SICOftD PIRIOO

Qen:tl ... u, t-bi• period. will be devoted to the aubJeet. ot conaunicatiooa

autc:mio\lile trallic aatety,~ '!ha alopn 'WMS "Dclll•t lMl'n your traffic

~ ..... {v t.'·S~-'f"' ., law by accident • ., I ~t tbe alopn uaet'ul as a t\title -ror '111¥ talk but l .:C'-·

i " ,, ~ WAUQ"' it a little .... Don't l.earii 'lfOYr CC14SIX: lava b7 accident. l ~

t11J 1alk _. ttat @ttAlfarM'--;t.D~ GD9) 'bJ' ree.41ng tbe Webater Dictionary

~ ~ !,;... '.' ~· '{..., e-., ~~.G ; ... ~ J~ *'..,. r · ' ... _ . .i 1 , -/ ,u ..

detillit.ion at tbe word "acc14eut... I mow, ot COQl"ae, tbat/\.i ..... t .. IS'"*'"gt"\1-mtqS""'~ ,_,.

i~........C.-r.k •lfilO' ~~ 41ffctl.1' cCtDCern.cl with Ce>mx: dutie• >'but u potential. f\lture

e~ ot fightillg \Ulita the 4et1nit1on at tbe wor4 "accident" abould. be

~ ot "ili.t..ereet 1A ccrmection With vtat 'W"Ul 'be a&i4. 1n a ••nt or two, 110 I will

•Acc14ut: Literal.17 a be.f'al.11118; &A evwnt vhich talt.es place vi'thout

pm'•OQ Q." 4aap to a. thiDfU a caeualt71 &a to 41e bJ'" accident."

-39-

pECREl] Declassified and approved for release by NSA on 03-25-2014 pursuantto E .0. 1352B

REF ID:A63406

i--.oto, die4 u i.rotc 4-th in AprU ar Wa JWr 1n air calb&t 'With ~

be .-t v1tb au acoiAbt, l 4an•t know v!lo 1"1r•t ua-1 the tol.lowia& tene

ff.Qi~ .J.. 1..:rv.. ~is w~-<, '\{....,... rt 'd i"f t\ r.J '"w-.J ~ <!.~ , ••temutJ"but it. i• 4ec14e4.11' applicable iR 'thia cuet "Acci4en:tta d.a11•t ha.wen,

-41 ..

REF ID:A63406

~·~ ~~:.jv}1' ... M 1 ~W, Awoolf l:MOe 'lttka far lal:alm.. *fbey ai..o kuv vat bia air escort YOUl.d. be,

..a ao on. --------------- .. -·-- ~ ~--........... .• , ____

about tile "acoi4ent" ta-moto vu to autter;x OUr top Connnder .. iJ>.-Chiet

iA-Cbief Joar~ 1A ,.ril bec&uae hi8 OCJllll11R1cat1oaa wre 1Daecure • ttlS

o.w.l~~J.'\~~ ~.--- ~-- r---•· -. ---- • \

death vu no acc14e.t in the dictiC>JMU"Y aeawe at that. v01'4--it was brougb:tl A ~ --~ ,_

(-~ --

about.\ The Tuuioto 1Dc1dent lat.or save rue to a •omvbat uuai.Dg exchange -------. ~

ot TOP SJDlJ:l! tel...- 'between Tok;yo am Waallington,,.., kwr the var YU all

~~ . ~ eert&inA"•l.18•'1 a tll!'Dld up in the J'orreatal DiU'tee, troa vhich I Y1ll

DOV red (Pap 86) ;

ot urgent TOP ~ telegram which forreatal )14t iat.o hie cU.ar;y. In

as • :renlt ot the A:mrican al>111V' to ree.4 the Japuwae co4ea. It wu

'the tir•t pUblic rnel&tion or the vorlt ot the ~ic 41vb1on

~at tokohe• in tbe interrogation ot Japaaeae Na.val otticera.

REF ID:A63406

ftrJ' 4itticutt po11tioo.. Have •t1cul.oua~ conce&led our a~ci&l

bovledge, we uow 'become rtdiculoua." They were effll tben questioning

ta Ja~H: otticer who bad beea. reapoita1ble t-or tbeee codea &Gd he vu

llintilag tjiat 1A tlle tace ~ this 4ucloeure be wOUld have to comit

auic1de. 'rm cable coatiDu..s.s "Thia otticer 1a giving u valuable

iar'onation on Jape.oe9e ceypt08fllteml &D4 cb.amle.19 anrl n 4o uot want him

or f1JJ7 o:r our other irQD.f.•1D& }ll'oapteta to comait •uic14e until after next

veek Ybtn we upact 'to m.ve a1lU4 tbea d:r7 .•.• "

Vu~ unere4 with an operatiom.1 F1«1"t7 fJ.'OP SJCRJT dialpateh.

-i-0\A'" l1wl poeition oo tbe liat ot thole who are mbarru•e4 07 the

ru.moto •torr ia 5,692. All tlle peopl.e over vbol.e 4ee4 bod!• the atoey

vu going to. be publiabed bt.ve been buried. All po11a1bl.e 1cheme1 to

l~iM the 4uaatt have 'been cOJlfli«er«l but Aone appeara vorka.bJ.e,

Sugge•t that Ol'll1' course t~ you 1a to 4~ b.cN'ledp r:4 the etory and.

•q you 4o aot w:dentaad bow auch a :rataatic tale could. blt.ve beeA

inVeD.ted.. Thia JUght kaep your friend baPJtY \UltU au1c14e time oext week

vbich 1a a"bout all. tbat can be upected."

But not ~ JUr• .PU•e4 before the Jap.we•e be&fU1 to realize vhat bad

bappece4 to tbea in tm Cl.7,Pto1oeic eupe.ipa ot Warld. War II. ror example,

8-1' A4miral Nomura. the l.Ut C<•nnxter-in-Chiet at the Japane•e Navy 1aid.

(thill na OA ..n illterroption)z

REF ID:A63406

loe1.ng battl.N &Dd. Lu turn Oi09 or the naJor contributing :ractora to our

~ '

:persietell,t bll4 vat.her am by lack or 1niaratian cooaerning th& doi.nglS

-43-

w.

,•

• .. , § \ ....

- . . --

' . ~ -g "' . '"

.---~~-. . .

REF ID:~63406

' . prin.ci:pa.l. code ~hea. 1A ua' 'b7 ~ J~se Ba"q. IA this

.. .. . - . . .. .. .. ' .. ,... -

abl.e to learn or QUI" 1ll1;ezat1ou a.lmoet .. ~uickl.1' .. 4' - .. -

/}\vu o.A..W'>\ eterm1:r:tie4 ~ ou:re.iw:s." ,.. _ \.. M~ wW

• • < • l.t)-""i~-\ ' !'- .. -I' -..

' .

, . ""• 4 I

... . .

.. -:-;~ .... I

. •"• I " -.!': ... '

'+ "'i ' 1"' .. I ·. ..::.-

.,. .. ·~

a" ....

. .

. -

. : ~ - . ~i.o .,, .

~· ~itl.e4~1o Cit tJie J>iiieatW,-C~ ~~,,i:,) •

... / . ./

iahe4 American Naval hietariaD, Prote•)ar Sanutl B. ·- "" ,~

~ ... ~ victoey at tbe llni/tite• _ tarcu at ~

1ntell~nce ~. In tbia J~t, _thia ~utbor .tuJ.:cy

. . . . ~ ~ beyoad tbe slightest :Poaa1bU1'tJ ot doubt that the .. / ./ . - . . /

dt "1lll J-se '-;plan to attack/~ tbe f'aremoat aiDgle

'\: / / • at J~ae d.etea~. v1,,- fitcg tbe J-.paneee a14e,

A /. _,, • / ' -r·· :Inv ~la- ~tlolt :Into a rauun .... '

• ilure to ~ /p.~ ~1";" ~tgal'll!a& tbe oe~ ..

tit ~ 7 tbe ·7 ~ ---~to -.ie ll14w7 been ·~ ~y !""'l ti_ -~~waim.~ ... tbe plu-~ at l< l'eerl llu'bcll'1 tl>e outcam

· ot tbia '-t~~· Jlllitb1i vell bave been 4utereAt."

'( ··-

:t oui- e:lAe 414.n't mee~ w1tb ~ CCH3JC aac14eD.ta, let ma " .. · .. ....

I II i •,.f',.. • ..

ill tbat ,,. 11-4 plent1' ot tbem. !l'bl•• vwe .uot att:ribUtable 1 however 1 to !.'. .. II"" .. ... • • .. . - .

~ . ~

... 1~ weabe•••· 1-- ·. ~

;

'-i _. P"~ci~ ... ~o '1!"!11'.n. ~ Uure to :top.av :t;be i-ule• im.PJ.icitq ar to ~He• iii :I. 't •,. _a - .I 4.; .. :. ": .... I • .. _,

. ·. t1- c~ 4ev~'!8' mac ine• U!1 procedures of •om at OU1" 1'JJ.1ea. 1'alra tor •,. .a-- ~ .. ~ • .. I .,,.

'"~ "' ;$,... • '":. I • . ... ... - ...... •• <II -" •

_ imtu.ce the 1-a~ l.oee I tm.t tlle UA1 ted Sta tee Ar:rq Air Corpa •uta1Deel 1n .~

'r•'f .-... : ...,. ' . . ' .

' ' . ?c • ... " ........... . ., ~· ·•·

... ' . ..

.. '

-;...J

.. .

.•.

. . . ... ..... ,. - REF. ID--: A63 4 0 6 ,.

. .. Pl.oeati. oil :tieli1• in ·•outbeaSterzl Bu.rope. We l.oet

,· I .. - .:: 1.

· tt :te ~ De::aa ar7 to tell JOU t~t vtth tbe ad:vilncea made 1D.· the

~-.£·• •· ~.) ~ o-w.J.. w.o~ . -~t~Ol:'._,.S. devel t at • the m;rq1./ 1•1n:ntal-1'tties at warf'are, il'lcl.ud.:l.Dg

r{ '"t

r ·~~tim: .,.~<·r~.:~_~.,,ed ~-il-...a.._.r ct~~: the --

optrt.~ a~ _c!pbor ices, the codes and c~e •J'llteiaa ot farmer 4aya 1 even

;:.,~~~ period o1: World. War I, appeared to be and were 1Dlee4

. .. . ' ·. ... , ,- -., -~

·, .. ·. -it.r-!',-

:. ... . 1•"1.' .• "

.... - I ..

... REF -ID: A63406 - - - • 1-•-... ... .

... . ... :.: .. ... _ ... ' ;\.... \. .. ...

I - • .. .. ti. .... ,, • • .1

~ . agiaeer{kg amt 4evel. . :t ba4 to travei vu tbat which by mechanice.l or ., : ... .. ti "'•I_; I - • I ... • ._•• f • .l I • ., .. •!: •

-. .-. •• ~_:, . b-12.•Q,, ii-.> ~ f ~· .t' .. I '"1 0 • J ~...,;.· •

.. _: -~~tro~ .. ~~:[~ apjiar ;tu f\. Oft crnto-coznmun1cationa voul4 at lea.st begin. to

• oj'

• . ,

.. . uuou.--.:tus becama obvious eve:u 'before World. War I !Ja4.

.. . ~ -

l\M;al!L.A.!£!!!111....111-•-a &c!Gfat!~·~tmttod•ifr'agreasea ill our··

• I .... ,,,,.I "' I ... I

r ,- ... !' .,., .. .. I 'r'I .. "'

~.; :r - ... 1tlf~P'P•~~~,.~~· '~. _An4

1

1JAt. me remiD4 ;you that ~ im.Petwt tar 4evia1Dg u4 .... -: ~~ ,. . . . ~-·~:-4ev•~op~A, tuter ~ -.fr,r c:rnto<QllllDUllicatiOD came nOt only traa the nee4

. ...

• .. 'Ill - • • ·.. I • I • ...

'~·

;~ _. · .. fcrr · 8peeai8- ~ypio .... "'""' I- 0 ... ... ...... •.. II

' .

·. · · •in -,~.,. b~ ala --UA -perbapa more 1m.pc1rte.ntly---trom. tlie need 'tar much -· - - -

.. , .. .... . . ~ ' ., ... ·-:~. ~~a.ta aec~i\7 in th cammun1cat1oiaa1 vhich were DD'W" larsel-1' b,y radio an4 ~

.- .. .. .. ..... -. .. ,.

a.apparatus will thera:tcire 'be ot aame 1ntereet. We

. ...... "' .:: 1 I '='- ... ·: ·-· . to.

• ' . .• _,

. . -- ... ~ . - - . - ... ------........--"""".""'"-------.... -,.

--'" : c - -'• • I

:... .· ,,.. --r I .. .

-

, -,

. " .:. -

REF ID :A63406 ,. .. '-.- -

>

.. _.:/' :;. - , .. . - .

. -~ ~·- ~·t:'·:··. ¢. . .. 0_wet~ nt·so~tdll-'i·~iet Sigaal. .- , "'*' I ... , • ~ •

• T f.. I ' ; =- .... I .. ..,. - ._-_ A.-.. .. ~ 1 Ci "I. •• • • ,;.._ • I • • .., ... \..t..J., :·_.... ,

" .·. : ~~·· :..~ ft:f&lf't=tates '. :. ,.:_.1he:. 1llcle picture• tha U.S. Ariq • ~ ~ • . ', .: . - .... I ., • - , - • /\ • . • .

. . : ... - - - .~ • ., : - -~ J»64' -·~~~-\"\~,.~~ •

0 ·~: C:1p'ba- :Dialc, ~ uae4 111 the period flltl VSll':W Waz !: a .f'o.Uowa aactl1' - • ' ., (...' ' • .: .• ',• , • : • I\. L. . _ 1- l\

,,, .... ,,~, - ... -· ·. · ~ i.W ~imi~jtha(.Al.'berti ~- :it seems to have ta.lam a l.oug tbm/

• • I I

.• _ .. ; ~tar ~-S~ Carps ~get-~ up with Al\8rt1t ~ • • .) 't- - '

I - • .. I I

- .

!

. ·1~ I.~ _it takea a laag tiM to nW:ae a patent through the United State• • 1" ; • ...... l''l:, 1 i •.: • II .... 1

1" " - ; . -- •. . . . . .. ~ .....

- • . -- ··- - . \A \4, ~~n\ ~i~, but A1\Jerl1 '•~ 4eviee ¥u t1Ml1~· patentee! in 1924. Here~

I , • • L • • ., " •

, .. ""' '·' ~-

... , ... I • ·~ '"• - .. I ... • ... ;.. - • .,, .. • • ~ ... • .. lj, 't • I " ":

· leit 18 Iii. picture Ot the Vbeatatcmi Cryptograph, the· tfraii· real iap."ove- ·

I • •• " .. . . .· $t ·on ll~l•a d.4iv1ce. l Jave the~ caw 1D. the Unitec States, llllq~

- -:- • • ,, - • ' • , ··-. ' • - C!t ... - 'e-t...~ . . ~

. . )~. ~-¥or~J~ ~•ve ~ought it with~· /\'Wbea.tatcme 1Atereated himselt in - . .

L • ' j : ' • • . • • . ; • • . . ' - . ' it Jt. .. _ .. .. ' .. ,.

: ~~:plQ- atd.°>W\ iAVente4 hi• 4ev1ce in the latter :rm.rt oi the 4ec1Mi• J.871 • • "Ir' • • 'li .... o • \ • • • I • '" "

I --.!I 0 T - • "":. ~"":' r '"",. .J.... .... - .J". I .' ,f f • .II

• : lt i• not.Just a 9iap]Jt cipher 41ak. I • '" • I

: a).p!a\let on the out9:l4e ocmt&ina 27 placea, tha one OU the :LD8icle1 26. 'rbere : , - r,."' ·:.. .. - :!' ' .Jo '

-.. ,.. 0 0 I ~ '° '" • ~ - • • •

~ a litt~u.t!Ail. ·par ill the ·a.vi~• . eo that aa Y°" encipher a ••U&e aD4 -~' . . ,

a,

-... -.. ... turn the ld.IJ ~ •at.nute1• baD4 to the let.tera to the ;plain text, the lmau or . - .

