section 1.1 1. biology: 2. biosphere: 3. biodiversity: 4. cell: 5. dna: 6.metabolism: 7.organism:...
TRANSCRIPT
Section 1.1
1. Biology:
2. Biosphere:
3. Biodiversity:
4. Cell:
5. DNA:
6. Metabolism:
7. Organism:
8. Species:
Section 1.2
1. Adaptation:
2. Ecosystem:
3. Evolution:
4. Homeostasis:
5. System:
Section 1.3
1. Constant:
2. Data:
3. Dependent Variable:
4. Experiment:
5. Hypothesis:
6. Independent Variable:
7. Observation:
8. Theory:
Section 1.4
1. Gene:
2. Genomics:
3. Microscope:
4. Molecular Genetics:
Section 1.5
1. Biotechnology:
2. Transgenic:
The Biosphere
Made up of ALL the living things AND all the places they are found:
LIVING THINGS PLACES
Bacteria Deserts
Protist Grasslands
Fungus Saltwater
Plants Freshwater
Animals
The variety of life across the biosphere.
Biodiversity generally increases from the Earth’s poles to the equator.
EQUATOR
Earth’s Rainforest
(Greatest variety and Highest population of living organisms)
• Consistent warm temperatures
• Constant precipitation
More species can survive in warm areas that offer a larger and more consistent food
supply.
Species: A particular type of living thing that can reproduce by interbreeding among themselves
• __________ not only in size, but in development
• __________ essential for survival
• __________ smallest unit of life
• __________ breathing, eating, digestion, excretion
• __________ adapt and change with environment
• __________ to light, sound, temp, etc.
“GROMER”
GROWTH
REPRODUCTION
CELLS
METABOLIZE
EVOLVE
RESPOND
Growth refers to an increase in some quantity over time. The quantity can be physical (e.g., growth in height)
or abstract (e.g., a system becoming more complex, an organism becoming more mature).
Members of a species must have the ability to produce new individuals, (reproduce).
Through reproduction, organisms pass on their ___________________,
(DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Combining of _______ and __________; Combination of ______ from ___ parents
___________ from one parent divides into two cells. New cells have _____________ ______ as original parent
genetic material
sperm egg
DNA 2
One cellidentical
DNA
CELL
ORGANSYSTEM
ORGANISMTISSUE
All living things are made up of one or more cells
All organisms need a source of __________________ for their life processes.
The form of energy that all organisms use is ___________________________
_______________
____________
ENERGY
CHEMICAL ENERGY
SUNLIGHT
FOOD
Evolution is the ________________________________;
(Change in the _____________ of a population of species.)
Besides having stiff spines that stick out from their bodies and help protect them, these animals also have loose skin
under those spines and powerful back muscles. Why?
How are the mouths of pythons adapted to finding prey and swallowing large prey?
CHANGE IN LIVING THINGS OVER TIME
GENETIC MAKEUP
__________________
__________________
__________________
LIGHT
All organisms must _______________ to their __________________ to __________________.
REACTENVIRONMENT SURVIVE
TEMPERATURE
TOUCH
Describe biodiversity in terms of species
Describe the relationship between cells and organisms.
What characteristics are shared by all living things?
How does biodiversity depend on a species’ ability to reproduce?
Cells are the smallest part of organisms.
(They make up organisms)
GROMER
Growth, Reproduction, Cells, Metabolize, Evolve, Reproduction
HomeostasisLiteral Meaning: “Same Status/Condition”
Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism.
Examples of conditions that require homeostasis:
TEMPERATURE BLOOD SUGAR ACIDITY HYDRATION LEVELS
Describe a biological system.
Give an example of how structure is related to function in living things.
Why is homeostasis essential for living things?
What is the relationship between adaptation and natural selection?
How are structure and function related to adaptation?
How is the process of natural selection involved in evolution?
_________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
STUDENTS DO NOT RETAIN THE INFORMATION PRESENTED / TAUGHT IN CLASS
IF STUDENTS ATTACH SPECIFIC MEANING OR ASSOCIATIONS WITH TERMS, THEN THEY WILL LEARN THE INFORMATION
HAVE STUDENTS COPY A LIST OF 10 WORDS LABELED “A” AND “B”. THE STUDENTS HAVE TO WRITE THE “A” WORDS TWO TIMES WHILE FOR THE ‘B’ WORDS THEY FIRST WRITE A WORD THAT THEY ASSOCIATE WITH THE TERM AND THEN WRITE THE WORD ITSELF ONCE.
_____ TOTAL STUDENTS RECALLED ______ TOTAL WORDS: ______ ‘A’ WORDS AND _____ ‘B’ WORDS
STUDENTS DO LEARN BETTER IF THEY MAKE ASSOCIATIONS AND OR CONNECTIONS TO NEW INFORMATION PRESENTED TO THEM
1. Control group: ___________________ or the ‘thing’ that does not change
a. _________________________________________
2. Variable: the “_______________________” group or the “thing” that changes
a. _________________________________________
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
CONSTANT GROUP
“A Words”
Independent
“B Words”
Dependent “The outcome”. The outcome is dependent upon the independent variable.
