǰđìŠćîĆĚîđĂÜǰĕöŠöĊÿĆêüŤǰĕöŠöĊïčÙÙúǰđðŨîĒêŠđóĊ÷ÜíćêčǰĥǰðøąßčöÖĆîđ×šćǰÖćøßŠü÷đĀúČĂđÖČĚĂÖĎúÖĆîǰ ÖćøìĞćøšć÷úšćÜñúćâÖĆîǰ ÖĘĕöŠÝĆéüŠćđðŨîïčâđðŨîïćðǰđðŨîĒêŠđóĊ÷ÜíćêčĂ÷ŠćÜĀîċęÜĕðÖøąìïđ×šćÖĆïíćêčĂĊÖĂ÷ŠćÜĀîċęÜêŠćÜĀćÖǰđßŠîǰòîêÖúÜöćøìĞćĔĀšêšîĕöšĔïĀâšćǰóČßóĆîíčŤíĆââćĀćøÿéßČęîÜĂÖÜćöǰÝąÝĆéüŠćòîĕéšïčâĂ÷ŠćÜîĆĚîĀøČĂ�� ǰ ĕôðśćđñćêšîĕöšêć÷øćïĕðìĆĚÜðśćǰÝąÝĆéüŠćĕôĕéšïćðĂ÷ŠćÜîĆĚî�� ǰ đðúŠćìĆĚÜîĆĚîǰ îĊęÙČĂüćìą×ĂÜǰĂßĉêąǰ đÖÿÖĆöóúǰ ÙîîćîćÝĉêêĆÜĕöŠôŦÜđĀêčǰ ĕöŠđßČęĂñúǰðäĉđÿíìčÖÿĉęÜìčÖĂ÷ŠćÜǰđðŨîóüÖǰĶîĆêëĉÖìĉäåĉķǰðäĉđÿíüŠćĕöŠöĊĂąĕøìĆĚÜîĆĚîǰ óùêĉÖøøö×ĂÜóüÖöîčþ÷ŤîćîćÝĉêêĆÜǰéĆÜìĊęÖúŠćüöćìĆĚÜĀöéîĊĚǰßĊĚĔĀšđĀĘîüŠćǰëšćÙîđøćóćÖĆîĕð÷ċéëČĂĔîúĆìíĉîćîćÝĉêêĆÜöćÖǰÖĘëĎÖúćÖđ×šćøÖđ×šćóÜĀúÜĔĀúĔîđøČęĂÜìĊęĕøšÿćøąǰÿŠüîđøČęĂÜíøøöąìĊęðøąÖĂïéšü÷đĀêčñúÖúĆïĕöŠÿîĔÝÖĆîǰéĆÜîĆĚîǰóüÖöîčþ÷ŤîćîćÝĉêêĆÜǰìĆĚÜĔîĂéĊêǰĒúąðŦÝÝčïĆîǰÝċÜđðŨîóüÖĀúĆÖðŦÖđúîđĂîĕðđĂîöćǰÿøšćÜðŦâĀćĔĀšđÖĉéĒÖŠÿĆÜÙöĕöŠöĊüĆîÿĉĚîÿčéǰ óøąóčìíýćÿîćĂčïĆêĉ×ċĚîöćĔîēúÖÖĘđóČęĂĒÖšðŦâĀćúĆìíĉǰĶîćîćÝĉêêĆÜķǰĔĀšĀöéĕðÝćÖÿĆÜÙööîčþ÷ŤǰĒúšüÿøšćÜÿĆÜÙö×ċĚîöćĔĀöŠǰ ĔĀšÙîöĊÝĉêĔÝđÿöĂÖĆîǰ öĊÙüćöÙĉé


ÙüćöđĀĘîđðŨîĕðĔîìĞćîĂÜđéĊ÷üÖĆîǰ öĊÙüćö÷ċéëČĂĔîĀúĆÖđĀêčñúđĀöČĂîÖĆîǰ óøąóčìíýćÿîćëČĂĀúĆÖüŠćǰ öîčþ÷ŤìĆĚÜĀúć÷ĔîēúÖǰĕöŠüŠćÝąđðŨîÙîßćêĉĕĀîǰóĎéõćþćĂąĕøǰđóýĕĀîǰüĆ÷ĕĀîǰßĆĚîĕĀîǰøąéĆïĕĀîǰëšćĀćÖüŠćöîčþ÷ŤđĀúŠćîĆĚîöĊýĊúíøøöǰöĊÙčèíøøöðøąÝĞćĔÝÖĆîĒúšüǰđ×ćđĀúŠćîĆĚîÖĘÝąöĊÙüćöđÿöĂÖĆîǰöĊÙüćöđðŨîĂĆîĀîċęÜĂĆîđéĊ÷üÖĆîĔîéšćîÝĉêĔÝǰđøČęĂÜǰĶîćîćÝĉêêĆÜķǰìĊęÖúŠćüöćîĊĚǰÙøĎÿĊôŦÜĒúšüöĊÙüćöđĀĘîüŠćĂ÷ŠćÜĕøǰĀć÷×šĂ×šĂÜĔÝĒúšüĀøČĂ÷ĆÜǰĀøČĂöĊĂąĕøÝąĔĀšđóĉęöđêĉöĂĊÖÖĘïĂÖöć ÙøĎÿĊ��ǰĀúüÜêćÙøĆï�ǰñöĕéšøĆïÙüćöøĎšÙüćöđ×šćĔÝĔîđøČęĂÜîĊĚêúĂéÿć÷ǰ Āć÷×šĂÜĔÝÖĆÜ×ćĀöéðŦâĀćĕöŠöĊÙüćöÿÜÿĆ÷ĂĊÖĒúšüĔîđøČęĂÜǰĶîćîćÝĉêêĆÜķǰ÷ĉęÜôŦÜǰ÷ĉęÜÿüŠćÜǰđĀöČĂîđéĉîĂ÷Ď ŠïîđÿšîìćÜìĊęöĊĕôđðŗéĕüšÿüŠćÜêúĂéÿć÷ÞîĆĚîǰðøąđéĘîêŠĂĕðǰñööĊÙüćöÿÜÿĆ÷üŠćǰúĆìíĉîćîćÝĉêêĆÜîĊĚǰöĊüĉíĊĒÖšĔĀšĀöéĕðĕéšĀøČĂĕöŠǰĒúąĒÖšēé÷üĉíĊĔéǰēðøéĒëúÜĕ×ĔĀšÙüćöÿüŠćÜĒÖŠñöéšü÷ÙøĆïǰĀúüÜêć ĀúüÜêć��ǰÙøĎÿĊ�ǰóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜîĊĚöĊüĉíĊĒÖšĔĀšĀć÷ĕéšéšü÷ÖćøðøąóùêĉíøøöǰđöČęĂÝĉêĔÝĕéšÿĆöñĆÿÖĆïÿĆÝíøøöĒúšüǰÙîđøćÖĘöĊÙüćöđÿöĂÖĆîĔîìćÜÝĉêĔÝǰêćöîĆ÷óčìíõćþĉêüŠćǰǰ ×êďêĉ÷ćǰóďøćĀďöèćǰđüÿďÿćǰÿčìďìćǰÝèďæćúðčÖďÖčÿćǰ ĂĉíǰíöďöĞǰÝøĉêďüćîǰǰ õüîďêĉǰêĉìĉđüǰÿöć�

ǰ ÖþĆêøĉ÷ŤǰóøćĀöèŤǰĒóý÷ŤǰýĎìøǰÝĆèæćúǰÙîÜćîßĆĚîêĞęćǰ ðøąóùêĉíøøöĔîēúÖîĊĚĒúšüǰ ÷ŠĂöđðŨîñĎšđÿöĂÖĆîĔîÿüøøÙŤßĆĚîĕêøìĉó÷ŤǰéĆÜîĊĚǰ êćöóčìíõćþĉêîĊĚǰßĊĚĔĀšđĀĘîüŠćǰÙîđøćîĊĚêøćïĔéìĊęÝĉêĔÝ÷ĆÜĕöŠđ×šćëċÜíøøöąǰÙČĂÝĉêĔÝ÷ĆÜĕöŠĕéšÿĆöñĆÿÖĆïÿĆÝíøøöǰÖĘ÷ĆÜđðŨîóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜĂ÷ĎŠêøćïîĆĚîǰêŠĂđöČęĂĕéÝĉêĔÝđ×šćëċÜóøąíøøößîĉéǰíøøöëċÜĔÝǰĔÝëċÜíøøöĒúšüǰđöČęĂîĆĚîÙüćöđðŨîÙîðøąđõìǰĶîćîćÝĉêêĆÜķǰêŠćÜÝĉêêŠćÜĔÝǰĔÙøĂ÷ćÖìĞćĂąĕøÖĘĕéšêćöĔÝêîđĂÜÖĘĀöéĕðǰ ÙîìĊęðøąóùêĉêćöýĊúǰ ÿöćíĉǰðŦââćéĊĒúšüǰ÷ŠĂööĊóùêĉÖøøöìćÜÖć÷ǰìćÜüćÝćǰĒúąìćÜĔÝǰ đðŨîĂĆîĀîċęÜĂĆîđéĊ÷üÖĆîǰÖćøÙĉéÖĘđĀöČĂîÖĆîǰÖćøóĎéÖĘđĀöČĂîÖĆîǰÖćøÖøąìĞćÖĘđĀöČĂîÖĆîǰđøĊ÷ÖüŠćöĊóùêĉÖøøöìćÜÖć÷ǰìćÜüćÝćǰìćÜĔÝǰđÿöĂÖĆîǰĕöŠüŠćđ×ćđĀúŠćîĆĚîÝąđðŨîÖþĆêøĉ÷ŤǰđðŨîóøćĀöèŤǰđðŨîĒóý÷ŤǰđðŨîýĎìøǰđðŨîÝĆèæćúǰđðŨîÙîÜćîÖøøöÖøǰđöČęĂðøąóùêĉðäĉïĆêĉêćöíøøöÙĞćÿĂîĔîìćÜóčìíýćÿîćéĊĒúšüǰÖĘđÿöĂđĀöČĂîÖĆîĀöéĔîìćÜÝĉêĔÝǰ đøćÝąđĀĘîĕéšÝćÖîĆÖïüßĔîóøąóčìíýćÿîćǰìŠćîöćÝćÖåćîąõćüąêøąÖĎúêŠćÜėǰÖĆîǰîĉÿĆ÷ĔÝÙĂÙüćöðøąóùêĉÖĘĒêÖêŠćÜÖĆîǰïćÜĂÜÙŤÖĘöćÝćÖêøąÖĎúÖþĆêøĉ÷ŤǰïćÜĂÜÙŤÖĘöćÝćÖêøąÖĎúóøćĀöèŤǰïćÜĂÜÙŤöćÝćÖêøąÖĎúđýøþåĊǰïćÜĂÜÙŤöćÝćÖêøąÖĎú×šćøćßÖćøǰ ìĀćøǰ êĞćøüÝǰ ïćÜĂÜÙŤöć

āĩĞĞĨċķĎęĚţĞĘĶÿđŀĩĳĕĺĄøįğĜġĞċĕĚħĤėīďĚĚĘĤįĎīğĶĢŤ�%BWJE�4DIXBSU[��ĳĘ�ę��


º¦ÅÍ®¤¦¿«ÁËµ¶�-----------------------------

� öĀãďæñÐòćÖöüÙăÖäĀè � ãĄ�ÚĄ�� ÑüüèćčðæèāÑüéÓćâ� ÓâÿëĈśãĘāċèăèÐāòÑāñÑüÖ� :BSE� TBMF� ÚąēÖďãśòöéòöðċÖăèæĀĔÖúðã�èĘāďêÚĆĔüüćêÐòâŞċÓòĆēüÖÓòĀö� ċÙŚè�úðśü�æĀííĄ�åśöñ�×āè�ċêŢèäśè�åöāñĎúśöĀãďæñþ�ãĄ�ÚĄ�� ÑüüèćčðæèāÑüéÓćâæćÐìŕāñæĄēðĄùŚöèòŚöðæĀĔÖëĈśèĘāùăēÖÑüÖðāðüéĎúś�ČôÿëĈśðĄüćêÐāòÓćâÙŚöñùèĀéùèćèÚĆĔüÑüÖ� :BSE� 4BMF� æĘāĎúśðĄæćèĎèÐāò×ĀãÚĆĔüüćêÐòâŞċÓòĆēüÖÓòĀöåöāñöĀãĎèÓòĀĔÖèĄĔãśöñ� ÑüüĘāèā×Óćâíòÿ÷òĄòĀäèäòĀñ�üĘāèöñüöñíòĎúśæćÐæŚāè�ðĄíôāèāðĀñæĄēČÑĒÖČòÖùðéĈòâŞ�êòÿùéČäŚÓöāðùćÑæćÐċðĆēüċæüÜ

ÝćÖêøąÖĎúßćüĕøŠßćüîćǰ×šćìćÿÖøøöÖøǰïćÜĂÜÙŤöćÝćÖêøąÖĎúóŠĂÙšćóćèĉß÷Ťǰ đöČęĂöĊÝĉêđúČęĂöĔÿýøĆìíćđ×šćöćïüßĔîóøąíøøöüĉîĆ÷ĂĆîđéĊ÷üÖĆîǰöĊíøøöđðŨîđÙøČęĂÜÙüïÙčöĔÝǰöĊüĉîĆ÷đðŨîđÙøČęĂÜÙüïÙčöÖć÷üćÝćǰ ÖĘìĞćĔĀšóøąÿÜÛŤàċęÜöćÝćÖêøąÖĎúêŠćÜėǰ đĀúŠćîĆĚîǰ öĊÙüćöðøąóùêĉđðŨîøąđïĊ÷ïđøĊ÷ïøšĂ÷ǰ îŠćđÙćøóđúČęĂöĔÿǰ öĊÝĉêĔÝÿÜïđ÷ČĂÖđ÷Ęîǰ đðŨîìĊęÿĆÖÖćøïĎßć×ĂÜðøąßćßîìĆęüĕðǰ đøćìŠćîìĆĚÜĀúć÷ÝąđĀĘîĕéšüŠćǰ íøøöąÙĞćÿĂîĔîìćÜóøąóčìíýćÿîćǰ ÿćöćøëĒÖšðŦâĀćïčÙÙúðøąđõìêŠćÜÝĉêĔÝǰîĉÿĆ÷ĔÝÙĂĕöŠđĀöČĂîÖĆîǰöćÝćÖêøąÖĎúêŠćÜėǰ ÖĆîǰ ĔĀšđÿöĂÖĆîĕéšé šü÷ÙčèíøøöǰóùêĉÖøøöìćÜÖć÷ǰìćÜüćÝćǰĒúąìćÜĔÝǰ×ĂÜïøøéćóøąÿÜÛŤĔîüÜÖćøóøąóčìíýćÿîćđÿöĂđĀöČĂîÖĆîĀöéǰ ĕöŠöĊĂąĕøìĊęïŠÜïĂÖüŠćĒêÖêŠćÜÖĆîǰ đóøćąÞąîĆĚîǰÙĞćÖúŠćüìĊęüŠćǰÙîđøćöĆîîćîćÝĉêêĆÜǰêŠćÜÝĉêêŠćÜĔÝǰ ĕöŠöĊĔÙøÿćöćøëìĞćĔĀšÙîđøćđÿöĂÖĆîĕéšĔîéšćîÙüćöÙĉéǰđöČęĂÙîđøćöĊÙüćöÙĉéĒêÖêŠćÜÖĆîǰÖĘñúĆÖéĆîĔĀšóĎéǰ

ĔĀšìĞćĂąĕøǰĔîúĆÖþèąìĊęĒêÖêŠćÜÖĆîǰÙĞćÖúŠćüđßŠîîĊĚǰÝċÜôŦÜĕöŠ×ċĚîéšü÷đĀêčñúǰ ÙîđøćîĆĚîÝąđðŨîóüÖîćîćÝĉêêĆÜĂ÷ĎŠÖĘđÞóćąêĂîìĊę÷ĆÜêÖđðŨîìćÿ×ĂÜĂćøöèŤòść÷êĞęćǰ ëĎÖÖĉđúÿêĆèĀćÙøĂïÜĞćÝĉêĔÝđìŠćîĆĚîđĂÜǰđöČęĂÝĉêĔÝóšîĒúšüÝćÖÖĉđúÿêĆèĀćǰ ÝĉêĔÝÖĘÝąđðŨîĂĉÿøąǰ öĊúĆÖþèąĂĆîđéĊ÷üÖĆîǰ ÙČĂðøąõĆÿÿøǰ ÝĉêĔÝ×ĂÜïčÙÙúðøąđõìĕĀîÖĘêćöǰ đöČęĂïøøúčëċÜêøÜÝčéîĊĚĒúšüǰ ÖĘÝąöĊúĆÖþèąđÿöĂđĀöČĂîÖĆîĀöéǰ ÙČĂđðŨîðøąõĆÿÿøǰñŠĂÜĔÿǰÿąĂćéǰÿüŠćÜǰĕöŠöĊĂąĕøĒêÖêŠćÜÖĆîǰ éĆÜîĆĚîǰ ĀúĆÖíøøöÙČĂýĊúǰ ÿöćíĉǰ ðŦââćǰ đöČęĂïčÙÙúðøąóùêĉǰðäĉïĆêĉêćöÿöïĎøèŤéĊĒúšüǰÝċÜÿćöćøëĒÖšðŦâĀćǰĶîćîćÝĉêêĆÜķǰĔĀšĀć÷ĕðÝćÖÿĆÜÙöĕéšēé÷ĕöŠêšĂÜÿÜÿĆ÷ǰêćöîĆ÷ìĊęÖúŠćüöćĒúšüîĊĚ

63(&,$/�7+$1.6�-------------------------------------- öĀãďæñÐòćÖöüÙăÖäĀè �ãĄ�ÚĄ��ÑüüèćčðæèāÑüéÓćâ� ÓâÿÐòòðÐāò×ĀãÖāèæĘāéćÜêòÿċíâĄùÖÐòāèäŞêòÿ×ĘāêŒ�ĝĠĠĢ�æćÐìŕāñæćÐÓâÿæĄēðĄùŚöèòŚöðČòÖ� òŚöðĎ×ùôÿÐĘāôĀÖæòĀíñŞ� ÐĘāôĀÖ÷òĀæçā�ÐĘāôĀÖÓöāðùāðĀÓÓĄ� ðāÙŚöñüćêïĀðïŞùèĀéùèćèĎúśÖāèĎèÓòĀĔÖèĄĔãĘāċèăèďêãśöñÓöāðċòĄñéòśüñČôÿêòÿùéÓöāðùĘāċòĒ×ãśöñãĄ�� ÑüüāèćïāíÓćâíòÿ÷òĄòĀäèäòĀñ�� ÓćśðÓòüÖĎúśæćÐæŚāèðĄĎ×ùćÑùĀèäŞ� üāñćöòòâÿùćÑÿíôÿÓòéÓòĀè�� ÙĆēèÙĄöĀèÑöĀÜÙĄöāæĀēöúèśāċæüÜ

�ºº¦ÅÍ®¤¦¿�²Å�®«²¾�§Å��Ë��¿¿«¡º�Ï®�§Æ�¿«°½


Ì¡¦®¸¿Ë�¡Â¯×¤º��Ø¿�· z��·¥

Ë�®°¾�¦�°Î¦º¡Â¢เมืองเชียงตุง

§°°¯¿¯Ì²½£Ó¿¯¿«Í¡¯��¡°�«°½®¸¿£¦¾¡�º¢Ç£�¿°ÂWBLQWKLVDQ#KRWPDLO�FRP

# đ÷ČĂîđöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰđ×öøĆåîÙøĔîĂéĊêǰǰðøąđìýóöŠćǰ ÖćøđéĉîìćÜÝćøĉÖïčâĒÿüÜíøøö×ĂÜóøąÙøĎÿĉøĉĂøøëüĉđìýǰ øŠüöĕðÖĆïÙèąñĎšïøĉĀćøöĎúîĉíĉÖćøýċÖþćĒúąđñ÷ĒñŠóøąóčìíýćÿîćõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Üǰ ēé÷ǰ éø�óøąĂćÝćø÷ŤðúĆéđÿîŠĀŤǰüĆéÿüîéĂÖǰĂ�đöČĂÜǰÝ�đßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠǰđú×ćîčÖćøöĎúîĉíĉǰĕéšîĞćóøąóčìíøĎðǰñšćÝĊüøǰñšćĀŠöǰđÿČĚĂñšćÖĆîĀîćüǰîĞćĕðöĂïĔĀšĒÖŠüĆéêŠćÜėǰ Ĕîđ×êđöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰ ĒúąĀöĎŠïšćîĀŠćÜĕÖúĔîßîïìǰđßŠîîĞćóøąóčìíøĎðĕðëüć÷üĆéïšćîéČęĂúĂĔêšǰĒúąĒÝÖñšćĀŠö�đÿČĚĂñšćÖĆîĀîćüĒÖŠßćüïšćîýøĊõĎöĉǰïšćîĕăǰđðŨîêšîǰĒúąĕéšĕðđðŨîđÝšćõćóëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøĒéŠóøąõĉÖþč�ÿćöđèøìĊęÿĞćîĆÖđøĊ÷îóøąðøĉ÷ĆêĉíøøöïćúĊǰĶíĆöēöì÷ąķǰàċęÜöĊóøąõĉÖþč�ÿćöđèøîĆÖđøĊ÷îÝĞćîüîǰģĨġǰøĎðǰĕéšïĞćđóĘâìćîïćøöĊĒúąđ÷Ċę÷ößöüĆéüćĂćøćöđÖŠćĒÖŠ×ĂÜđöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰđßŠîǰüĆéóøąĂĉîìøŤÿøšćÜǰüĆéóøąíćêčÝĂöÙĞćǰüĆéóøąđÝšćêîĀúüÜóøąöĀćöĆ÷öčîĊÝĞćúĂÜÝćÖöĆèæđú÷Ťǰ üĆéĀĆü×ŠüÜÿĞćîĆÖđøĊ÷îóøąðøĉ÷Ćêĉíøøöõćþćĕì÷đ×ĉîǰ îöĆÿÖćøóøąđÝšćĀöć÷đöČĂÜóøąóčìíøĎð÷ČîýĉúðąóöŠćǰ ĒúąêšîĕöšĀöć÷đöČĂÜǰ êšî÷ćÜĔĀâŠĂć÷čóĆîÖüŠćðŘǰĒúąĀîĂÜêčÜǰđðŨîêšîǰ éĉîĒéîđßĊ÷ÜêčÜđðŨîéĉîĒéîìĊęöĊÙüćöÿĞćÙĆâöćîćîĔîĂéĊêđßŠîđéĊ÷üÖĆïđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠĒúąđßĊ÷ÜøčŠÜǰÿĉïÿĂÜðŦîîćêćöĀúĆÖåćîĔîðøąüĆêĉýćÿêøŤǰ ĒêŠđéĉöđßĊ÷ÜøčŠÜđðŨîđöČĂÜúĎÖĀúüÜ×ĂÜ

đßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠǰÝîÖúć÷đðŨîđöČĂÜðøąđìýøćß×ĂÜóöŠćĔîÿöĆ÷óøąđÝšćïčđøÜîĂÜǰ ĀúĆÜÝćÖîĆĚîǰ đßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠĕéšĒ÷ÖêĆüđðŨîĂĉÿøąÝćÖóöŠćǰöćđðŨîđöČĂÜðøąđìýøćß×ĂÜÿ÷ćöǰÿŠüîđßĊ÷ÜêčÜ÷ĆÜÙÜđðŨîđöČĂÜðøąđìýøćß×ĂÜóöŠćǰìĞćĔĀšđÖĉéÙüćö×ĆéĒ÷šÜđðŨîÿÜÙøćöđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠ�đßĊ÷ÜêčÜëċÜǰĤǰÙøĆĚÜǰ ĔîìĊęÿčéǰ đßĊ÷ÜêčÜđðŨîĂćèćîĉÙö×ĂÜĂĆÜÖùþđßŠîđéĊ÷üÖĆïóöŠćǰëĎÖñîüÖđ×šćđðŨîÿŠüîĀîċęÜ×ĂÜĕì÷ĔîßČęĂÿĀøĆåĕì÷đéĉöĔîđüúćÿĆĚîėǰßŠüÜÿÜÙøćöēúÖÙøĆĚÜìĊęǰģǰđöČęĂóöŠćĕéšøĆïđĂÖøćßǰÝċÜđðŨîÿŠüîĀîċęÜ×ĂÜøĆåÞćîǰðøąđìýóöŠćǰ ðøąüĆêĉĔîßŠüÜđøĉęöĒøÖ×ĂÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜîĆĚîĕöŠßĆéđÝîǰ öĊĒêŠêĞćîćîÖćøÿøšćÜđöČĂÜüŠćǰđöČĂÜîĊĚđéĉößČęĂđöČĂÜðøąÝĆîêÙćöĀøČĂÝĆèæÙćöĕöŠöĊđÝšćđöČĂÜðÖÙøĂÜǰ òĎÜÖćĕéšÙćïÖøÜĕöšóćßć÷đúĊĚ÷ÜüĆüÙîĀîċęÜöćđðŨîđÝšćđöČĂÜǰ êŠĂöćßć÷ÙîîĆĚîúČöÿĆââćìĊęĔĀšĕüšĒÖŠÖćǰ ÖćÝċÜóćđ×ćĕðìĉĚÜĕüšìĊęđÖćąÖúćÜìąđúǰ ÿŠüîđöČĂÜÝĆèæÙćöëĎÖòîêÖĀîĆÖÝîîĞĚćìŠüöÖúć÷đðŨîĀîĂÜîĞĚćǰ öĊùĖþĊîćöüŠćǰêčÜÙùĖþĊǰđðŨîïčêøóâćüšĂÜǰÝĊîǰĒÿéÜĂĉìíĉùìíĉĝìĞćĔĀšîĞĚćĕĀúĂĂÖÝćÖđöČĂÜǰđĀúČĂđóĊ÷ÜĀîĂÜîĞĚćÖúćÜđöČĂÜ×îćéĔĀâŠǰđøĊ÷ÖüŠćǰĀîĂÜêčÜǰĂĆîđðŨîìĊęöć×ĂÜßČęĂǰđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰĒúąĕéšĂó÷óßćüÝĊîÝćÖ÷ĎîćîöćĂ÷ĎŠǰ êŠĂöćìîÖĆïēøÙõĆ÷ĕ×šđÝĘïĕöŠĕĀüÝċÜĂó÷óÖúĆïĕðĀöéǰ ìĉĚÜîĞĚćđêšćĕüšÖĂĀîċęÜǰ îĞĚćđêšćîĆĚîĒêÖĂĂÖÖúć÷đðŨîÙîàċęÜđðŨîïøøóïčøčþ×ĂÜßćüúĆüąǰ àċęÜĕéšĂćýĆ÷ĔîïøĉđüèîĆĚîêŠĂöć


ÿćöćøëúšĂöĕéšĀöéǰ đîČęĂÜÝćÖÖĞćĒóÜîĆĚîĔĀâŠöćÖǰ ēé÷đÞóćąìćÜìĉýđĀîČĂǰàċęÜĔîÿöĆ÷îĆĚîǰêšĂÜêĆĚÜÙŠć÷ìćÜìĉýîĊĚëċÜǰĢģǰÙŠć÷ǰ ÿŠüîðøąßćÖø×ĂÜǰđöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜöĊðøąßćÖøĀúćÖĀúć÷ßćêĉóĆîíčŤĂćýĆ÷Ă÷ĎŠøŠüöÖĆîǰÿŠüîĔĀâŠÝąđðŨîßćüĕì×ċîĀøČĂĕìđ×ĉîǰöĊĕìĔĀâŠǰĒúąǰóöŠćǰøĂÜúÜöćǰ÷ĆÜöĊßîÖúčŠöîšĂ÷ĂČęîėǰĂĊÖöćÖöć÷ǰđßŠîǰĂć×ŠćǰðąéŠĂÜǰüšćǰĄúĄǰøąïïÖćøýċÖþćǰ×ĂÜðøąßćÖø×ĂÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰøĆåïćúóöŠćÝĆéÖćøýċÖþćĔîđßĊ÷ÜêčÜêĆĚÜĒêŠøąéĆïĂîčïćúëċÜĂčéöýċÖþćǰ öĊüĉì÷ćúĆ÷đóćąßŠćÜǰ öĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ìćÜéšćîüĉì÷ćýćÿêøŤĒúąÙĂöóĉüđêĂøŤǰēé÷ĔîēøÜđøĊ÷îÝąÿĂîđðŨîõćþćóöŠćǰÿŠüîõćþćĕì×ċîöĊÿĂîĒêŠĔîüĆéđìŠćîĆĚî

# ðøąüĆêĉöĎúîĉíĉÖćøýċÖþćĒúąđñ÷ĒñŠóøąóčìíýćÿîćõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠèĔĘāē×Üǰ ÿČïđîČęĂÜÝćÖǰÖćøìĊęēÙøÜÖćøýĎî÷ŤýċÖþćóøąóčìíýćÿîćðøąđìýđóČęĂîïšćîǰöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷öĀćÝčāćúÜÖøèøćßüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ǰüĉì÷ćđ×êđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠǰüĆéÿüîéĂÖǰĕéšéĞćđîĉîÖćøóĉöóŤĀîĆÜÿČĂîĆÖíøøöïćúĊǰõćþćĕìđ×ĉîǰđóČęĂëüć÷ĔĀšĒÖŠüĆéĔîîÙøđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰøĆåÞćîǰðøąđìýóöŠćǰđöČęĂüĆîìĊęǰĢĥǰıǰĢĨǰǰóùýÝĉÖć÷îǰǰó�ý�ģĦĥĨǰǰēé÷öĊóøąøćßüĉöúđöíĊǰøĂÜĂíĉÖćøïéĊǰöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷öĀćÝčāćúÜÖøèøćßüĉì÷ćúĆ÷üĉì÷ćđ×êđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠǰđðŨîðøąíćîÙèąÿÜÛŤđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠǰĒúąÿöđéĘÝĂĆÙÙøćßćĂćßâćíøøöóøąđÝšćǰöĀćÿĆÜÛðøĉèć÷ÖĂÜÙŤìĊęǰ Ģĥǰ ǰ ĒĀŠÜîÙøđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰ üĆéĀúüÜđßĊ÷Ü÷Čîǰ îÙøđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰ øĆåÞćîǰ đðŨîðøąíćîÙèąÿÜÛŤđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰàċęÜĔîÖćøîĊĚǰÙèąÿÜÛŤìĆĚÜǰģǰòść÷ǰĕéšöĊÖćøðøąßčöðøċÖþćĀćøČĂÖĆîëċÜÿëćîÖćøèŤ×ĂÜóøąóčìíýćÿîć×ĂÜđöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜĔîĂîćÙêǰĒúąđøČęĂÜÙüćöÿĆöóĆîíŤìćÜðøąüĆêĉýćÿêøŤǰìĊęđÖĊę÷üđîČęĂÜÖĆîöćĂ÷ŠćÜ÷ćüîćîǰĔîìčÖėǰéšćîǰ×ĂÜđöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠǰĒúąđöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰ ēé÷đÞóćąÙüćöÿĆöóĆîíŤĔîéšćîÖćøóøąóčìíýćÿîćǰìĆĚÜîĊĚđîČęĂÜéšü÷ǰ óâćöĆÜøć÷ǰ ñĎšàċęÜđðŨîðåöÖþĆêøĉ÷ŤĒĀŠÜúšćîîćǰĕéšìøÜđðŨîñĎšÿøšćÜđöČĂÜìĆĚÜÿĂÜîĊĚ×ċĚîöćîćîÖüŠćǰĨġġǰðŘǰéĆÜîĆĚîÙèąÿÜÛŤìĆĚÜÿĂÜòść÷ÝċÜđĀĘîÙüøĔĀšöĊÖćøÿćîÿĆöóĆîíŤĔĀšĒîŠîĒôŜîđßŠîđéĉöǰ ǰ ēé÷öčŠÜđîšîÖćøÿîĆïÿîčîÿŠÜđÿøĉöéšćîÖćøýċÖþćǰĒúąđñ÷ĒñŠóøąóčìíýćÿîćđðŨîĀúĆÖǰ éĆÜîĆĚîǰÙèąÿÜÛŤìĆĚÜÿĂÜòść÷ÝċÜöĊöêĉđĀĘîóšĂÜøŠüöÖĆîĔĀšöĊÖćøÖŠĂêĆĚÜĂÜÙŤÖøÖćøýċÖþćĒúąđñ÷ĒñŠóøąóčìíýćÿîćõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Ü×ċĚîǰđóČęĂìĞćĀîšćìĊęđñ÷ĒñŠóøąóčìíýćÿîćǰÿîĆïÿîčîÿŠÜđÿøĉöÖćøýċÖþćéšćîóøąóčìíýćÿîćǰ Ēúąýĉúð

ǰ ÙĞćüŠćǰ đßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰ õćþćĕìĔĀâŠǰ ǰ$IJBOHǰ5VOHǰõćþćĂĆÜÖùþ�ǰ ,FOHǰ UVOHǰ đðŨîđöČĂÜêĆĚÜĂ÷ĎŠĔîøĆåÞćî×ĂÜðøąđìýóöŠćǰđðŨîđöČĂÜ×ĂÜßćüĕìđ×ĉîǰĒúąǰßćüĕìĔĀâŠǰëČĂĕéšüŠćǰđðŨîđöČĂÜìĊęöĊÙüćöđÝøĉâøčŠÜđøČĂÜđìĊ÷ïđìŠćǰ đöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠĒĀŠÜúšćîîćĕì÷ǰ ĒúąđöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜøčŠÜĒĀŠÜÿĉïÿĂÜðŦîîćǰ ēé÷ßćüĕìĔĀâŠđøĊ÷ÖßČęĂđöČĂÜîĊĚüŠćǰ đÖĘÜêčţÜǰ ,FOHǰ UVOHĔîĂéĊêǰ đßĊ÷ÜêčÜđðŨîđöČĂÜìĊęöĊÙüćöÿĞćÙĆâìćÜÖćøÙšćđßČęĂöêŠĂøąĀüŠćÜÿĉïÿĂÜðŦîîćÖĆïúšćîîćǰēé÷öĊóŠĂÙšćßćüÝĊîăŠĂđéĉîìćÜĕðöćÙšć×ć÷ĔîđÿšîìćÜîĊĚ

ǰ đöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰ êĆĚÜĂ÷ĎŠìćÜêąüĆîĂĂÖ×ĂÜĒöŠîĞĚćÿćúąüĉîǰêĆĚÜĂ÷ĎŠúąêĉÝĎéìĊęǰģĢǰĂÜýćǰĢĨǰúĉðéćǰĥĩǰóĉúĉðéćǰđĀîČĂǰĒúąǰúĂÜÝĉÝĎéìĊęǰ ĪĪǰ ĂÜýćǰ ĥġǰ úĉðéćǰ êąüĆîĂĂÖǰ ��Oǰ ǰ��FǰÙüćöÿĎÜðøąöćèǰģ ĨġġǰôčêđĀîČĂøąéĆïîĞĚćìąđúðćîÖúćÜǰ öĊøĎðøŠćÜđðŨîĒĂŠÜÖøąìąöĊõĎđ×ćúšĂöøĂïǰ öĊìĊęøćïîšĂ÷öćÖǰÝčéìĊęÿĞćÙĆâìĊęÿčéÖĘÙČĂǰđüĊ÷ÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰĒöšÝąđðŨîìĊęøćïǰĒêŠÖĘöĊóČĚîìĊęêąðčśöêąðŧũćǰǰÙüćöđÖŠćĒÖŠ×ĂÜđöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜÿĆÜđÖêĕéšÝćÖÖĞćĒóÜđöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰ àċęÜđðŨî×ĂÜđÖŠćìĊę÷ĆÜÙÜðøćÖäĔĀšđĀĘîĂ÷ĎŠĔîðŦÝÝčïĆîǰÖĞćĒóÜđöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜîĆĚîÖĘÙČĂǰÖĞćĒóÜìĊęúšĂöøĂïđüĊ÷ÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜǰóüÖđ×ćÖŠĂÖĞćĒóÜđöČĂÜēé÷ĂćýĆ÷õĎöĉðøąđìýǰĔßšüĉíĊðøĆïĒîüÖĞćĒóÜđöČĂÜĕðêćöíøøößćêĉǰìĊęìĊęÿĎÜÖĘĕöŠêšĂÜÖŠĂđóĉęöǰìĊęėǰêĞęćÖĘđÿøĉöĔĀšÿĎÜ×ċĚîǰìĞćĂ÷ŠćÜîĊĚÝîøĂïđüĊ÷ÜǰÙüćö÷ćü×ĂÜÖĞćĒóÜîĆĚîÙćéüŠć÷ćüóĂėǰÖĆïÖĞćĒóÜĔîđüĊ÷ÜđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠǰĒêŠÖĞćĒóÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜîĆĚîǰÿĎÜĔĀâŠÖüŠć×ĂÜđüĊ÷ÜđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠǰöĊĀúĆÖåćîìĊęĒÿéÜĔĀšđĀĘîüŠćÖĞćĒóÜđöČĂÜđßĊ÷ÜêčÜöĊÙüćö÷ćüöćÖǰÖĘÙČĂÙøĆĚÜđöČęĂÖĂÜìĆóĔîÿöĆ÷øĆßÖćúìĊęǰĥǰàċęÜöĊÖĞćúĆÜóúîĆïĀöČęîÙîǰĒêŠÖĘöĉ


ǰ ģ�ǰìĞćîčïĞćøčÜüĆéĔĀšđðŨîøöèĊ÷ÿëćîǰđóČęĂđðŨîýĎî÷ŤøüöÝĉêĔÝ×ĂÜßčößîǰ Ĥ�ǰÿŠÜđÿøĉöÖćøóĆçîćïčÙúćÖøìćÜóøąóčìíýćÿîćĔîĂîčõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Üǰ ĥ�ǰ ÿŠÜđÿøĉöÖćøýċÖþćüĉÝĆ÷óĀčúĆÖþèŤìćÜüĆçîíøøöÿĆÜÙöĔîĂîčõćÙúč ŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Üǰ đóČęĂÿøšćÜĂÜÙŤÙüćöøĎ šéšćîóøąóčìíýćÿîćĒúąüĆçîíøøöĔîĂîčõćÙǰ Ħ�ǰĂîčøĆÖþŤĒúąÿČïÿćîýĉúðüĆçîíøøöðøąđóèĊìšĂÜëĉęîǰĔîĂîčõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×ÜǰǰðúĎÖòŦÜÝĉêÿĞćîċÖøŠüöĀüÜĒĀîÙčèÙŠćüĆçîíøøöìšĂÜëĉęîǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰħ�ǰđñ÷ĒñŠĂčéöÖćøèŤìćÜóøąóčìíýćÿîćÿĎŠÿĆÜÙöǰđóČęĂÿøšćÜÿøøÙüćöÿÜïÿč×ÿĎŠÿćÖúǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰĨ�ǰđÿøĉöÿøšćÜÙüćööĆęîÙÜđ×šöĒ×ĘÜìćÜÝĉêüĉââćèêćöĒîüìćÜüĉëĊóčìíǰĔĀšĒÖŠðøąßćßîđóČęĂÿøšćÜÿĆÜÙöĂčéöíøøöǰ ĩ�ǰÿŠÜđÿøĉöÖćøÿÜđÙøćąĀŤóĆçîćöîčþ÷ŤǰĔĀšÿćöćøëéĞćøÜĂ÷ĎŠĂ÷ŠćÜöĊýĆÖéĉĝýøĊêćöüĉëĊóčìíą

# ðøąē÷ßîŤìĊęÙćéüŠćÝąĕéšøĆïǰǰ Ģ�ǰ öĊĀîŠü÷ÜćîđóČęĂøĂÜøĆïÖćøéĞćđîĉîÖĉÝÖøøöêŠćÜėǰǰìćÜóøąóčìíýćÿîćĔîõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Üǰ ģ�ǰ öĊóøąÿÜÛŤÝćÖðøąđìýđóČęĂîïšćîǰ đéĉîìćÜđ×šćöćýċÖþćóøąóčìíýćÿîćĔîöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷öĀćÝčāćúÜÖøèøćßüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ǰǰüĉì÷ćđ×êđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰĤ�ǰöĊìčîìøĆó÷ŤĔîÖćøÿîĆïÿîčîÿŠÜđÿøĉöÖćøýċÖþćǰĒúąđñ÷ĒñŠóøąóčìíýćÿîćĔîõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Üǰ ĥ�ǰìĞćĔĀšđÖĉéÙüćöđ×šćĔÝǰöĊÙüćöÿĆöóĆîíŤìĊęéĊǰĒúąÙüćöøŠüööČĂàċęÜÖĆîĒúąÖĆîǰøąĀüŠćÜóčìíýćÿîĉÖßîĒúąĂÜÙŤÖøìćÜóøąóčìíýćÿîćĔîõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Üǰ Ħ�ǰ öĊñúÜćîìćÜüĉßćÖćøéšćîóčìíýćÿîćĒúąýĉúðüĆçîíøøöĔîõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×ÜĂĂÖđñ÷ĒóøŠđðŨîðøąē÷ßîŤĒÖŠÿćíćèßîǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰħ�ǰóøąóčìíýćÿîćöĊÙüćööĆęîÙÜĒúąđÝøĉâøčŠÜđøČĂÜĔîõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Ü

üĆçîíøøöĔîõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×ÜêĂîïîǰ ǰ ĂĆîðøąÖĂïéšü÷ǰðøąđìýĕì÷ǰ úšćîîćǰ ðøąđìýđöĊ÷îöŠćøŤǰ đßĊ÷ÜêčÜ ǰ êĂÜÝĊǰǰðøąđìýÝĊîǰđßĊ÷ÜøčŠÜ ǰÿĉïÿĂÜðŦîîćǰĒúąðøąđìýúćüǰĀúüÜóøąïćÜǰ đóČęĂĔĀšóøąóčìíýćÿîćöĊÙüćööĆęîÙÜđÝøĉâøčŠÜđøČĂÜǰÿëĉêÿëćóøÿČïĕðǰ ĀúĆÜÝćÖđéĉîìćÜÖúĆïëċÜîÙøđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠǰ ÙèąñĎšïøĉĀćøöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷öĀćÝčāćúÜÖøèøćßüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ǰüĉì÷ćđ×êđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠǰĒúąñĎšìøÜÙčèüčçĉĀúć÷ÿć×ćǰĕéšøŠüöðøąßčöĀćøČĂǰêćööêĉ×ĂÜÙèąÿÜÛŤìĆĚÜÿĂÜòść÷ǰ đóČęĂéĞćđîĉîÖćøđÿîĂ×ĂĂîčâćêÖŠĂêĆĚÜđðŨîöĎúîĉíĉÖćøýċÖþćĒúąđñ÷ĒñŠóøąóčìíýćÿîćõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Üǰ êŠĂîć÷ìąđïĊ÷îöĎúîĉíĉÝĆÜĀüĆéđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠǰ ĒúąĕéšøĆïÖćøĂîčöĆêĉĔĀšÝĆéêĆĚÜđðŨîöĎúîĉíĉǰ Ă÷ŠćÜđðŨîìćÜÖćøêćöđú×ĂîčâćêìĊęǰê�ßöǰġġģĤǰ�ģĦĥĩǰúÜüĆîìĊęǰģĩǰöĉëčîć÷îǰó�ý�ģĦĥĩǰĒúąìĞćóĉíĊđðŗéðŜć÷öĎúîĉíĉĄǰ ǰ ǰ ēé÷ÿöđéĘÝóøąöĀćøĆßöĆÜÙúćÝćø÷ŤǰǰđöČęĂüĆîìĊęǰǰģĦǰóùýÝĉÖć÷îǰó�ý�ģĦĥĩ