, •19~ .. ~ ~~ •• om etep tar each c~te revOl.u~fem at the "minute"

. . . "'. -~

·>u41 Just aa iA a clock. At th8·c1oea ot thi• per1o4 thoee at you who wou.14

... -..·

¥" like to exand ae "the device lllQ' clo •o. '• ~ .

,. Jfov_ iii i9l 7 / 1u cutiAg about tor a tiel.4 c1pber 4evic·e tor use on the ~ I .. • 1 )

J ·' .. -- - ~ -

~; - ~••ten\ ·tr~t1 ~ "1r1tiiah allie~ reauacita~ ~ Wbeatatoae•• principle, . . . - - J. ·~ -. . -~

... ..... ..co:· • I ". " . 1.•-. ·-. ~1-,,

_. -· t. .. " .. . - - -·•I

. , .

..

'I •

REF ID:A63406 .-

·~ . ,_

- . embodied 1t in a little di:f.'f"erent mechanical. form,, aild. made tbousand11 ot them.

.. , .a" .. .. • ., .. • • • ~

- .... ' • ... .... : "Ii " ...

Bere ia one at tbie:m. and here is an American capy at the British model. It

' -!

~-bu -a 27-unit alphabet oo the outaMe ~.a 26-unit one. on the 0

inaide,; but

. ~ there ia now one additional aD4 very important teat"Ure. You vil1 notice that I • •·

- . . c~~Jk~o.cl&~ . b~h alphabet• •.• aeit --4A•anauged "tm m1Xe4 aequencea, whereas before,

... ~ . . . . ~k~ . • .. __ "the origiual Wheat~tone, only t~e inner alphabet/\w-IWted. IQI( I_1~_ 1ou •

• - 1:_

·w~ be -1.xltere•ted 1xl a st~ about tb1~ thing. It wu .4ec14ed to ~opt-~ 4e~1~ tor use ori the \lea tern tront after 1 t was approved by the cr;vptologic

J' ;

. . .. /

ot eachd-t the principal allies, British, French and ; /'•

/ American. A o~ of the device was then eent to Washington ud the head of

:........ I "t ~ '"' & ~~·.. ... .. t. .~I • ~ \ I .' ,.

' ' .the Amer1~an er tolog1c agency in Washington awoved' it. At that time I was

... . .· ' ~- ~ \ . . - - . : . ~.- :~/./ . - . . . .

teaching achool--r~mber' that photograph I eha-..red you ot the school for

... '. . \ ... /-. . :- ·;- .tUt~U.Ct:fon in crfl>tosr.:phy and cr;ypt~l.yllisT SomebOdy said. why 'not send it

-, . ' . . ' . . \ / ~ ~

. :· .. ~, °'11>. t~ ~1~~; ~ .•~ ~~- the7. iye to ~- --~. the7. oent out a set ~ test

mH•~• a.Dd one day Co1one~~ came val.king into '1113' of'tice, handed me a

;;. •• .,; ;:per; i..a s&ld1' -~~-I~ ~tat.,;..., :·thl.lik. Sobe them". .. ~ ·.. . ·. I ."\ .

• - . • . ,... J... ../. - .·. \. ·. . - • . l took one look and saw there were five meHages, Just tiff, ac4 they were all

·.:·.~~-~ii ~-aL 3~ iett<.rO>~~; ~Ohl" Ms t! to tr7 tbia.

_:_!_~~ .. ~~~~~,~~ -

' · · .. X have ?'ther /'••'~ h)." The Col.one! ~aid, ~ing bard at me; "Young man, :r ;· . ·•• \ •

' . , \ ,.

,. . on tbe ~at day· o~ each month, you get a 11 ttle green piece of pa.per vi th mr

: . I:._. . . " - '~·- . / .

~ in t~ l~- right-hand c~ner, ~ It you wo d like to continue

.: -· I~ . ~ ~ receiv1~ t'ose ·bite ot paper, you~J. start vorking-~n the~~-JDeaaagea right

~ ~ • ~ i.ai.d; · .. :eo, Sir!" Well, l at'i.rted 1xl •lid b)' ~ ~ 1....;,l:red at ......, .. -

\ .! •

.-48-. .• :f

...... • -:: ~ r -.....

• ,.

..... . .

REF ID:A63406 .

A ..... ~ ...... I .; • • . • ... --.J- .. '.. .. J' • .. .. ...

~·-~. ·;·~. -~i;-~~-. t·:.i~;tell you, .1'. teit t~t ~~ii";: alphabetJ~i>lrl'.V~ '(- .. "'C ·;

I and it

·. ... . .

'" · ·. ir~ ~onnec~ ··~itb ~ aubJect ;C!,"°""Mll.l:~~lliA-...JL.e\•~'\.Ml..All~:tne~~~~ I 4, I .I

.... ~! ..

'. ' ·.. -

~ .

... ...

. -~

·,

- _, ·., ~ l . '

mind v1th that vord as the

.::. :,, . ' ..

~-·· -.... ·. . ~ . ~ ,,._ 'L. ' . . .. .-..

t •• "

. n .. ' . . .. . ·- ,., . ..,,. ~ ..

"' .. RE·F ID : A:63 4 0 6, ·'

-- .. :.· -.. ____ .,.

• • .$<.. .... . .: - . .,;

I ._ --. • I "Ill: 1•,

. .. -, :.. - . -

• ill at.ill in o:perative la howse4 in the auaeu.m ~ a J.ittle haml.fJt . ~

- .. r-· - . ' ~ . ~· .... . . .

-.=· -...

414.a. 1.t have a picture made. cius Wdsworth anticipated Sir Char1ea

illwntion W a good ....,,;. ~. ·. . • • . " . . .

~-. ·,i. '· .

• ; • • 1. Jfext comii• the cipher c1J.illder. A French Arm:t rea'!1"ve off ic~, Commal'M2ant ..

' ' - i .. . ; -

- .·_., --~•r:~~)tried to tiiteZ'!at ~he. Fr~h ~ ~~~vi~.• vhic~ .. be,. called the

-··1 ".CQ'Pt.~pbe Cyl.UJdrique", ar c;yl.1JJ4r1cai cipher. Bia d~vice c011Siated of

- ,.. - .. '. ... !' •. - ) ..

91- .,.. I • ~ • .... ,I. p ""

·, a ao~ies of'. d1eke with a ce.11tral bol.e ao that the;y can be mounted upon the , .

;

. ~bdt; each ~ialt bf.las.an &lpbabet (or 25 l.ettera in thi• caae) in disarranged ,o ...... • - • .. •., oO ,I, I

' . - .. - .,"~ . . ' . , -~ loo- ..r'

... .... . ~ .. .. ' .... _ ... --- .. - . . · .. - ,. .. -. , .. :: -" • '. ~·- -

... ·;-.: tie.•

......... ',

. ,.\ ... . . · .

..... ,

... \... •a• .. ., i

.. ..1 ~... ..

'tbe Q~ 24-:r~ of cipher te~t. - - . - .. ... .

.' '\• .... .• '."'

. '

.. r • .. . .

REF ID :"A63406 . ,:: -

- . ; .... -, _ .... ' • "; • ~·= '° .... ..... ¥ 'If"" ....... Ill' _. "' ...... •"' ,i' I

• • - ,,. ~ "' • • .... - • _;.,, "' I

-· :"',:\Vbat we call c1~·li~iee~ t;yp& M-91'.. -!law~ when Ma.Jor :Narbourgne 4ec14e4 to ;.. " • ':' : .. ':..A ~- - ., if .. -.' - -a. • I ..,_ ~ • •

'f' ... T I I .,. \.•

I ' ..,_.. •.'""'-.. • 'F _.. ) ., • -;. ... ~ •.. "' I I'_... • • :: '7._., ~a.a with this device, Mrs. Fried.man aJ'lii I were back at· Riwrbanlt, af'ter

. -.... .. . - - .. ~-

..... ?'had ret"urDea 6-oin the A'O. We clidn•t thinlt-·tm! device V.. very aecure and . ' . • ill • I :

. •61~ a~I ~ber~upon M&~~urgae ieaued- a cbal.l.enge, .;.hich vu accepted. Be aent - -.r • ' ·~

... ·'. , .. . -,

.. ' "' .. ill

--IS· mitlisagea~:- We •tarted :lJ:a. with our crew to try to aol.ve the messages 'by ~ .. • r.o• - -= •,,. -

s- - .. 7 ..

.. -1

- ~ -~- cballenge _ mea1agea ~at ·~ old paper• 1n the Office ot the Chief° Signal . ~ - .. .. . . ..

•41!, .....

'': - ·_- ~ o.t't1c.er an4 tbell :x knew ~ neither we n0r 0:..2 solved them--look at them? And - , .. 1 ' .. ... ;_ ..

I' I. II' • • '"",I I ' '• ~ ..... -·,

... _ .. , _, .. ( - ,, . ..- . ... - . .. .. """ - . ···.~·. ·-·· we vm.'...__upe_~tiDC mili:tarl text! In 4ef'enae of Mauborgne t•ll sq that it waa .... .. I':. • ::- .. • " ._ ~~:. . ~ -_, . ,: ·~ .-2... ' ·'. - . . , ~ . - ' '-. .- -. . ~ ,_

· ~- · ~ -40t he vbo aOOkea those teat ••aagea up ~or tbe eba.11 ease--it waa one ~ his . . . \

t - • '::.a • r.. .. ~ ... Jo

.-b&'•l •aid: to au aide,,

• ':Ii -. ·-~ \: .- .:. ........ .. _ • ., ..

•, tbnngbt....-....~tb'big to"tto·vaa- to ~iHf1"98 of' °t!l!I l'&"t. When after ~.· '-t. .:. = :. - - ~-..

~~·T-·- . . . ·_ '. "~tb.8. n.o'bocty bad eol.VfJd hi• chaJ.lenge messages Ma.uborgrie went a.bead an4 got

; I I .....

~ie ... .a •• i"'~ •• -...... r .. -;._--,~= --­.. .. ·;

__ · -:.:_ ·. tt.bo tb1ns aat, &m ..h..._:t:e -- ..... bba !X1rtort ot t& am1opfllm'£ Ol t1ii W:SIJ •* ••-11m1 . ·._ "- - . -~- ..... _,_ .. ~- .· ·:· -. . .. . . . - . . . -~- .~ .

; . -th~aiide.' ~ tbem,._-4•• ~ 1:-7 were uaecl by the Artlq, the N&V71 .the Caut ..... , .. ;lo~ •

. .,.,.. }& ,,. • •,. ~ • :_ .,,,. •: "- • I •

to invttnt the ci~ c,-11ll4er principle, arid be anticipated tbe l're!lchman, ...

.. .. . .. ~ -Bare 1a the tir1t pap 'at hie 4eacript.1on or hie

... .,T"-

' ,-.1::2 • ...... ..,,, 'lo~ I'" . -..

I' - ·.~ ..

.. -r -

• -t:-" .. .· ,..._

:·

•' ..., REF ... ID:A634CJ6 ..

:- '~{..~~ W\..AJ.=~'· -~ ·~ · · 4•v1ce~~llare ia tb8 aeccmd 1889· You. aee bi• caicul&t1cma~ a;iving you a"t the

;

... _ 4 \ • 4 I -. - .. ~-

i, . :· > 'b.9t~ ~ ~...;:~-·~ti~- .ti-.at. ~i~ partic~ device aftai-da--a vbai. • .. - - r" : ' --

T

· · · -~ · ,· cl a ~. D~ ~use Jett'w~on ;eroPoaed a •et, at 36 ~iaka. _-°':> -~. ~ - ~ • . . ~·-/,: ·- :-, . ' . -. . .7.. i. '1-f\...~ ~~ w

:; . . · · ·_ - -. ~. 1t~ t.be ""- .of ....;.;,,1ey provi.W bf tba M-~ ,\ aoaa. came ~ ~.JT ~ 1

I - • • " - .- • " .. I I .... •f•• .,JN • Jo -~. .. ... ...... • .-

- r .. : ,3 :"" £ • • ' r .: ••

• • -:r- -··tho conclW.ion tha\ eecurlt;i vwld be :mu.ch increased b;y tbe use of variable or ':•·-' -. _:_·~~ -.. -~~.~Pov'~~~ a_.ca..k~~~~j'--¢ ··· . . - .... obaitgeabl.e alphabets. f!i''.t. Jnt'I a • 1.,.0...,.a&m Wich ve cOUl.4 mount slips of 0 . .. . ' - "' ' -- · .-t: -~ ~ t.;.W:, ~~~..,:'-~ &l.plabeiju o1'ten u wu tel.t

.. _ .. · ~ N~~~~-~~ -~·' tlld•••a.!7: ~ IJ.'ba.t vu tl1e beginning or variant terms ot '*' atrip cipher

: ~·: ... ii'- • • .. - • •• , .. . · device~ ~ed. "&1 tbe ~ rcrces, d later by tbe State De;partnent am the

":..· "" iii'• ·: .r"t'-. C •I.. • I ~ ...... J - • "-.,. •I • • •

· , · . ~ ~- - :.'fr~ury De~ni;. ..Qf._.'tba.Atri:g ,piPhE:?;_!erVktt.

:.

....

-· 't : .-•.

.. D the wwqa ot ..af.ag·tbi a\Hpe-o.i.V,,_~!!'~~

- ;: ·=-- - -... !'. "' '" • • • • ~ C "".: • .. I I I

• picture at the tilJal Arrq t7Pl of strip cipher device. You see the channelJs - , .

--: ... \ ... ~ ,. ... - . .. : - .:.. ·, ~ - - - .. - - . - ' 1n vhi~h the al.pbabet etripa W91"e lnaerte4 ·according to tbe 4&1~ ke;y, and

J •

.I' ....... - ..

. tiJ tJii. that Dot ~ the tratric vouli. 'be ~ tha .~ -set-up at strips ar: even ill: • .. ... • -"" • "!. - .. ... -

~ ~ ~

'Wed~ •am -.;tripa. The 14- vu to :eut down tblt amount· ot hterceptible • I. ,I, .. _ • .,., ' Jo ... IJ, '"• 0 '"

:-"~~e\;.~-~-!re~-~~~ ~ .._,_,.,__ ~ ........ v·i .,-i•::-·~ ::..:~~. .

lfeXt V8 come to a •chine cal.l.ec1 the Xeyb&, lllVfUlted bJ" a German, 1u a'bou.t

. . -~ , · !1i~ .,_;i 1925. ~ Xr)"ba ~ the lut word in the way' ot mecban:f.cal c:r;vpto ..

. ' ' . . - .

• I ~ ./,.

c. ' • • ....

.... ·· grapba at the t:tmo, &Dd .Mr. Xryba tried to interest variOUll govermaents in . . . .. If' ~ I

·~ ~:t. -~~ .1 thiDlr. I aboul4 explit.112: ~~t tar those who have .a.ever aeen it •

-.-

. . ' -.<!°''- -

... . ... ' . ,

-...... .. , ..... 'r ••

'f .... --"" .. ~ -·, -.

.. -·

. -· .-":'. -..

