Section 1: Foreign Policy at the Turn of the Century

After the Spanish-American War1. The US had a colonial empire in the Caribbean and the Pacific it had to protect2. Also, it had investments in various countries and profitable trade with many other

countries3. President Teddy Roosevelt and William Taft worked to develop a forceful foreign

policy

Roosevelt’s Big Stick1. President Roosevelt wanted an aggressive foreign policy2. He thought that if the US wanted to be a world power, they had to have a strong military.3. He believed in the saying: “Speak softly and carry a big stick!”4. The Spanish-American War showed that our army was poorly trained and equipped

a. He instructed the Secretary of War to enlarge and modernize the armyb. They started the War College and set high standards for promoting officersc. They also enlarged and strengthened our navy; adding more to the fleet and modernizing it

Continue Section 1…Panama Canal

1. America needed a short water route between its possessions2. An easy canal point would be across the isthmus connecting North and South

America3. The US bought a French project that had already been started for $40 million

a. Along with the project, the US agreed with Columbia for a 99 year lease on the canal zone in 1903

b. Columbia would receive $10 million and $250,000 per year rental feec. Columbia then demanded more money and control, so the US supported

a Panamanian uprising against the government of Columbiad. The US then recognized the new government of Panamae. Columbia complained that the US used gunboat diplomacy – using

weapons and vehicles to deal with other countries rather than talking face to face

f. Eventually, in 1921, a treaty was signed giving Columbia $25 million but no apology

4. To build the canal, they first had to get rid of the mosquitoes that carried malaria and yellow fevera. They did this by draining pools of water where they bred

5. It took 7 years but on August 14, 1914 the canal opened for shipping

Continue Section 1…Expanding the Monroe Doctrine

1. Monroe Doctrine - stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention

2. President Roosevelt added onto it called the Roosevelt Corollary (a corollary is an addition that follows logically from another statement or doctrine) a. The Roosevelt Corollary – the United States alone had the right to go into

Latin American countries when law or order was threatened

America’s Policies in the Far East1. Russia and Japan started to become powerful and posed a threat to US interests in

China2. Russia and Japan would go to war with each other, with Russia ending up losing and

Japan running out of money3. The US called for a peace conference; Japan came out as a dominate force in the

Far East which led to a secret agreement with the US: Japan could control Korea by not invading the Philippines

4. To show American strength to the world, the US sent it’s Great White Fleet of 16 battleships around the world, stopping in Tokyo; shoving our strength in their faces and the rest of the world.

Continue Section 1…Dollar Diplomacy

1. When President Taft came into office, he wanted to keep going with President Roosevelt’s ideas of expanding our country’s interest abroad but he wanted to do it with economic (money, $) rather than military meansa. This was called dollar diplomacy

2. He encouraged US banks and businesses to invest abroad3. He wanted to “substitute dollars for bullets”4. His ideas ended up leading to rivalries and distrust with the Russians and Chinese

and other Asian countries5. Caused issues in Latin American countries like Nicaragua

a. The same distrust arose in Latin America where we were seen as the “bully of the North”

Section 1 Review

Section 2: Foreign Policy under Wilson

Conducting Moral Diplomacy1. President Wilson believed that our strength didn’t lie with our military or our

wealth but with its love of peace and democratic ideals2. He thought we had a mission to promote those ideals throughout the world

a. This was called moral diplomacy3. Even with his ideas, he was more involved in Latin America than Roosevelt or Taft

militarilya. In Haiti, Mexico, the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua

Troubles in Mexico1. When General Victoriano Huerta overthrew and killed President Francisco Madero,

Wilson viewed him as an obstacle to democracy and refused to recognize his government

2. President Wilson cut off military supplies to Huerta and then sent in the Marines when he found out they were getting arms from Germany

3. Eventually, Huerta resigned and Venustiano Carranza took over and President Wilson recognized his government.

4. When Pancho Villa revolted with troops, he raided a number of US towns and the US sent troops under General Pershing into Mexico but he pushed too far and ended up leaving Mexico when Carranza protested