# üĆêëčðøąÿÜÙŤ×ĂÜöĎúîĉíĉǰǰǰǰǰǰ ǰĢ�ǰǰđóČęĂÿîĆïÿîčîÿŠÜđÿøĉöÖćøýċÖþćĒúąđñ÷ĒñŠóøąóčìíýćÿîćǰ×ĂÜöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷öĀćÝčāćúÜÖøèøćßüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ǰǰüĉì÷ćđ×êđßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠǰĒúąĂÜÙŤÖøóčìíýćÿîćĔîõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Üǰǰǰǰǰǰ ģ�ǰǰđóČęĂÿîĆïÿîčîÿŠÜđÿøĉöÖćøüĉÝĆ÷ìćÜóøąóčìíýćÿîćĒúąÖćøïøĉÖćøüĉßćÖćøéšćîóøąóčìíýćÿîćĒÖŠÿĆÜÙöĔîõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Üǰǰǰǰǰǰ Ĥ�ǰǰđóČęĂÿøšćÜĒúąÿŠÜđÿøĉöÖĉÝÖøøöìćÜóøąóčìíýćÿîćøŠüöÖĆïĂÜÙŤÖøóčìíýćÿîćĔîõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Üǰǰǰǰǰǰ ĥ�ǰǰđóČęĂìĞćîčïĞćøčÜÿŠÜđÿøĉöĒúąđñ÷ĒóøŠýĉúðüĆçîíøøöðøąđóèĊǰĂĆîđÖĉéÝćÖõĎöĉðŦââćìšĂÜëĉęîĔîõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Üǰǰǰǰǰǰ Ħ � đóČę Ă ß Š ü ÷ đĀúČ Ăÿ Ü đÙø ćąĀ Ť Öĉ ÝÖ ćø ǰ ǰ é š ćîÿćíćøèðøąē÷ßîŤÿćíćøèÖčýúǰøŠüöÖĆïĂÜÙŤÖøÖćøÖčýúĂČęîǰėǰĔîõĎöĉõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Üǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ ħ�ǰ đóČęĂïøĉĀćøÝĆéÖćøìĞćîĉêĉÖøøöìøĆó÷Ťÿĉîǰ êćöìĊęöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ǰĒúąñĎšĂČęîöĂïĀöć÷ĔĀšéĞćđîĉîÖćøǰ Ĩ�ǰöĎúîĉíĉĕöŠéĞćđîĉîÖćøĔéėǰìĊęđÖĊę÷ü×šĂÜÖĆïÖćøđöČĂÜ

# đðŜćĀöć÷×ĂÜöĎúîĉíĉǰ Ģ�ǰ ÿŠÜđÿøĉöÙüćöøŠüööČĂéšćîóøąóčìíýćÿîćýĉúðüĆçîíøøöĔîĂîčõćÙúčŠöĒöŠîĞĚćē×Ü

ĀŞąìèŞĀÜíĄíþìşą


·¿°¥°°®��¿��£³��§�t

�เทวทูตสูตร : ¢j�k¢�º�²Â¨��|��|��«¼¨��Þ��£³��§�t�¼¥��¤��¬¸̄ �§·��©t�¥�¯�·��̈·�À¿��u̧ �̈·�Ä¿Ã�ÄÀÀ��£�«��¤��§�t�¯�·��Å��¤}�§��§t¥�� «��§�¤��¥�t»��«��w

ǰ ĂøøëÖëćĒĀŠÜóøąÿĎêøîĊĚǰ ĔĀš×šĂöĎúđøČęĂÜîć÷îĉøïćúñĎšÙčöîøÖǰĒúąóøą÷ć÷öǰ÷ēöǰøćßćǰüŠćǰóøąđëøąïćÜóüÖöĊÙüćöđĀĘîüŠćǰîć÷îĉø÷ïćúìĊęđðŨîïčÙÙúĕöŠöĊǰÙČĂĕöŠöĊêĆüêîǰ öĊĒêŠÖøøöđìŠćîĆĚîìĞćĀîšćìĊęđĀöČĂîĀčŠî÷îêŤǰ ĒêŠĔîĂõĉíøøööĊÙüćöđĀĘîêøÜÖĆî×šćöǰÙČĂđĀĘîüŠćöĊîć÷îĉø÷ïćúđðŨîêĆüđðŨîêîìĞćĀîšćìĊęúÜēìþÿĆêüŤîøÖǰ ĕöŠĔßŠÖøøöǰ ÿŠüîóøą÷ć÷öĕéšĒÖŠøćßćĒĀŠÜđüöćîĉÖđðøêǰ àċęÜđüúćĀîċęÜđÿü÷ìĉó÷ÿč×đĀöČĂîđìüéćìčÖĂ÷ŠćÜǰĂĊÖđüúćĀîċęÜÿúĆïÖĆîđÿü÷ñúÖøøöĂ÷ŠćÜđðøêǰ ĔîóøąÿĎêøîĊĚǰóøąóčìíĂÜÙŤđîšîđøČęĂÜîøÖǰÝċÜìøÜÿĂîēé÷đøĉęöÝćÖđøČęĂÜđìüēúÖĕðÝïúÜéšü÷đøČęĂÜîøÖǰđøČęĂÜđìüìĎêÖĘĒÿéÜĕüšßĆéđÝîĔîóøąÿĎêøîĊĚ

# ìøÜĀ÷ĆęÜøĎšÖćøêć÷ÖćøđÖĉé×ĂÜĀöĎŠÿĆêüŤĂ÷ŠćÜĕøǰ Ħġĥ�ĦġĦǰèǰüĆéđßêüĆîÙøćüĀîċęÜǰóøąóčìíĂÜÙŤêøĆÿĒÖŠõĉÖþčìĆĚÜĀúć÷üŠćǰìøÜĀ÷ĆęÜđĀĘîĀöĎŠÿĆêüŤñĎšÖĞćúĆÜÝčêĉĒúąĂčïĆêĉǰ àċęÜđðŨîĕðéšü÷ĂćÖćøĒúąÿõćóêŠćÜėǰ ÖĆîéšü÷ìĉó÷ÝĆÖþčǰ ēé÷ìøÜìøćïüŠćÝčêĉĒúąĂčïĆêĉîĆĚîėǰ đðŨîĕðêćöíøøöǰÖúŠćüÙČĂǰñĎšðøąóùêĉÖć÷ÿčÝøĉêǰüÝĊÿčÝøĉêǰöēîÿčÝøĉêǰĕöŠÖúŠćüøšć÷óøąĂøĉ÷ąǰđðŨîÿĆööćìĉåĉǰđßČęĂĔîÖøøöéšü÷ÿĆööćìĉåĉǰÙøĆĚîêć÷ĕðïćÜóüÖĕðđÖĉéĔîÿčÙêĉēúÖÿüøøÙŤǰïćÜóüÖÖĘđÖĉéđðŨîöîčþ÷ŤǰñĎšðøąóùêĉÖć÷ìčÝøĉêǰüÝĊìčÝøĉêǰöēîìčÝøĉêǰÖúŠćüøšć÷óøąĂøĉ÷ąǰ đðŨîöĉÝÞćìĉåĉǰ đßČęĂĔîÖøøöéšü÷öĉÝÞćìĉåĉǰđßČęĂñĉéėǰĔîđøČęĂÜÖøøöǰÙøĆĚîêć÷ĕðïćÜóüÖÖĘĕðđÖĉéĔîĂïć÷ǰìčÙêĉǰüĉîĉïćêǰîøÖǰēðøéÿĆÜđÖêüŠćĔîìĊęîĊĚõĎöĉ

ĒĀŠÜđðøêðŗêüĉÿĆ÷ǰ ĒúąđéøĆÝÞćîǰ ĕöŠĔßŠõĎöĉđéĊ÷üÖĆîÖĆïĂïć÷ǰìčÙêĉǰüĉîĉïćêǰîøÖǰ ÖćøĀ÷ĆęÜđĀĘîÝčêĉĒúąĂčïĆêĉ×ĂÜĀöĎŠÿĆêüŤéĆÜÖúŠćüîĊĚǰìøÜđðøĊ÷ïóøąĂÜÙŤüŠćǰ đĀöČĂîÙîêćéĊ÷ČîĂ÷ĎŠøąĀüŠćÜđøČĂîǰ ģǰĀúĆÜǰàċęÜĒêŠúąĀúĆÜöĊðøąêĎêøÜÖĆîǰĔÙøđéĉîđ×šćđéĉîĂĂÖĀøČĂđéĉîĕðđéĉîöćÖĘöĂÜđĀĘîĕéšĀöé

# ðäĉïĆêĉÖćøĔîîøÖĒúąđìüìĎêìĆĚÜǰĦǰ Ħġħ�ĦĢĢǰêŠĂÝćÖîĆĚîǰêøĆÿëċÜÖøąïüîÖćøúÜēìþĔîîøÖüŠćǰ óüÖîć÷îĉø÷ïćúÝąÞčéúćÖĒ×î×ĂÜóüÖÿĆêüŤîøÖĕðøć÷ÜćîêĆüêŠĂóøą÷ć÷öüŠćǰǰÙîóüÖîĊĚĕöŠðäĉïĆêĉßĂïĔîöćøéćǰ Ăđöêďđê÷ďē÷�øüöëċÜĕöŠðäĉïĆêĉßĂïĔîïĉéćǰ ĕöŠðäĉïĆêĉßĂïĔîÿöèąǰ Ăÿćöťďēâǰ ĕöŠðäĉïĆêĉßĂïĔîóøćĀöèŤǰĂóďøĀďöťďēâǰĕöŠĂŠĂîîšĂöêŠĂñĎšĔĀâŠĔîÿÖčúǰîǰÖčđúǰđßäŰåćðÝć÷Ċǰ×ĂÝÜúÜìĆèæŤĒÖŠđ×ćǰ óøą÷ć÷öÝąàĆÖëćöÿĆêüŤîøÖêîîĆĚîĕðêćöúĞćéĆïĔîđøČęĂÜđìüìĎêìĆĚÜǰĦǰüŠćĕöŠđÙ÷ðøćÖäĔĀšđĀĘîïšćÜĀøČĂǰàċęÜÿĆêüŤîøÖêîîĆĚîÖĘÝąêĂïüŠćĕöŠđÙ÷đĀĘî đìüìĎêðøąđõììĊęǰ Ģǰ ǰ óøą÷ć÷öĀöć÷ëċÜđéĘÖĂŠĂîîĂîĒïđïćąǰ àċęÜêĆüđðøĂąđúĂąĕðéšü÷ĂčÝÝćøąðŦÿÿćüą×ĂÜêĆüđĂÜǰđöČęĂÙîđøćĕéšđĀĘîÖĘÙüøÝąÙĉéĕéšüŠćǰêĆüđĂÜÖĘêšĂÜöĊÙüćöđÖĉéđðŨîíøøöéćǰĕöŠúŠüÜóšîÙüćöđÖĉéĕðĕéšǰÙüøÝąĕéšìĞćÙüćöéĊìćÜÖć÷ǰìćÜüćÝćǰĒúąìćÜĔÝ đìüìĎêðøąđõììĊęǰ ģǰ óøą÷ć÷öĀöć÷ëċÜĀâĉÜßøć�ßć÷ßøćǰĂć÷čǰĩġǰðŘǰĪġǰðŘǰĀøČĂǰĢġġǰðŘǰàċęÜĒÖŠđçŠćĀúĆÜ


ÜĂǰÜÖđÜĉęîǰôŦîĀĆÖǰñöĀÜĂÖǰĀîĆÜ÷ŠîđĀĊę÷ü��ǰđöČęĂÙîđøćĕéšđĀĘîÖĘÙüøÝąÙĉéĕéšüŠćêĆüđĂÜÖĘÝąêšĂÜöĊÙüćöĒÖŠđðŨîíøøöéćǰĕöŠúŠüÜóšîÙüćöĒÖŠĕðĕéšǰÙüøÝąĕéšìĞćÙüćöéĊìćÜÖć÷ǰìćÜüćÝćǰĒúąìćÜĔÝ đìüìĎêðøąđõììĊęǰĤǰóøą÷ć÷öĀöć÷ëċÜĀâĉÜ�ßć÷ñĎšđÝĘïĕ×šĕéšðśü÷ìîìčÖ×Ťìøöćîǰ îĂîđÖúČĂÖÖúĉĚÜĂ÷Ď ŠÖĆïĂčÝÝćøąðŦÿÿćüą×ĂÜêĆüđĂÜǰĂćýĆ÷ÙîĂČęîßŠü÷ó÷čÜĔĀšúčÖĔĀšđéĉîǰ đöČęĂÙîđøćĕéšđĀĘîÖĘÙüøÝąÙĉéĕéšüŠćêĆüđĂÜÖĘÝąêšĂÜöĊÙüćöđÝĘïðśü÷đðŨîíøøöéćǰ ĕöŠúŠüÜóšîÙüćöđÝĘïðśü÷ĕðĕéšǰÙüøÝąĕéšìĞćÙüćöéĊìćÜÖć÷ǰìćÜüćÝćǰĒúąìćÜĔÝ đìüìĎêðøąđõììĊęǰĥǰ ǰóøą÷ć÷öĀöć÷ëċÜēÝøñĎšøšć÷ëĎÖĂćâćĒñŠîéĉîǰ đöČęĂÙîđøćĕéšđĀĘîÖĘÙüøÝąÙĉéĕéšüŠćǰ ñĎšìĞćÖøøößĆęü÷ŠĂöëĎÖúÜēìþêŠćÜėǰ ĔîßćêĉðŦÝÝčïĆîǰ ĕöŠêšĂÜÖúŠćüëċÜüŠćĔîßćêĉĀîšćÝąĕöŠëĎÖúÜēìþǰÙüøÝąĕéšìĞćÙüćöéĊìćÜÖć÷ǰìćÜüćÝćǰĒúąìćÜĔÝ đìüìĎêðøąđõììĊęǰĦǰóøą÷ć÷öĀöć÷ëċÜĀâĉÜ�ßć÷ìĊęëċÜĒÖŠÙüćöêć÷ǰĕöŠüŠćÝąêć÷öćĒúšüĀîċęÜüĆîǰÿĂÜüĆîǰĀøČĂÿćöüĆîǰĂ÷ĎŠĔîÿõćó×ċĚîĂČéǰđ×Ċ÷üßĞĚćǰĀøČĂîĞĚćđĀúČĂÜđ÷ĉĚöǰđöČęĂÙîđøćĕéšđĀĘîÖĘÙüøÝąÙĉéĕéšüŠćêĆüđĂÜÖĘÝąêšĂÜöĊÙüćöêć÷đðŨîíøøöéćǰĕöŠúŠüÜóšîÙüćöêć÷ĕðĕéšǰÙüøÝąĕéšìĞćÙüćöéĊìćÜÖć÷ǰìćÜüćÝćǰĒúąìćÜĔÝǰ ÿĆêüŤîøÖđöČęĂĕéšôŦÜüŠćǰđìüìĎêÙČĂđéĘÖĒøÖđÖĉéǰÙîßøćǰÙîđÝĘïðśü÷ǰÙîëĎÖúÜēìþǰĒúąÙîêć÷ǰéĆÜîĊĚĒúšüǰÖĘêĂïóøą÷ć÷öüŠćêîđÙ÷đĀĘîöćĒúšüìĆĚÜîĆĚîǰĒêŠÖĘĕöŠĕéšÙĉéǰöĊĒêŠÙüćöðøąöćìöĆüđöćǰĕöŠĕéšìĞćÙüćöéĊìćÜÖć÷ǰìćÜüćÝćǰĒúąìćÜĔÝǰ óøą÷ć÷öĕéšÿĆęÜÿĂîđ×ćüŠćǰđöČęĂĕöŠĕéšìĞćÙüćöéĊǰöĊĒêŠÙüćöðøąöćìöĆüđöćĂ÷ŠćÜîĆĚîǰóüÖîć÷îĉø÷ïćúÖĘÝąêšĂÜúÜēìþêćöúĆÖþèąìĊęđÙ÷ðøąöćìöĆüđöćǰ ïćðÖøøöîĆęîĒĀúąđðŨîñĎšúÜēìþǰĕöŠĔßŠöćøéćïĉéćǰóĊęîšĂÜǰöĉêøÿĀć÷ǰâćêĉÿćēúĀĉêǰÿöèóøćĀöèŤǰĀøČĂđìüéćđðŨîñĎšúÜēìþǰđöČęĂêĆüđĂÜìĞćïćðÖøøöĕüšÖĘêĆüđĂÜîĆęîĒĀúąÝĆÖĕéšøĆïñú×ĂÜÖøøö

îĆĚîǰÖúŠćüÝïĒúšüǰóøą÷ć÷öÖĘÝąîĆęÜîĉęÜđøČęĂÜîøÖĕöŠĕéšêøĆÿêćöÙĞćïĂÖđúŠć îøÖǰÙĞćóøøèîćđÖĊę÷üÖĆïîøÖîĆĚîǰĔîïćÜóøąÿĎêøìĊęñŠćîöćĒúšüǰÖĘêøĆÿđúŠćēé÷óøąóčìíĂÜÙŤǰĒúąĔîóøąÿĎêøîĊĚǰÖćøøąïčëċÜîć÷îĉø÷ïćúÖĘéĊǰó÷ć÷ö÷öøćßǰÖĘéĊǰđìüìĎêÖĘéĊǰîøÖßĆĚîêŠćÜėǰÖĘéĊǰúšüîĒêŠđðŨîóøąóčìíéĞćøĆÿìĆĚÜÿĉĚîǰēé÷đÞóćąĂ÷ŠćÜ÷ĉęÜóøąóčìíĂÜÙŤĕéšêøĆÿüŠćǰ đøČęĂÜîøÖìĊęêøĆÿĔîóøąÿĎêøîĊĚđðŨîđøČęĂÜìĊęìøÜđĀĘîöćéšü÷óøąĂÜÙŤđĂÜǰöĉĔßŠêøĆÿêćöÙĞćïĂÖđúŠć×ĂÜĔÙøǰ ÞąîĆĚîÝċÜ×ĂđÖĘïÙüćöìĊęđðŨîóčìíéĞćøĆÿđÖĊę÷üÖĆïîøÖĔîóøąÿĎêøîĊĚĕüšđðŨîĀúĆÖåćîßĆéėǰ ĂĊÖÙøĆĚÜĀîċęÜǰ ĂøøëÖëćĒĀŠÜóøąÿĎêøîĊĚĕéšĂíĉïć÷ĒúąĔĀš×šĂöĎúđóĉęöđêĉöđÖĊę÷üÖĆïĂđüÝĊöĀćîøÖǰéĆÜîĊĚ öĀćîøÖǰöĀćîĉø÷ąǰđøĊ÷ÖĂĊÖĂ÷ŠćÜĀîċęÜüŠćǰĂđüÝĊöĀćîøÖǰÙĞćüŠćĂđüÝĊĒðúüŠćðøćýÝćÖÙúČęîǰĀöć÷ÙüćöüŠćǰĔîĂđüÝĊöĀćîøÖîĆĚîǰĕöŠöĊßŠĂÜüŠćÜ×ĂÜđðúüĕôǰàċęÜÿĆêüŤîøÖĀöÖĕĀöšĂ÷ĎŠǰđðúüĕôóčŠÜēóúÜĂ÷ĎŠêúĂéđüúćĕöŠđÙ÷öĂééĆïǰĂćèćïøĉđüè×ĂÜĂđüÝĊîĆĚîǰóČĚîÖĘđðŨîĒñŠîēúĀąǰĀúĆÜÙćÖĘđðŨîĒñŠîēúĀąǰÖüšćÜ÷ćüéšćîúąǰĪġġǰē÷ßîŤǰñîĆÜǰĥǰéšćîǰàċęÜÖĘđðŨîēúĀąđĀöČĂîÖĆîǰéšćîúąǰĩĢǰē÷ßîŤǰđðúüĕôóčŠÜĕðìĆĚÜǰĥǰìĉýǰìĉýúąǰĢġġǰē÷ßîŤǰüĆéìĆĚÜÿŠüî÷ćüĒúąÿŠüîÖüšćÜ×ĂÜđðúüĕôǰêÖðøąöćèǰĤĢĩǰē÷ßîŤǰüĆéüÜøĂïĕéšǰĪĦĥǰē÷ßîŤǰÙüćöøšĂî×ĂÜđðúüĕôîĆĚîìąúčĒñŠîēúĀąĕðĕÖúëċÜéšćîúąǰĢġġǰē÷ßîŤǰ đìüìĆêêÖÿĎ ŠĂđüÝĊöĀćîøÖîĊĚǰ ×îćé×ĂÜĂĆêõćóðøąöćèǰĢġġǰē÷ßîŤǰđìšćđĀ÷Ċ÷ïÝöĂ÷ĎŠĔîóČĚîēúĀąúċÖëċÜ×šĂđìšćǰöČĂÖĘòŦÜĂ÷ĎŠĔîñîĆÜēúĀąúċÖëċÜ×šĂöČĂǰýĊøþąòŦÜĂ÷ĎŠïîĀúĆÜÙćēúĀąëċÜÖøąéĎÖÙĉĚüǰ öĊĀúćüđĀúĘÖđÿĊ÷ïêøċÜÝćÖóČĚîúŠćÜÖĆïĀúĆÜÙćĂĆîĀîċęÜǰ đÿĊ÷ïêøċÜìąúčĀĆüĔÝĂĆîĀîċęÜǰ đÿĊ÷ïêøċÜìąúčàĊęēÙøÜĂĊÖĂĆîĀîċęÜǰ ÙüćöđïĊ÷éđÿĊ÷éđ÷Ċ÷é÷ĆéĔîĂđüÝĊöĀćîøÖîĆĚîđĀöČĂîĒðŜÜ÷ĆéìąîćîǰĀćßŠĂÜüŠćÜĕöŠĕéšǰ