REF·ID:A63406 '-! -· .; .~

' • .. .J .. .. ~ -

. ·ie ~~.on a ·a1ak which 18 rotated angUlarly' accard.illg to the toothed -:. - • r..., - - .;. .: .., • • - ~; • • .. --:1:

·-· . .;, : .. : ... ;I I' .. - - Jf' "'

. . . ..• ~l •ic'h 111 _iil here. ' 'l'b.e aipbabeta cau 'be re&rr~ 1:r" 10u viah, by . ? ... !' - • : -:· .. ••• .... ' •• ·,· :.··- .... ,. :-' • ,

., I • I 1 t o. ii I -.:r .- I ~ J ... " ti •

-· eli41iig the "metal pieces ori \l"hich they are printat Iilto toe slots. Prom a ' -·· r .

'I., .ID"' C 1 • I I 1 1

_ •

I J ' • • I "'' • .. t • ... ..., ...... I

. - civen atartiDg point and with a a;iven mi.Xed alphabet yo~ at.art with tbe tirat • .. ~ I

. ,. . .~ ... - -... : "" .. ... . .. ~ ... ....,.._ .. · -' lette.r to btJ eiic1;Pbere4, aee' w"bat l.etter •tand• op:Poaitei. it, and write it

• L, ._ 'f. .. .. -. ·-: .. .. • .... :lo ' ,. ,. '\ .. ,...!.. ..

- .. . 40vn • 'then JOU p~~ thia 'button aa4 the movea1Jle 4i•k vfu akip & certain

. ' • I ,,I ,_ i f o 'I T"

"

... - ..... . ·-nUlllbQr ot apa.cea, OJ)8 to seven, eometh1ng Ulm that, u4 ;fou encrypt the

: '-I I 1~11 •

·• ·--~ DtXt let~, write down ita ~~valent, and aive the button. push. lfow

... - - - . . - - --.. P, r r ~ • .. ,. .

h8r.·1a a 41aae.rtation cm the number at permutat~ODS aa4 combiDationa the

~ ma.chine aftat"4•, ·written b7 a German ·-.theme.ticiali •. · A!f I bave to aq • ·'C" ..

a'boUt 1 t 1a ~t :tn this cue, as iD ~ others 1 merely the 11.UDlber ot . '

permutationa ~·com'bi~tions which a 11.vu. •chine a.t:rorcla, liU the bird•

. ~ ' ..;,. ...

tbait ei.Dg in ·the Spr1:ag, orten ha~ litt1e to' do with the ~e. Much depends . . .

I- c. - •

· upon juat · wllat ~8 ot _&l.pbabete are em.ployed and e:xactl.Y haw they are

emplo~. r.ar., i:iumbers of permutations aD4 comb1Datiems don't frighten the

:·.cm~t at ail. For example, to give )'OU a simple Uluatrat10Q1 take a • I! I .. . . . ~

.... lim»le manoal~beti~ 1ubatituti~ cipher. The num~r of alphabets that cu

l ........

• -· t t •

·:.'be :Produced ia'tactarial-26-~~t•a ir. large, large number-..48)· qua4rU11ona,

29l,45J. triliiona, 126,615 bill.ions, 635,58Jt. millions and a :rev mare but you ..

';. ]Ea.OW' .. well as :t that ;(OU dcm. 't solve the lllOnO&lphabeitia aubatitution cipher .-. ,. • -., '... • - .. • ... I • I a' • •

... bf &n exhausti_on method. Tb.ere are very much simpler_~ ot doiDg it. 'l'ake ...

t. -- .:_ . ...

anotheJ;' ~lea Suppoae JOU have a mcb!De tbat Pr:ov14ea humred1 or mill1aws ; •• • & ,• .;;: 0 .,/ 0' I f • I• .. -- - . . ' ./•• .

... _ ". ,_ . " .. . .. =·

•,/>o I

. , '"'" r .. I .. . . ..,

.·

...

:

. ,. ·.

:. . .. . -.

.._,,,-. -,. • >

- - .-,: .... " . ~-·

. ,-~"''"',

·-· ;:. • 'I: • "' "' I ~t "' • JI • • •

•• • T ~, To re_:~11 DP! to o~ general. •urve7 at cr1Pto-m.chi~• it became clear· • ,; ' J • • ,;. • - w • .. • • -. •

- , .. , #' - -· " .J .. - - .. ,,,. ..,

. ,. . ' .. ... ,. .. -~.. . · · ,. ~~'\.i. ther• ~ ri. F•••iJil .need in the m11itar;y and iaavai a'ervicea for two

• '1"' 1 .. _, .I ~.·._.., ;,t "1

~ ... .,, .. -'"1 t .. "!"' • r • ~ ..:-.,, / l,.,, • .c. .,. • ,-.. rt- .a. II" I --C- - .. -1.. I

I ....... -~ • • ,"'I' ~ '* ... r"' ~ .P_.

' · ttpea Oi aut~t-ic maehi:aea, that ia, nachines which would. p1; out ot the r ~ 1 - -

t' I 'h

' .. . ... . - . ~

....... r, ..

..,._! • .(~"' •. • 'P., .,._. .a • ... I .... ., , ., .. - •• • • ,.- • • ... ., J"

S1cnal C~-ts_~at~1ea, 4eTiti~ .without ;~azi~e 'trcm WuhiDgtazi'. 'l'be ,·

.. - ~

'• . I .... r°' • C • ,. • ... - " • •

Di;rectClll".~ tbt l'.4l?Ol"atQr1.ee •t that tim vu a .,:'eat 'bel.iever ~ autonom;r I I- 1

I I :ll;J• .:~\ ... !al " • I

~ lie ~ll •t ao!Dg to haft Waahington tell hia anything aboUt hov things were ""~ • '!l' • • 0 "

-=. ... --.. -

. ~ I........ .. y .. - • "!. 'i

· t- 'fo 'b9 4~. 1.lbea it r:=.ame to ~eveloping a cipber mchine, be clec14ed that be ~ .. ' - :• .... : .. . " ;:' . .

.. '!: !•

J1.i . '

• ~=-: • • '"'"'-.. ' '\ I - -~·

~ ~1• •tau coul.4. prodW:e a realJ.7 good achiDe without the help ot the • - • ,,., I "' '&.. - • - I :... f ,.;

; / I - ., - •

cr;ypt•nal111t•~- So be proceeded 011 thi~ basiB 't!O uee up tbe tin1' bit at money ..:": "' f I "' I

> ~- • ...... •• •, - • ' ~ - - J b .. .,_~ ___ n:T "'.. ., • • • .. •, .! .... l\O""Y f.:'~ a_

... /· .. · 'tbat WP. anih~le-... 2118•. We in Wasbillgton were "ilA111M.e even to know what . ·t: .... ,_· :. . ~ ..... ~~<: .• :-.(;. . . . . : ::. A .. "'~ .::--:. -- I".. ,.. .. .. )"'- "·} . '. ; .... °i=:i!'' ...

-. -.;.~~-· · ~ . ·~ .. ':, . -~ . '. ~,: ~:: . .;-, p EC R El] ~ "~~. -.. -~ ,..,r..,..._ I - .. __ " I "... ,. II;_'• .. o• ••

.. - Vlf"'t. .. .. ~·- ...... ..,r

...

-... ~ .... .,,,... 0 I.

:·

r.·

·- ,, ... - .i •

-REF ·II1F:A63~·~6 ~ .

, - • 4. • .• 'i."r "II

-.I - ,,_'-Jo ' .. ~ ~·.:.

. - '. ~ ·-r ,. ,· _.i :.· -... ._ ~ ", '..... •.. I • -,,,

.. , .. • ... ~. f: •• ,.· .. ~ -·,. ~ ...... 4 • • • • • t -:i..:;. • _._"}:.... .,. - ~- - ..

\l'•i being fuut unt1i the-:tuial. model vu completed. am ru!y to be delivered I .: -· _:.. '° • ~ .._ .. • A ._ 4 .. ,. • .. '"' ~ '-

• .._ $ . .z· ~ • _ .. - ~ .. ':. ~ ; ~~;~ .. .

- .. :zor ~·

. '. ' .,

'·. ~ f' -:: "" I.,,..• ... ,. lo;;: ... I'

ill. • I r .... ,, .. '..: I It p ..... .,,~ \ I..~ • • I :' I - -._ • :.: \. "=r. : • ..... J ,. I • • -

.. ~o · ~. ·· -~~i c. ·~~ ~ _ 1 -~ ~ ~n11r _ar ine .~~~~1-~--pit up SO¥ '°I ... • • ~: ... • &.; ...... I •I • •

. .. "i '·

elt, ao that 11- ..... _ -.

t.

• .... t4, "I 1116:1:&~· liiti eotten iib3' 1'llQi'E!iliB.te hliiP'f"·Wftlll he e:acipbereG a ~· .. .:!! - ... 't. - • • -.I ,

~.

.. " .. ~ I LI ~ ,... • ~ ' ... 'I

tr .-··~··.- ..J."_~ ~·aueru lifiii'tiiei1 ~ m~o-·.4;M Hl"a_t---~ ~ minuGB';

- ..... r • '" 1 t I 1'" "' .. - • •.. ~ ~,ee___ ~ ..._

,- ..... ·~511!1>;·~:. ~~~.'bl .,, r.~ vllole 4ev-iil> ._ _

.-repr~.~::::-~:~-~ ~~~en:;~ ~-~e6ver1 1~ ~te4 ~~t little~.';\ ,-----. ... - . - -- --~- _...,,...-.,,--.-- · J e · 'tiic'"'" . [_ - , {idh

ve ~~~~h _b~ineaa. ,....tx....,,.t fti'gat !02 ™""J'0'1"" 'ma'• i11M•16YU.tng..a."fH:~\-

-~ ....... ~ ~:.-\.L __ .::. ,.. • - ,;a-"' ..

t'inally went to pick up the mach1De1 I ta.lked to Colonel So and So, who

tol.4 me with aome pride that hi• machine w.a all mechanical am that there was ::, . .

I •

zaothing 1D the ~ at a electrical machim or operation that 7ou coul.dn't do

mechanically. I asked 1 "Co1onel.1 can you light a roam :mecbanical.l.y-T" To which

~ -;.,~: ~ replied•_ "You've said enough-.. get out. 'illft1tls the •chi.De, take it with

h

..... you." '1'he power •ource, which in the model was laughab1e, he planned to

8 ~ -"--.. ~ ~ ~ ~ .,.~~~ ~ ~ ..J; ~ r.Q""'' ~""" DIO'torize1" Bw1' Ji •• uot usgze1s ·•••9.7 4irllM the crypto-principl.e vu very

-.. .......

-.::::· ta~t7--it. 41clD 1t ~ ~~h tlme~to ieoA~ meH-~ ""\O :·~ ; . ,• "j :t ~ : -- -

{ .. -... t\ . lab<l!atorie• ~elopuent c~ ~o an _igncniDioua e~ ~ 3ut I'm glad to aq

·· -.~ ~- ~M~ohl-t.a.~~ .I\ .-;~ · · -- tbat1\waa an unusual Col.onelJ those who came later were mu.ch more 1ncl.1ned to • If . •. ... _ ....

~ ~

c... • -,,. :. _... -. ~ • .. ... ~- • • 'i a ~ .. - •

, ~. : ·take ..livice -tr0lll'1peratm8 'eX:Per1encect iD the :r:i.el.4 o:r cr1.Pt0logy. · !to :: ·- ·- ... .I' - 'Y .. ;- .. , .. ... .. •

- .... ! ..... ' ... .. -: • "' ... -....... , ~ _ .... - ... " _,.. • '; - ... ,,..... -• lr'j ~ .. ,'r:. ., .. •.,Lo:::, ,. • - : "' ~b. .... Q.tQ...

_,: · ~ ·: ·,_ . , _. . -: 'OW: .~·,co;. ~~ a cfevelo~nt ~~_ch ~ i~- . ot ~ interest to us • Here' a a

.- ... - ., ;,. ' • --~-·: I : '~ • "~ .. ; • ,. "~!' •.. •" • "I "r ~ ~ .. :.- •

· - .; )icture_ ot a_ pntleam- named0

loria ~· W. Bagelin, a Swedl•h'eng1Deer1 who vu ._._.:·. If"· • -: ~(\JD. ~dJI

J " I ,. --: • ' I • :. •• .,:.· ... \. It ~ ~·: "', I .. .., OXl(., ~ ,--_..... __ ,. --

• "'.

0

l-ea·p00ai'bl.e tor 'ibe :!Jlve:ution and development ot one ~ t~ •chinea t~tA• used .:' "Ip a,• • •• r •I .. I 111-- ... • - .. !.. .I '"\"' ,. ..

c,I"'• I .. .. ·, . .. " . .z::. ... "'~ .. • . . ., "~ I • .... ,.. , ll .·.

" ~ ~ .. I

" 1: I " • : •• - .. »'!l'; \·~· ... - I '•

·\: .. .-""'

. · 1" I

.... u: \

,_

I 0::, I

. . .... . .. ,. ~·. -.

. -. .

" -- ·> :,,.

. .• .:: ~ .. -... _:... : I'·- .. -

;.J~ ..

. :-; .· . ;. .. ,

-, ,.

'-"

1 •• • .. . - ·- . .. REF ID: A63406·

~ ~ . • _. .U. .... t <tJ -·, " •

in Worid'Va.r' l:t ~great quantities. Mr. ltagelbi am I l>Ocam veq good

.. , friends · atter--the ~var. I vu opposed -to takbe 011 JIAP1iD '• 4ev1ce 1D 1948-41

i , ..

I r • ~ '" "'

-"~• • • I

, ; _ .- .-!la~te4 ber•"J 'but the 4ec1aion to bave the& made tor ao4 Wied 'b7 tbe United -.. .... .. - - "" '.:.. ~. ""' .. -·,. ,::.... - ,, . .,

.. - ':. . ·"' . . 6~~· J.rmt vu·. 4eciaicm ca a level. higher than rq own, u4 l aimp].T accepted . ,_ .~.--· .. :..... ·. - ... : . -~~~

- >:y. • - ,.-

- ·.·it, ~t turned 0ut, I think, that rq auperiara vere right, 1:at: ft" at l.eut ba4

. -~.'-~·+rf.ow---~~-~~ .. ~vt~~~~ ~d.~ ·. ~ ... -·~"h~I\. ......... i_.tt .. J;l:ae.7 14-·l.1..te-4 -M> .. ~ •

- . --. ~ ~ ~ ~ .. ~~·~f-.... ~, crt-"t«t. 'f'\.q4 ~~-. _ Bow Jua~ a 'bit about Mr. Baplin. Ba 414 vhat I beat describe al a

.. '

tram the Greek meaning to do a thing "us-ba.clLval"Aa". l mean that usually

you go into crntcsrapbic vo:rk am then you. haY• a uitrvoue lreakdOWD. Be 414

- ... ,.. r •

otlo h~e4 •. ~ :~ th~· ~~~·11r-1-~'fl-tn'"f,...1e11Jil"l&F"'.llllW1HM1dlflaal!'c•htwnw_...,..""'''""' oh!bbehli!i - .. _ : ... -~

'

- . .

. .... ... ...

=s.- ....

..

---:- --;--

. '"

-57-

,. .. _-, -,. ..

·-

' - .. -t. • "t ,·r REF ID:A63406

~E:Cl-H:: ij , ..... , ... ' • •. I;..

• • .,. :/ • ·- • I •

": •r .. ., C• \ ~

- '·.. ·.~1 •:1-.aaea,.~t-vhich i.111 tell JOU-jlre1en~ · Thia ia a picture at one

,' . :i. , - .. : ·-. ~ ·_. · ... - ~ t-\.;r..o'l ~~ ~ ~"'1 ~lo .. ~ ...... .I~ . · ot ~ ~liD mchilM!t• ~ mod.1t1ed 'b7 acme Of'. our GI• s in It.a:cy. ,jou lmav

..• : . ~·· A ~~ ~~ . b9'f. ~·~ceful~ Cl'• .can bet A~ acrO\lQpd :parta here and there &D4 ~ .. .,

'~· -- -. . ... . 1mprove4 their m.chine to make it a E,irltiy med.el.. see,_ her.ls .. tbe

,,,,.