Continue Section 2…War in Europe

1. In May of 1914, Europe was on the eve of wara. President Wilson’s personal advisor, Colonel Edward House went to

Europe on a fact-finding missionb. He said Europe was full of “too much hatred and too many jealousies

2. Causes of the wara. Nationalism, strong feelings of pride for one’s nation, was a major cause

of trouble in Europe1. Rivalries over territories and colonies produced a dangerous

arms race2. Britain had the largest and most powerful Navy but Germany

wanted one to equal it; Russia, France and Germany kept on building huge armies

b. Alliances for protection and to gain advantages over one another1. Triple Alliance – Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy2. Triple Entente – Great Britain, France and Russia3. Other countries were bound by treaties to various members of

the alliances and pledged to come to one another’s aid in case of attack

3. The Spark that set it all off was the murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, who were assassinated in Sarajevo in Yugoslavia by a Serbian Nationalist named Gavrilo Princip on June 28th, 1914

Continue Section 2…The Rush to War

1. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination and gave them a list of demands

2. Germany promises support of Austria-Hungary while Russia promises aid to Serbiaa. Serbia rejects the demands

3. When Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, Russia mobilized its army which Germany saw as a declaration of wara. Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914, on France on August

3, 1914 (because they were Russia’s ally)b. Because Germany invaded Belgium to get to France, Great Britain entered

the war4. Britain, France, Russia and 8 other powers (along with 18 other countries

eventually) were known as the Allied Powers5. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire became known as the

Central Powers6. Was known as the Great War (until the second massive war) then as World War 1

See the chart on page 653 called “Combatants in World War 1”

Continue Section 2…Question of Neutrality

1. President Wilson proclaimed our neutrality, because of our new policy and the spirit of progressivism, reform at home not war abroad

2. Americans found it difficult not to take sides because they had friends and relatives in Europe

3. Many Americans had ties with the Allied Powers due to sharing a common language and heritage, had closer economic ties or were simply outraged due to the Germans attacking a neutral country, Belgium

4. Both the Allied Powers and the Central Powers flooded the US with propaganda – information that was designed to influence a person’s way of thinking or behaviora. Each side published millions of pieces of literature attacking their enemy

Moving Towards War1. Because we were neutral, it was expected that the US would continue to sell its

non-military goods to all warring countries2. Both sides wanted to goods to stop going to its enemies3. Steps taken by both Britain and Germany to halt our trade to others made it difficult

to remain neutral

Continue Section 2…4. The Allied Blockade

a. When war broke out, Great Britain used its powerful navy to blockade German ports and limited the goods Americans could sell to Germans

1. Britain insisted that the US carry goods to neutral ports where they would be inspected and then maybe be allowed to go on to Germany

b. Eventually, Britain forbade even food and raw materials; sometimes even stopping the ships at sea

1. The President Wilson protested this process as a violation of neutral American rights

2. Britain did everything it could to disrupt German-American trade but just to the point that it didn’t cause a problem in British-American relations

c. The US made lots of money off its wartime trade with the Allied Powers

1. They borrowed more than $2 billion from the US and US banks

2. Germany borrowed $27 million during the same time period

3. Loans and trade made the US more dependent on an Allied victory; if the Allies lost, the US and its banks would be out a great deal of money

Continue Section 2…Unleashing the submarine

1. Germany did the same as Britain, blockading the British Isles using their new weapon, the submarine or U-Boat (Unterseeboot or undersea boat)

2. The U-boat raised serious questions about its use according to International Lawa. International law required a submarine to surface to warn its targetb. Passengers and crew were allowed to get into lifeboats before their ship

was sunkc. Because of its slow speed and its fragile nature, the U-boat couldn’t afford

to surface while their target called for help; they could be rammed or blown up by deck guns; so they struck without warning

3. Germany proclaimed a war zone around the British Isles in February of 1915a. It warned ships approaching Great Britain and France that they would be

torpedoed on sight; President Wilson protested the policy but nothing came of it.