ĀŞąìèŞĀÜíĄíþìşą


øŦĞęĳČĬľęĞğīĠęŧĞĨċķĎę�ĵċęøĨĄĄĩ�ĴĜħĳĕĮĻĤĐĹ

ēĨċķĎęġİČĚĳÿŤĩċĨļþĳċīĘ�ĵċęČįťøøįĢĜĩđ

ĤĩĢĩĚĤĬġĩĐ�ĵċęġĘĩûĘķĎęĤĬġĩĐøĚįþĞĤāīþČĨĐ

ĐŀļĩĴĜħĳûĚĮĻĤþċĮĻĘ�ĵċęġĘĩûĘķĎęāĩĞĒũøĠŧĶČŤ

øŦĞęĳČĬľęĞĐŀļĩùŤĐ�ĵċęĐøĴĜħĳĕĮĻĤĐĹ

ĐŀļĩċĮĻĘ�ĵċęûĊħēİŤĒøûĚĤþĐĨøĳĚĬęĐĞĨċķĎęĦ�ċĬ�ĂĬ�

ª¶«¤q©³�Æ�¤¥©£ §³�Å��´¤¯´´¥Æ�¤©³�¬��¥´��q©³�Æ�¤±��·��·��d�Ô××Ù


ĒÿÜóøąíøøöÿŠĂÜìćÜÿüŠćÜĕÿüǰ ĒÿÜóøąíøøöÿŠĂÜĔÝĕì÷ìĆęüĀúšćǰ ĒÿÜóøąíøøöđÿøĉöÿøšćÜìćÜðŦââćǰ ĒÿÜóøąíøøöđÝĉéÝšćßĆęüôŜćéĉîǰĄ

ǰ ìŠćöÖúćÜÖøąĒÿÙüćöđðúĊę÷îĒðúÜĔîēúÖðŦÝÝčïĆîǰ ÖćøÿČęĂÿćøóĆçîćĕðĂ÷ŠćÜÖüšćÜ×üćÜøüéđøĘüǰÝĉêĔÝ×ĂÜÙîÖĘĕéšđøĊ÷îøĎšĀúć÷ÿĉęÜĂ÷ŠćÜÖüšćÜ×üćÜǰ ÿøčð×ŠćüÿćøĒÿÜíøøöÞïĆïîĊĚöĊĀúć÷ĀúćÖĂ÷ćÖĔĀšêĉéêćöĂŠćîÖĆîêŠĂĕð

# ÿÜÖøćîêŤđ÷ĘîìĆęüĀúšćüĆéðśćíøøöøĆêîŤ ÿÜÖøćîêŤđ÷ĘîìĆęüĀúšćüĆéðśćíøøöøĆêîŤđöČĂÜóĉêÿŤđïĉøŤÖüĆîĂćìĉê÷ŤìĊęǰ ħǰ đöþć÷îǰ ģĦĦĨǰ óøąÙøĎÿĉøĉĂøøëüĉđìýǰðøąíćîĂĞćîü÷ÖćøüĆéĕì÷ÖøčÜüĂßĉÜêĆî ǰ éĊ�àĊ�ǰ óøšĂöéšü÷ĀúüÜóŠĂóøąöĀćÿĉìíĉñúǰ ÿĉìďíĉñēúǰ óøąíøøöìĎêĕéš

đéĉîìćÜĕðøŠüöÜćîðøąđóèĊüĆîÿÜÖøćîêŤìĊęüĆéðśćíøøöøĆêîŤǰ đöČĂÜóĉêÿŤđïĉøŤÖǰ ēé÷öĊóøąöĀćðŗ÷ąǰ ĂčêďêöðťďēâǰĒúąÙèąâćêĉē÷öĔĀšÖćøêšĂîøĆïĒúąøŠüöìĞćïčâÖĆîĂ÷ŠćÜĂïĂčŠî

# ßćüóčìíđüĊ÷éîćöìĞćïčâüĆéĕì÷ĄǰéĊ�àĊ�ǰ ßćüóčìíđüĊ÷éîćöôŗúŠćđéúđôŘ÷ðøąöćèǰ ĢĦġǰÙîǰ öćđ÷Ċę÷öüĆéĕĀüšóøąìĞćïčâǰ Ħ�ħǰ đöþć÷îǰ óøąđéßóøąÙčèóøąüĉđìýíøøöøĆÜþĊǰ ĀúüÜêćßĊǰ ĕéšðøąóøöèĔĘāóøąóčìíöîêŤĔĀšýĊúĔĀšóøđóČęĂÙüćöđðŨîÿĉøĉöÜÙúĒÖŠßĊüĉêĔîüĆîðŘĔĀöŠßćüđüĊ÷éîćöéšü÷

# ÙèćÝćø÷ŤĒúąîĆÖýċÖþćðøĉââćđĂÖđ÷Ċę÷öüĆéĕì÷ĄǰéĊ�àĊ�ǰ ÙèćÝćø÷ŤĒúąîĆÖýċÖþćðøĉââćđĂÖÙèąÙøčýćÿêøŤöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷øćßõĆäđßĊ÷Üøć÷ǰģĦǰìŠćîǰöćóĆÖìĊęüĆéĔîēĂÖćÿìĊęđéĉîìćÜöćýċÖþćéĎÜćîìĊęĂđöøĉÖćǰøąĀüŠćÜüĆîìĊęǰĨ�Īǰđöþć÷îǰģĦĦĨǰ


# îĆÖđøĊ÷îÝćÖĂđöøĉÖĆîßöÖĉÝÖøøöüĆéĕì÷ĄǰéĊ�àĊ�ǰ 4UVEFOUTǰBUǰ#BSSJFǰTDIPPMǰBOEǰ0VSMBEZǰPGǰHPPEǰDPVOTFMǰIJHIǰTDIPPMǰDBNFǰUPǰWJTJUǰBUǰ8BUǰ5IBJǰ%�$�ǰüĆîóčíìĊęǰĪǰđöþć÷îǰîĆÖđøĊ÷îðøąöćèǰħġǰÙîǰöćøŠüöÿøÜèĔĘāĔîđìýÖćúüĆîÿÜÖøćîêŤǰóøąĂćÝćø÷ŤöĀćđøČĂÜùìíĉĝǰÿöĉìďíĉâćēèǰïøø÷ć÷êšĂîøĆïĔĀšÙüćöøĎšđÖĊę÷üÖĆïðøąđóèĊüĆîÿÜÖøćîêŤǰðŘĔĀöŠĕì÷ǰĕéšøĆïÙüćöđ×šćĔÝđðŨîĂ÷ŠćÜéĊ

# öĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ĒöøĊęĒúîéŤÝĆéÜćîǰǰ Ģġǰđö�÷�ǰǰñý�éø�ǰđÝîîĊęǰüĂÜ ǰĀĆüĀîšćēðøĒÖøöýċÖþćđĂđßĊę÷îĂđöøĉÖĆîǰ öĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ĒöøĊęĒúîéŤĕéšÝĆéÜćîǰĶ4QJSJUVBMǰ &QMPSBUJPOTǰ �ǰ &YQMPSFǰ"TJBOǰ"NFSJDBOǰ4QJSJUVBMJUZǰBOEǰ3FMJHJPOTķǰîĉöîêŤóøąÿÜÛŤĕðøŠüöđðŨîüĉì÷ćÖøĔîÜćîǰēé÷öĊǰóøąÙøĎÿĉøĉĂøøëüĉđìýǰđðŨîüĉì÷ćÖøðøąÝĞćÖúčŠöǰ #VEEIJTUǰ 1FSTQFDUJWFTǰ ĀĆü×šĂǰ 'JOEJOHǰ+PZǰBOEǰ)BQQJOFTTǰǰ óøąÿÜÛŤñĎšøŠüöđÿüîćĒúąêĂïðŦâĀćĔîÖúčŠööĊǰóøąöĀćÿčøêćúǰ ÿĉìďíĉñēúǰ óøąÙøĎÿĆÜÛøĆÖþŤĂĞćóúǰ ÿčíĊēøǰǰóøąöĀćðŗ÷ąǰĂčêďêöðťďēâǰđÝšćĂćüćÿüĆéðśćíøøöøĆêîŤǰǰöĊñĎšÿîĔÝǰîĆÖýċÖþćđ×šćøŠüöđÿüîćǰģǰøĂïǰ ĔîÖćøÝĆéÜćîÙøĆĚÜîĊĚǰ öĊĂćÝćø÷Ťǰ îĆÖýċÖþćǰ ĒúąñĎšÿîĔÝĔîýćÿîćêŠćÜėǰ đ×šćøŠüöÜćîÖüŠćøšĂ÷ìŠćîǰ ǰ ĕéšĒïŠÜÖúčŠöđÿüîćĔîÖúčŠöýćÿîćĒúąĀĆü×šĂêŠćÜėǰéĆÜîĊĚǰ ýćÿîćóčìíǰ đøČęĂÜǰǰ&OWJSPONFOUBMJTNǰBOEǰ&OWJSPONFOUBMǰ*TTVFT ǰ'JOEJOHǰ+PZǰBOEǰ)BQQJOFTTǰ ýćÿîćÙøĉÿêŤǰ đøČęĂÜǰ ǰ -JWJOHǰ Bǰ .FBOJOHGVMǰ-JGF ǰ $PODFQUJPOTǰPGǰ UIFǰ(PPEǰ-JGF ǰ 4QJSJUVBMJUZǰBOEǰIPXǰJUǰJOGPSNTǰWJPMFODFǰBOEǰDPOŴJDUǰ ýćÿîćöčÿúĉöǰ đøČęĂÜǰǰ-PWFǰBOEǰ%BUJOHǰ ýćÿîćăĉîéĎǰ đøČęĂÜǰǰ4QJSJUVBMJUZǰBOEǰIPXǰJUǰJOGPSNTǰUBCPPT�UBCPPǰTVCKFDUT

# îĆÖýċÖþćÝćÖÖćøĕôôŜćßŠü÷ÜćîÿÜÖøćîêŤǰ îĆÖýċÖþćÝćÖÖćøĕôôŜćĒĀŠÜðøąđìýĕì÷ǰĩǰìŠćîǰ

öćóĆÖüĆéǰ ĢĢ�ĢĨǰ đöþć÷îǰ ĕéšßŠü÷ÜćîüĆîÿÜÖøćîêŤðøąÝĞćðŘöĊìĆĚÜÙüćöÿč×ÿîčÖÿîćîøČęîđøĉÜïĆîđìĉÜĔÝ

# üĆîÿÜÖøćîêŤüĆéĕì÷ĄǰéĊ�àĊ�ǰðŘǰģĦĦĨ ĶĢĤǰđöþćǰĀîšćøšĂî÷šĂîöćĂĊÖǰ úöĀîćüĀúĊÖÞĊÖÝćÖôŜćĀúïĀîšćĀć÷ǰ ĀúüÜêćßĊÿøšćÜüĆéĕì÷ĔĀšđøćÿïć÷ǰ ìčÖ×ŤÝćÜÙúć÷ĕéšÿč×ÿĆîêŤüĆîÿÜÖøćîêŤķǰ îć÷üĉßćüĆçîŤǰ ĂĉýøõĆÖéĊǰ đĂÖĂĆÙøøćßìĎêĕì÷ǰ èǰÖøčÜüĂßĉÜêĆîǰ đðŨîðøąíćîĔîóĉíĊüĆîÿÜÖøćîêŤǰ ðŘǰ ģĦĦĨǰüĆéĕì÷ÖøčÜüĂßĉÜêĆî ǰ éĊ�àĊ�ǰ ēé÷öĊÖĉÝÖøøöìĞćïčâĔÿŠïćêøëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøĒéŠóøąÿÜÛŤǰĒúąøŠüöÿîčÖÿîćîïĆîđìĉÜĔÝÖĆï×ïüîôŜĂîøĞć×ĂÜîćÜÿÜÖøćîêŤǰ ĂĉęöĂøŠĂ÷ÖĆïĂćĀćøĕì÷îćîćßîĉéǰ óøšĂöÖĆîîĊĚóøąđéßóøąÙčèĀúüÜêćßĊǰ ĕéšñĎÖ×šĂêŠĂĒ×îĔĀš×üĆâÖĞćúĆÜĔÝÖĆïúĎÖĀúćîìĆĚÜßćüĕì÷ĒúąßćüêŠćÜßćêĉĂïĂčŠîĔÝðŘĔĀöŠĕì÷ìĆęüÖĆî

# đÿüîćýćÿîćđðøĊ÷ïđìĊ÷ïǰðøąÝĞćđéČĂîǰ ĢĨǰđö�÷�ǰÙèąñĎšÿîĔÝĔîÖćøýċÖþćđÿüîćýćÿîćđðøĊ÷ïđìĊ÷ïǰ ĕéšÝĆéÖĉÝÖøøöđÿüîćÿĆâÝøðøąÝĞćđéČĂîđöþć÷îǰèǰ üĆéâćèøĆÜþĊǰ ǰ öĊõĆîđêĂčðøĆêîąǰ üĆéýøĊúĆÜÖćǰđðŨîñĎšîĞćÿüéöîêŤǰ đðŗéÖćøđÿüîćǰ ǰ óøąÙøĎÿĉøĉĂøøëüĉđìýǰđðŨîñĎšîĞćđÿîĂđøČęĂÜöĉúĉîìðŦâĀćǰ öĊöćéćöǰ éø�ǰ ðćîđéǰÝćÖĂĉîđéĊ÷ǰ ǰ đÿîĂđøČęĂÜ×ĂÜýćÿîćăĉîéĎǰ ǰ îĂÖÝćÖîĊĚĕéšđðŗéēĂÖćÿĔĀšñĎšđ×šćøŠüöđÿîüîćǰĕéšĒÿéÜìĆýîąǰǰöĊóøąÙøĎÿĉøĉíøøöüĉđìýǰ Ăčéöǰ đÝšćĂćüćÿüĆéâćèøĆÜþĊǰ ĔĀšÙüćöđöêêćđðŨîđÝšćõćóĂčðëĆöõŤÖćøÝĆéđÿüîćÙøĆĚÜîĊĚǰ öĊóøąÿÜÛŤĒúąñĎšÿîĔÝđ×šćøŠüöđÿüîćǰ đßŠîǰ óøąÙøĎÿĆÜÛøĆÖþŤĂĞćóúǰÿčíĊēøǰǰýćÿêøćÝćø÷ŤđăïïćøŤǰöĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ÝĂøŤÝüĂßĉÜêĆîǰǰÙčèĒöìíĉüǰéø�àćàĉǰđðŨîêšî

# ðøąßčöÿćöĆâðøąÝĞćđéČĂîđöþć÷îǰ ðøąßčöÙèąÖøøöÖćøĂĞćîü÷Öćøǰ đóČęĂðøċÖþćĀćøČĂđêøĊ÷öÜćîüĆîüĉÿć×ïĎßćĒúąÜćîÞúĂÜĂć÷čüĆçîöÜÙúǰĩĪǰðŘǰ óøąüĉđìýíøøöøĆÜþĊǰ óøšĂöìĆĚÜÖćøÿøčðÜćî


üĆîÿÜÖøćîêŤðøąÝĞćðŘìĊęñŠćîöćéšü÷ǰ ĔîüĆîĂćìĉê÷ŤìĊęǰ ģĨǰđöþć÷îǰģĦĦĨ

# ìĞćïčâÿÜÖøćîêŤüĆéðśćÿĆîêĉíøøöǰ ģġǰ đö�÷�ǰ üĆéðśćÿĆîêĉíøøöÝĆéÜćîìĞćïčâüĆîÿÜÖøćîêŤǰ ĒúąÞúĂÜÙøïǰ Ģħǰ ðŘǰ ĒĀŠÜÖćøÖŠĂêĆĚÜüĆéðśćÿĆîêĉíøøöǰǰÜćîÙøĆĚÜîĊĚĕéšîĉöîêŤóøąÿÜÛŤÝćÖüĆéĕì÷ĄǰéĊ�àĊ�ǰĤǰ øĎðǰ ĕðøŠüöÜćîǰÙČĂǰóøąÙøĎÿĉøĉĂøøëüĉđìýǰóøąÙøĎÿĆÜÛøĆÖþŤĂĞćóúǰÿčíĊēøǰǰĒúąóøąöĀćÿøćüčíǰÿøćüčēíǰǰ đöČęĂđðŗéÜćîĒúšüǰ óøąÿÜÛŤĕéšđÝøĉâóøąóčìíöîêŤǰĂĂÖøĆïïĉèæïćêøĂïïøĉđüèüĆéǰëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúǰĒÿéÜóøąíøøöđìýîćǰ ēé÷ǰ óøąÙøĎÿĉøĉĂøøëüĉđìýǰ ĒúąÿøÜèĔĘāóøąÿÜÛŤǰ ǰîĂÖÝćÖîĊĚöĊÖćøĒÿéÜýĉúðüĆçîíøøöĕì÷ǰ ǰÖćøĂĂÖøšćîÝĞćĀîŠć÷ÿĉîÙšć×ĂÜìĊęøąúċÖ×ĂÜđöČĂÜĕì÷ǰ ǰ ĂćĀćøđöîĎĕì÷öćÖöć÷ǰǰ ĕéšöĊóĊęîšĂÜĕì÷ǰ óĊęîšĂÜÝćÖîćîćßćêĉđ×šćøŠüöÜćîÙøĆĚÜîĊĚđðŨîÝĞćîüîöćÖǰ ǰ êšîñšćðść×ĂÜßćüüĆéĕì÷Ąǰ éĊ�àĊ�ǰÝĞćîüîǰǰĤĤħǰđĀøĊ÷âǰøŠüöÿöìïìčîǰĶýćúćøüöĔÝǰĩĥǰðŘǰĀúüÜêćßĊķ

# ßćüóčìíîćîćßćêĉÝĆéǰ#VEEIBǰ.POEBMBǰ1VKBǰ đöČęĂüĆîìĊęǰ ĢĪǰ đöþć÷îǰ ģĦĦĨǰ ĀúĆÜìĞćüĆêøđ÷ĘîǰñĎšđ×šćøŠüöÜćîÝćÖßćüóčìíîćîćßćêĉóøšĂöÖĆîìĊęýćúćĂđîÖðøąÿÜÙŤǰ ÝĆéÖĉÝÖøøöǰ #VEEIBǰ .POEBMBǰ 1VKBǰđøĉęöéšü÷ÖćøđÝøĉâóøąóčìíöîêŤïìÿĞćÙĆâǰĂćìĉǰöÜÙúÿĎêøǰøêîÿĎêøǰÖøèĊ÷đöêêÿĎêøǰǰÝćÖîĆĚîǰóøąÙøĎÿĉøĉĂøøëüĉđìýǰĂíĉïć÷ëċÜÙüćöÿĞćÙĆâ×ĂÜóøąÿĎêøìĊęÿćí÷ć÷ǰ ĒúąÙüćöÿĞćÙĆâ×ĂÜÖćøîšĂöÿĆÖÖćøïĎßćéšü÷èĔĘāǰ éĂÖĕöšǰ đÙøČęĂÜ×ĂÜĀĂöǰ ÝćÖîĆĚîĕéšđßĉâìŠćîñĎšđ×šćøŠüöóĉíĊĕéšøŠüöÿĆÖÖćøïĎßćǰ ÿøÜèĔĘāóøąǰ ëüć÷éĂÖĕöšǰ óøąóčìíĂÜÙŤǰ Ēúąëüć÷ĕì÷íøøöĒéŠóøąÿÜÛŤǰ Ħǰ øĎðìĊęđ×šćøŠüöóĉíĊǰ ǰ óøąÿÜÛŤĂîčēöìîćǰ ǰ đÿøĘÝĒúšüñĎšđ×šćøŠüöÜćîøŠüöÖĆîøĆïðøąìćîĂćĀćø

# ßćüóčìíýøĊúĆÜÖćðäĉïĆêĉíøøöìĊęüĆéĕì÷ĄǰéĊ�àĊ�ǰǰ .BIBNFWBOBXBǰ 4SJMBOLBǰ üĆîđÿćøŤìĊęǰ ģħǰđöþć÷îǰ ßćüóčìíýøĊúĆÜÖćĕéšöćĔßšÿëćîìĊęüĆéĕì÷ĔîÖćøđÝøĉâõćüîćǰôŦÜđìýîŤôŦÜíøøöðøąÝĞćđéČĂîǰöĊñĎšÿîĔÝøŠüöïčâÖĆîđðŨîÝĞćîüîöćÖ