~~' and be1'9•a the. pr1Dt1q 'inecb&niam. Iu~e tm cover ia a cartoon

at a couple ot CII •• gettiug ready to teat a home-m.4.e ati.11 tor the production

Of ~-Jmov-wbat. The caption at tbe bot tau. of the cartoon says: I t • - • • • •

•• •• " ·'PL 86-36/SO "USC 3605

''Yea, but

EO 3 . 3 ( h) ( 2 ) . v1ll the Al!J. d"!'"*"' thing work!"

. ". _ .... low, Mr. r.plio. procHdecl to improve'h:ta machiue IUl4 thia is a aide view

- • ~ ,'' .. : I\ -- It'·

ot one ot h'19 lilulat mc4el.a---t!MJ ·cx-~2: · It ·iriD.ts ~t on:cy the - text but

.. - .·.~ .-~~~~~~~)., ~o 'thet:.. a.~~~::. text, .,l4 '1M a ciphering mac~ia~~~~ta a -ftSF sreat

>· JiJ ~~ ~~ -~ ~:." ···... . · ~-31' Jlev.t!Je wheels, iDllted. ot being ~ntl:¥ ~ixe4\upon the _ellaf't,

-•PWldllcat•a~l!'*P"'?'h~JCllttfn•wt;xvwpJ•wh•l.ll!'«~M• are 4emowatabl.e and can be rearnmpd 1D 728 41tterent VQa. 'a.\ateppiug

- · .-. w~~~\~~IAA.&-~ir~~ motiou. tar theae vheela ie c:omp.licatecl,&Dd u ot thia maaent ve do not lcnow'

1' . . • " '

: ~: ""'"~ ~~~- ~ ' '

~ow t~ •o1V9_f'~~~~ mchine :.,.""\M--.tt,:>-•·---teta--• e1 kaaaaea.,..aa--414 the- Jha•S).

~~ tlle veq oerloua -- ....__ ________ ___.. _ ____. - . .

- _ .. I •ve ~1.aed

·~~~~~~._=-!:---c-... """T~,...1-l.T-tb-=--1.-1.-d-~-.-P-ir-~--,-~-~-,-~-~-.• -_,,.,---~-. ~-.-,Y.-a;t-.~ -~ ·~.

-

--

" .

. ......

.-

} _ .. _

,.

..

·-

_,. .·

-. -,.

..

- ,"-; -i' . . ,. ""' i:: ....

SEGRE]_

I ' .-..

. " ~.,... .

Eb 3.3.(h).(2) .. PL a6..e61so use 3.605 , .......

..-

...

~·

, .1 •

. .

~E:CREl]-'~ REF ID:A63406

..

... -'"·"' .... , . . 'Cl. - ·... . -·. ~

key anc1 ~light "!oul.d lig'bt; you voul.4 have to write c1ovn the letter flashed ' EO 3 . 3 ( h) ( 2 )

..- · - , -~ -.~ ~ ~·~ PL 86-36/50 USC 3605

·out~ light~ 8.Dd"wheela voi.lld atep.

' ... 'r.he zaext 1J iO• lliavA 4-.-\Jet~ picture- of thi• llllehimrc-ontrbtt!fJ.i a .. I" . ~ ·. - -,~ ltr~~~~

a.=i11S9en-el"Rt~C!"' Clfpalrt:tw. 'l'he nex-k'AIK•p,...~ •ew•e, wu- -4e-~Mr. iage-l:!u-·

~Ji:~ . . . . -vhen '/'(.. inade the prin:ting mechanism an integral part at the machine itael:t. Here

I • • '

• I..()

1• the keyboard, the.1:21"~nting ~chanismx in here, and now'the whole aseeiibly 1a

. : ·· 'riry much~ •mal.ler amt· more donP,ct. ' .

. -. . .. ~9" I •llow a ae'rman •chine known u the !g~.. a c~rcial mode1, 1xlvented

:

·,a.QA put on the ~ket in about 1923-24. It cODWriaed a keyboard, a l.ight bank,

.. . . . . ' "' _, ..

"' -..... ·- ~ECRElJ. .·

,. ... ..

- ' . 1 ... - .. RE~ ID :A63~,P6;

-·Mr• kebwJi•1~r~m"t ~worth nottu.i·· ~-414n 1t bave"-aba~ute~ :t:ixed v11"1Dg'44 ~ ~~~~~-'hr'. --- --. ~·• 11re _cletac;b,c.ble v1.rea, aal th'•...-..t.-•l.lAe aheva..-13- :lieMe ·m erMt-•'4• .. 111111-

.-

~ . ;.. • • I .... ~ ' .. "'...;l_"; .... , .. • .;- ... . • • .

. ~-~ :·"~-·-· ... ~ .. ebowin&-.th..~conceivecl@"U earl.7 ~the iclea o1'-Variable • I ._ 'i

' ~ Q~ti~_ J!!Ji1t ;rOtcra. Thia a an extr.mel.7 1m,Port&nt feature ot any :tind or

·-, -· - - .. T'ia A '·

... . - '

·~ :-• t~or ~h~""- Tlli• f\lowa ~· ~t step. Xov we baw three roto.ra in cucacle. .. "' { .. ,. 4, .. •"'I 7 "" ~ ~- ... .. 0 I ~ • : .. ... II- l/f ,a

.. · : - ·- ... .. .. ..

• r " 'li:.1a, too, Wu a vfiey ~t ate;p•-the CUcadiDg etfeot ~B IL great e4vance • "'• I ~- /I ";:-:. ,. -: o& • .. "'/ I .. '"' : - • I .a ., c."' 0 ~, • • I...... I • ~ ~ .. : '" .. .. .. ,.. I r •'" • .. ~ .. '_, .. • •

...... ,:• ~ o. '"• ,;:· ,.,, ..;, .I ,,.... -.. 'lil • • I I • • "' • • • l: :: -~ • .,. r,. ~. ., "' ., -: :IA CQllDectlQD vi~ i-otOJ"•. a.re l 1hav b1• next clnelop19nt--a 5-rotor nachi.De.

"' •I .... f I

I •''

... . '

... .. .. ,. ·.:. ·'.

}I .. "' , •

• ,.# - '2.!·-:'\···;. ... ~-1· .. r;- .. ~-'f..· • .( -- • .-..

'·:

.-

- ,• ..

... .: . , " ..

. ;~·.;.-. llt'N 1;, vi~. ~~al' ~tru~, Retired, w1ih im ezivla'ble .ei-v:tci ~~cr4. I sa14

- II: • ~ ..... .. - • • -) :'.. • ..~A ~,..;. • .... I - ( .... .. ~ - t I

f i\:r .... "--- -:1. #lo.·Jt-"-... -_..... ... .~ .. .,.~ ... l-

• -.·"· ·t~ S~~ "Lie~tenant, I 4on•t think that .Chi.mt ill quite as sate u you think ... :. ~ ... ...... ;

.• of

~it ia.w· Be aaicli

. . . · . .. . . ......

• - ~··

"Ob, ;vou•re. craeyl" . - - ·"!

:i aata 1 • ''Doe• tbia man tbat you

. ·-- ..... -· , .. _ • ...... $ .........

·.

·' .

·.·to some •Ort-~ a :part7, a.mi. I bad tb8ae fetter• in 'illlT mtnci, at J.eaat the oaea - "" I • • ... I •

~ & .. ; ~ • • 1 • • : • - • i,•• ., • ~, • I ' :.- ~ •·~ .... • • "; L

.. ..~ tl¥'t were io.entical fi.D4 their poli1tionia" •. A. I WU tie:l.ng~a black tie, it

:.

- ,. _,

• - ·"j)' •: • • • - • ' . · ·~·· .. ·~·nl.J came. to •, amt I can •t tell 7011 to· thia 4iq Juat hov ar rram where 1 61..,.. . I I • I

I ... - •

,,.

1 ,._ ... _~ o • .., , I "' 1

"•

'but the vbole line f1 text tell into place vith all the repetitiona in the proper ' "" t •..

11 ·.. • ...,. • • ... .f' I• • "': T".:. 9 ;; I •' 0:.. I • J' ~

;Jo~ ...

•, \

"Preaident ot tbe United Statea •11 I cou14 hardly wait to get to the ~·-· .. -. '"

I- • •• -·

-:-· •· -~~~e -i~ ~ morni~1.m to 'Ill¥ 1Dtenae_ ~attficaticm l: tOWJ4 that '111¥ aub-~ ~ .. ·""..;. : .. : .. • • .. Ji -

-t..- , .. -·

.. ;i:.. .. c;cma~ioua gueae vu correct. I recon8~ted the ten meaeagea 1 turned them

I • I ,..~1 I' I .,.. ...... :: •

~ to Lt •. Struble,, ~ there ~.a ·canaiclera'ble ~unt ot excitement after I . '

· ::. ~ . •bowed him how l: ·~ reuaaed out a •Oluticm. 'lb& Ba°V7 Department cancelled t.be ·,:, . . •• s - . •. -:

... • -- • .. - .. - 1":' - • -

a:r4tn". that __ tbq ha.cf Piace4J the Be~rn c·~, ~bi~ had been ~•lling atock '

- 1 ... ~- - ' ·~ .. .. ~ -;.~ • • - -

~ thi ,_.19 at Fe&t proa;pecta, vent to pieceaf~nt w)c

.~.~.ti.~ ·1~.1-~ _;:J•,' ~ -~~;°'Mr. ,···· . ......::~ . . _·

·" -- - ... ..... ':t~-·~·~~1 ~to rec~itate what~ coul.4 i'rom hi•~.witartunate encounter with

~ • r- ~ ., .. " - • ¥"'; ':!.' • • .,.,. ,· ~ " -· ""

~ ~... -· ~ -· ,,. - ' · ·::_· U \mlmowu cr~t, bought atook in' the Southern part of Cal.itorni& at

~- ._ .. _ ... _oil~ W ., • '° ,. •I '°I • I• -~ • ... • -~ -. - I lo "• I .. .. '" •.,. o

T. - ..... - - .. .. Ii _.. I .... .- "' .. -- .. .. -- I - •

· 41¥ and aol.4 it iA the northern part at the state at about $2. If. The ; .. n - I

• ... ... 1. ....

•• •• • • - "1 • . • •

' • · .. -. ~~gi-nia 'Bl.ua Sq :f.ava cU.4n it ln.i t'bat aart at conduct aa4 Mr. Bebern •pent ; .

. '

-~ i : & '1fl&'1! 1.xi. .. P.illon. ~ · ..... ... "' . I -~111:.. .... "'"·

:I ..... ·~ i; - .. - ..... -' ..... __ ,.:;..........__ ,., -

,_ . . . ·. ".;· .. ~. " , .. .. - .. ... - ~,

•t 1wr' 7oa: '11'a11'11i · thiall ·1 am 'fir.bl" ·by elWvtng 'tbl._I eaved the ;paper which I - • • I 'I I/I_-. , .. t ... I • 'I" .. ._. • ., • • I 011°1"" ~ I

.. : • • =! .: - ·4.

. ,, -· ...... it" • ..

... -:: ... • ..,-p. ~. - --· - . ...

~ . . '~:

; 'f -.. . . .· •)

J • ' ..........

REF. ID:A63406 . .. ,-C:" ·, ., • •_ "'" • II "' '•• :-". - ,-: . . ... ·.... ~- ... ~ . .• ~ ~ . .oo--1'''1>~~ ~ .. ~ the ~ext Qf t:be · f':trst ~·~age wbicb t-1-" aele· to aolve\.iA .that,.._•il111(1r -Mil"' _ ..

. :::.:• ·._'- ... -~ ~ . . . "te..t' Q. ~e.J. jv

,'. 'bf the va'j-1"¥0U will torgive ~ '1:r I aqA the ~~hoda t•~-T dev1eel at that

. .. . ·... - . ... tUie tar 'the 1olut1cm.. of rotor -.chines aDd X."Otara iJJ ce,a~at\e ere practicaJ.ly

- I II. • •\ ,,.. I ,. .,, •

-f.. .· ... ~ . .' . ·. . !:) . -~ ..... pm. '::::l s~ ...._4 4 ° . · the •ame ta\ay ~ -~ ~Y ver~ over . . -ti ve 1eara ago. I\ 2£. liavy 4eci4ed that

. . ' ... . ~, -

0:-r I :0 . .

. : .. ··~. ·----~

1;he llebern ~1nc1JU.e vaa atll1 a good one aD4 want @ead with Mr. Hebern after . .. .. - - ... -- - -... - - ~ ...

. ·Tho 11avy ·the~ decided that thej= bad bad enough or ~bern. and vent into reaearch .•

4l.l1il devel0puent the~eivea: The;y had a laboratory eatabiiahed in the BaV1 Yard, '· .· •. .

' f . . . with a very able YoUDi man Damed Seiler, nav a Captain in the lfa.V7, who did same

• • • • • • ~ • "lo " I

_ ..... _

..:

excei;tent 4evel~n~_wark.-=- Years la~ t~_Bel!_ern ~~·- 'brpught auit in ~he ... -':. ;

,·

United s~tea Qo~ ot Claims .._iwst"'theUnited States far •51,•••,•••, believe , .

I• -lo I

. . , . .· ....

~. - ...

·'

-65-

"' - r­• I i

-; ,,._ . (

; .

... ,. ). ... . - .. r .. ·• ur•• _;c'.:'_' ___ •____,_____:_____:_ _____ .__ __ _

..

- -- t

-REF I:p:A63406

,-• t I .·

:t. t or not. . Tbe cue bu bee.I) ,:peming tar a number ot ;rear• and the last I kDew .. .. - ..... : ... - . .

>

· · t'l~1 1eaa•• · aaA---~ ·-114 Ct.11enpa.. there .vu ver111ttle colla~~tion - .,.• , •. /: E..., ,,. • - .. I ,. .• • ' - •

. "' , .. ,... - . 'between the Arrq 8.ll4 the :Navy cqptol.ogic Ql"g&nia.tiomJ 1Jl those days betore

- .. . . ,_ ,,.- r. .. -. - - • ,.· - ... - .,,..I._ .. ' - ....... 1. ' ,. ~· .! - - .... .. •

learl Jl,&'rbar. ~b. Se.rvice bad ite own seeretrs--vhich was real~ too bad, • •• '.1 I \ "I "'

. -.. . . ~

.._ .. _ ':.:r·" • ' .... •

.but the •1tuat1cm, wa• Dl!fll'l4ed later, ae ve v1ll have occaaion to .learn. .. . . ~ . . . - ~ ( . ... .... It' .. ..

. . lqw, I•m goini to ehov you. a tw slides at the Anq 4evelopme.nta in crnto--.. ' .. - .. - . . .. .

'#- '

Jl:aChiDes. 'l'hia, aiter the 4ebacle I•ve tol.d you about, vu the first ahot that -,.(. .. . ' .. .. . .. ;"':. ~ _,, .. -.; ...... <I' - I " .. · ~ · ~ 1ibe SigDL1. Inte;11.pnce Service in the Otti_ce ot the Chief Signal~

. ': .. ~ ~J.Opt~ ... ~m Wuhil>gt<m u ba4 -a~:~:~~.

.;! - •

...

{Je.co.,...-., S-:rotars, ~ n~. an iD~eat~ t"eature--an exter.aal ~iDa •cbanialll-/\ Jlat:.J«_

,. -- . ... ~- -

:ti.a tslit'a:tieU. I had .come to tbe conc1U.1on ~hat -~ternal. c,pntrol. mecbanisma tor

•1;epp1Dg rotors had a :f'uIJdampntal. 'weakneaa,. I felt that ;you must not make the - . .