America’s Reaction1. Germany issued a warning on May 1, 1915 that was printed in New York

newspapers that travelers sailing in the war zone around Great Britain and her allies do so at their own risk

2. That afternoon, the Lusitania left New York for England3. On May 7, 1915, it was sunk off the coast of Ireland by a torpedo from a U-boat.

1200 people, including 128 Americans were killed

Continue Section 2…4. The sinking horrified Americans, but President Wilson stuck to neutrality by

demanding that Germany apologize, pay damages and promise not to attack any more passenger ships

5. Germany though continued to sink more ships carrying Americans6. After Germany torpedoed the French steamer Sussex, which injured a number of

Americans, President Wilson threatened to break off relations with Germany if they didn’t stop attacking cargo and passenger ships

7. The kaiser, or ruler of Germany, agreed to the demandsa. He promised to shoot on sight only those ships that were part of the

enemy’s navy on the condition that the Allies end the blockade of Germany

b. President Wilson’s strong stand would almost certainly lead to US involvement in the war if Germany broke its promise

Section 2 Review

Section 3: Taking Up ArmsThe Election of 1916

1. President Wilson won reelection in 1916, losing a lot of the East but winning California, New Mexico, North Dakota and other Western states. He won the popular vote by 600,000 and the 12 Western states that had women’s suffrage (the right of women to vote)

The Decision for War1. President Wilson tried to bring the war to an end by sending messages to both sides

trying to get peace negotiations started; basically peace without victory2. Germany decided to go all out, informing the US that starting on February 1, 1917,

its submarines would sink all ships on sight, neutral or not, in waters off of England and Francea. On February 3rd, 1917, the USS Housatonic was sunk by Germany causing

the US to break off relations with Germany

Continue Section 3…The Zimmerman Telegram

1. On February 25, 1917, the British government gave Wilson a telegram that it had intercepted and decodeda. The cable was sent on January 16th, 1917 by Arthur Zimmerman,

Germany’s foreign minister and was addressed to their ambassador in Mexico

b. It proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico should Germany go to war against the US

c. In return for supporting Germany, Mexico would have their help in getting back New Mexico, Texas and Arizona

2. When president Wilson revealed it to the US, they were outrageda. Along with 5 more American ship sinking by German U-Boat, this was one

of the things that brought the US into war finally

Informing Congress1. On April 2, 1917, President Wilson called for war by saying “Property can be paid

for; the lives of peaceful and innocent people cannot. The world must be made safe for democracy.”

2. On April 6, 1917, Congress voted overwhelmingly for a declaration of war. The only woman representative, Jeannette Rankin, and 49 representatives and 6 senators voted against the war

Continue Section 3…Mobilizing the Nation

1. The US was unprepared for wara. The army had only 200,000 poorly equipped and inexperienced troopsb. Equipment consisted of 300,000 old rifles, 1,500 machine guns, 55 out-of-

date airplanes and 2 field radios2. President Wilson chose General John J. Pershing as the head of the American

Expeditionary Forces over other older generals3. Wilson asked Congress to pass a Selective Service Act – a law calling for a draft

a. Required all men between 21 and 30 (later 18 to 45) to register for serviceb. First men called would be fit, unmarried men without critically needed

skillsc. More than 24,000,000 would register

1. More than 2,000,000 would be inducted in addition2. Other men and women volunteered

a. Women served as nurses, radio operators, clerks and stenographers

d. Opened the doors to blacks as well as whites1. More than 2,000,000 blacks registered and 400,000 were called

for duty2. They served in black only units with white officers, like the 92nd

and 93rd served with distinction and braverye. 18,000 Puerto Ricans and many Native Americans served as well

Continue Section 3… The Situation “Over There”

1. When war broke out in 1914, both sides figured that they would win quickly2. By 1917, the war had settled into a stalemate, or standstill

a. On the Eastern Front, the Germans, Austrians and Russians had suffered heavy losses

b. On the Western Front, the British and French had stopped the Germans at the Marne River, 20 miles from Paris1. Since both sides couldn’t advance, they dug trenches from the

coast of France to Switzerland; the land in between becoming a “no man’s land” only a few hundred yards wide