# óøąÙøĎÿĉøĉĂøøëüĉđìýǰðäĉïĆêĉýćÿîÖĉÝêŠćÜøĆåǰ üĆîìĊęǰģħǰđö�÷�ǰđðŗéÖćøðäĉïĆêĉüĉðŦÿÿîćǰĀúĆÖÿĎêøîćîćßćêĉǰ èǰ üĆéöÜÙúøĆêîćøćöǰ ĒìöðŜćǰ ǰ öĊñĎšđ×šćøŠüöÝĞćîüîǰĦġǰìŠćîǰǰüĆîìĊęǰģĨǰđö�÷�ǰđðŨîñĎšĒìîÿöĆßßćÿÜÛŤĕì÷ĔîÿĀøĆåĂđöøĉÖćǰ đðŗéÿĂïíøøöÿîćöĀúüÜǰ ÿîćöÿĂïüĆéĒìöðŜćǰ ǰ ĒúąđéĉîìćÜĕðøŠüöðøąßčöǰ èǰ üĆéîüǰǰǰǰǰöĉîìøøćßĎìĉýǰïĂÿêĆîǰǰđÖĊę÷üÖĆïÖćøđêøĊ÷öÝĆéÜćîðøąßčöÿöĆ÷ÿćöĆâðøąÝĞćðŘǰ ÿöĆßßćÿÜÛŤĕì÷ĔîÿĀøĆåĂđöøĉÖćǰǰĒúąÜćîñĎÖóĆìíÿĊöćòŦÜúĎÖîĉöĉêǰ üĆéîüöĉîìøøćßĎìĉýǰǰÖćøðøąßčöÙøĆĚÜîĊĚǰ óøąđéßóøąÙčèóøąóøĀöüßĉøâćèǰÖøøöÖćøöĀćđëøÿöćÙöǰ đÝšćĂćüćÿüĆé÷ćîîćüćǰ đðŨîðøąíćîìĊęðøąßčö

# ðäĉìĉî×ŠćüđéČĂîóùþõćÙöǰ Ģĩǰó�Ù�ǰĦĨǰǰǰǰǰǰǰìĞćïčâüĆîüĉÿć×ïĎßćǰǰ ĢĨ�Ģĩǰó�Ù�ǰĦĨǰǰðäĉïĆêĉíøøöðøąÝĞćđéČĂîǰ ǰ ģĦǰó�Ù�ǰĦĨǰǰǰǰǰǰǰðøąßčöÙèąÖøøöÖćøüĆé


øć÷îćöñĎšïøĉÝćÙðøąÝĞćđéČĂîđöþć÷î

/JSVUJTBJǰ (SBGGǰ ǰ��ǰ5IVNSPOHǰ�ǰ#BOKPOHMBLǰǰ%VBOHSBUǰ ǰ��ǰ4VQBXBEFFǰ 1JUBLNPOHLPMLVMǰ ǰ��ǰ%VOHSVFUIBJǰ :PNEJUǰ ǰ��ǰ3VTTFM�(SBOOJHFǰ %BWJTǰ ǰ��ǰ%S�ǰ"SVO�,�ǰ4VNBOBǰ 4VBOTJMQQPOHTFǰ ǰ��ǰ/JSVOǰ 7POHQVLLFBXǰ ǰ��ǰ#PPOEIBSNǰ 8POHBOBOEBǰ ǰ��ǰ5IBJǰĳ��ǰ3FTUBVSBOUǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèÿðŦîǰðÜÿîĉìǰ +BDLǰ$BSHJMMǰ ǰ��ǰ4BJZVEFǰ #SBOTEPSGǰ ǰ��ǰ%�ǰ ,VSBOBSVLǰ ǰ��ǰ1SBDIVBCǰ�ǰ5JNǰ -FHHFUUǰ ǰ��ǰ,BOZBǰ 4BTUVSBǰ ǰ��ǰ4VXBQFFǰ %FKUJTBLEJǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèøĂöǰ�ǰÖčúõĆìøćǰ ĀĉøĆâùÖþŤǰ ǰ��ǰ1BJCPPOǰ 1BUDIBSJOǰ ǰ��ǰ4PNQBOJEI�8BOJEBǰ 8BOBOUǰ ǰ��ǰ+JSBXBUǰ ,MBJQBOOBǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèïčøèĊǰ ïčâîĉøĆîéøŤǰ ǰ��ǰ#SBOEPOǰ4�ǰ 5BJOHǰ ǰ��ǰ1PSOQBOǰ�ǰ4JUIJTBLEJǰ 1SBOHLIBNǰ ǰ��ǰ.BMMJǰ #BIMJǰ ǰ��ǰ7JSPK�.BMFFǰ #BSMFFǰ ǰ��ǰ,POHǰ 5JNǰ ǰ��ǰ4VLSFF�7JMBJMBLTFOFǰ "HLSBTTBǰ ǰ��ǰ,VTVNBǰ .PPMNVBOHǰ ǰ��ǰ5VOǰ "UUIBWVUIǰ�ǰ'BNJMZǰ ǰ��ǰ4VUPOUB�4JSJLVOZBǰ íøøöðøąđÿøĉåǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèÝĉøćõøèŤǰ ÿčóĆçîŤǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèúĂ÷ǰ+FOOZǰ'POǰ ĔÝêøÜÿĆê÷Ťǰ ǰ��ǰ1SBOFFǰ 5FQUBSBLVOǰ ǰ��ǰ$IBOHFIJǰ .DHPWFSOǰ ǰ��ǰ4ZSBDIBLǰ $IPUJLBKBOǰ ǰ��ǰ4PNTBOHǰ 1JUBSBDIVUǰ ǰ��ǰñĎšĕöŠðøąÿÜÙŤĂĂÖîćöǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ7JDIBJǰ $IJWBOCBǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèóøøèĊ�đÿüĊǰ ðøąÿĉìíĉĝøĆêîŤǰ ǰ��ǰ4PPOUISFFǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ"QJSBEFFǰ$�ǰ 7BNBTJSJǰ ǰ��ǰ4VOFFǰ ,IBBTBBSEǰ7JOTPOǰ ǰ��ǰ/PQPEPOǰ 4BOUJLVMǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèðøąüÜýŤǰ đðøöąüĆêǰ ǰ��ǰ$IPIIǰ 5SVOǰ ǰ��ǰ

øć÷îćöñĎšïøĉÝćÙìĞćïčâüĆîÿÜÖøćîêŤ1JNPMǰ /VDIBOBSUǰ ǰ��ǰ"MFYBOESJBǰ 1JNKPOLSPUǰ ǰ��ǰ0SBTBǰ.�ǰ (BSMBOEǰ ǰ��ǰ"DIBSFFǰ "QJCVOZPQBTǰ ǰ��ǰ4VSJTBǰ5�ǰ )JSSFMǰ ǰ��ǰ$IBSMFTǰ)�ǰ -JNǰ ǰ��ǰ5POHǰ $IBOUTSJǰ ǰ��ǰ,BSODIBOBǰ #VOOFZǰ ǰ��ǰ#FOTJSJǰ7�ǰ $IBOBDIPUFǰ ǰ��ǰ,BOUIBLBǰ /BSBOHBKBWBOBǰ ǰ��ǰ"UDIBSBQPSOǰ .BIBSBKIǰ ǰ��ǰ4SJQBJSǰ 5IPNBTǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèìĂÜÿč×ǰ đêĊ÷đÝøĉâǰ ǰ��ǰ4PNTPOHǰ $IBUJQBUBOBǰ ǰ��ǰ1FOOZǰ 4JSJHVTBǰ ǰ��ǰ%VBOQFOǰ 5IPFELJFSUǰ ǰ��ǰ4VNBOB�"SPPOǰ 4VBOTJMQQPOHTFǰ ǰ��ǰ7VUIZǰ�ǰ4VSPTBWBEFFǰ &JFNǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèÿąđëĊ÷îǰ ÝĆî÷ćÝøèŤǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèó÷čÜ�Ýĉîêîćǰ ÜćöÿĂćéǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèßčêĉöćǰ ÿčøøĆêîŤđéßćǰ ǰ��ǰ#BSOLVǰ3FTUBVSBOUǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ5VTTBOFFǰ -FSECPPOǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèðøąÖĂïǰ ÿć÷ĒÿÜÝĆîìøŤǰ ǰ��ǰ$IVTSJ�+JNNZǰ (PSFǰ ǰ��ǰ4JSJOBQBǰ 4SJOVBOǰ ǰ��ǰ3BOEBMMǰ4�ǰ .VTJFLǰ ǰ��ǰ/�ǰ 1SBJTBFOHQFUFIǰ ǰ��ǰ4JMBZBǰ 4PINJJFFMFMǰ ǰ��ǰ.BMFFǰ .BOBLVMǰ ǰ��ǰ1SBQIBMǰ ,IVOXPOHǰ ǰ��ǰ%BVOHUBJǰ 7BOTBOUǰ ǰ��ǰ$IBSOQFǰ$�ǰ "QJCVOZPQBTǰ ǰ��ǰ1SBLJU�8BOUBOFFǰ -BPIBQIBOǰ�ǰ'BNJMZǰ ǰ��ǰ#SJBOǰ 3JCCMFUUǰ ǰ��ǰ1IPVBOHQIBLBǰ ,IBNWPOHTBǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèðøćèĊǰ øčŠÜđýøþåĊǰ ǰ��ǰ7JQFOǰ 1VOQBJSBKǰ ǰ��ǰ.JOHǰ1IMFSTQIBPǰ�ǰ'BNJMZǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèÖúĉęî×Ýøǰ óøć÷ĒÿÜđóßøǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèĂøčèĊǰ ĔÿðøąÙîǰ ǰ��ǰ5�ǰ/BUSBLVMǰ�ǰ'BNJMZǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ*WFZ�-BEEBXBOǰ .VSQIZǰ ǰ��ǰ1FODIBOǰ ,MPQGFOTUFJOǰ ǰ��ǰ#PPOZBSVUǰ,�ǰ -ZODIǰ ǰ��ǰ#PPOǰ�ǰ/BOUBXBOǰ $IBOHSBJNBJǰ ǰ��ǰ$IVBOHDIBOǰ 1IPOHTBWBOǰ ǰ��ǰ


%BSJLBǰ $IBOBDIPUFǰ ǰ��ǰ-BPSǰ 3PKBOBWPOHTFǰ ǰ��ǰ1SBCIBTSJǰ %VSBTBWJOǰ ǰ��ǰ3PPOHUPOHǰ ,SJEBSBUJLPSOǰ ǰ��ǰ-JOETBZǰ&��7�7�ǰ 4JSJLPǰ ǰ��ǰ1BSJDIBSUǰ ,BODIBOBWBSFFǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèēÞö÷ÜÙŤǰ đêĊ÷öàĊǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèĂîüøøê�îĉÿćǰ ĔÝíøøöǰ ǰ��ǰ&SNJOǰ $IBQIJWǰ ǰ��ǰ1SBCQBTTBSBIǰ "HLSPTBǰ ǰ��ǰ3VOHSVEFFǰ 4VUFFSBEIBOPZǰ ǰ��ǰ.FFǰ )JMMǰ ǰ��ǰ%FFDIBǰ 7JSJZBǰ ǰ��ǰ"SVOSǰ $BJMUPOǰ ǰ��ǰÙøĂïÙøĆüǰ1�ǰ#PPOOBSUǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ7BSOWJNPOǰ /BUSBLVMǰ ǰ��ǰ.JOHLXBOǰ -FU[SJOHǰ ǰ��ǰ+BOUJQBǰ 1BUOBJLǰ ǰ��ǰ+BOUBOBǰ $PSOFMMǰ ǰ��ǰ+BMPSSVUǰ $IFOHUSBLVVOǰ ǰ��ǰ"SQIPSOǰ #SVOFMMJǰ ǰ��ǰ6NOBPZǰ 3FBSEPOǰ ǰ��ǰ:FOǰ1�ǰ 1FMU[ǰ ǰ��ǰ,BMPOHǰ#�ǰ 4VKKBQVOSPKǰ ǰ��ǰ%Sǰ�ǰ.ST�ǰ)BSSZǰ (BSEJOFSǰ ǰ��ǰ"EJTBLǰ 4JSJQPSOTBXBOǰ ǰ��ǰ-JODIJǰ 5FQBNOVBZǰ ǰ��ǰ"VTBOFF�"DIBǰ 1BOBOPOǰ ǰ��ǰ4VSFFSBUǰ -PFXFDLFǰ ǰ��ǰ$IBSFWBOǰ (BSPOPJLǰ ǰ��ǰ,IBNQIBZǰ 1BOZBOPVWPOHǰ ǰ��ǰ.BODIBSFFǰ +VOLǰ ǰ��ǰ"OOPQǰ -VOHDIBSPFOǰ ǰ��ǰ,PNLSJEǰ 4JOHUPOHǰ ǰ��ǰ#PVOOIPOǰ ,IBNIPVOHǰ ǰ��ǰ4BXBUWJNPMǰ $IBSVTBUIJFOǰ ǰ��ǰ.S�ǰ�ǰ.ST�ǰ$VSSJFǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ"QVTBSBǰ 5IPOHTSJQFUDIǰ ǰ��ǰ1PSOQIBOǰ 4SJTVNSJUǰ ǰ��ǰ+PTFQIǰ/�ǰ 1BOQSVLTBOPOUǰ ǰ��ǰ5JBOǰ .VMMJOJYǰ ǰ��ǰ4BSBKǰ +BOUBDIPUJWPOHTǰ ǰ��ǰ1BTISFFǰ 4SJQJQBUǰ ǰ��ǰ$IBOUJǰ )JMMǰ ǰ��ǰ1SBNPPMǰ 4XFFUǰ ǰ��ǰ7JDIJFOǰ +JUQBJTBSOTPPLǰ ǰ��ǰ4BOBOǰ ,MJOLBMPOHǰ ǰ��ǰ$IBSVQVOǰ 5SBQLBTFNǰ ǰ��ǰ"SZBǰBOEǰ"QPǰ 1IJNNBTPOFǰ ǰ��

$IBMBPǰ ,BODIBOBWBSFFǰ ǰ��ǰ4JSJOBQBǰ 4SJOVBOǰ ǰ��ǰ4VQBSQǰ 6EBOPOUǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèïĆîđ÷Ęîǰ öĆęîĔÝǰ ǰ��ǰ-VJHJǰ 1SPDBQJPǰ ǰ��ǰ4VQBNBSHǰ "OEFSTPOǰ ǰ��ǰ4VNBMFFǰ $IBSPFOUSBǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèïčâĂîÜÙŤǰ đĂĊę÷öÿčõćóǰ ǰ��ǰ51ǰ 8JMFZǰ ǰ��ǰ%BVOHKBJǰ *O-VQBUFǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèĒöŠàĎđăĊ÷Üǰ øčÿĉêćîîìŤǰ ǰ��ǰ4BLVOJEǰ�ǰ+BNFFLPSOǰǰ ǰ��ǰ,JUJTBLǰ�ǰ8JUJUBǰ 4PUJQBMBMJUǰ ǰ��ǰ/JUQPSOǰ "UDIBDIBSPFOTBǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèÿößĆ÷ǰ Ýøø÷ćìøĆó÷ŤÖĉÝǰ ǰ��ǰ-JMZǰ )BMFǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèðŗ÷öĉêøćǰ íîąēÿõèǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèĂîÜÙŤǰ ÿüîýĉúðşóÜýŤǰ ǰ��ǰ1IBJTBOǰ 4SJSBUUBOOBQPOJǰ ǰ��ǰ4PNNBJǰ6�ǰ $POOFSǰ ǰ��ǰ4JSJOUIJQǰ 3PSPTUFSǰ ǰ��ǰ/BSJTTBSBǰ +PIOTPOǰ ǰ��ǰ$BSPLJOBǰ $IJOHǰ ǰ��ǰ.POBUFFǰ +POTFOǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèđÞúĉöýøĊǰ đ×Ċ÷üßąĂčŠöǰ ǰ��ǰ5JNǰ $BSSǰ+S�ǰ ǰ��ǰ4VSSPǰ %FWPZǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèóĆßøĊǰ 7JTBWBLJMFIBMJBOǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèÿčóĆêøćǰ đăđ÷úǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèüîĉéć�ÿøøóóÜýŤǰ $PMFǰ ǰ��ǰ7JDIBJǰ 3JSLTPSOǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèßćêøĊǰ đìóîøøĆêîŤǰ ǰ��ǰÙčè÷čìíóøǰ ýøĊÿüĆÿéĉĝǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèíĊøćóø�ĕĂúüĉúǰ ÿčìíĉóÜþŤǰ ǰ��ǰ/VDIBSFFǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ8JZBIVǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèýøćíøǰ óÜþŤÖĉÝÖćøčèǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèïčâéĊǰ öćîąéĊǰ ǰ��ǰ%VPOFǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèíîĉéćǰ ÝĆîìøŤìĂÜǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèöćîóǰ đóßøđÖýǰ ǰ��ǰ#VOOBSZǰ 4VPOHǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèüĉöúøĆêîŤǰ đüÿđêĂøŤǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèîĆîìîõĆÿǰ íîóøćîÿĉÜĀŤǰ ǰ��ǰ+JSBQPSOǰ 3BLIBOOHBOǰ ǰ��ǰ"MSSFEǰ8�ǰ'SFODIǰ5�7�ǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèíîĉéćǰ óÜýŤÖĉÝÖćøčèǰ ǰ��ǰ%BWJE�-BNBJǰ #PXEFOǰ ǰ��ǰ4BOHBSǰ #SPXOǰ ǰ��


ÙèćÝćø÷ŤĒúąîĆÖýċÖþćð�đĂÖǰö�øćßõĆäđßĊ÷Üøć÷ǰ ǰǰǰǰǰ� ��ǰóîĆÖÜćîÖćøĕôôŜćÿŠüîõĎöĉõćÙǰ ǰ��ǰêĎšïøĉÝćÙïîēïÿëŤǰ�ǰÿÜÖøćîêŤǰ ǰ��ǰ5IBJǰ(PVSNFUǰ*OD�ǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ5IBJǰ'BSNǰ*ODǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰÙèąüĆéîüöĉîĄǰ�ǰüĆéúćüÖĉêêĉýøĊúćøćöǰ ǰ��ǰüĆéĂĆöóüĆîĂđöøĉÖćǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ7JSBUǰ�ǰ$IPPNTBOHǰ -PIBWJDIBOǰ ǰ��ǰÖĆèæŤđìýîŤǰ��ǰ óøąöĀćÙĞćêĆúǰ ǰ��ǰĂćĀćøêĆÖïćêøǰ��ǰǰ ǰ��ǰ#BOHLPLǰ8PLǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ-ZOOǰ 4BOWFSǰ ǰ��ǰ

øć÷îćöñĎšïøĉÝćÙìĞćïčâđìýîŤöĀćßćêĉ

øć÷îćöñĎšïøĉÝćÙ�éîêøĊ�îćäýĉúðş

1BNǰ 1FSNTVWBOǰ ǰ��ǰ1PSOQJMBJǰ 4BF�5BOHǰ ǰ��ǰ"�.BOFLVMǰ�ǰ4�.D%POBMEǰ ǰ��ǰ4BWBMFFǰ 1BSOXJDIJBOǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèîĆìðǲǰ ïčâèć÷ćîîìŤǰ ǰ��ǰ1IBOOFFǰ 8JMMJNBOǰ ǰ��ǰ/VBODIBOǰ $BSQFOUFSǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèóĎîñúǰ�ǰÙčèðøąõćóøǰǰîóöćÖǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèđÝöÿŤǰ îóöćÖǰ ǰ��ǰ#PPOUBǰ #PZMFǰ ǰ��ǰ"KDIBSJZBǰ /BCBOHDIBOHǰ ǰ��ǰ4VEKJUǰ 4IJSMFZǰ ǰ��ǰ3BZOPMEǰ�ǰ#VOHPOǰ ,JOHǰ ǰ��ǰ,XBOOBQJTǰ/�ǰ #PPHSFOǰ ǰ��ǰ1BSJZBLPSOǰ *UUJTVLBOBOUIǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèðüĉîìŤǰ ÝĉêêŤüčçĉîîìŤǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèēÞö÷ÜÙŤǰ %FNQTBZǰ ǰ��ǰ1FOǰ 1PUPOHTVOBOUǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèöîǰ đÝšć×čîìéǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèýĉüóøǰ îĆîðøąđìýǰ ǰ��ǰ3JDIBSEǰ "MMJTPOǰ ǰ��ǰ1IBXJǰ 5IBIBCPEJOǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèïčâèĉÿćǰ êćìĉó÷Ťǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèđðúŠÜđîČĂÜǰ đÖêüÜþČǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèÝĞćđîĊ÷øǰ đìóðøąÿĉìíĉĝǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèđÝĊ÷øąîĆ÷ǰ đÖêüÜþŤǰ ǰ��ǰ.BZVSBǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèüĆîéĊǰ ÙĎàĊǰ ǰ��ǰ4�ǰǰ.D%FSNPUUǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ/�ǰ.D'BEEFOǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ%BSBOFFǰ 5IPOHQIPPOǰ ǰ��ǰ1BSǰ $IBSFFǰ ǰ��ǰ4DPUUǰ &BTBOǰ ǰ��

øć÷îćöñĎšïøĉÝćÙìĞćïčâìĆęüĕð

1JZBQPOHǰ 7POHLPWJUǰ ǰ��ǰ+JUUJNBǰ4BOUBEǰ $PMFǰ ǰ��ǰ.BZPVSPNǰ/VPOǰBOEǰ-FQǰ1MPOHǰ ǰ��ǰ4BPWBSPTǰ "SPSBǰ ǰǰ ��ǰÙøĂïÙøĆüĂĆýüąøĆÜþĊÖčúǰ ǰ ǰǰ ��ǰ1JQBLEFFǰ 4VXBOOBDIBJSPEǰ ǰǰ ��ǰÙčèÖĆöðîćì Ùčèðŗ÷éć é�â�ÖčúÝĉêøćǰóîćđýøþåđîêøǰ ǰ ��ǰÙčèÿčéćøĆêîŤǰ êĆĚÜêøÜüćîĉßǰ ǰǰ ��ǰÙčèö÷čøćǰ ßĉüíîćÿčîìøǰ ǰǰ ��ǰÙčèîĉöĉêøǰ ÖøøèõĎþøąđúĉýǰ ǰǰ ��ǰ4BSBOZBǰ ,VMXBUOPǰ ǰǰ ��ǰ5BTTBOFǰ *BEPOJTJǰ ǰǰ ��ǰ1SBCIBTTBSBǰ "HLSBTBǰ ǰǰ ��ǰ5IFǰ4IBXTǰ'BNJMZǰ ǰ ǰǰ ��ǰ5BXBJǰ 5IPNBTǰ ǰǰ ��ǰ4JSJOBǰ�ǰ1BVMǰ 5SBVUOFSǰ ǰǰ ��ǰ3PCFSUǰ ;FJHMFSǰ ǰǰǰǰ��

ÿĞćîĆÖÜćîǰÖ�ó�ǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ1FOTJSJǰ�ǰ%BOǰ ,SVBQSBEJUǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèëćüøǰ ÷ĉöđøüĆêǰ ǰ��ǰ.FUOJOFFǰ :FBNQFLBǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèÿćüĉÖćǰ ĒÿîÖúćÜǰ ǰ��ǰ1BUDIBMFǰ 7JTBWBLJUDIBMFOOǰ ǰ��ǰ5FFSBXBUǰ "LLBSBDIǰ ǰ��ǰ-BJBEǰ #PXEFOǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèðøĉýîć�ðćèĉêćǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ$USBQLBTFNǰ'BNJMZǰ ǰ ǰ��ǰ)BOTBǰǰ 1BMPQSBLBSOǰ ǰ��

3ZBOǰ 3JUUIBXPSOǰ ǰ��ǰ.JDLZ�.BSZǰ 3VYTBSBTIǰ ǰ��ǰ5VOZBQPSOǰ 4PPOUIPOWPOHǰ ǰ��ǰÙčèǰÝĉêêóøøèǰ øĞćóøøèŤǰ ǰ��ǰ5IJQBQBOǰ 5SFFMFSULVMǰ ǰ��

óøąöĀćÿčøêćúǰ ÿĉìďíĉñēúǰ ǰ� ��ǰÙčèÖĆââćǰ�ǰÙčèÖčúßćêĉǰ ÿüŠćÜēøÝîŤǰ ǰ� ��ǰ4PNQIPOHǰ 1IJMBQIBFOHǰǰ ǰ��

øć÷îćöñĎšïøĉÝćÙìĞćïčâĂć÷čüĆçîöÜÙúǰĩĪǰðŘǰĀúüÜêćßĊ


Óćâùćïāí��%VCPJT��ÓćâùćÐāèãā��éćííāèèæŞ� ��ÓćâíñćÖ��Öāðùüāã�� ÓćâÐòüÖÐāÜ×èŞ��çāòíăíăçÙĀñ� ��ÓćâéćÜċùòăð��Öāðùüāã� ��ÓćâüòíăèçŞ��1BVMJL�� òöð� ��

øć÷ßČęĂøšćîÙšćìĊęïøĉÝćÙüĆîÿÜÖøćîêŤ

đÝšćõćóïøĉÝćÙđðúĊę÷î÷ćÜøëêĎšüĆéǰÙĆîÿĊ×ćüǰ�ǰđÿšî

ãĘā�4UBSMJUF�5SBWFM�2BUBS� čÕøâā� � ��êćŕè�5IBJ�0SDIJE� ÐŝöñċäĄĖñöèĔĘā� � �� ċêőŤô� ďÑŚèÐÐòÿæā �ÑèðċéĆĔüÖÜöè�� ČðŚ×ŝā�4SJTVEB�.��)BSU�4BCBJ�4BCBJ� � ��ùāñæüÖ�)BNQUPO� ÐôśöñØāé �ċëĆüÐØāé �ďùśüĀēö�� üðòā� ÑśāöċúèĄñöðÿðŚöÖ �ÑèðċêŒťñÿ� ��ÓòĈċíÙò ãò�ôĀããā ČùÖæüÖ ČÑÐ ÐòÿČä ÐòÿäŚāñ �×Ĉð÷òĄ�� ùðíüãĄ�ČôÿÓâÿ��Ñèð×ĄèèĔĘāñā ďÑŚúÖøŞ êôāùśð �,OJUJOH� ��òśāèČÚêċöŚüòŞ� üāúāòüĄùāè� �� ċòĆüèďæñ� ëĀãďæñ �úüñæüã� �� éćÜðā� ÐôśöñØāé �ċëĆüÐØāé� � ��äćŜÐ�Ðćúôāé�äćŝñ��ôüãÙŚüÖ �Ñèðúöāè ëĀãďæñ �úüñæüã�� èĔĘāöĀãďæñ�Óćâďíčò×èŞ�ùðāÓðďæñÙāöêŠÐøŞĎäś� �� ÓćâċôĒÐ�#BMUJNPSF� ďÐŚñŚāÖ �ùśðäĘā �ÑśāöċúèĄñö� � ��éćÜ��"� ÑśāöÒüñ� � �� üŜüã�×Āèãāòā� ôĈÐÙăĔèêőŤÖ� � �� ùðāÓðüĄùāè� ďÐŚñŚāÖ �ÑśāöċúèĄñö �Ðôśöñæüã� ��èćÙ�� ÑèðÐôŚüÖ� � �� ÐĀÜÜā� úüñæüã� � �� èăäñā�æüðùĀè� ÐŝöñċäĄĖñöëĀãďæñ �ďÐŚñŚāÖ� � ��êŕüÖ �ċÐŝ� æüãðĀè �ÑèðÓòÐ� � ��ùćíĀáèŞ� úðąÐñŚāÖ �ďÐŚñŚāÖ� �� ČùÖ×ĀèæòŞ� ďÐŚñŚāÖ �ÑśāöċúèĄñö �ùśðäĘā� � ��èĔĘāöĀãďæñ�ëĈśêÐÓòüÖ� ÙāďÑŚðćÐ �ċÓòĆēüÖãĆēð� �� #BOHLPL�(BSEFO��æüãðĀè �ÐŝöñċäĄĖñöċòĆü �üāúāòäŚāÖđ�� ČÑÐ�1"� ĎùśüĀēö �ĎùśÐòüÐüĄùāè ��èĔĘāíòăÐ� ��ùðíÖøŞ� ÐŝöñċäĄĖöñôĈÐÙăĔè×Āðčéś� � ��éćéëāÙāööĀÖ��Ðŝöñ×ĀĕéèĔĘāÑśè �ÑèðÓòÐ �Ñèðúöāè� �� èĔĘāöĀãďæñ�ÓćâêòÿïĀùùòā�ċÓòĆēüÖãĆēð �ÑāċñĒè� � ��ċ×ãā�ùćÐāèãā� ×ćŝñÐśöñ �Ñèðúöāèòöððăäò� � ��äćŜ��)BNQUPO� ÐŝöñċäĄĖñöëĀãďæñ� � ��ÑĀè�)BNQUPO� ďùśüĀēö �úüñ×Ŝü �ÑèðÓòÐ� � ��èÐ�ČôÿċíĆēüèđ��ďÐŚñŚāÖ �úðĈæüã �ùśðäĘā �ÑśāöċúèĄñö � ��ÐŜöñ×ĀéèĔĘāÑśè �ÐŝöñċäĄĖñö �ùśðäĘā �úðĈæüã �ďÐŚñŚāÖ�� êòÿñĈò�ýĀÐ� úðĈČãã �Ñèðúöāè� � ��ÐĀÜÜā�ČôÿċíĆēüèđ� �� Ðôśöñæüã ċëĆüÐæüã ðĀèæüã èĔĘāãĆēð ÑèðÓòÐ �ÐŝöñċäĄĖñöèĔĘā��ùćïāí�%V#PJT� úüñãüÖ �êĈ×ŝā�� čñ�)PU�1FBOVUT�åĀēöòùċëĒã� � �� éćÜðĄ� Ñśāöúôāð� � �� üĘāèöñ� ÑèðÓòÐ �ðÿðŚöÖČÙŚüăēð� � ��öăďô� ċÓòĆēüÖêòÿãĀé� � �� Čðö�0IJP�1SBOPN�+BCLVM��ċÓòĆēüÖêòÿãĀé� � ��ċÑĄñö� ÐŝöñċäĄĖñöċòĆü� � ��

éĀÖüò� ďÐŚñŚāÖ �ÑśāöëĀã Ñèð� � ��ċüŝ �éüñ� ÑśāöċúèĄñö �úðĈñŚāÖ� � ��ÐćôÙôĄ� ÑèðÐćśñØŚāñ �éÿ×ŚāÖ� � ��ùðúöĀÖ� ďÐŚñŚāÖ �ùśðäĘā� � �� ċíôăè� ďÐŚñŚāÖ �ùśðäĘā� � �� ČÐśö�×ăòāïòâŞ� ÑśāöċúèĄñöðÿðŚöÖ� � ��÷òĄùðò�1IJUTBNPOF�,FPWPOHQIFU��ďÐŚñŚāÖ �ùśðäĘā�� ďì�èćÙ� úðĈêőŤÖ �ÑśāöċúèĄñö �ùśðäĘā� � ��ãüè� ôĈÐÙăĔèêőŤÖ �ďÐŚñŚāÖ �ëĀãďæñ� � ��Čäŝö�ãüè� ďÐŚñŚāÖ �ùśðäĘā� � �� ùćïā� ċùĆĔüëśā �ÑüÖÙĘāòŚöñ� � ��ďÐŚ�üśā� ċùĆĔüëśā �ċÓòĆēüÖêòÿãĀé� � ��íèăãā� ċÓòĆēüÖêòÿãĀé� � �� ċêôĆĔüÖ� ċùĆĔüëśā �ċÓòĆēüÖêòÿãĀé� � ��ùćïāïòâŞ� ċùĆĔüëśā �ċÓòĆēüÖêòÿãĀé� � ��ïāâć� ÑüÖÙĘāòŚöñ� � �� öòöòòâā� ċùĆĔüëśā �ċÓòĆēüÖêòÿãĀé� � ��%VPOH�7VPOH� ÙāöċöĄñãèāð��ÑüÖÙĘāòŚöñ� � ��-BSSZ�3PCJOTPO� ÑüÖċôŚèċãĒÐ� � �� ČãÖ�ċÐäć�7BDIBSB�,FUTBOFF�4SJTJMBQBOBOEBOB�ċùĆĔüëśā �ċÓòĆēüÖêòÿãĀĀé� �� èĔĘāöĀãďæñ�ÓćâČúðŚð� ċÓòĆēüÖãĆēðäŚāÖđ�� ċéÜ×öòòâ�+POFT� äśèďðś �ëĀÐ� � �� íĄēãĘā�öĀãďæñ� ċùĆĔüëśāðĆüùüÖ� � �� )BSJTPO�'BSN� ëĀÐùã �ëôďðś� � �� äśüñ�#PVOHVPOH�)BOTBOB� äśèďðś �ëĀÐùã� ��éćÜðĄ� íòăÐùã ��äśèďðś�� ×ĀèæòŞíò� äśèíòăÐ� � �� èĔĘāüśüñ� � � �� üĘāďí�3FEEJOH� � � �� ÷òĄùćíòòâ��4JTPVQIBO�,JSCZ� ďüùÓòĄð� � ��ùćãāòĀäèŞ�� (JGU�4IPQ� ��


øć÷îćöñĎšïøĉÝćÙĂĂöïčâðøąÝĞćðŘ��

øć÷îćöđÝšćõćóëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđßšćðøąÝĞć

ǰÿöćÙöĕì÷ßćüðŦÖþŤĔêšǰ ��ǰÙčèĂĆââćǰǰ ÖćîîìŤǰ ��ǰǰÙčèüĆîßĆ÷�ÙčèîĉóøøèǰǰóøĉĚÜðøą÷Ďøǰǰǰ ��ǰÙčèđÿëĊ÷øǰ ÝĆîìüøǰ ��ǰ3JDIBSEǰ�ǰ/BSUUBZBǰǰ5JOLFSǰ ��ǰǰ-BJBEǰ )PMPWJBLǰ ��ǰ$IBXFFXBOǰ 1BOBOPOǰ ��ǰ4BTJNBǰ /JSBQBUIBNBǰǰ ��ǰÙčèÝćøčóĆîíŤ�ÙčèßĆ÷øĆêîŤ�ÙčèßĆßüćúǰìøĆó÷ŤđÖþöǰǰ��ǰ3BDIBOFFǰ 3BQFFQVOǰ ��ǰ

ćđùèđù÷ăņ��÷ĕĤ�ĭ�âčçĜôėčù� ęţĨď�5)"*��)064&�3&45"63"/5� �ćđùèđù÷ăņ�÷ĕĤ�Į�âčçĜôėčù�� úĮĉģĮĶę�ďĨúĐĮăėī��ĳěĦúĉĦćđùèđù÷ăņ�÷ĕĤ�į�âčçĜôėčù� úĮĉþĪęĨ�ďĨĝĪďčęĨďďčŦ �úĮĉĶ÷Ţ�ĝęĨěī�ĖįĞęī �úĮĉđęĦĝýĞŦ�ĲđęėĦĝħċ �úĮĉĘĮĔĪď�ĠýĝďčęħĔĘŦćđùèđù÷ăņ�÷ĕĤ�İ�ı âčçĜôėčù�úĮĉþĪęĨ��ďĨĝĪďčęĨďďčŦ �úĮĉĝĉī�ĚčĎĪľČĨĝę �úĮĉĝħĀęī �úĮĉĝęĨěī�úĮĉěģýęħ÷�ĖįĞęīćđùčđçäĒă÷ĕĤ�ĭ�âčçĜôėčù� úĮĉďĮĠęĨ�úĮĉďĨúĪďčęŦ�ĔĬĺýĔę��úĮĉþĪċęĨ�þħďčęŦĳĊý��úĮĉĀĪďāĪĝ��úĮĉĲġďŢýćđùčđçäĒă÷ĕĤ�Į�âčçĜôėčù� úęģĐúęħĝęĮĠĪċĨďďčŦ�ĴĊĘúĮĉĘĨĘāįŢĲĤīĘý �úęģĐúęħĝģėę÷ĪþĝĨďĪĀ�� ĴĊĘúĮĉþĪďĊĨ úĮĉďţģĘ�ģĪĽĝ�Ĕīč�÷ģěŦĕ�ĔýğŦ �úĮĉđŞģė�úĮĉđęĦĔþďŦ�úĮĉĝýĞŦ �úĮĉĳċţćđùčđçäĒă÷ĕĤ�į�âčçĜôėčù� úĮĉ÷ĮěĀěī�ģďħďċŦĠĮøĞęī��ćđùčđçäĒă÷ĕĤ�İ�âčçĜôėčù� úĮĉ÷ĮěĀĨċĪ�úĮĉ÷ħăăĨ�ĠĝŢĨýĴęþďŦ��úĮĉþĪċęĨ�þħďčęŦĳĊý��úęģĐúęħĝĲģīĺĘėĲġěĹ÷��úĮĉ÷Đ�ĳďďāīĺ�ĳěĦúĉĦćđùþĘø� � � úĮĉĲĔĀę �úĮĉĔħĀęĨ �úĮĉĲėĘŦ �%BWJE �úĮĉĐĮăĲěĪý �úĮĉĝďĪĊĨ �úĮĉĘĮĔĪď úĮĉĔĘĮý�úĮĉþĪďċďĨ�� ýĨėĠģĨĊ �úĮĉđŞĨĲĠęĪė�ýĨėĠģĨĊ �úĮĉģħď�úĮĉøĝħă�ęţĨď�5IBJ�.BSLFU�ĔęţģėúĉĦćđùþĄċđĊúôĕ� � úĮĉĘĮĔĪď�ĲěĨġĦĔħďĎŦ�ęţĨď�#"/(,0,�("3%&/ �úĮĉđŞĨċťģĘ �úĮĉĲġėīĘĝ �úĮĉĐęęþý �úĮĉĊĝýĔęćđùĈĘáăņ� � � úĮĉđŞĨďĪĊ�ėĨĳċý�đŞĨďţģĘ�3VBO�5IBJ�3FTU��úĮĉđŞĨĐĮăĲĠęĪė �úĮĉĘĮĔĪď�ĠýĝďčęħĔĘŦćđùĜĊĒăņ� � � úĮĉėĨěĪďīĲċţď�úĮĉěĪěěīĺ �úĮĉĎĪċĪĝħĈďŦ �úĮĉĲĀģęīĺ úĮĉĠĮ÷ĨďĊĨ�ĐĮĔĔĨďďčŦ�úĮĉĐęęþý�ĔĝýĵġăŢćđùčĒ÷ĔõĂņ� � úĮĉď÷ �úĮĉ÷ĮġěĨĐ �úĮĉĀįďĪďčęŦ�%VXBZOF�&OHFMIBSU �úęģĐúęħĝĝĪęĪĘĦ �úęģĐúęħĝċħĻýċęýĝĨďĪĀ�� úęģĐúęħĝĠĪčĎĪģŢĝė �úĮĉďĮ÷įě�úĮĉĐęęþý �úĮĉĝĨĠďĨ�ďţģĘĝħď �úĮĉ÷ğĪėĨ �úĮĉġěī �úĮĉġďŢģĘċāĒĂĜċõĘ�� âččùĘĞā÷ùĒþĔĜĈĉĝôł�äĘóüáĒ��äĘóĜāøĔùĕ��äĘóèĔăĒ��äĘóćùĔôĒ��äĘóĜąģá��äĘóĝõŅć�ûľĒùĔô�ûľĒùŃčĂ�äĘóĝĊç÷čç� � äĘóþùāăđõùņ�āĘâáđç�äĘóċāĘĂ�ĝąĐ÷łĒùčėĤùĢ�÷ĕĤāĒ÷ĩĒčĒċĒăöćĒĂþăĐĀĔáĉĘĊçæņ�ğùćđù÷ĕĤĜèŃĒĀĒþċąđáāĒöćĒĂĠāłĠôŃ

t�®�§��®|¦��ªs�¶¤��¶��»¤�ª��ª��¢z»¤�§��§�¢��®��§��©��¤�¯�¶��£��¤��t��ª°��¤�ª�¯�¶�ªs�´��¶¤��¤��°�s¤��§·�·��

ǰî�ó�ǰèøÜÙŤ�ǰÙčèñÖćǰÿčüĆèèąÿĆÜ×Ťǰ ��ǰǰ#PPOEFFǰ .BSOBEFFǰ ��ǰ 1PSODIBJǰ�ǰ1SBOPSNǰ�ǰ1BUPNQPOHǰǰ#PPONBTU ��ǰǰ,JOHLFBXǰǰ ǰ.BZǰǰǰ ��ǰǰ-BEEBǰǰ ǰ.PTSJFǰǰ ��ǰǰ7JMBJǰǰ ǰ$IPCDIFBOǰǰ ��ǰǰǰ4BSBOZBǰǰ ǰ,VMXBUOPǰǰǰǰ ��ǰǰÙčèÿĉøĉîìĉó÷Ťǰǰ ǰēÙšüǰĒúąÙøĂïÙøĆüǰǰ ǰǰ��


°¿¯¦¿®Ë��¿¿«£´¿¯¾¢¢¿¸¿°Ë«²��/XQFK¨°½�Ø¿Ë¡Äº¦«±¶¿�®��0D\��

ķĴņäķĨ÷ęĩŀČğņħðģÕäðĔĩņĦņã�ľħŏŀĎĩņĽĨģŋçľņĊìēĊĩŀČ�ğħĖåņïĔĩČóľĩķņČêìēķħņěēĩêĻ�ñķħ��ŀìääŎñķ��ãŎéŎñķ�ñľęŅ��êìęĎŎñķ�ñľęŅ�êìååŎñķ��ĻņäŎñķ�ļĖĊŎñķ�ñľęŅ��ķĨģŎñķ�ñľęŅ�ĔìğĊĖñķ

àŉĩóľĩĊĩņêĚŏ÷ŀêĴņóľĩğúņéìČ�àŉĩóľĩàĩņĚŏ÷ŀêĴņóľĩàŅêãħħå�àŉĩóľĩĻņäãņľäŎ�Ěŏ÷ŀêĴņóľĩĳêņĽļĖĊ�àŉĩóľĩģħŎķĨģĚŏ÷ŀêĴņóľĩĔìğëĖ