-rotori 4epend "upon themselves ~or the steppi.og, am I conceived the idea ot

1Jav1=D& an external ke;y, tor uam,pl.e, a telet;v:pe tape, _which would. etep alODS

·--

.,aDd c~;trol. tbli •t.e:pping at the rotCJl"& in random f'uhioo. 'nleae tapes vere

eomposed, ot a aequence c:Jr raman characters 80 that the rotQr etepping WU .. .. f, ~

itl'ite erratic, ·and that waa our tirat shot at it. I think tho principle is

-·~-;J!,·~~~~~:_ ~~ atil.l. Q,U1 te s.lfe J ':bia ia another viev ot the same mach1ll8--here is the tape

: ···- t.. 0-~~~ tranemitter,· the rotora, tbe ke;ybo&rd,/\. etc. 'l!h1• ...... a r.1:ow :nact:ttD; ·enttrrd;y

....

...

' ·' -66-

..· :.•

REF ID: A6340.6. ·· ~-..... . ,

..... ,,,• "Jo :t .. ·- : • • ' ,... .. . . ~ .. ·~ - ; • : _.. - "' • '" r ::.• - • •<C ; ... :

• ""'"' - t1tU1 J ,. I ~ · · .. ~.- · zq;.~rr beslt"to get the s1aaai Corps to cbange the develo,p11ent right there and ,:"• '.; ~ ~ ... }:--;=.,..~• ... : .. r

"' ..... -··: ... • ... f'

·:~"!.t · then~ an4 ahltt to the new t;y,pe ot control. f wa8 poactic&l..4 thrown out at the ~ I ~~. •

' I

. .. .•

., .... -..

oti:foe ~ the Chief ot tbe division with the re....r'k, ''Go back to your deA--- , "1'.: ..... • .,.-• - '

~ -i...'i:.t."".-'.J~ all :.U..: ~ nev and. better ~ ftfflr7 dlq. 'It ~ten to .. ''..,

r_ .. .. .... . .. .... ;"!

.. .. • .. "M.• .. : .. :.: .... ,.. - • ;.. •

· _ .. : : .: ·.JOU; :.,.~ ~ver pt &Jqthing .out .. " So we put the idea on ice, that u, in

·-:· ~ .. ? .. ~~~ h ....

.. 1., I ' ii .. ,J, 1'

.. ·; · 'eechcf. l: w!U switch n.arr to the UaV)' MA11K I '.EX:M, the el.Octr1c cipher machine, .. \

I ••"I' .. •"' • '' " : ::- .. • I' • ":! \ "

:-;~'~ .' =ies1izie1i, 4evelope4 '8.nd 'built by tbe Bavy vitho~t all1' help from Mr:-. Rebern, .;.; . , - """: ......... #- • .. ·:. ;:~:. :£~ . .. \ ... __ .. .: - ..

~ a ·mw~ti;pe .. at control mecbanfilm f'ar rotor •tapping, "maed upon the use ot • I ' .. •

lt

·~ ·, . ' .. -~)f.4J _ .... -~en,_ er ti.ex:tble cablit•. The7 were tricky a.ml gave rise to a lot at diff'iculty

" - ... .. \. .•

""·,.·. :-

~-- ... = I ..

. ·, :. _ .... . \ .... .a- -Jt. ..

+ --~·

l ~; .. ._ .. -• ., r \ ~

- I '?-•... .. -:;;.~ • lf ··'i .. tt,

\ ~' t.;; " - '"· 1·~

" ·., ~ ..

--.! , ... ...,. - .. -

.; ..... ·:•, .... _:~: ~·· ---' .................... ~ .... · ....._ ______ .... ~-----------------------····-

n

.... - ·J.:-~ . •tw. I Do

'~ • -, • > " ": ... , -

REF .. ID :A63406~ .. ..... . ..... -• • ~ ·r, ~ "'

• I ' ... .. ... I .. .. I .. ~ I ... "' .,, .. '• . - .... : .. _. . \: ..

... \ ... .,. "' '..,:,• --;_ - "' • r\.,.. • • .. •

• :•. '•I \ Io#' • .•• •,. "' 'i,"'~·t: • ._· : .... •0:." : .. .. 1 • • o • I ... :..... l,I I "' ~

·: · !" bu:t; oYei- aD4 ~ tbat the mchine ba4 a fatal se~\il'it7 weakness. It· had a •w. I ~ I• • •

' • • <I • • "' .r .. " .. J,.

.·

o :- •o ., ... """ • • ::. ........ 1 -:;- .. liii, 1

Jl r• 10 I "

:. •. ;'.·= :~ .. J;!1 ~~h~~-tr.;.~?- ·iensth 'bu~ ·with .OD17 15 41tterent •~till& ;points. i~ '•, _:,, ~~~~:~.,~~~-~~~ ~~ ~ ~ 0- t--1'w--.\i;, G.(fa . . .. ,_ .•. Jlov· thb c&m, to 'be the cue I 4o not kn.av, tor there vun1t ar:l1' coordination

,. .. k = I' I' I

;. l'i'p ,: "' • ... : • .,.,.. • o 0.1 • • ... ~ • _. I I • ., • \

• .• ~~- c~~Qr:~tiODi. iA':t;h~e ~-with~ c:rntologiata .. -ve didn•t ~ven_ knOW' tt..r -,: ·• ·•• ~ •. • ._I - ~.,., I I T' ,:

•. . .. ~:... ' ... ~.l~ ··' · ... : .• ,., ...... ~~b ~ -~bine ~built 'b·/'lia'V'1. Ea.ch eervice vent :I.ta own way. Wben.

: \ • 0 -t .... I r'.-' ~ ·-~ 0 o I "' I• ~. I

· . ~~· came & . C~ 1Ji CQ!!ll!MIDO r ,· • • '

I :, -•

~ . in the Kav7 cod.e and signal section the new hea4

- .. ~ .. .. ..

4ec~ tb&t that bvel~t had gone tar· e~ough and. be wanted ~ome belp traa . ;...

; : 11

: tbe - rt be c~ get it~. Be came to see me ooe cta7 and tol.d me that the)" 0 I - ._ o.. Ip 0 • ... ~ .. .. •. • .. a\ fl ~ ~ • _... • • ., .

. _ ... -· 1A 4ttt:i.~'4-t1 ad Deeded DBW ~- it we bad any. X '•aids "Well, we .. - .. ~ ' ·1 _...... ,/

"'· • ..-~-, ..._ ... ... • ., -· .. il.J

~~ & ~ ide~ "'bu:t 1 t •a isec:ret." He ukecl 1 "Well, vh&t do you have to d.o to ' • l •

....... •

. . . . .

... "".i""'.i:"'-: 11 ,,.. • ... • • ..

<. :otr'i..c_;lf~ vhlch. I °Proceeded. to c1o. I mention thia apecitic~ and ask that ,, . ~ .. ... ' ~ ' -. '•

....

I• .... .::' ••

:: :- 'you 'be11ew ~t: thi• wu ~ aituat~on in thoae c!aya--there were Army •ecrets ~ _...

~ ··: · . .-~ i(avi .~~eta, .am never the twain '414 meet. Wien I toJ.4 the Chiet Sigaal r ,., 1' .I. .. .. •

llo ~ \.. ' ,. .. ...- lo._ J I I ' .,15 • r "'

1- ... I 'ii • ""'... : • • • ; +

... t .. ... t' • - .. - ... '-'" .... •

.ott1c::er·vha~ If&'7 ¥anted, be prmptly aaida "Ot cOUI"•e, ·iet them have it" • "A... ~ 'W • IN .. .. I• I • 1 .. . .. . -~ , : .. ·..,,.-: ', . ~ . . .. ,.. .. '

• • t-. -_ ' ~ r " • ~ .• • .. I - .•• • "' -

. . ..-,&o l tol.d ~the :ie."7 about tli8 Art1ii' i4ea tor rotar control; I abawecl tbem the •" "' •• I I .. 1 •

. " . ,

~ r~· • ' _' ._,,., • • ~- .. :.i• ' - '" • .6. ' ,·. ~ - 'er•- - ~ • ... • 4; ,. '" ~ • ' 4 .. ' • • '

· .: . !; · cU-~~tl7 aaA attt;r _soma Ae'.lq the t~ was adopted·. 'l!be del.q vaa caused b;y " ·~, •••• ' ''~ ~ '.: ' • ~~ I '·"

: .•VJ_ ~ that J:'u:rrentj could be obtained through aeta at 11 or more rotora--• !1 .- • • ' .-:· 1 i. ••• -to c).o ~ ~c..J. ~k ~) l?, J.c"~·

·· · ~7 were having coi;itact i;roublea vith their rotors-- Jsut the mcbines were built " • . •• ';I • • - ,..

,,;• I "' • _.- ..¥:-, ~..!. r ':" '" : • ..

.,, • lie '°' ~ "' ,. I

I t. I ··" 4 ... ,,.. • "- "' ~ • "' .. '" O ..

• .. , . · \>7 the 'l'eletn- Corporation, a veey competent organiza\ion, and were higli.q .-..... ;, . - " ... . - - -

,;, "" ~ • 'I • I • • "! .. " "i ._ f • • I

·1ucce11fUl. . B8re ia, a picture at the NARIC ll JXm, lf&YJ' terminology, ar the .. • I \

1:/-

: ~. - -:· .1.tmllA.;·~ ·~:r.a_ology. !:t it badn•t been t~ the tact tb&t we sot together +, •

I

it vaul.4 bave been extremely ' .

-,··

,.

...

, . ""' . .. '

·REF, ID: A.63406·-~ ..

I - ,,,.. 4~~~~-t!irinrnu:Kr"'ttleicC]lJ.lrlilee~f::;-0:r~,ftlk~w~-ai--f.>.pera1)1one7-MA- thav.&--a-&-thm'•

JJ..

. . -"* -t . ..I<.. I - '

-~ T "• t .. ~'-

Oitb great satiatact.Lon on 'both aides. l:' .i ~ Mpp,r..i;o ""¥· \ .; - .. .. ~

.. . I .might &44) 1D

•• "' I ~ ._. I I o

cloei~ _that 1ncidenti•••av'ae that,· to the ~st ext rq knowledge, this is tba

,. ·- . ' .

. .

---

. -

'":,.t .. ~ ,. .. •• • ,,,

-. t ·. .... • ! .

vats a •truggle far several. ,years ~ tl1:f.s Point until the reeal;::,;.trant peop1e_.

I • • • :-:"" • - .; ... I • "". I I

. :biC}i u_p · 1.n 'l>o~h sorvices 'bitean 1.o aee the light. !I'he tr~ble '11&8 that vhcn the - - 7-" • • ~ - .

t .,,. ' - •

--te~llQ.iele4s .assured them that me;~sae;e6 put uP ~1 this' mu.chine co'Jldn 't be read : • : .. I • _. ~· • "' I ,/ • .. ..& • • • f_., •' I o

I • •• - - - .... ~ - --~-~ ~ • • • ' ' -

· -~:th~U.~ ~vi.D& ~_s ~· .• ~ ~Y i1st-:.tha.t ve our·aelws, ill"Arxiri as well ae -. -: ~ . , . . -;·~ _,..::... .· _· -::.,... .... : <. ~ ~ .. -~-~ . , . -· i .. .- . . - -:.; ~ ....... :-:: . -. .. . . :. -

~: .-; .. la~, ~ tried veey bUod. to d.o ·so and tai1ed--~hey Jwst wouldn't believe it.

-. ·~-~~~~~-:.J-~~ ~~~ -· .. ~ 218~°:'\-~ et eez,-._ they vere daify gettiDg tho decrypts that were 'beiJis

~ ' - .. p.""oduced rrOD'.l ~~·man, Italian aD4 Japwie~e meaiagea . and they Just didn It teel

• •• - "" : .;. ,;;. I I , I' ........ ~ "W' '

" . - _, . - ""·· ... ~' - .. .. , . .... , ..... .,....,..

lilr.e ·ta.Id.Bf all1" obancea. _ ttB~ ~ the tec~1c1ans lie so. e\ire aa they eq they +

·: • . . .. .... ... .... .... .... >'· .. ..~-... "'· ' .

. C"•T" t.her asked· over· and over again. - . -

' ... )' " . "' I o.~ 1t kiiov hov man)r m.u1ons ·a:r dollars

' I J .I.- I • ., • r

.'' .. I!."'• ............. ·:-;,. 'a,• .. ?- ~ ~ l:.·-'."":io ·,{""" .. \

~e ·~:11t. needlessly in establishing meaD8 tar inter.!c0mmunicatlan' vi th the . . .. . - - . I

I ' .. :":' .. l'"-r"'..: ~ .; ; • 'f' • ~. •• .. ;. • • r... : .r •"1' tr"' •

' .. • 4 \, "' t ;

' ' . . "Jrft11h, Jlj tbia 1 meA that Ye bad to make &D adi.ptor tor tbia DBChiDe 80 I • t Ill <p. .. ,., .... • - \II'

.\" ...... -- - .. T' -... _-1., _e: Tl ·- -! .., -

-... rt .... ~.,, ...

-·· i.· -::: . ; : " I

;.. , ' . -·· . ...

-$ .. .. ... I it

.. ....... _ .. 't. .. :.-~. .. ...... ~e .. .!

--~-....... -~-................... "--L.~~~·_._:_-_'~-__;:_·~~---"-~·~·-'-~~~~~J - . • -!:-- ~ •••

-...

,_

,,,_ ..... "';' ... ' .. ..,

.. . . , I • II(- - - .,. ', '"

. a&th D1Tia1on biTouac~ ror tbe night iD a 8DBll citJ iD :rruc~ a.ml the vehicle ..! • ... • "ll." ~ •• ' • • -·

i.: ~

·; .' . ·cm1;a1n1Dg .. ~ CZ'J'Pt;...tV:lal am "tb8-' StCiAM. ~ at.ationed ~ frODt ot tbe ~-... ~ :'T. • ~,..'I I ~ I • • I • • _.• • ..... •• • -.t • -_:. I 2'

.. ... •: .. I .. • .:

, . . ~e the. stP.i otticer d bia ent~ were quartered -tar tb8 night. Uzt. ... • • ... O ... I • • • •• I '" I •

•9t'-I"', '- .:i!°!:wol ..,...,~t-- ._ • ... '" ; .... :·., .. II·-~.. ...

·: ·- fqrt~~lJ. ~ ~ ~ ?09ted to eat~ 'th_e vu. lD. the. morzai»g tbat .. ' : .. · ~ -· .... .. ... ' . ;.; -.,..: .. ,._

~ ,: ;, . _- ;,.--~---~-. ~ ~ -~- ..... .:- - ...... - .,.,; ........ -.,

. ... ,

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\• . -.

- .-:,! . - .... _ ..

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... ~· .:;.· . . . .... .- ·-_ .

. ' .. . .. .. - .. ':, # .,. ... t" .,. ~;f I

-··: "·;.~c~ vu miil•~·· . ~~·-maaaapa vere •eD.t 1Da"tu.tl.i' to Vaabi.Dgtcm IW4 • ,.,, • • • .. ;.. ?,"' ,t ;, .. -

•"-'" • ~ t : I ~ I ........ ..