2. Trying to break through led to heavy losses, they would shell positions for hours and then soldiers would go over the top of the trenches, many cut down by machine gunsa. At the Battle of the Somme, the British attacked and

lost 60,000 troops in one dayb. By the time the battle ended, the British, French and

Germans had collectively lost 1,000,000 casualties and advanced only 7 miles

Continue Section 3… Arrival of the Americans

1. First American troops arrived in France at the end of June 19172. By March 1918, there were some 300,000 Americans in Europe

a. By the end of the war 2,000,000 Americans were in Europeb. They were met with cheers and showers of flowers in Paris

Halting the Germans1. Americans showed up at a critical time

a. Allied morale and supplies were running lowb. German submarines were choking British supply linesc. The Americans devised the convoy system – armed escorts of merchant

ships across the ocean1. Shipping losses were cut in half

2. Spring of 1917, revolution strikes Russiaa. The Czar is overthrown and a new government establishedb. Later in the year, the communists seize power and Russia withdraws from

the war1. Germany is able to shift troops from the Eastern Front and

launch an all-out assault on the Allied forces in the West2. By May 1918, Germans smash through the Allied lines, close

enough to shell Paris

Continue Section 3… 3. 27,000 troops, with 4 black regiments, see their first action with the French

when they stop the Germans at Chateau-Thierry, 50 miles from Paris4. 4 weeks later, American troops force the Germans out of their strong point at

Belleau Wood5. The Germans would make one last effort for Paris but are pushed back by the

Americans and Allied troops

The Allied Offensive1. Allies decide to go on the offensive, breaking through the German lines in the

Argonne Forest (capturing thousands of prisoners and a major railroad junction

2. Germany began to lose the will to fighta. The kaiser ended up resigning and fleeing to Holland because of

unrest in his countryb. The new leaders asked for the end to fighting because they knew they

were beaten3. In November, 11, 1918 at 11:00 am, Germany and the allies signed an armistice

– a temporary end to fightinga. Germany would leave the territories they invaded, give up their navy,

artillery, railroad cars and industrial equipment; basically to make sure they didn’t start war again

b. In 4 years of fighting, 10,000,000 to 13,000,000 people died

Section 4: The War at HomeSwaying the Public Opinion

1. Wilson had to gain the public’s support for the war, so he formed the Committee on Public Information – this group flooded the US with millions of posters and

pamphlets and had people that gave short speeches in public where people gather; this was to appeal to citizens patriotisma. It soon turned to anti-German attacks, portraying them as bloodthirsty

barbarians bent on world conquest2. June 15, 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act – sentence of up to 20 years to

persons found guilty of aiding the enemy, interfering with recruitment of soldiers or encouraging disloyaltya. Postmaster General was also allowed to remove antiwar literature from

the mail3. Also in 1917, Congress passed the Trading-with-the-Enemy Act – allowed the

government to censor foreign-language publications (infringing on the freedom of speech and the press

4. In 1918, Congress passed the Sedition Act of 1918 – harsh penalties for using disloyal or abusive language about America’s war effort

5. More than 1,500 people were arrested under the new lawsa. Some for casual jokesb. Supreme Court upheld the laws as necessary to the nation’s safety during

times of war

Continue Section 4… A Bigger Role for Government

1. To meet the needs for the war, President Wilson and Congress create almost 5,000 new federal agenciesa. Most powerful was the War Industries Board

1. Goal – to run industry as a single factory dominated by one management

2. Told manufacturers what they could and could not make3. Allotted raw materials and fixed prices on finished goods4. Succeeded in organizing US industry behind the war effort

b. The Food Administration1. Headed by Herbert Hoover (future president)2. Goal – to supply the food needed by troops overseas3. Encouraged farmers to increase production

a. Offered high prices for their crops4. Encouraged Americans to plant “Victory Gardens”

a. Have meatless and wheatless daysc. The Fuel Administration

1. Headed by Harold Garfield2. Introduced daylights-saving time and rationed coal and oil4. Set days people couldn’t drive, shut down non-essential

factories one day a week to save coal

Continue Section 4… Labor in the War

1. Unions and government worked together (gov’t getting the most out of it)a. AFL president enlisted workers support for the warb. Goal was to get reforms for labor in return for the supportc. President Wilson responded with important reforms