What ________------------------------------------
1. State the _______________a. The process of ‘inquiry’ begins with ____________________,
(using ones senses to study the world)2. Create a ___________________(educated guess)
a. A hypothesis is a ____________________________ for a scientific question
b. Should be an ___________ / ___________ statement indicating the action(s) that will take place and the results that are anticipated
3. Test the ___________________ (experiment)4. Evaluate ______________(results)
a. Observations and tools can be used to gather and analyze data5. Make a ____________________
a. Hypotheses can be__________________ or _______________ in the conclusion
Experiments are always ______________. ___________________ are developed once experiments have beentested several times and end with the same _________________
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS
DATA
CONCLUSION
observations
Proposed answer
IF THEN
accepted rejected
ONGOINGTHEORIES
Conclusion
What role do hypotheses play in scientific inquiry?
What is the difference between and independent variable and a dependent variable?
How is the meaning of theory in science different from the everyday use of the term?
How are hypotheses and theories related?
Give examples of different ways in which observations are used in scientific inquiry.
Tools of biology
• Microscope Function Magnifies up to…
– _______ microscope uses light. __________
– _______microscope light cannot pass. __________
(Also called “____________”microscope)
– ________microscope uses electrons __________
Compound Light
Stereo
dissection
Electron
1000X
40X
500,000X
LIGHT MICROSCOPEeyepiece
Arm
Stage
Course Adjustment
Fine Adjustment
Base
Diaphragm
Light Source
Stage Clips
Turrett
Focus Objective
High Power Objective
Low Objective
Body Tube
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
14.
6.
7.
8.
9.
12.
11.
10.
13.
EYEPIECE
BODYTUBE
TURRETT
LOW POWER OBJECTIVE
STAGE
DIAPHRAGM
LIGHT SOURCE
BASE
FOCUS OBJECTIVE
ARM
FINE ADJUSTMENT
COURSE ADJUSTMENT
STAGE CLIPSHIGH POWER OBJECTIVE
The focus objective focuses __________ The low power objective focuses _______ The high power objective focuses _______Keep in mind, there is also a lens in the EYEPIECE
that focuses __________ “ON TOP OF” the magnificationof the objective lenses.
Therefore, _____________________________would be:_______________ X _________________
Practice: EYEPIECE X OBJECTIVE = TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF FOCUS POWER__________ X __________ = ______________
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF LOW POWER__________ X __________ = ______________
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION OF HIGH POWER__________ X __________ = ______________
4X10X40X
10X
TOTAL MAGNIFICATIONEYEPIECE OBJECTIVE
10 4 40 X
10 X 10 X 100 X
10 X 40 X 400 X
Where you place your eye.
Contains ______ ______ that
usually magnifies ______.
Tube that supports the ______ _______ and connects it to the _________________.ONE LENS
10x
EYE PIECE
TURRETT/NOSE PIECE
______________ that magnify objects to varying
__________.
FOCUS OBJECTIVE:
______________________________________________
LOW POWER OBJECTIVE:______________________________________________
HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE:______________________________________________
Holds the _____________
in place
SLIDE
LENSES
“POWERS”
SHORTEST LENS (4X) ONLY USED FOR SCANNING
SMALL LENS (10 X)LOW MAGNIFYING POWER
LONGEST LENS (40 X)HIGH MAGNIFYING POWER
Supports the _____________
Knobs that make adjustments to the ______________
COURSE ADJUSTMENT
___________________________________________________________________________
FINE ADJUSTMENT ___________________________________________________________________________
MICROSCOPE
FOCUS
MAKES LARGE ADJUSTMENTS
USED WITH FOCUS AND
LOW POWER OBJECTIVES
MAKES SMALL ADJUSTMENTS
USED WITH HIGH POWER
OBJECTIVE ONLY
Directs light up through the
______________ and through the
______________ so that it may be
______________
DIAPHRAGM
SPECIMEN
VIEWED
Supports the __________________SLIDE/SPECIMEN
Also known as the _______________. It is the rotating device that holds the
_____________/ (_________).
TURRETT
OBJECTIVES LENSES
An adjustable ________________ under the stage, allowing different __________ of __________
onto the stage.
OPENING
AMOUNTS LIGHT
WORD BANKEyepiece Fine adjustment
Ocular tube Course adjustment
High power objective Revolving nosepiece (“turret”)
Low power objective Diaphragm
Focus objective Light source
Stage Base
Stage clips Arm
The focus objective focuses __________The low power objective focuses __________The high power objective focuses __________.
Keep in mind, there is also a lens in the EYEPIECE that focuses __________
Therefore if you were using the high powered objective, what would the total magnification be? ______________
Eyepiece X High Objective = total magnification________ X _________ = __________ times
4X
10X
40X
10X
10 40 400
10,000 new species are discovered each year.
However, it is estimated that over 50,000 species become extinct every year
That your body cells have specialized functions?
Muscle cells: contract and relax
Stomach cells: Secrete digestive enzymes
Brain cells: interpret sensory information
That the lining of your nose is actually a habitat for bacteria and fungus. This means the lining of your nose is part of the biosphere!
How do light microscopes differ from electron microscopes?
Why is computer modeling used in biological studies?
How does molecular genetics and to our understanding of genes?
Viruses are smaller than cells. What types of microscopes could be used to study them? Explain.
Provide and example of how technology has helped biologists gain a better understanding of life.