- .,,, ~.. ,. -- :"-.:~~-· -~ .ve.a a Fea"t'·to-4~: ~ A:l!lq NC . ., bl.oclaute~• all the r<Ua, the 14ea

. . .. . . ' -. ~ , - ~ '. .. -:-'"~ ~· ~ . . . . . -

/..,..~lag to mlce •u;-e ~t t1. truck wun•t 'being carrie4 ott "7 acme Clermn

··. . ., - .; . ~: . . .·· :~ -_. .. :.1_· . . ~ W"A-t ~ r~ .. ~ ~ tt.o. ~ ~....l <---- -.... _ · ~1_,t1 ~ _nath~~ ~ur.ae4 up_. "- The ~~ Ccrp11 ~ ~1~ ~var/ &D4

.. ~~~ti!-:-~ . Q.J..~~;...-- . ·. ,_.... the c:lpber achi.Dea an4 the CX'JP'tomaterial.,..lll ttie river. ...._-van-t.l

·; IM..~~ - :xi;;r~ -·--... ,. ~

.... 'Men atolen 'b7 Prachmn pureil" 'tor the 'Vehicle) ,tta cOAtenta ~ ot JlO interest ,

··' ~~~~~~~~-~-~~,~~~-le..~~-~~~~~~~ to fi.m, l~p:t.ocle vu om which caused the Sipal. otticer to 'be tried °b1' ·

------ •J - .. ·.. . -~ ,, . .· ~~~

~c>Un _-z.ti;al. ~were ·.ever'3. otbera. We had" verr strict~.- indeed a'bcnlt ' r

- . ""'": . . ... .

·· •af•prd.1DC this gw1.pt, &D4 ill mentimdna thia point I abaal.4 •&7 that we . '

• • 't. :~ I ·"'~ •• ~ • •

~n •_t v~i.t 'l»7 the th0\J4ht tbat our maaagea ~cNl.4 be rea4 it the OermDa ... . - . .

· v°'114 aapture ca!I. We were vmTW 'b7 tbe thought ..,.t the;y voul.4 .learn haw-

• _." • • r

, .. . . . ~ . ~ G Coed it vu aD4 VOUl4 caw it--tbws cuttiDC att oizr CClil:lrl. jfne ot the :f'wUl7

- 4 .. $-..

· tbiap a~t our not giving the •chine to the 'lritiah when tbe7 nee4ed it ao

~-- ~-~~(.;:;.~ -ref...t.. rraa.: teUJ.,. ~ I -1aae4 - atr1ct ~· _ ...

• ).. "".. I • "' '""I:.

~·about aatesuardi.Dg it-.. vho could see the thiDC, vho coul.4 eerv1ce it, a.ad

: · .. -_ . -~~

,•D cn.;aa4 we aav to it that these rules vere11f'o3:3:olle4. But there CUl.'t a to/

. . .- 'o !m"Vice tbe-~.!'Boh1Dea. Jrowever ~ .tb••·Ma8 a very akilltul. Bri t1eh Of:t1cer •

. '"~-~·~~~~ a e~trical engi~ J,... ~ aa4. maintained our SIGA:BAs there tor a

- : '}w..~a~~~~~~~~ve:-~) nu.. ,.._M'fien iae Ft baCk to Land~ be built a -.chine baaed upon tbe 6..sIGADA

pt!Jicf~i~

. . - ~.:..~ .... :, -.. - '". .1··~~ ... . ~ ~

... , ' ,· -tf!S,.. ~ ~t to •haw you next the• •a .' ::W1e aipber ~hineAuaed ver7

o.Qt_ . . ~ ' ,,.

: . txteuivel.J w tbe Clermu Armed rarcea 1D World. war n. 'Dd.11- vu a mo41t1cat10A .. ~ "- - .

.... _...... ... . .. .. _;. ,.. . .. - .. ·-~ .. ··.. i ... •.

...... .• •-;, - . \ . . ... ... -.:.. ... . ' . ... - . ·•

: -.:~1 ~~~ ··'°'1 c.D 1ae· t t better ~·the nut a114e. -... ., are ihe rotara--~ are exactly ... I• ...... •'"IC ,.i.. ... "":"" "'C~ IS. I '"•i '" ., I • .:• .•· '" .... "" '" '"

J o I .,.. • :I'# \ .. • - '"' .... . . . ·-'· . •, . ~ . .... :.. ;. .. :~- ~~,~:ca;ly aa they~ ob the commercial dei, but with ctif'f'erent

. , """" ... ~ •, ,. -- . - - ~

.• . ' .: ·~_; . . . _:.':: ~ . ~" . ·.. . . ; ·:· . . . -. . .. ": - . " . . .

.' ~ '- . Vll"iDp ot" courae. IOW' let•s aee vb&t the modification wa.a--the &Mition ~ . _ ... ~· ·~ .• ;. ·. _.. ! .'--~· ·:: . *'· .. . • ; .•. ~. ' .. '. . ..:~ ~ ' .

... ·• :-~·-- "t .-. ;l.ui board 'b;r -- or which one coUld change the carmectioU between the-' """ f.,. s. ~

_, I' : ; .i - - fJ .': _ ~ ' . . - -- - ... .. . -. - . .. ·: -. . J

~ -~: : lr..ia at ··the· ~ a-iJ. the iUu>e on the ligbtmnk. ·~re vere 13 plu.p fJ2d .. ·• \i I • ... ... . .. ~ \

. . I 1'•

. '

I • I • •• •

~. : ~acX. ~ this :ILum'ber vu riot choisen 'by acc:ta'en.t; they apparently had ma.tbematici&Da '". 11 .;ti""'...·~~"' I"""... I ,\, •

.. .. • 1'" P. I...... Ir ~ ,' -!-~ ; • I

NSA25X3 • • · ' • • ·' ' • · •

.. f'1aure out a'baolutel,y the 'be•t n.Umber ot plugging a?Tupiaenta tor this particular - ... '" . .. . .... -""'- ""• ;, . .. ~ .. ., ;"' .. .

.... ~ ....... ,. "'\I .. 4 ..... • -- "' • t (. ;i --~·- •• .in.chine.' .There Were certain. veakne••e• in the German JUlitm:y Enigm& but the

:> ;,, ·-.<,: . ._· ~:~·-~, ::.:~·.~j~' : ... --~~ ~· ~·--~ • ''' N.'. ' •

~. •'1?aol~1¥ ~·~~··vu that they couldn•_t,ar at least the7 di4n 1t_,cbanp

,.~.-· . . :· . -~-. -· - . , . . .. --~ ,.~,fr r9tQI!' wiriyil at al.1 throughout the var. Without the rotcr virinpw

- I • • • • .. _.. • \ • "' • • .. \ •

-· ' " .tf' ... ,-

•'. •'

. l'.

... d'_oUlAn.•t bi:v1!£' elem.a ~~with their trattic; but vith them ve were able to

- t ' .. •' ... . . ':. .. - .. . .. • c .. - , .. , "':..

:-· . . ~e.4- ~a.ct.le~ 8.1;1 ot 1t. ~ German& -w1.a :to .:k• a.-..p'U1;1.ng del-v!tb..

··, -~~:-:=-:it~~~*~.~~,. I'll

)·· . cbwt' be.ck to the ltiipa ill the next perioc1 .l The :iaval lnigm. vu much like the ·--- -----........._._..;_~- ... --~

Anq aD4 Air Farce ma.chim except it ha4 oa.e mare wheel &D4 the rotor w1ringa

.• . - .. - 'I.;. ..

.. .... . •

, ... . .' W~ V. come to thi 4evelopment ot cipher mehinea 'tor tel~printer camrnmi-:.

~ :.· · ~~i~·:: ')li~ t~ ~ver-inCreaaiDg apee4 ot cOllllllWlicationa, .it vu neceaaary to I • ~ ft -'y. I • • "'' •

T" l1 ll , r .. • • •

• ' ... .; r ... .. • .,..

. . ~ •J:eed up thi8" 'bwliiieas c"JZ protecti.Qg the contents ot •••aae• by cr7.Ptography. : \ .. t .. •• - ., ,,. - - • .. " - ...

- . :.,. "'j' • ..... • :;,- • .. •I • .. " .. .._,. - • •

~~ -~-' . Tha ,....- r~opb;ed a 1cmg time qo. In 19191 tor example, the A.T. la T. C~ ....... - .. -7--t,..·~-fwli.'llL' ··- • ~ .. -

.. '"• • I .. ~=:. .r - . ,.· '.,actneer•, in aalla'boration vtth the aiana1 Corps, 4eviae4 thia modification al

~ • • ..... • T: _.' • "" 'f ..,,._ · ... ,. • r ,. ~ I I \, .~

- ··' ~ ~:~~nd&rd,_irr1nt1Da-teli~B!b macbine ix> make it a printiq-telegraph '[ : ,, ' ..: . ' . .

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' - .. . ·-~ REF ID :A63406 .

~0-~-in v1th :tba A.T •• ii. ~~ted ou.t Yi~ cme ta.Pt i,••• ' .. : ,. - , .:-,· ,_~

• t.. r ' •,. _ .. ,!". ~ .. "' • ... ·-- .... - ..

. .cbwac~· in ~b ~ the other m, •o ;you cu ... 1f' ~ tapes •tart :... :. 7.. ~ .., " ·: .:\. .: • - • , -· ,.• : I

"-;, ~ ... 41-"I~. .. .. : - •

at ~ 1rl1ts.i, jo111t; the7 voul.4 Dot ~urn to :\be Ol"i411Dal pa.ir ot •tart.inc - cy.:, __ • _-- •. - - .-:·-- -- . : '.""··· • : . --· • . . •

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1

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·· ·· :. ~-tot ·t:be _}lla1.ll-tGt ta;pe, tvo tar tbe Jrq tape1. ar-t faith ,,u ,placed in ,r 111 ~

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··· ~~ · .. : :_tbi.9 ~~~ ~ .. 1~ wu 1¥)t put int~ use lpltil _t!Je ,_ vu over. BJ' that tim :!'- "". ..-!.. I_ .......... : I -- ..

- .. , ... • • •'!'! .. ., .. r - .... -. 11 .. - " " . ... . - - - .....

. l hlu:' .... c:(,.ie lJe.ck fi..om har.M:e~ · nJo1Del ~ at~ J'.4bo.A.tor1es u4 accepted ... I I ' ""'io rl 1 .- \,. • •

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-- ".:. ~ · cb.1 'enge to •o1Te 1ih1• lWJ4 of ci:tilv:r •;vatem. It' a t<?O long a ator.r to go '.: - ~ .... .' .. · . - .- .·•. r:." :·., -.. ~·; .- . ~ .:'

..... ·,. ~~ . - - . _·iiato l'ipt ACN 'but u a reauJ.t ot ti. •olutioo tbe Arif/ drop,pecl the proJect.

'!It .. ,- ... • ~ • I ,."' - - "" . ·.~ ·... ·. : :~,~<<~-~~· :_ . . - . .. · ·. ~· · ., J ~irak it vu . ~ ... vq too 'bad, u4 I auppoae acme ot the re.;poaaib~ity l1ea

:· ~· . -· .~- ,"J:~ -·\ . . .... .... - -!. -.. , ::-.-...,· •

- ;! 01l _ ill1 •h~erj; beCawse Yben ve had • ll8e4 for telepriD.ter c1pberina 1n tbe . . -.. .. .. - .. ,;,. •' . . - - .. -...... r .l"I._ ,.· 11'•r- ·.~ Ji

l" "!. • •\ \ • I °'

·; ~ ~~ 4a1ll at l~-~ 11et~ V81lt ~k to __ W.• t~. The 'bi41 trouble ot ..... ~:-- - ... : -~. ~- - .......... JI .. _- -,,,_ "' ••

. • • . ... - . • . . .. • - - - ~· l .;- '""' 0,... t.. • q-•- I ... • -•• •,'" ... • ~

' 'our~e .._. tbe . .P"~uctiori u4 cl1•tr1'but1on ot ~ke7 ~:pea, 9e iroblem. at Ill ,_ .. ' \ • • .. - • ".

. _:r . -.. , ..

~ .. • -: - ...... (.. : ;; =" .- - : ·- • .. .: ..... - """"'":'"'- .... _p ..

· _"'t_nact111"1A.1 ~ .. -.... ~--oaw vhtch 111 .•tUl.~~ us_ .. ~··au: ear~ matel - • & - ., • - r • f • ... . .. ~ . _,. -

I ... : ._ JI .. ..";I '" :- : • '" .~ • .. . '. . : ;.73. -- ... •'66-: .. .... ....

.. . . . . t <;" -

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...... ,-_ : ..... .,,If. ... ... ,., ... ,

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... ': ;· .r:.

·-.. '" -'" -.... _ .. _

., '•,.=f .,,, .... -. , • - .. .,..... ""':'. •

-1~;:, ~-I •haw~ ~~cial «eveloplMIAt tor telepratar-cipbering1 ~ • ••• ' .. • • ,.,. 4.'f. -........ P,, ~ • • I ' •_ •• • '. • • -r" ::. ,.•,;,. ;. • '" • ...

.. '\"•,t'", ~ .. 'I , -" .... ,. ......

-

+

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. " .. ~ " • M • • I 'W 'I. :'1,."' I ,.1' • • ~ '" • • \ '° I ~ r

M. i am·~ rto teil ;rou that 1t vun•t a .ec:Ure principle tmt be 81W101'!4· "' • I ~-r • ·r - - .. .. ,.. • ~ ? .. ' .... ..... . .. ~ .

• .,.., ot.

A 4aauetrat1cm. •flipDeDt WU iutal led in the State J?e~~ &D4 the Artq . -.... - ~ .. . ;. ~ .. ~-

. . .

. ' . .

~tenalpta w.r. ..W to teat 1ta •ecuritf. .

sC- ~·.ap• preiareCl. 'b1" tJ:e ..,. .. ," .. ~ ... . \ ,

.. I .. 0 • J& ..

• ~.. I Q • .,,. \ • • ~ ~-'""' p ..

.. I " " 'If .. .. ... ·' • ..

_·State ~PLl"tmnt; '• Cbiet ot Comnnm1cat1~ were eolve4 :ln a ~hurq'. I ha4 the

,J J' - .. • .. \ - ·:: -... ~ ..... - ~ -.: .... -

; . ·~. ~ing them up-to-date ·in ~1•1 too, U4 ·thia :la c~ not

.. (' -~·. ·. . ·. ·. : ~-. ~ ... ·- . -. .. . . . ...;,__ . . . ·. - .... - . - .

· ~y~ialt~.e ,~ n~ the_ run-at~ GE' v~-'be. ~1!or• ot ernto-&P»U"&twa. ·.y

=: ·•.· . ·.· ··~a.:~~~~$\~C~M, ' .. ~ ·. --~~~~~··ff.lo.~ .. :.. bti, ~ tl!e"a.nGe which trlM1 ~-.4~opecl in ~-43" to encipm; -<r

-~,, .':,.~-:·: .. - ~ .,.:::.~-.. . ·:-. ~-- .: .. - , - ~-- '; ~- : . ..' .-· ':- , ...... · -~. .-_ :" ~ .: . . ... '

. ~, -~~-:o~!~::~t~ .. ~;.• ~ ca1_1a' ~*.t~~- a_~ .. ~-~~at'.?"• at: it""-~ \.~·-·-~~· ~~ ··~ • _~ ... -...-..,,.._ - • .. ~ ... 1 .... _ .... _ "~· .. . .,.iii'~ ... r,1~~" xi,;.;~.·~-~~w ~'! ~t rot"m-·~~-· wbich_~tep-

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REF· ID:A63406 • "' ~· .. "\. r • -

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"t. ~- :. "" - ... • '\ ...:: : - - ... """ - I ., I • .. - I • ..

" 1.,,., r • I 4 •" ~ 'r • - .,.. 'l!S' ... ti'

· -.. ··_\·'-: 1.A-u ~·~ic t~JdaQ wt·~~- .n-.. ~1c· ~ ~ the !a«-SioOA.. 'lb\l. SI<l!UM :·:-., .~. ·. ~ - ~-~,;; 'w:~ ; .-:·-: ~,·~; ':· ... :: :: .. _- ··: . ' --~~ - • _. ., -

:;< ..... "': _.,_ '~"" '-:.""""' ~.,..- i··r•"', - ' ......... ':.