�ǰǰǰ5IV Ùčè÷ć÷ÿčÝĉêøǰ�ǰ÷ŠćÞüĊüøøèǰ�ǰÙčèýĉüĉĕúǰ�ǰÿöøǰ�ǰìĉóÿøǰ�ǰĒÿÜìĂÜǰ�ǰÝĎöýøĊǰ�ǰđéßǰ�ǰîĞĚćĀüćîǰǰëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęüĆé�ǰǰǰ'SJǰ 50/0ǰǰ464)*ǰǰēé÷ÙčèđĂÖǰĒúąóîĆÖÜćîǰìĞćïčâëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęøšćî�ǰǰǰ4BU üŠćÜ�ǰǰǰ4VOǰ øšćîǰ-FNPOHSBTTǰ$SBGUPOǰîĉöîêŤóøąÿÜÛŤǰ�ǰøĎðǰìĞćïčâÞúĂÜøšćîðøąÝĞćðŘǰëüć÷đóúìĊęøšćîǰ�ǰ ÙčèĒÿÜìĂÜǰìĞćïčâüĆîđÖĉéĔĀšîšĂÜïčâøĆÖþćǰëüć÷đóúìĊęüĆé�ǰǰǰ.POǰ #"/(,0,ǰǰ%&-*()5ǰǰ3&45"63"/5 îĉöîêŤóøąÿÜÛŤǰ�ǰøĎðǰìĞćïčâëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęøšćî�ǰǰǰǰ5VFǰ üŠćÜ�ǰǰǰ8FEǰǰǰǰ ÙčèĒöŠøĞćĕóǰǰÙčèĒöŠĒðÜǰǰÙčèĒöŠÝĎöýøĊǰǰÙčèÿčõćǰǰÙčèßĎýøĊǰǰÙčèĒÿÜìĂÜǰÙčèýøÿöĔÝǰÙčèÿčóøøèĊǰĒúąÙèąǰëüć÷đóúìĊęüĆé�ǰǰǰ5IVǰ ÙøĂïÙøĆüđÝøĉâüøćüčçĉǰǰìĞćïčâÙøïǰ��ǰüĆîǰĂčìĉýĔĀšÙčèïĆüìčöǰíîĉ÷ćǰđÝøĉâüøćüčçĉǰëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęüĆé�ǰǰǰ'SJǰ Ùčèîćê÷ć�.S�ǰ3JDIBSE�Ùčèðøąóĉè�ÙčèÝĞćđîĊ÷ø�Ùčèöćúć�ÙčèðøąõćýøĊ�Ùčèøąóĉî�-BSSZ�Ùčèÿčõćóǰëüć÷đóúìĊęüĆé ��ǰǰ4BUǰ ÙčèóüÜìĉó÷ŤǰĂĉëøĆßêŤǰĒúąÙèąǰ�ǰÖúčŠöóúĆÜïčâ ìĞćïčâïĆÜÿčÖčúøüöâćêĉðøąÝĞćðŘǰëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęüĆé��ǰǰ4VO ÿöćÙöĕì÷ĂĊÿćî�ÖúčŠöóúĆÜýøĆìíćǰĒúąýĉþ÷ŤđÖŠćüĆéĕì÷ĄǰéĊ�àĊ�ǰëüć÷đóúìĊęüĆé�ǰøšćî×šćüĕì÷ǰîĉöîêŤóøąǰ�ǰøĎðǰëüć÷đóúìĊęøšćî��ǰǰ.POǰ ÙčèĒêţü�ÙčèéĂî�ÙøĎđóßø�ÙčèĒÿÜìĂÜ�ÙčèÝĎöýøĊǰĒúąÙèąǰǰìĞćïčâëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęüĆé��ǰǰ5VFǰ ÙèąñĎšðÖÙøĂÜîĆÖđøĊ÷îǰ��ǰǰēé÷ÙčèĒ×Ö�ÖøąêŠć÷�ÖøąĒê�éćü�õć�îšĂ÷�ëć�ÝĎöýøĊ�ĒÿÜìĂÜ�Ăčš÷ǰĒúąÙèąǰëüć÷đóúìĊęüĆé��ǰǰ8FEǰ 5)"*ǰǰ%&3.ǰǰ3&45"63"/5ǰǰēé÷ǰÙčèÿĉøĉÖĆî÷Ť�ÙčèÿčìîêŤǰíøøöðøąđÿøĉåǰǰìĞćïčâëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęøšćî��ǰǰ5IV #"/(,0,ǰ("3%&/ǰ3&45"63"/5ǰēé÷ǰÙčè÷čóĉîǰǰđúćĀóĆîíŤčǰǰëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęøšćî��ǰǰ'SJǰ üŠćÜ��ǰǰ4BUǰ üŠćÜ��ǰǰ4VOǰ ×ĂđßĉâóčìíýćÿîĉÖßîøŠüöìĞćïčâêĆÖïćêøǰôŦÜđìýîŤǰđüĊ÷îđìĊ÷îǰĔîüĆîüĉÿć×ïĎßćǰēé÷óøšĂöđóøĊ÷ÜÖĆî��ǰǰ.POǰ ßöøöøüöîĞĚćĔÝǰǰìĞćïčâëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęüĆé��ǰǰ5VFǰ üŠćÜ��ǰǰ8FEǰ ÿîÜ�đýøþåÖĉÝÖćøÙúĆÜ ǰÿîÜ�ǰÖ�ó� ǰǰÿîÜ�ǰđÖþêøǰǰëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęüĆé��ǰǰ5IVǰ üŠćÜ��ǰǰ'SJǰ ÿîÜ�ǰñĎšßŠü÷ìĎêòść÷ìĀćøđøČĂǰ�ǰìĀćøĂćÖćýǰǰǰìĞćïčâëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęüĆé��ǰǰ4BUǰ ÙčèđĂÖǰîĉöîêŤóøąǰ�ǰøĎðǰìĞćïčâ×ċĚîïšćîĔĀöŠǰëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęïšćî��ǰǰ4VOǰ î�ó�Ăøčè�ÿčöîćǰÿüîýĉúðşóÜýŤǰÙčèÿčüõĊ�íøøöîĎâǰÙčèóøóøøè�ÿĉìíĉýĆÖéĉĝǰÙčèèĊ�ÙčèđúĘÖ�ÙčèÖĆú÷ćǰĒúąđóČęĂîėǰëüć÷đóúìĊęüĆé��ǰǰ.POǰ ÿîÜ�ǰñĎšßŠü÷ìĎêòść÷óćèĉß÷ŤǰÿîÜ�ǰòść÷üĉì÷ćýćÿêøŤĄǰÿîÜ�ǰòść÷ÖćøđöČĂÜǰìĞćïčâëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęüĆé��ǰǰ5VFǰ ÙčèđÿøĉöýĆÖéĉĝǰ�ǰÙčèüĆîìîĊ÷ŤǰǰøčÝĉđø×ǰǰ/4$ǰ$"'&5&3*"ǰǰìĞćïčâëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęøšćî��ǰǰ8FEǰ Ùèąó÷ćïćúÿćöĆÙÙĊïĆúêĉöĂøŤǰìĞćïčâëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęüĆé��ǰǰ5IVǰ üŠćÜ��ǰǰ'SJǰ ÿîÜ�ñĎšßŠü÷ìĎêòść÷ìĀćøïÖǰǰìĞćïčâëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúìĊęüĆé ��ǰǰ4BUǰ üŠćÜ

�XXXXXXX�WWWWWWW


ÿŠÜ×ĂÜÖúĆïđöČĂÜĕì÷đøĊ÷ÖĔßš� �� ǰ��-"//"ǰ ǰǰǰ��đðŗéïøĉÖćøǰ��ǰÝĆîìøŤ�ýčÖøŤ-BOOB4IJQQJOH/:�DPNǰ øĆïÿŠÜ×ĂÜĕðđöČĂÜĕì÷ĒúąìĆęüēúÖǰìĆĚÜìćÜđøČĂĒúąìćÜđÙøČęĂÜïĉîǰ ĕöŠüŠćÝąđðŨî×ĂÜĔßšÿŠüîêĆüǰ đÙøČęĂÜĔßšĕôôŜćǰ ÙĂöóĉüđêĂøŤǰ ĀøČĂǰ øë÷îêŤǰ ïøøÝčĔîúĆÜĕöšǰ ìĊęĕéšöćêøåćîǰ ëċÜÝčéĀöć÷ðúć÷ìćÜðúĂéõĆ÷ǰ ĒúąêøÜêŠĂđüúćǰ ÝĆéìĞćđĂÖÿćøìĊęëĎÖêšĂÜǰ ÷ĉîéĊĔĀšÙĞćðøċÖþćđÖĊęŠ÷üǰ ÖĆïýčúÖćÖøǰ đøćöĊïøĉÖćøǰ ÿŠÜëċÜïšćîìĆĚÜĔîÖøčÜđìóĄĒúąêŠćÜÝĆÜĀüĆéǰ úćîîćđðŨîøšćîĒøÖìĊęéĞćđîĉîÖĉÝÖćøéšćîîĊĚǰ ĒúąïøĉÖćøéšü÷ÙüćöđßČęĂëČĂÝćÖúĎÖÙšćǰêĆĚÜĒêŠðŘǰÙ�ý�ǰ��ǰ öĊǰ4UPSBHFǰ3PPNǰĔĀšđßŠćđðŨîøć÷đéČĂî

ê÷ÞÞ÷āàŘÞÚöìĂÜÞÍĎ÷ðÞŐ÷çāÉèüĉòÌĄÏőąääŌ÷�èõßß�ˡˡ˟M�ˤ˟�Q�ÜúĉæúÉýØå÷ãè÷É÷çŐòæāç÷ÇòÌçúĉðőòÏöĊÞÞĎ÷ĄÞòāæèùÆ÷�āÏŐÞ� ÚþőāçĈÞ� āÉèüĉòÌÐöÆáő÷� āÉèüĉòÌòßáő÷� āÉèüĉòÌêő÷ÌÍ÷Þ� āÚ÷ĂÆŒï� Üúìú� ìùÙúăò�ïāÚòèùăò�ăóæāÝúçāÚòèŔ�ôêô�

ǰ -"//"ǰ4)*11*/(ǰ$031�ǰ ��ǰ(BSųFMEǰ"WFOVF ǰ8PPETJEF ǰ/�:�ǰ��ǰ 5FM�ǰ��ǰ��ǰǰ'BYǰ��ǰ��ǰ #BOHLPLǰ5IBJMBOEǰ ��ǰàĂ÷ǰÿć÷ĕĀöǰǰǰ 5FM�ǰ��ǰ��ǰ Ē×üÜÿć÷ĕĀöǰđ×êÿć÷ĕĀöǰǰǰ 'BYǰ��ǰ��ǰ ÖøčÜđìóĄǰ��ǰǰǰǰ $FMMǰ��ǰ��

ùŚÖÑüÖÐôĀéċðĆüÖďæñ�ðĀēèĎ×Ďè

ùÿãöÐ�z�êòÿúñĀã��z�êôüãïĀñ��zíöćÔąöýŞÚÕĀÚĒÝşýŞúìèĄú�ď×öĊėĀÚēòòŚą�öéõìèŢ�Đøăýćì×şąêĄėúēî��ÔøĄíďôĊĀÚēêõĐøăêĄėúđøÔ�đçõêąÚďöĊĀ�êąÚĀąÔąûzôĈûČìõŢíöćÔąööĄíÕĀÚêĄėúêċÔöĄãĒì�64"zèĄúĐêìÛĜąþìŞąõď×öĊėĀÚĒÝşēòòŚąöăííēò��7PMU��)[��đçõèöÚÛąÔđöÚÚąì�ôĈýćì×şąĒþşďøĊĀÔÝôĒìđÝúŢöČô�zíöćüĄêôĈñĊĘìêĈė�� èąöąÚòċè�ôĈêĈėÛĀçöéýăçúÔ�îøĀçóĄõzďôĊėĀéĉÚÔöċÚďêñĂ�ôĈíöćÔąööĄíĀĀÔÕĀÚÛąÔêŞąďöĊĀ��ĐøăÛĄçýŞÚéĉÚíşąìêĄėúîöăďêûēêõ

ðøąđìýĕì÷ǰ3BNBǰ8PSMEǰ$P� ǰ-UE��ǰà�êĉüćîîìŤǰ��ǰë�êĉüćîîìŤǰîîìïčøĊǰ��ēìø�ǰ�� ǰ�� ǰ�� ǰ��ǰĒôŨÖàŤ�ǰ��

��ǰ��UIǰ"WFOVFǰ-POHǰ*TMBOEǰ$JUZ ǰ/:ǰ��5FM�ǰ��ǰǰ'BY�ǰ��5PMMǰ'SFF�ǰ��XXX�SBNBOZVTB�DPN


Traditional Thai Food Restaurantüāúāòďæñ�òùÙāäăČééďæñđ�æĄēÐĘāôĀÖòü

ĎúśÓćâíăùĈ×èŞãśöñäèċüÖ Bangkok Garden was voted “The Best

Asian Food” in 2002 by The Readers of Columbia Magazine

čãñÓćâñćíăè�üŜüã�ċôĒÐ�ċôāúíĀèçŞć***********************************

4906 St. Elmo Ave. Bethesda, MD 20814 Tel. 301-951-0670-1

$PNQMFUF ǰ3FNPEFMJOH ǰ%FDLT ǰ,JUDIFOT ǰ#BTFNFOU ǰ

#BUISPPNT ǰ4JEJOH ǰ3PPųOH ǰ(BSBHFT ǰ%FDL��ǰ'SFFǰ&TUJNBUFTǰ��

)PNFǰ�ǰ��ǰ$FMMǰ�ǰ��

Flowering Plants, Hanging Baskets Annual, Perenials,

Herbs, Cut Flowers, Vegetables & Produce

Every Weekend At: Wat Thai Washington DC. 13440 Layhill Rd, Silver Spring, MD 20906

Benjawan’s

øĆïàŠĂöïšćîǰĀšĂÜèĔĘāǰðøąêĎǰĀîšćêŠćÜĀúĆÜÙćǰĕôôŜćǰðøąðćǰ%FDLǰĒúąêŠĂđêĉöïšćî

ǰ ǰ øćÙćÖĆîđĂÜǰøĆïðøąÖĆîÙčèõćóǰ ǰ ÿĞćĀøĆïìŠćîìĊęêšĂÜÖćøìĆýîýċÖþćĔîÿëćîìĊęêŠćÜėǰöĊøëïøĉÖćøǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰĔĀšđßŠćóøšĂöÙî×ĆïøëĒúąîĞćđìĊę÷ü

ǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰÿîĔÝêĉéêŠĂ��ǰÙčèÿčøđéßǰóćîđÜĉîǰÿÜÙŤ

2XG�:HHNHQG�7RXU��°¼p��

&DOO�XV�IRU�PRUH�LQIRUPDWLRQ��°¼p��(�PDLO��ZRUFKDUW#JPDLO�FRP�

�¦·�µ¦�¦³®¥´��¦³�́�Ä��

��7HO��

%DQJNRN�*DUGHQ�5HVWDXUDQW

Oud Thai Tv Satellite And

Internet TV 410-574-7288

�7KDL�79�VDWHOOLWH�LQVWDOODWLRQ�&RPSXWHU��79�VHUYLFHV�

��¦·�µ¦�·��´Ê��µ��µªÁ�̧¥¤��n°¤�&RPSXWHU��79��oª¥�¦·�µ¦Â��Å�¥Ç�Ä�¦µ�µ¥»�·�¦¦¤�

Á¡¸¥��¨n°�Á�̧¥ª�¸É�¼�¸ª¸�nµ�Á�È�Â¨³�µªÁ�̧¥¤�Å¤n¤¸�nµ�¦·�µ¦¦µ¥Á�º°��¼¢¦¸��¨°��¸ª·��

&DOO�XV�IRU�PRUH�LQIRUPDWLRQ��(�PDLO��ZRUFKDUW#JPDLO�FRP��°¼p��7ULPEOH�:D\��%DOWLPRUH��0'��

Tel. 410-708-1955


ÏçēĠĉÝĐõĜýĠćýð�àðÝĐõĜýĠõĎõÐöĄííöćÔąöÞŞĀô�èöúÛďÝĖ×�

Airconditioning, Heating, ēòòŚą �îöăîą�Đøă�Thai TV

øçčÖãĂâãřû��äĘóöùđô�ĊĔ÷øĔčĤćā

Home. 301-942-0346. Cell. 301-675-9387

-"8�0''*$&�0'�.033*4�501'�ǰ#FUIFTEBǰ.FUSPǰ$FOUFS4VJUFǰ�� ǰ

#FUIFTEB ǰ.%ǰ��7HO��)D[��

-FHBM�"TTJTUBOUéĈòâŞ��5FM��

Ôáþôąõ×öĀí×öĄúĐøă×çĈþõŞąöşąÚ�SEPARATION AGREEMENT, CUSTODY, CHILD SUPPORT, WILLS

ĀċíĄèćďþèċöéõìèŢ DWI/DUI (DRUNK DRIVER), TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS, MVA HEARINGS

ÔŞĀèĄĘÚëċöÔćÛ BUSINESS, CORPORATE LAW, BUY & SELL AGREEMENTS, CONTRACTS Đøă×çĈĀąàąúĐĐĘĄą��ÿčö÷ÿĒÝąĎ÷čéćĎĘÝđĠþă

ÝčöÝêćýĎþñĠĎãĞ

� þČõĈĈĴĘõõ�ðČïėýĞõåēï÷ščěĆüěòý �þČõöþČõĘõõ��Ÿôčï��ĘĀċ�$OWHUDWLRQ �þČõãĤčĆôŠčý÷ščěĆüěòý

��v�³ ®��®��x��³ ³ ®��®��

öĕõöĥĎġõĦøĖĥ��

äĘóþđùþĔĠą��ĝõħā�ğøĄúĒõĆĥĈèČúĦēøĖĥ��(�PDLO��7DPSDQSLODL#KRWPDLO�FRP

��)DZFHWW�6WUHHW��.HQVLQJWRQ��0'��

�· ��ou �� r� ��¢�¢�r�¦�¢�¢/DZ�RIÀFH�1LWL�&UXSLWL

/*5*��$361*5*��"5503/&:�"5�-"8".:��$361*5*��"5503/&:�"5�-"8

��ǰ6OJWFSTJUZǰ#MWE ǰ4VJUFǰ��ǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ8IFBUPOǰ.% ǰ��

ǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ8IFBUPOǰ/PSUIǰ#VJMEJOHÖãĀöć÷ĂĉööĉđÖøßĆęî ǰÖãĀöć÷ìĆęüĕð ǰ

ǰ ǰ ǰǰÖãĀöć÷ÙøĂïÙøĆü ǰ×ĂêŠĂüĊàŠć ×ĂđðúĊę÷îÿĆâßćêĉ ǰÖøĊîÖćøŤéǰĄúĄ$BSǰ"DDJEFOUǰ�ǰĂčïĆêĉđĀêčøë÷îêŤ

#BOLSVQUDZǰ�ǰ'PSDDMPTVNFǰ�ǰðŦâĀćúšöúąúć÷ǰÙčšöÙøĂÜìøĆó÷ŤÿĉîÿŠüîêĆüǰ�ǰ#VTJOFTTǰUSBOTBDUJPOTǰ�ǰ

ÖãĀöć÷íčøÖĉÝǰđðŗéïøĉþĆìĀøČĂ×ć÷ÖĉÝÖćøïøĉþĆìǰ�ǰ8JMMǰ�ǰ&TUBUFTǰ�ǰóĉîĆ÷Öøøöǰ�ǰ$SJNJOBMǰ�ǰÙéĊĂćâćǰ�ǰ

"MMǰDMJFOUTǰNBUUFSTǰTUSJDUMZǰDPOųEFOUJBM�Tel: (301) 949-1622Fax. (301) 949-8559

+VNQFFĴTǰǰ%SBQFSJFT1SFGFTTJPOBMǰ$VTUPNǰ.BEFǰ%SBQFSJFTǰ%FTJHOFSǰ

7BMBODFTǰ4XBHFǰBOEǰ#BMMPPOǰ4IBEFǰøĆïđ÷ĘïǰêĉéêĆĚÜñšćöŠćîêćöïšćîĒúąìĊęìĞćÜćîêŠćÜėǰ

øćÙć÷čêĉíøøöǰêĉéêŠĂĕéšìĊę��ǰ+VNQFFǰ4UBGGPSEǰ��ǰ1JTDBZUBXBZǰ3PBE ǰ

$MJOUPO ǰ.%ǰ��5FM�ǰ��ǰ0GųDF


Thai Derm sµ£��¦��sµ£��µ��

5XDQ�7KDL�5HVWDXUDQW

êšîêĞćøĆïĂćĀćøĕì÷ǰìĊęøÿßćêĉĕöŠđÙ÷đðúĊę÷îÿčé÷Ăé×ĂÜÙüćöĂøŠĂ÷��êšĂÜĕì÷đéĉöǰøšćîĂćĀćøìĊęđÖŠćĒÖŠĒúą÷ćüîćîìĊęÿčéĔîǰ4JMWFSǰ4QSJOH�

ïøĉĀćøÜćîēé÷��×ċæýċêìèŢ��×ċæýćöćÔĄìõŢ�ëööôîöăďýöćã

��ǰ#POJGBOUǰ4U�4JMWFSǰ4QSJOH ǰ.%ǰ��ǰ5FM�ǰ��

ÜćîđúĘÖǰ�ǰĔĀâŠǰĕöŠÿĞćÙĆâ÷ÿĒÝąĎûÿđ��÷ÿČĆöÝĎÿïĤÝăĠĎ��÷đ

$BSQFUT ǰ)BSEXPPEǰ'MPPST ǰ5JMF ǰ7JOZM ǰ*OTUBMMBUJPOTǰBOEǰ3FQBJSTǰðøċÖþćĕéšĕöŠĒóÜĂ÷ŠćÜìĊęÙĉé�

0GDǰ�ǰ5FM�ǰ��$FMM�ǰ�� ǰ'BY�ǰ��

ĕÖŠǰĂõĆ÷üÜýŤǰ�ǰ,BJǰ"QBJXPOH

��©�¢±��¢±q¥��¡�¦u�µ��¢��±t��n��±��ª��¯��q�ª��¯��u��

t��±�t¯�¬��q��¡©��©�°�n��©�t�ďîŕçíöćÔąö

v��¶��ª� �¶��DP��SP�� ¢��¶«��¦��SP��SP

ïøĉĀćøēé÷ ป้านิด มาแตงġøăëĥĈăġøă��ĠČĦĝĄĘĎúġøă��ëĥĈăûĄĕâēĄåęô

��ǰ"NISFTUǰ"WF�ǰ8IFBUPO ǰ.%ǰ��5FM�ǰ��

6��6��&RQVWUXFWLRQ6DPRUQ�1DPVDZDW

��3DFL¿F�$YH��5RFNYLOOH��0'��3PPųOH ǰ4JEJOH ǰ%SZXBMMǰQMBTUFSJOH ǰ%PPS ǰ$BSQFFOUSZ ǰ'JOJTIFE ǰ#BTFNFOU ǰ%FDL ǰ

#MVNCJOH ǰ1BJOUJOHǰ*OTJEFǰ�ǰ0VUTJEFǰǰ+BKPSǰ3FNPEFMJOHǰ"EEJUJPOT�

)PNFǰ�ǰ�� ǰǰ$FMMǰ�ǰ��&�NBJMǰ�ǰTT@SFNPEFMJOH!IPUNBJM�DPN

IIRT NETWORK:PVSǰ4FSWJDFǰ1SPWJEFS1�0�#09�ǰ��

&MMJDPUUǰ$JUZ ǰ.%ǰ��Ēüąđ×šćĕðßöìĊęǰǰIUUQ��"EWBODFJO�DPN

ǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰIUUQ��XXX�JJSU�DPN&�NBJM�ǰTBMFT!BEWBODFJO�DPN

($67/$1')22'�&25325$7,21

6HUYLQJ�WKH�%HVW�IURP�WKH�2ULHQW��6WD\WRQ�'ULYH�-HVVXS��0'��

7HO��)D[��ZZZ�HDVWODQGIRRG�FRP

ćĎÝàĔïýđ÷čéćĎĘćāĠĎõđġ��L]HQQHW�QHW�æĠăþàĔïĜðġ

��ǰ8FCTJUFǰÝąßŠü÷ĀćúĎÖÙšćđóĉęöĕéšĂ÷ŠćÜĕøǰ ��ǰ÷ĆÜĕöŠöĊǰ8FCTJUFǰđĀöČĂîøšćîĂČęî��ǰöĊǰ8FCTJUFǰĒúšüǰĒêŠĕöŠøĎšÝąéĎĒúĂ÷ŠćÜĕøǰ ��ǰǰ8FCTJUFǰĕöŠÿü÷ÜćöǰĕöŠìĆîÿöĆ÷��ǰĕöŠöĊĔÙøéĎĒúąðøĆïðøčÜǰ8FCTJUFǰĔĀšǰ ��ǰêšĂÜÖćøöĊǰ8FCTJUFǰĒêŠøćÙćĒóÜ��ǰÙîìĊęìĞćǰ8FCTJUFǰĔĀšĕöŠÿîĔÝǰĕöŠéĎĒúǰĕöŠïøĉÖćøǰ��ǰĕöŠöĊĔÙøĔĀšÙĞćðøċÖþćĔîÖćøìĞćǰ8FCTJUFǰĒúąǰ$PNQVUFSǰđøćßŠü÷Ùčèĕéš��ǰēìøĀćđøćÿĉÙąǰĕöŠÙĉéøćÙćđðŨîßĆęüēöÜǰĕöŠĒóÜĂ÷ŠćÜìĊęÙĉéǰêĉéêŠĂ�ǰ4BNǰ�ǰ��ǰ+FFǰ+FFZǰ�ǰ��ǰ�ǰXXX�J[FOOFU�OFU ǰ&NBJM�ǰTBN!J[FOOFU�DPN ǰ4BNBOZB!J[FOOFU�DPN

TONO SUSHIRestaurant

2605 Connecticut Ave, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20008Tel. 202-332-7300


� � � � � �±�©��©v§�²�º��7LN�+DLU�6W\OLVW

¢ÁÕ��Ì»°×�·Ï¢²×°¾§¢¾¡©®��¿¯��¸�Á��Ë�²Ô¿©®�¤Ø¿·Â�

¤Ø¿Ï»Ï²¤×�¯Ä¡©®£¿´°²Æ��Ô¿¤ÂÓÎ�Ô§°Á�¿°�°¾Ô�Ì°�²¡�°½¸¦ÓØ¿��RII�2QO\�KDLU�FXW�%ORZGU\

&DOO�1RZ��240-678-3935�(�PDLO��WLNBSHQ#KRWPDLO�FRP6DORQ�3OD]D�&RQJUHVVLRQDO�3OD]D�

1RUWK��5RFNYLOOH�3LNH��5RFNYLOOH��0'��

ċêőãéòăÐāòČôśö��äĀãëðÙāñ��úÜăÖçõâùçŚĀ�˧�ÐÿâùçŚĀ�7AXING

čãñ��×òăñā��÷òĄüćæāòöÖ÷Ş

12423 Connecticut Ave.Silver Spring, MD 20906

Cell : 301-915-7614By an appointment

Licenced Cosmetologist

BANGKOK DELIGHTRESTAURANT

**************� � � ïøĉÖćøðøąìĆïĔÝǰ � � � ĂćĀćøĂøŠĂ÷� � � øćÙćđðŨîÖĆîđĂÜǰ .POǰ�ǰ5IVǰǰǰ��ǰ".ǰ�ǰ��ǰǰ1.ǰ$MPTFEǰ��ǰ1.ǰ 'SJ�4BUǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰǰ��ǰ".ǰ�ǰ��ǰ1.ǰ$MPTFEǰ��ǰ1.ǰ 4VOǰǰǰ ǰ��ǰǰ1.ǰ�ǰ��ǰǰ1.

ǰ ǰ ǰǰēé÷��ÙčèÖĆââć

��ǰ$&/53&ǰ1"3,ǰ%3�ǰ$0-6.#*" ǰ.%ǰ��5FM�ǰ��ǰǰǰǰǰ'BYǰǰ��ǰǰǰǰ

ǰXXX�#BOHLPLEFMJHIU�DPN


A TECH Heating and Air Conditioning,Inc.

-JDFOTFǰ*Oǰ.% 7" %$øĆïïøĉÖćøêĉéêĆĚÜǰêøüÝđßĘÙĒúąàŠĂöǰđÙøČęĂÜìĞćÙüćö

øšĂîǰđÙøČęĂÜìĞćÙüćöđ÷ĘîǰĕôôŜćǰðøąðćùèĎ×äăãäŚü

703-300-4590, 703-300-4591øćÙćÖĆîđĂÜǰøĆïðøąÖĆîÙčèõćó

ตัวแทนจำ หน่ายÃ§²�¶��³Ë�Â�¥¹Ê¯�¥³��·©·Æ�¤

"4*"/��4"5&--*5&×öíÝċçöą×ą��

êĉéêŠĂÿĂïëćöøć÷úąđĂĊ÷éìĊę 0 ÙčèöĉöĊ Šǰ (301) 417-9630

0 Ùčèîĉê÷ćǰ(301) 683-5882

��£�±��¦µ±�¶�¢�°{¶�µ£��£rr�µ£��¦��¦�£�£�±��£��¡��£�£��±�¶r�¡�¸�x�u�¨µ�x®rx��¶º£��¥r�©r{�¥��u�¨µ�x�¢xw�¢��¹�s�x{º£�µ��ª��¹��s¶��ª�sµ£��£�®�¡�¢��¥x��¢x�¨��¥��¹�¥��£��µ£x³�&'�9&'��©r{�¥��®�¡�¢�®��x�¡��¦�¦¯��¶�x±��¦µ��Thai Market

��5IBZFS�"WF �4JMWFS�4QSJOH �.%��5FM��'BY��

DANNY’S AUTO BODY AND REPAIR CENTERĶ:PVSǰTBUJTGBDUJPOǰJTǰPVSǰHVBSBOUFFķǰòĀéÚŚüðÖāè�*OTVSBODF�æćÐÙèăã

ALL Foreign and Dometic General Mechanical Repairs

4068 S.Four Mile Run Dr. “Bay F”

Arlington, VA 22206

Tel. 703-379-7002, Fax. 703-379-7018 Our customers are our testimony

ęõČõĥĎðēĠýèĔĘāñúĕöšđóČęĂÿč×õćóǰ5BIJUJBOǰ/POJǰ+VJDF

ĒúąêšĂÜÖćøđóČęĂîøŠüöìĊöÜćîÿøšćÜíčøÖĉÝǰìčÖøĆåĔîĂđöøĉÖćĒúąÖüŠćǰ��ǰðøąđìýìĆęüēúÖǰ

êĉéêŠĂ��ÙčèÿüøøÙŤǰÙÜđóßøēìøôøĊ��ǰ��ǰĀøČĂǰ

�� ǰ��ǰ'BY�ǰ��

E-mail: [email protected]

NEW IDEA?

Nava Thai Restauranthn´��©�¢´��©�°��©�°��£t¬ui

��)HUQ�6W��:KHDWRQ��0'��

7HO� 240-430-0495ซื้อ หรือ ขายบ้านในเขต�9LUJLQLD�«��0DU\ODQG

�%DOWLPRUH�WR�5LFKPRQG�êĉéêŠĂǰüĆîßĆ÷ǰ

5FM� 703-342-6607

Office : 43805 Central Station Drive Ashburn, VA 20147Email: [email protected]

FREEPATENTSEARCH

Selling your home?

Sell for 3.3%,QFOXGLQJ�WKH�VHOOHUhV�DJHQW��EX\HUhV�DJHQW�IHH�6HOO�\RXU�KRPH�IRU��)XOO�VHUYLFH�/LVWLQJ�

3D\��IRU�LQSXW�IHH�WR�EH�UHIXQGHG�DIWHU�FORVLQJ�New Idea or Invention?

&$//�'$1�2·&21125�3$7(176��


°¾§·®¾�°«Óº�°¾´�Ì®Ó�°¾´��«¦��Ë·°Á¬�'HOLYHU\�°¿¯Ï¡Ô¡Â��´}�©��¹¢��301-906-1493��6QRXIIHU�6FKRRO�5RDG��*DLWKHUVEXUJ��0'��

�©��¹¢³��©�§��§y��§�©��e¢¼�f

&HUWLILHG��0DVWHU�(VWKHWLFLDQ�/LFHQVH&HUWLILHG�:D[�7HFKQLFLDQ�/LFHQVH

��3RRNV�+LOO�5G��%HWKHVGD��0'��

&HOO��

òġĎóĠĎõýđćġĉãăĠĎã�üĎþěõöġĎõ�óĎăĘĊĎĆĤ�ćÿēĉàĉõĚð�ñġĉãÝĎÿęöĠãěćġĘæĠĎ�ĘúēĠĉćĎÿĎþĜðġĘúĐĠý�ćÿēĉäČěćġĘæĠĎóčġãćāčã�

ĉĎäþčãñčðĆĐõěäĜýĠĜðġ�ćÿēĉäčðĆÿÿĜýòĕÝ�ĘÿĎ�ĘÿĎæĠăþóĠĎõĜðġ�Ěðþ��

�� ¦��¢±�¢±u�¬�²©w±�� w±��¬�²q¶��£n��ª��ª��¶�¬�n��u��²�� ¤��²�t©w±�¬�²�¦�¢��±�©w±��ª��±��¦±�� ±��¦��²�t��¤��²��¢±u�¬�²©w±��ª��t� ��«s��¦nq²�¬�²�� w±��u��q��¢±��$IIRUGDEOH� �� ©��w±��,QWHUYLHZ��%DFN�JURXQG�FKHFN�� ²��±��²�tn�� w±��¦²��¬u��¦��¢±�¢±u�¬�²©w±�� ¬�²q¶��£n��²��±��²�tn��¶��zz�©w±��ċòāÓăãÓŚāéòăÐāòďðŚČíÖ�ČôÿÙŚöñúāÓèċÙŚāæĄēãĄ��×āÐêòÿùéÐāòâŞãśāèéòăÐāòéśāèČôÿúśüÖċÙŚā��ðāÐÐöŚā��êŒ�êĉéêŠĂđøćàĉÙąǰ��ǰìŠćîÝąöĊøć÷ĕéšđóĉęöìĆîìĊ��ǰìĊęêĆéÿĉîĔÝĞ÷ă��äĘóõĘĥā��6XH��

��© §�|§�³��Å Ì�Ò��Å ËºÔ

e ¥�¥�³��¯�¶�f� w«� �¬·�¨·�¨·�

òĀéĎúśÓĘāêòąÐøā��ČèÿèĘā�ČôÿòĀééòăÐāòèöãäĀö�

èöãúèśā��üčòðā��ÑĀãëăö��8BYJOH�ČäŚÖúèśāċ×śāùāö�ČôÿÖāèíăçĄäŚāÖ�đ�


6HOHFW�.LWFKHQ��&DELQHW��,QF�ZZZ�VNFDELQHW�FRP� � � � � � � � � 0DVRQ�6KDR7HO�� 0DVRQ#VNFDELQHW�FRP)D[�� 6HFDXFXV�5RDG� �&HOO�� 6HFDXFXV��1HZ�-HUVH\��

CTI commercial TransportInternational (U.S.A.) Inc.

6PLW��,QWDUDSXYDVDN��©��©½��¢©��®��¦v�©½9LFH�3UHVLGHQW

·Ó��º��²¾§Ë®Äº�Ï¤¯�¢Á¡¢Óº��Å �3$7��6WULQJKDP�$YHQXH�9DOOH\�6WUHDP��1<��8�6�$�3KRQH��H[W��)D[��(PDLO��VPLW#FWLFDUJR�FRP��KWWS��ZZZ�FWLFDUJR�FRP

Best Quality & Good Prices

Send 1 Book To N.J. Also ATTN = Raymond ChengBoston Sale Mr. Pornchai Cell. 617-633-9970DC Sale Mr. Alan Tang Cell. 202-258-3972

DANNY’S AUTO BODY & REPAIR CENTER

“Your Satisfaciton is Our Guarantee”

'DQQ\��1DQWDEXWUManager

Phone (703) 379-7002Fax (703) 379-7018

4068 S FUOR MILE RUN DR. BAY FARLINGTON, VA 22206

Our customers are our tesitmony

Phone (301) 949-4994 (703) 387-0999

Open : Wednesday & Thursday 8.00 - 6.00 PM

'U��&KLQJFKDL��:DQLGZRUDQXQ��0'�3901 Randolph Rd,

Silver Spring, MD 20902


â�öĀãďæñÐòćÖöüÙăÖäĀè �ãĄ�ÚĄ� ĜĢ�Ĝģ�íóøïāÓð�ĝĠĠĢ

��ÑüċÙăÜíćæç÷āùèăÐÙèòŚöðæĘāéćÜ

วันวิสาขบูชา

üĆîüĉÿć×ïĎßćǰ đðŨîüĆîÿĞćÙĆâìćÜóøąóčìíýćÿîćüĆîĀîċęÜǰàċęÜĂÜÙŤÿöđéĘÝóøąÿĆööćÿĆöóčìíđÝšćǰìøÜðøąÿĎêĉǰèǰüĆî×ċĚîǰĢĦǰÙĞęćǰđéČĂîǰħǰǰÖŠĂîóčìíýĆÖøćßǰĩġǰðŘǰđöČęĂóøąßîöć÷čĕéšǰģĪǰóøøþćǰĕéšđÿéĘÝĂĂÖïøøóßćđóČęĂĒÿüÜĀćēöÖ×íøøöǰĒúąĕéšêøĆÿøĎšĔîüĆî×ċĚîǰĢĦǰÙĞęćǰđéČĂîǰħǰ×èąîĆĚîóøąĂÜÙŤöĊóøąßîöć÷čĕéšǰĤĦǰóøøþćǰóøąĂÜÙŤìøÜĔßšđüúćđñ÷ĒñŠÿĆÝíøøöĒÖŠöüúöîčþ÷ŤđðŨîđüúćǰ ĥĦǰ ðŘǰ ÝîÖøąìĆęÜöĊóøąßîöć÷čĕéšǰ ĩġǰ óøøþćǰ ÝċÜđÿéĘÝéĆï×ĆîíðøĉîĉóóćîǰĔîüĆî×ċĚîǰĢĦǰÙĞęćǰđéČĂîǰħǰéĆÜîĆĚîǰüĆî×ċĚîǰĢĦǰÙĞęćǰđéČĂîǰħǰ×ĂÜìčÖėǰðŘǰÝċÜëČĂüŠćđðŨîüĆîÙúšć÷üĆîðøąÿĎêĉǰêøĆÿøĎšǰĒúąðøĉîĉóóćîǰ×ĂÜĂÜÙŤÿöđéĘÝóøąÿĆööćÿĆöóčìíđÝšćǰǰđøĊ÷ÖüŠćǰĶüĆîüĉÿć×ïĎßćķǰ üĆîüĉÿć×ïĎßćǰðŘǰģĦĦĨǰĕéšđüĊ÷îöćïøøÝïÙøïøĂïĂĊÖüćøąĀîċęÜǰđóČęĂĔĀšóčìíýćÿîĉÖßîĕéšöĊēĂÖćÿïĞćđóĘâïčâÖčýúĔîüĆîÿĞćÙĆâìćÜóøąóčìíýćÿîćǰ ǰüĆéĕì÷ÖøčÜüĂßĉÜêĆî ǰéĊ�àĊ�ǰ ÝċÜĕéšÖĞćĀîéÝĆéÜćîìĞćïčâǰĶüĆîüĉÿć×ïĎßćķǰ×ċĚîǰĔîüĆîìĊęǰĢĨ�ĢĩǰóùþõćÙöǰģĦĦĨǰýÖîĊĚǰ

üĆîđÿćøŤìĊęǰĢĨǰóùþõćÙöǰģĦĦĨǰǰ ǰ đüúćǰǰǰġĪ�ġġǰǰǰǰî�ǰ ÿüéöîêŤìĞćüĆêøđßšć ǰÿöćìćîýĊú ǰðäĉïĆêĉíøøöđÝøĉâÝĉêõćüîćêúĂéüĆîǰ ǰ đüúćǰǰǰĢĩ�ġġǰǰǰǰî�ǰ ÿüéöîêŤìĞćüĆêøđ÷Ęî ǰÿüéóčìíÙčèǰíøøöÙčèǰÿĆÜÛÙčèǰĢġĩǰÝïǰǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ ðäĉïĆêĉíøøöîšĂöîĞćÝĉêëüć÷đðŨîóčìíïĎßćǰüĆîĂćìĉê÷ŤìĊęǰǰĢĩǰǰóùþõćÙöǰǰģĦĦĨǰ đüúćǰǰǰġħ�ġġǰǰǰî�ǰ ìĞćüĆêøÿüéöîêŤđßšćǰǰ đüúćǰǰǰġĪ�ġġǰǰǰî�ǰ óĉíĊĂĆâđßĉâóøąïøöÿćøĊøĉÖíćêčúÜðøąéĉþåćîǰèǰàščöóĉíĊǰĒúąÿøÜîĞĚćǰ đüúćǰǰǰĢġ�ġġǰǰǰî�ǰ ðøąíćîĔîóĉíĊÝčéíĎðđìĊ÷îïĎßćóøąøĆêîêøĆ÷ ǰóøąÿÜÛŤđÝøĉâóøąóčìíöîêŤǰ đüúćǰǰǰĢġ�Ĥġǰǰǰî�ǰǰǰǰǰǰ óčìíýćÿîĉÖßîøŠüöÖĆîìĞćïčâêĆÖïćêøóøąÿÜÛŤǰĪǰøĎðǰ đüúćǰǰǰĢĢ�ġġǰǰǰî�ǰǰ ëüć÷õĆêêćĀćøđóúĒéŠóøąÿÜÛŤǰ đüúćǰǰǰĢĢ�Ĥġǰǰǰî�ǰ óčìíýćÿîĉÖßîøĆïðøąìćîĂćĀćøøŠüöÖĆîǰ đüúćǰǰǰĢģ�Ĥġǰǰǰî�ǰǰ ðøąÖĂïóĉíĊïĎßćóøąøĆêîêøĆ÷ ǰôŦÜóøąíøøöđìýîćǰĢǰÖĆèæŤ ǰóøąÿÜÛŤǰǰǰ ǰ ǰ ǰ Ăîčēöìîć ǰÖúŠćüÙĞćëüć÷éĂÖĕöšíĎðđìĊ÷îǰđüĊ÷îđìĊ÷îǰđðŨîđÿøĘÝóĉíĊǰ ÝċÜ×ĂđßĉâßüîìŠćîóčìíýćÿîĉÖßîìĆĚÜĀúć÷ǰĕðøŠüöìĞćïčâêĆÖïćêøǰøĆÖþćýĊúǰôŦÜíøøöǰđüĊ÷îđìĊ÷îǰđóČęĂîšĂöđðŨîóčìíïĎßćǰêćöüĆîǰđüúćǰéĆÜÖúŠćüǰēé÷óøšĂöđóøĊ÷ÜÖĆîǰ×ĂĂîčēöìîćïčâöćǰèǰēĂÖćÿîĊĚǰ

üĆéĕì÷ÖøčÜüĂßĉÜêĆî ǰéĊ�àĊ�ǰǰēìø�ǰ��

äĬĕĎü÷äĕĆ

�XXXXXXX�WWWWWWW

seangdhamma vol.49 no.469, may, 2014

Education