second-order science. the revolution of scientific structures karl h. müller steinbeis transfer...
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Second-Order Science.The Revolution of Scientific StructuresKarl H. MüllerSteinbeis Transfer CenterNew Cybernetics
Berlin, ISSS, August 5, 2015
Overview
A Differentiation of Levels in the Science System
and Their New Functions
Second-Order Science as a Vast and Largely
Unexplored Science Frontier
A Copernican Revoution in Science as a Revolution in Complexity and in Reflexivity
Clusters of Research and PhD-Programs in Second-Order
Science
Final Aphorisms on Second-Order Science and
on New Cybernetics
Changes in the Science System I, 1950 - 2015
Large-Scale Research Infrastructures: CERN (1950s), Jülich (Germany) 1956, etc.
2001 – 2015: ESFRI (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures)
ESFRI-Roadmaps for all Scientific Disciplines, 2006, 2008, 2010
Research Infratsructures for Clusters of Disciplines
Research-Infrastructures: Integration through ICT
ESFRI-Roadmap, 2006ESFRI-Roadmap, 2006
Changes in the Science System II, 1950 - 2015
Gene V. Glass (Educational Scientist): „Primary,
Secondary and Meta-Analysis of Research“, in:
Educational Researcher 5, 3 – 8, 1976
Primary Data Analysis: New Data
Secondary Data Analysis: Available Data
Meta-Analysis: Pooling of Data; Statistical Analysis of
Statistical Analyses
Meta-Analysis: “the analysis of analysis and as a statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings. It connotes a rigorous alternative to the casual, narrative discussions of research studies which typify our attempts to make sense of the rapidly expanding research literature.” (Glass, 1976:3)
Changes in the Science System III, 1950 - 2015
The Rise of Meta-Analysis in Psychological Abstracts • Year Number of Counts•
• • 1967 – 1976 0• 1977 2• 1978 4• 1979 6• 1980 9• 1981 18• 1982 32• 1983 55• 1984 63•
• Source: Hunter/Schmidt, 1990:40
A Differentiation in Three LevelsA Differentiation in Three Levels
Functional Differentiation between Levels O and I
First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World
Zero-Order Science (Research Infrastructures):
Catalytic Function for First-Order Science; Enabling Research, Speeding-up Research
Experimental Data, Data, Information, Documents
Functional Differentiation between Levels I and II
Second-Order Science:
Reflexive Function for First-Order Science; Quality Control, Robustness, Integration, Innovation, etc.
Tests of Tests, Patterns of Patterns, Generative Mechanism of Generative Mechanisms, Studies of Studies, Survey-Analysis of Survey Analyses, etc.
First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World
The Main Operation for Second-Order Elements: Re-EntriesSecond-Order Level through Re-Entries of First-Order Building Blocks:
“Computation of computation, cybernetics of cybernetics, geometry of geometry, linguistics of linguistics, logic of logic, magic of magic, mathematics of mathematics, pattern of pattern, teaching of teaching, will of will.” (Kauffman, 2005: 129) A Vast and Largely Unexplored Science Frontier
Second-Order Science: A Vast and Largely Unexplored Science Frontier
Second-order problems can be generated for all types of first-order science building blocks:
Theoretical ConceptsModelsTheoriesTestsPatternsFunctionsDistributionsStudies, etc.
Different Types of Re-Entries: Domain-Specific, Transdisciplinary
Two Types of Second-Order InvestigationsNarrow, Domain-Specific:
Articles with Data from the Euroepan Social Survey (ESS)
Mostly in Sociolgy, Political Science, Economics, Pychology
3000 Articles; Database for these Articles
A Second-Order ESS-Study on ESS-Studies
Large Number of New and Surprising Results
Transdiscipinary:
RISC-Program at the University of Ljubljana (2007 – 2009)
RISC: Rare Incidents, Strong Consequences
Powerlaw-Distributions
Earthquakes, Financial Markets, Settlement, Word-Frequencies,
Scientific Quotations, Income-Distribution, Ecosystems, Wealth, Sandpiles, etc.
Search for a Generative Mechanism of Generative Mechanisms
A Correspondence Principle between First and Second-Order Fields
Correspondence Principle:
For every well-developed first-order field or discipline one can construct a corresponding second-order field or discipline
Sociology Second-Order SociologySocial Sciences Second-Order Social SciencesSocio-Economics Second-Order Socio-EconomicsX Second-Order [X]
Multiple Research and PhD-Programs in Second-Order SienceSeparation of Science Landscapes into Different Dimensions and Various Contexts in Each Dimension
General Outline for a Three Year PhD-Program (Level 3 Bologna)12 Field Courses (60 ECTS) and 9 PhD-Related Courses (120 ECTS)
Distribution of Field Courses (X):
Foundations (X)
Widening, Deepening, Integrating (X)
Second-Order Methods and Methodologies (X)
Research Designs for Second-Order Analyses (X)
Science-Society-Relations (X)
Research Infrastructures for (X)
Diagram for a Three Year PhD-Program
The Mystery of the Copernican RevolutionHeinz von Foerster
(1911 – 2002)
Talked of a Copernican
Revolution in Science
Almost No Written
Records
The Current Copernican Revolution in ScienceComplexity Revolution
Large Number of Science Dimensions Exhibit a
Center-Periphery Exchange
Reflexivity Revolution
Second-Order Science as Major Backbone
Closing Aphorisms I:
Second-Order Science: The Science of Reflecting on These Explorations
First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World
Closing Aphorisms II:
New Cybernetics: The Science of Reflecting on These Reflections
Second-Order Science: The Science of Reflecting on These Explorations
First-Order Science: The Science of Exploring the World
Literature
Karl H. Müller. Alexander Riegler (2014), „Second-Order Science: A Vast and Largely Unexplored Science Frontier”, in: Constructivist Foundations, Vol. 10, No. 1, 7 – 15 Karl H. Müller (2014), „Towards a General Methodology for Second-Order Science“, in: Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics 12, No. 5, 33 - 42 Karl H. Müller (2015), Second-Order Science. The Revoution of Scientific Structures. Wien:edition echoraum
Literature (Continued)
Karl H. Müller (2015), „A Silent Revolution in Reflexivity“, in: Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics , to be published Karl H. Müller (2015), „The Multiple Faces of Reflexive Research Designs”, in: Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics 12, to be published Brina Malnar, Karl H. Müller (2015), Surveys and Reflexivity. A Second-Order Study of the European Social Survey (ESS). Wien:edition echoraum
Contact:
Karl H. MüllerSteinbeis Transfer Center New CyberneticsVienna, Austria
[email protected] 1 664 4191961