"· , d ,. .... '\lec._•ar• lJl4. irealuJ.e1•••J fll'l&:q mce ill a vbU.1 wen ve iiecO'Vld'ed

r ~--~ ,f ·-~~~.~~~~~·~· • . . ..

0

· ~ ~ -•.i - .. ~--~- ·Mthli: ~!'qi, ~ t~ _that SIOCUM ~-~eaea which could 1-... I ' - '\ • •, ) • I~- I I io'° r'\ • ... I' r' ••,. • I ..... I' I"' I •

. '<·": ~~l'.~ ~-~""""'.'_to 1;~ up~!,.~ "7-~·1a,_the 1.. • · =· • a f ... .., I • o t I • .! "r Ii' • •. -

' ·, f p l I :. • I o • • •• .. ~ .# .. • f •,,t • o

·: ::·.< ~~~-~·or~ •tbocl ot ate;ppa,_t~ rotor~~ u4 ao ou. Here•• a ... • Ir:.' .•:~I ~~ ... - • '!&"• I ... ~ ... - \ 1•.. t . o • .... ... I._, ~ 0

-;' - _,, .,leture at theJ Gtµ-. smcuil UDit v~th '\he tel~ ... ipl mixiug un1t-~tbe :.- "'= oll ... r•'.. • " • - - I .;-. I.... • ~ J I "" : 0 0

"',. I,~- I • .. Jr f -~'I.,..., "'-; • -' .a 'I •. T "• • I • J':. -

... ~ , -1>1' ~-•--at· ot Ybicb m -ee9N7· '?be aix-s~ a.:ppu.-atus take• the _

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.• 1p1 e_ ·~~ beJ"e~;.Ai ~th. v1th. ~ s~, ~ ~iiDC tbe en.ciphered . -.... . ... _ . · .. -..... . " .. .. " .. . " . -

~' ....

. - <

.. ,

ot cipbarillg

a1tuat1on •,pa, - . -.. ' • - ' ,_ (. - f •• i :, . ~ .... ...-:~ otbei" 'pea ot •pa illpar~t .t~ ·~cee~tu.l _IAUS:.._, ~t.1an.a 1 aid eo

• .,.. .., : . .,., .. ".· ... + 'L' . .l.. - - ...... -. - • - • - •- .. -......... ~ -• ... =·' •

h;: ., ·it vu 4e•1n~--~~-·~ya -..1- which_w~ eac.1~ ~. 4eci;pber :taca1mile. ~ ,. - .J ._ ..... , ... ,... Tr!° I ~ .....

0

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" ·f.be pneric ~ ~ p~. :to ~c~ine• .. tar cipber.i:DS taca~ vu cih.x. Here .... . .. -. ' ,. ;'. .. .. ~

~ -~ 1. ': ............ : . ' - . b. .. ... tt '., • ,. J ... d.

0 '. - •, ' -_ • : 0 • • ' • • - -

~ ~ · :t '-• OPll a~ aqhioo •t Vllll 4ev.J.o;ped lJ¥ A:nq tar the purpoae, e-1 led SIGMDI. .. • • Ir • •• - .. .. • .. ., • • r I ~ •

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J 11,1! .. • '" II • • 1 • • .'I-• • • • I ~ ~ '• " ... r ..... ..... 1 "

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0

'.?; _Ve. aiaq W .aeet tqr mchi.e ~t voul.4 µapoae ~ecur1v protection upon ~ . • • I • • - • : ., :"" ~ • ' •

,.

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. _ ... _ .l\Dll~ai.tiOAS, aohilMJa vitb ~ ge.oaric nam ci~ equ:tpmm.taJ bere•a the '•""- • '" ; I "ir, .._ • ,.• • lo '° • • "" '" ' '

• • • . • .. • 'i .... • I • .. • "!"10 • ..

tU'•t. •b91i a~ 1, .. ...,. 4evelopllllt lq tbe Bell '?elephone La~1icxr1ee, cal.led .. . - ·:_~!·: .--:-~.:~-- - ' : ·.:; ~- .:~~ .;" ~ - -·-·-:~· -- : ~ .-:.: ·,_,; ·<:: 0 - •

- IJlQJI!'. Iii vU • ll3'P.. in a VIQP--it p.ve rou INCb mare :feel.~ at aecurit;y tban ,• • ~ ". ' • '. ~. •, • • • r • :~ ~~ ~ -- • --~ • '._. ~~ ' • • • • • •' • • ;. . : - • '

. :· .. ~"4~tJ ii:- cdrcW.atancea. Cmmaraat1oms euci;plmrecl b7 meana c4 that •":' ... ' ~

• I• .. I • • ..

;..,, • L ,! ......, • • \o ; • • ". • .J • \. .. :.. • r

thS.,. could be r-4 veq read~ and we all lul8v th1.• but 1 t ""' ODl¥ an interim J .. ... : •'• 4 'o .. I .... ... ~I I I .. .... •""I r •

r • ' - 'I .. • \, .. ~....... c.!...~ - •

.. · ... ~- .,141Ce at ~q.uipacmt. 'J.'.be ~lepbcme _ ~~ procee4e4 Vith iw vork, 1D collabara.-

... .- -4~¥."'1 • .I •• • .. ~ - ·1. "'"" • • ,,,. -, .

. ' "-_ .. __ t~oq ~th .. ~FD .... ·- from. ~ 8~1gaal Intellipnc! _ s~-1ce and ~ SiP,l Corps, : .. of I ... ..,. ' • ~ P',..:... .. J),3. I , ... ':, ·, ,· " '" P •JO! I • ""~: • • • I '°• ., \ I

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l. ~ "'-~.'9-1 ,,._, ";.' - -

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-l·-~ ·~.,.. ~~ ... .or.i;i :. ..r .... : Ill''\ _'-.. :':...· ~__:__:_ __ :....:...___...:."~·--~-..!..·-· ...... ·~·:........:.'_' _ _:'"';:___ ___ .:..· -----=·;..,,,,;•;.... ________________ , __ ,_

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·'~-: .. - .-- ·&¥ _• v.;;1 ~-grade cii1>~ e19t~ vb~~~ bee~ _ll;Qow ~ S:tOSALY was r1naJJ7 1 .'z#'.,.I:,.."· I J .. r ; .... ~ •'

0 ~ ·-~:: .- : ,. I. 'II' .. ,. •,. 0 : .. :· 0 _. - o. - •. • I'° ... '

. : t:~- • -· Uvtl.Ojl84. keb term:LQ8l. c°"t OW1" a nd.ll~em d.~a, 1&_114 tbere were a total • ~· - ...,..., : • - .. .. • ·- • r ' /.· .. _,,. • 1 t -

...... i:.;i:=.,,.. ..... ... .. .. .'.i'.;_ ' - > .... .,~ ·" J:

.~~ .• '!'of'-'~~·~ •. , ,,...._:. ·J••:-0mr·piee--or-~lhe two ems of the ·- - - ,;;. .. . - . ' .. "! ; -_... .._ ~· • .... • ... ,.;&.. ..... ... •• - .... '"' J''" .. • t. :.

.. ' ~~ • ''4t o!rcw.t ~.- apt in •111C~~ ~ ;~ .m:-.. & v~:ver1 hip grade record-' .

.f'r,, -· ""::r:-..,. - ·' .

.,

. . -. '..~ .•. · -· 1tow ~ &441,;ti~ to i:ittix d ct;phcm;r ve ~ted to 4ovelo:p practical cipher - . . - ,,F~ . . : . ·: . - ' ..... . •·. '.• . I ., • <( • • •

... .. .......

.......... -;.~li~i t~ ~ P1'1:~e.; ~~h ~ r~~ognit~on, ~t1:t'1cat1on, rn, call.I~ ~ .. ~ o I i· "' ..... ;... • - r 4., .r,, 'C,

~... :;11 - • - 1 •

• .-Cb1u1, etc. Thia 1.8 a var-t1- call.91gu. ~chine developed bJ' the U.S. 1'av;y. ~· ~ • I~... .. - •• .. ......... .-., •• ... , ,/ • .... • • ,· ::z." ,.. '°" - I IO •'

· .

I.

;' : • ' ,. "'1. : 1 : ... I '"I 1 1 , • II ,.. I -::i I • ....... ~ ,. ._

'. lt -~ butd _ ~,... ~ ~braia princ1pl.e deacri'be4 1n ·• i-per in ~ ar the ~ .. ~ .. -,,.-• ,.. .

..; ' . " . ' ' - _, -.'-':'" .- ~i·~t~t1oe.l..:_J~~·j· it ai>Paied t~ me but I cma4 ~pt tbe Ar'lllf to(~

I I • ( I .:. •"'.. , • I" I ., .o - : ...... .,• i "' - " • .,. . .. .....,. • I • •

.: :(~ .~~ ~~:lgll c~s ~ a big 'Wa7· .. 'l'he 1'a'9" 4141. h~ve~, ~ thia priziciple "'" r • • • • • .. .. -- ..

..

.· • !

. ·'~. ,..... • .. 'I - ...,

": ~·r:.·· C~et_ et~ • ., ;'~ -~~!!' .. ~r. ~4ea 11;9 t~ :tiov ~10WI •~b _a ~O'tion 1a1 I __ v111. ~!11" • : • '. ;• • • •• :~ • • ·,' : ~ • ~~ - + :· • .. • • • • ', :· • • •t

.~i. •• I •e.14 Qrlee llftor,, there are ~red• of •111tema in •blu.l~~ uae u. ~ . • - ~ . .. ;-~ ., ;':.·: .. . .. .. • 1 _ ... ' ...... ; ~ .. , ' f' "':. - .. ,, :t - ... -

;. : ;... c'-.:~ c~~1oii 1~r~~ce~· :: ..U:j~~ governments •... I • • • .,..

- II".. .. ' .. ~ ".... .. .. .,; . ·' .. -.

. .. L . ....

.. ';'!~ : :':. ~'I ,. . :.• "\'!; ~~~!.•JI

,., . . <fl'-:~ ....

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,.

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i..a ·-

..

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I,• . -. .- -. : .. ,. _. .. .. , : ": : -'.k.. _1

'-o l 0 • I I .. _ .. ~.. Vi • ¥ -::..~. ·: . " ~ ,,_ . : ... '.: ":. .. REF ID:A634.0Ai .:

' • ~ .Z P, .... fl',S. •••':.I\, ,.._ .;'- • "'1 _.' • ...... .,• • -

-~..,_, ... -, ... ·- -·... .,. ...... "T· ":' .., __ " .. .::

..... ,."'--- 1 ,, - - .... ·,,\ .... - _ .... ~· ;.. • , - "' •• ' ' ~ - -- •• "II • • ....

'4. •.. t. ' ... ~: ~I t114~ ~hoi.a t!ie' number of crnt~apbic ayatema 1A ettect on 7 December .--? -· .. -1-- :¥, .. "' ..... :~·. :'"_ '·•.. : '· - . /' .. . ~ .. ..,..

• ., f ~ .. ,. 'II' I .. .. • '" ~ ,;,, & • ;j ~ '" 1 " ..:. ~

~. ;~;~. · '!. ~1,i wi~u Octo~·19i5 1D tlie ·u.s. Ar~ ·111~. Tbere--~e iiter~ humreda· ~ ... :, ... \o.r \ 0 ... • ~ ::I ."• .. \,. • ,/fj,#. I • ~ • .. 'r I • ~ •

- ~:J.t".:---'· .. I -~;.. ... ~ • O ti- I~~ ... ·:: ... :'".;.;~-'"!;'" - " •;", ,. f" ; .. " "' i ·• -:, I • • "•:··'"- • '"o '"

~ -~ .- i ot them:· The ~ ili4e ebawa· the- mmiber of hol.ders of ";yptographi.c material.II .(.ti..- -t 0

1 '" r • "' 1 "~ 4 11

" I 'f, '" • I·, -

•, .. "1' .... "" t • .7 ,.• "' t I "'I ..,., • • If' ':' • ,.

'IJt"' •' ~- •., • '"..,; ... .:. "'.,'"I_::."~ .: .. +"' •, ..... I f • •'"•

... I -.· -·~ I~, .. t I <- ,_... • ; .... ill. I • ~ .. - • - .. ·' if.&: .. " - - • -

· ··. ··:"-•. l!U"in& t£9 auie :period; De<:ember l~l.-<>cto'ber l.945, and, m.iJ.14 you, t1:iia is u.s. -1' • Ir e ~ • • - j. I ' I,..

.. • .. :. """'t- : ~ - • ~

..& " ·.,.:::~ • .:;:. ':, .. • ... '- .. ~.ft~ ':II ~.,• ·.. .. : .• '"',, ' • 41• ... -. ..

. • :- ~:'-~~'1 &ad.. U.S. ~ Ail- Car;pis' alone. Xt Aoes Dot cOD1id.er lf .S. laVJ",., which bad. • • .... • ... • ,., " - .... - .. • I• p I •

... I :...•• ... ii• : •' -.-t- :,, :-~ ' • ' • '-~...... •

- - "' ' "" • ,. "" ,-wq-c;...

.. ~':· :·~ ~t. ¥."- .. ~~:r. iN:at~ 4~·-~ibuti~.1"tiie state Dei-.rtment,, ~he Treasury, - - ~ ,_ .ir- ., • ~ , ~ -~ ..- .. ' -:, • : ~ ... r

.! : ::=: .;· • .') ... • ? • - I ., : '?.,. I:( I : ,• • • "' • • • ,.

. ID4. the Diaiq other ageneiea that use cryptographf. ;- : • -; ' : ~: t '~ • • ";:."• ~· ' • ~ ·. I • • '. ' ' ' ' :~~ ... • • ~ • • · • <

~. ,. .. "- 1 • i, • • r .. ~

·..,. .. :· ...... ·.(;_: _:.. ·t.eiaiJll tr~ ot. crnto-material an4 accounting tor" it :f.s a 'big hea4achc • .... ,. ( f )'• \ ... ~ ..

. . . . .. - t - , . .. ~ ; : • • • . . - -· • • ·~ . . . " • ' I I f I ... .. t - - .. ,. • .. , ·~ ·~ .. : ~·r~ u .no ~ :_ ~ ?tt~ ar~ tbia tte.t t know ot and it is 1inportant tb!t.t

~ - i ( p I' •. f • 'S I •

-~.... .. - .. - ::t of' - .... -- - .. : ...... .. ... • - .. - • • - •:

•. · . ,., the i"~·· t~ ~~ FOtection at the mterial be tolloWed a'baol.utely to the • ~· ::·,; ; .·' • I ,"", r•~ • • • • • o ~· ' ' ,•" .I'.• • •. ~

_ ~ ~ f'-~:tt~r< ~-~·! .. F~ tu.~~. Jb~ ~ mi whid•o:p twci_ ~!!:ta... The Japane~e,_,baA ~ery " ·- . - - . ... . . -

J - .. \ : r r 1..._ 1. ., ,.

• - • ., I '\ "'I'.-. • .. '"'

· .. , . ~ •1.~'•"!r ..m detai~ 'rule• far accounting tar ceypto-JIBterial,. They were ...: -.. :-=· . -: . -- • : . ._ ... ?-... . - .. :•. ... .. - .. . lo •

"'.. ~ ... : ... t ... - .... : , .. -

~ 1\.i.pped to burn t.bc' cc4eboab, the cipher keys, the cipher tablea, amt eo on. -·ra.· ':..,,. , . -""J .. "' , .. • fl,,,. I II' .I ..