1. 8 hour work day in war related industries, improved wages and working conditions

2. Created a War Labor Board – standardized wages and hours, protected the rights of labor to organize and bargain collectively

Women and Minorities in the War1. Women started working in factories and drove streetcars, delivered mail, were

traffic cops, and worked in the war effort making weapons and planesa. Treatment varied but in most places they were paid the same as menb. When the men returned from war, they lost the jobs and gains they made

2. Lots of Blacks headed north during the war to work in factoriesa. Most were young and single and worked in factories, steel mills and coal

mines, while black women worked in stores and restaurantsb. Led to race riots in 1917 and 1919

3. Many Mexicans came to work on farms, ranches, railroads and mines, some in factories in the North; from 1917 to 1920, 100,000 immigrated to Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and California

Section 5: Seeking a Just PeaceWilson’s Fourteen Points

1. Even before the war ended, President Wilson was outlining a peace proposal, known as the Fourteen Points a. They were farsighted and generous but failed to meet the needs of some

countries1. Britain and France wanted Germany to lose its military, be

completely disarmed and have its colonies seized, to never be able to war again.

2. Meant to establish a just and lasting peace3. First 5 Points

a. End to secret treatiesb. Freedom of the seasc. Free trade among nationsd. Arms reductionse. New ways of settling disputes over colonies

4. Next 8 Pointsa. Redrawing the map of Europe; this would lead to self-determination –

people of Europe would have the right to their own countries and governments

5. Final Pointa. Set up a League of Nations – association of nations established to

guarantee the political independence of all nations great and small

Continue Section 5… Peace at Paris

1. President Wilson went to the peace conference2. January 19, 1919

a. Held at the Palace of Versaillesb. 27 nations represented c. Big Four dominated, they were the US (Wilson), Britain (Prime Minister

David Lloyd George, Italy (Prime Minister Victorio Orlando) and France (Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau)1. Britain, Italy and France pushed for a weakened Germany and

harsh penalties2. President Wilson’s ideas of the Fourteen Points were being torn

apart

The Treaty of Versailles1. June 28, 1919

a. Germans were forced to sign the treatyb. Germany had to pay reparations – war damages, to the nations that it

invadedc. Germany had to give up territory to France, to Poland and give up all its

overseas colonies

Continue Section 5… 2. President Wilson had the Allies apply the principle of self-determination

a. Created several new nations/countries formerly held by Germany, Austria- Hungary and Russia

b. Map on page 6673. The League of Nations was one of the Fourteen Points that did get done

a. To be an assembly of 42 Allied and neutral nations, and a Council controlled by the Big Four and Japan

b. Also a League Court of International Justice1. All Nation member disputes would be referred to the League2. Pledged to protect each other’s independence

Debate over the treaty1. President Wilson presented the treaty to the Senate which was met with opposition

from Republicansa. 14 were totally against the treatyb. 23 would only accept the treaty with major changesc. 12 would accept the treaty with minor changes

2. Democrats urged the President to compromise with the Republicans but he refused say “Anyone who opposes me…I’ll crush”

3. Constant lobbying and trying to get support for the treaty had a physical effect on the President. On October 2, 1919, President Wilson had a stroke at the White House and was found by his wife, Edith

Continue Section 5… Rejection by the Senate

1. Wasn’t enough in the treaty to protect the interests of the US2. Henry Cabot Lodge, R-Mass, brought up the Fourteen Reservations

a. Added to the Fourteen Points3. The treaty failed by a 39 to 55 vote on November 19, 1919. It included the Lodge

reservations which the Democrats wouldn’t vote for4. The constant push for passing the treaty would cause the Democrats the 1920

election when Warren G. Harding wona. At first, Wilson thought of running for a 3rd term but decided against itb. American’s were looking for a change

Section 5 Review

Chapter 5 Study Guide

Chapter 5 Test