I .. ...... - .... I . .... • .. c. -- - .. -- ... ~ .. . . . . ;: ··b,e1 ~-- e~Joll:ae! to scatter the ashii and theD. Dake a certif'icate; 'Witnessed

•,. r .,. I

-• 41- r " I -•, \ I

~·'b7, a taU~ ?-tti~~~ u to tbe campiete d.eatrUction ot ~ material.. Occasionall.7 •I' I .... • •: to;. • • """·

.... ~t .. , . ~ .. - ; ... - .. - .. .. - ..

'.~ . ~ae certlti~te~ ~re •-:ent b7 ~adio arid then ve would. t1.n4 a cue like thie, , ; . -r-- - . .- , ..

.. , _., ... ~ · . . - : ~re.¥ cba:Ji>h84 _ cer~tf'1e4. the 4eatructian, 1.l)' 'burning aa4 the acattering or

. ·- . ...... -;: . . . .. .. - .·- ;,_ ~~ ..... ·';t.~ .. -:'°·• \ - , i-~"' .. ~~ ; . ~ .. he~, ~t ~ va9 observed 'by 'binoculars when be took a ape.de and dug a

:;~ - I • I '

• • ..I • • • ••• i ., ' . . .. -1· ~

, ~~' .. 4~. ~ ~~eboab &ud the ta~!ea :l.n tbB.~ hol.e, and ~e=ll\aome water,,

.,, ... : :..· .. · ~ ~~~w~~' in ~ue time, .ca:· ot our people .~~ake4 ou.t, 4ug;. the ,/... 1 • ""J I • '• I -· • • ' ... -

. "'l. ... rt'!. ---~, ..

.,, .:.. . . _,..

..........

.• -· .• -··

"'• • •:" ~ • .. I\ ,._ 1'" • .J:c ... • , •v,I. .._ 'J'r • " •

·- =.t1·1 .. -:-~~ .... .. ... • - ·.J ·.. - ~!'"• ..... , .... _.-;rD : A63 4' o·6·

.. _ . •

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r ?';:;. : ·"' ,.. .. •. r • r ,., ~· • ' : • • .r

·· '..-'!- · .. -~.-t~tancea at thi• sort every~ riov ·&b4 then. : T:.. • •,.o.. ~ ~ ...... • .. I ,.• ,. I •1114 '" • • ~ ... - -' .,,. •

..... QI ... r-.,.., !: ' .. ,. · l~o:.,. \v _ -~ ~ ... ,';!., '1,,. ,, .. ""',_ • ."'- .. · ..

••• -== • ... ; :._-: vQfl'i~ .. a1>out thia bus ineee ~ tlieir. aecur:f ty. 'K - • ~.. .. ,. .. f.. -· . \ .. . - .. ,..~

- -::· .. • .:i41

! ..... ..... .. -~~.I. • ....

.., .&" • • I I 11 ~

!y the· wq / thii J'a:Pa.nese were

..

I • .... if• •-i' .. .... -.,. ...... , \ _,,..

They sen.sec! tf!At something

. . -I ·! r '" .., ii!.; - ~ ... •,,."Ct'; ' • :" ,,. • .. .. r.. '(

-, . t.bout tbeir · aecrec1 •ii"tems was· wrotii and. the ....

cm.1¥ ·thing ~t they could imagine I .. .L ) .. • . . I:. ~. + ~ -· .·

.. !:-- ~..;.. ~~:· ..... , ... .,.

· 16 .u to efil;uin:..tc veB.knesaes cawsed. ~:-human sr&-~ Ve must ta1tc into account -!"'!I'.. .. ..

} .. ;:-·-.. •'I. ' "' ~!.I ,.. • ~ '\.• - • 0 : I .......... ,. \. • "",,. f' • "' .. ,,. ~ - I • #' 0.

the {~\ that "the ~chilres bive to be ·~rated by humf.m. being. and human be1.ng8 .. .. .. & • I °' .ll' " • I • ... • •

, .. • I ~ '- -... ._ .. • • ~ ., '- -. ., "'\. .... ::• .. : -w'" 41' '.. ..._ '"' r

~--":., .:P:cuioM'n7 am i:ievltab)Jr make mistakes; they are iJrone to errOl."'I of om1aa1on ~:::;· .. -. -· -"'·.. ..... ' : 11t18-

&. ..... ,,._ -- ·: I.'• .. - ·~ 0. O ••• • .ii t • ·'!' • -... .. .. !.:-:~ .r . .... ... ...... ... . .. . .. .:' . . . • .. : 'II; •• .;. .. "--

'" -.. .......

.·

< • • . .,, -.: ~· • .. ·;Jr .. ~. s,-.".. .. •• ' .;,~.: .. -... ........ ,,.. . ...;... ··~

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., : .. 'f .. .. ~.. ' ••• ~-- .. ~, • ... ... , ...... • --= ~ ....

~ .. ·- .. : .... : -. A.~. : .... .. ;.. ..~ .... . . ·· .. · .... .......... -= ... ~.· ~-- ,. ... :..... ~

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..

, .. . .

·s. .......

..

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•·' ... :

--G.. • ••

. .,

. . .

.. ·. \I. .... I I ...

. :-. : . ot tbe ~cbim ~ ajatm. Complexities c:an be int.roc1u~e4, -incorporated, or :_.. . . i,:. -. : .• '.:..-: .• ... -: ~.'... ~.,. -'. ~ ·. . t •

· · ~. &»pllea at' itSA, where there are extremely well-trained and ex~ienced cri}lto-, .. ,. . .. "" • t. • IJ • • •'I' ..... It 1 .. I I .,

- ""!: • • - ..

' - . - .: ··."-~1Deeraan4 t~ir helpers.

r• .,. I • ... ... ..~

... er, ~...;,...... _.... .. r - • ~ . - . • - ""'.. ...

_' _ ---~.~ ·~-.."," t911 ~er•;t#1 I •11 sure, that ve depeD4 for ceypto~•e_c_ur1ty not on - ". .

... -=- - ';Kz ... .....: :· .. -..; •• --._ - ~ ':. .... _ ':' ' .. ~- .. : .. ""· ....... - ...

: :·_, 'ic.•p~ i;~ cc:m8truction or 4.eaign ot the :ma.chines deep aecreta. L .. ~- • • , .. , I • I • • I 'Ir. ..

ithia :means

't ' • ' t .. ...... ___:._. __ ----.::..... - .... ___...... __ ·- --- • ..

·the ~chine• mwat be bued upon ~rypto-pri~pi;; ~;;h that'")without poaaeaaion . , . - ..... -..:::.-~~--~ ......... ~--~.---· -:.---......_ ______ .., _________ _

-· ~·

01: th9 .enc\ u7 tor_ the d.ay~ the ~r.iod, . ~ the messaaea th~ldl5el.vea .>the eneUw' "I ol' ... I ' ,." • ~ "" • .. "'

It, I r •

. . . . •· - . ~ .. •. "(. 'r;

.;. ~~t 1kn the c~tente at tbe. meaaages--e~r, ··or at '~&.st.for a very large "..:. ,,, . - ...

At the same tlme there is a real point in . .· . _ ..

l - I' : -· . .,

~. -· )~ .lcite.P1na the.f ~chine~ a.Pi*ratua, ar sistea itseUo in a claaai:f'ie4 status as J.ong "'o -.: • I

. : . ·~. ~ . ... pofie!'b~ ~- be~ause iD th; c..;e ot veJ.1-deaisned cr~o-e.pPs.ratus it you don •t : t" ~ I '"• a • .. \,•\ ; • • " o I \,

.,,.. ... •• .. 1· •• ..... • -·- ' ..

· • . ·•ven lmQw' ·vb.at the :mchiue .. looka like, or 1ta general principle• ot c~.ph8r1Dg1 ... . ... - '· .. ... ;.' ...... -~ ... ,. • --.... _":. -.!.. -..:...-.

,\._, ! ~· .t- • - , - -

~· :You 'eah't e\.en ~ 8. start at cryptanal19ia, af.., to be more accurah1 1 it will.

.... ~ ... ... '1 • ;' .... • • ,.

I.• • • • • • ..,., N ' ... - ·... ~ .. ..• •

. take a conill&erable length "ot t:tme ar:i4 m'ore or l.e•• fnvolvect ·at~y to ascertain . .. ' 'f" l- ''II 'T", ... P -.

C :.. o I .1 , '" I • "

,.. .~yba(t 7oU mWlt knew• 'bet ore you can make An attack OA the meeeaaee vi th IODJe hope .... - l- '-:' - - .. .::

. . ... -· .ot aucceaa. h a nutaheU, then, we keep the machine• in a elaaaif'ied •tatus

:t' • ' r • • -T .. • • • .. - .....

... , lift ... "

.,.;.

.. . . .,

... _

.ll .. :.· ....... . •f ...... ~."'' REF IO :A.~3406'

.- ..,

.,. ... . .. -·... -·": 1 l . ..,,., .. _ " .. , .... ,. . .- t- • • - ,

.. "' • I I • .. .. .I\ ... : "' ~. ... .~ ._ '•, .... .. . ·~;, ; ·_ -, u wll ·a. ·'th.' 1.D4iaatar• tor ms•as8•. All tbe ·Qi.rat~ hU 'to 4o 1• to

'° I ' :.•' I f": I .. ,;

· ..... : .. ~\be aMreaa, Jimah: ~ atartirlg b;y ~ tba ·~him,' d·. ~ii proceed ~o type .. .. .. .. . .. -

r ., '• • •_. ': • '° ,,,..~ I

t .._ "" I I) • • " .. II' I :

·,~the »lAtn tu\ ot the ....... , vbereup(in a cipher tape ie FCduced, which .:-..... ..... .. i c •• ' ,,,_ • - "

' . ... • ·~ r I "'• • I • "-•"" r • ,,. ... • •"' .. • "' ) I

.. . .. ,_,. • 4!-••L''".. ..~.l "' - .. • - 'P • •'" • •

.: 'i:M be P."t on &iii' "teleprinter circuit tar ·traumieaicin. ~ At the receiving center

' . ~· ' .'.I , .. - ~ '

., 1 ,.· : I

.... •'· o;.

1 1 9"'\I W'.d~ ...... fii!' i.- ' 11 All '" Jr•• 4

'ihe· operat~ Pita the aipb9.r tape into·. rea4ina hea.4, the at£.t bu.ttan 11 ". .

I .. JI ... • "" ,. I -

~\ed/tb9,~.- ~et8 ~pits in41c&tor'an4 ~' an4.,tbe"f.ape produced is -~ I

.!"''

·~·: ..... _ .. ~. :.~ ~~!n-lext .. ~ .tb. 'ar'•~-i ........ L l'<w-?>-~ j.,p.~ ~ ~ ~-~· :•:.~-:.:~~A-~~~--_a_"'Cj~· :., ' : . . ,, ~.I ahov the iw-37 cl.ea~ tor la'VJ' Pm: ~ 'broa4caat tr&DsmiaeiO!lj) ~

• & : -•·;.,I.I : ....... ,~j._., •,. •ti.,, I .. _, •:t. •"" 1

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• -'i. -·, I-• - o. .,.. I r'•,. f ·,•"" ', ·• • -' ' .. .., r ~,,.,,.,..

"~.· _ .. ~-~~ine vbi:~~ ·embodies ·• tel.et7lm printer I\ ua•• u mi c&r4 t~ bying ( 1 II r .'!" 'fl • ••"" I ~: ... I .. 'I • .- • I' ~ • - o • • • 11

"' _. .._ p I n .. ...... • ... ,,. .. ~. o ,. I ... l..... ... •--.V ,. ...... "-jNr~ei. Sot~ ail thit-'ccaiaunf.cat1oii ·Ceu.tc;·-.~ ahip' ia &ODCflr~, the

:" ..... - • l'-.. :i. ... ' ••

• ~ .. 4

"",. • /' • """. .. tr .. "\' • .. ":I. I o .. ~ • "

; • ·· . , · . ojlt'Atar• 4on •t ·even aee th. clpher--tha •iaa&ei ·~arrive there in pJ.aa l.anguap. · 1' • .., • • • • ' ., • ~ r

-Ar- -- - - - - ::- .J. .. -.i,!:; • ~ • ~ -

. • ,. ~ c~bg 'fa 4om '1..vbere c.i the ahfp. Thie •:Ptem 1a • a)'Dchr0110ua one, -... ·· .·. · .. _H:,,i=~·, .. ~·.(,. ::~·:: . • ~·..;; · ... "· ~ - . >~ ·~· .. -. . .

~i»f tha~ ~ ~· ~ _tbe circuit are conatant!.7 IUIA. automatic:~ Dpt ~ 't ., L~.;,,. , ~ .... I • f' .. I I o \ ... O •-. • • ..

~..,...,.• -,y.;1

,•r ., ' 'i·~" .. ' ·,,'' .t • • I·-,.. : .. ,_, ' •.:;,,•

• ; "' ~ ~tepJ at.o, u4 re'l.ate4 to \hi8 tact '!. the tact tb..-t the •111tem ia auch that . , .. ',_ "~}'-·~;. ·...., '.' ~- • ._ •·. ;.- ~" ' n· •;~~ ·• -~- ~ • ·." . ", ' . -· . ,.

the 1nterceptin8 eDe!Q' can't "teli when.-··· l• 'belng tranailitted &D4 when . • • ~. ' f I I .. ,

I"" •• .... ' .· • -l- ••

.. ~.,: ·- .r' - • - •

. . : ,. . . tbti circuit ia 1411D&, gi'f'ing vhat w call I ~ .. • •• .. _l;~ • "' ·- !..,. • L -. : • • " - \ ~ ": ... - _,_ .. -

,.. ·""'-•• . ~ -- -· t~t ~ cC111111UUicatim •eclir1v.

·•. .. :. . -~· '.. ' ' '~; .. . ·. . .. '.. , '. . : . ' ·'. I - .. "' I ~ ..a .... .. . . . -· . . "'"I .• . .. .·

'• '1t' .. :.~r -'

I 1 ,i ~ •

~-

REF ID:A63406

~· : -1

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-. _, ,. ..

._ . . - -REF Iq': A63 4 ·o·e;. '

• • .;., • • I

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& ... "' • Jof\ II' J ~· Ir II. I I I o =-~I ,lo •, • ~ "' "l,a •... "" • • ~· • I • OI T

Jlext :we have the Ia'-3, a ci~ or telephone security equipment.' It baa o • I ::..,.•

J. '

• -·- - :!'., .. _-.. • -.. ... :-

).·. • I "'19 • • "' 'If I'"' p _.

~_;.-'ff#:/ high eec'Urit7 a.m· excelient. quaii-fy, a.ml la not a push-to-talk maehille. . -- . .. .... • ._l.. • I

• ..... ~:t;•r,,' I '" ... S' • I .,;r • • ,., .. .. ... • "

.-.:~, tt.1a range 18 11-1$ miles but this ce.D. 'be dtemed with good repeaters. J, ,:r("' • • I ... ·-~. -. ;'"' ,. '" .... " • '\- • • "'--""

-:;!It..-. ... , --.....

~~-.. I ~ ~ ,. • ..

' ·• ;v __ :.~~~•-.tlut ')Cr~a ·;~ll~ ver~ion ~- t~ I<!-31 occup,ying lee• tban one •• "!'·..; • .. .. - .. •

..... I • & & • '· .. ...,."" • ::, \ • • I o 'II 0 • • (,. ~.;. .. ":.. ..

~. ·, "®.'hie f~ &:pace _and veighing between· lS and 15 .Pou,nda. It. t"i for air-to-air a.a4

' -- . -· a~-~~-F~ teli:·.witb ,hip aeckit7: . . . .,

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, .. _,-:- .• : ·. Be~~~ aee ·the xr ... ~a. great improv~nt over its predecesaora, one of • "" f 1 J, ;-'::· ~ "!, O ol I • "'.: .. • _. I

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