Section 2.3: Carbon-Section 2.3: Carbon-Based MoleculesBased Molecules

BiochemistryBiochemistry

You have heard people use the term “Organic” in every day speech…Which of these would be considered

Organic vs Inorganic?

Wood Shell ButterSnail Quartz

CO2 Sand LeafWater Rock

O2 Pearl NaCl Paper Bird

SiO2 Lollipop CottonDiamond Egg

Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds• Must contain C and H covalently

bonded together• Usually contain O and sometimes

N

What makes Carbon such a special element?

1. It can form 4 covalent bonds

2. Forms chains or rings to other Carbons

3. Can single, double or triple bond

4. Easily covalently bonds with H, O and N

How are biomolecules put together?

1. Smallest unit of a biomolecule is called a Monomer Monomer (One unit).

Simple Sugars, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids and Nucleotides

Glucose Amino AcidFatty Acid

2. These monomers will bond together to form a a Polymer Polymer (Many units).

(Starch, Proteins, Fats, Nucleic acid)

Sucrose

Lipid

MonomerMonomer PolymerPolymer

MONOSACCHARIDES

Polymers Polymers form by a bonding monomers together with each other to form larger molecules (like putting beads onto a necklace).

The formula for Glucose is C6H12O6 and Fructose is also C6H12O6, when they are combined together, the new

compound, SucroseSucrose (sugar) is C12H22O11. How could that be?

C6H12O6

+ C6H12O6

_____________________

C12H24O12

- C12H22O11

______________

H2O

• Process of putting the monomers Process of putting the monomers together to form polymers is called Dehydration synthesis (removing water, putting together)– For each bond, a water molecule needs to be pulled out to

join the 2 monomers together. – It is a building up process, going from simple to more

complex

Dehydration Synthesis

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The food we eat usually are polymers which won’t fit into our cells so they need to be broke down

Hydrolysis Hydrolysis (water loosening) is the reverse of Dehydration Synthesis. – It’s a breakdown process– Water molecules are put back in to break the

bonds of the polymer to become monomers. – Commonly known as DigestionDigestion

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Hydrolysis

The Big 4 Biomolecule groupsThe Big 4 Biomolecule groups 1. Carbohydrates

Sugars and starches

2. Lipids

Fats, Oils, waxes and sterols

3. Nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

4. Proteins

Hemoglobin, enzymes, muscles, blood, hormones

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates • Made up of C, H & O

• H:OH:O is is 2:12:1• Main source of Main source of

energy for the energy for the bodybody

• Made up of MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

• (Simple Sugars)(Simple Sugars)

MonosaccharideMonosaccharide

• Simple Sugar Simple Sugar

– CC66HH1212OO66 • Glucose• Galactose• Fructose

• Provide quick energy

Galactose

Glucose

DisaccharideDisaccharide • Double Sugar

–CC1212HH2222OO1111• Sucrose• Lactose

• Maltose

Provide fast energy Lactose

Sucrose

PolysaccharidePolysaccharide • Many sugar polymer

– Starch– Glycogen

• Animal starch stored in liver

– Cellulose• Main component of plant

cell walls.• Most abundant

biomolecule on earthProvide stored energy (4 - 6

hours)

Carbohydrate labCarbohydrate lab1. Each pair should build glucose – Initialed

2. With an adjoining pair, undergo Dehydration Synthesis

Get initialed

4. Undergo Hydrolysis – Get initialed

5. Break apart model kits and put back in bag and on front lab table.

6. Complete ALL questions in the lab

First make a Glucose molecule

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5

4

3 2

6

-Next, line up the two Glucose molecules side by side. -To the left Glucose molecule, remove an –OH from the 1st Carbon .-The Glucose on the right will remove a H from the 4th Carbon-Take the –OH and the – to make a water molecule-Join the Oxygen from the Glucose on the right to the Carbon of the

Glucose on the left

Lipids • Not soluble in water• Contain C, H, and O

where the H:O ratio is >2:1

• Fats, oils and waxes• Used for stored energystored energy,

insulation and waterproofing

• Made up of Glycerol Glycerol and Fatty acids Fatty acids

• Produced by Dehydration synthesis

Glycerol

Fatty acids

Fatty Acid

Glycerol

3 water 3 water molecules molecules were were removedremoved

Triglyceride (a fat)

Saturated vs Unsaturated fat controversy

• The more H’s in the Hydrocarbon chain, the more energy the fatty acid provides

• The more H’s, the more solid it will be.

• Problem with clogging and narrowing of arteries and > blood pressure

Angioplasty

Saturated fats:• butter, lard, animal fat, cholesterol, coconut and

palm oil• are solid at room temp.

– have no double bonds no double bonds so there is a maximum of H’s present

Unsaturated fats– Olive oil, canola oil, margarine– Liquid at room temp– Have at least 1 double bond least 1 double bond in the H – C chain

Polyunsaturated fats• Soybean oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, corn oil • Clear, thin liquids at room temp• Contain many double bonds many double bonds in H-C chain

Each pair should make a Glycerol model

Three Hydroxyl groups with H’s & C’s

Hydroxyl groups

This is where dehydration synthesis will occur

Now make each of the following Fatty Acids. You will need to break some apart to make more.

Butryic acid Caproic acid

Now make a double bond in between the two middle Carbons. You will need to take off two hydrogen atoms

to do this.

Caproic acid

C C C C CCHO

OHH

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

ProteinsProteins • Hemoglobin, enzymes, muscles, blood,

hormones, cell membrane• Large molecules• Contain C, H, O, & N (sometimes also S)• Found in meats, eggs, dairy & Legumes (beans,

peas and peanuts)• Made up of Amino acidsAmino acids

Polymers of Amino AcidsAmino Acids

Made up of:

an Amino group (-NH2),

a Carboxyl group (COOH)

a radical (R) or variable group

Amino AcidsAmino Acids

– 20 different AA

(8 are essential)– Most end in “ine”– Since there are 20

different AA, the possible number of proteins formed are limitless (How many words can you make with 26 letters?)

• When 2 amino acids bond, a DipeptideDipeptide is formed

• The C-N bond formed is called a Peptide bondPeptide bond

• When 3 or more AA bonds, it’s a Polypeptide

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA

(Ribonucleic acid)• Contain C, H, O, N and P• Polymers of NucleotidesNucleotides

– A 5 carbon sugar– A nitrogen base – A phosphate group

• Store and transmit genetic information• They work together to make proteins.

  Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Elements C and H2O C, H, O >2:1 C, H, O, N (S) C, H, O, N, P 

MonomersMonosaccharides,

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Glycerol & Fatty Acids

Amino Acids Nucleotides

Polymers

Di (Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose)and

Polysaccharides (Cellulose, Amylose,

Glycogen)

LipidsDi and

PolypeptidesDNA and RNA

Chemical FormulaC6H12O6, & C12H22O11

 NAAmine, Carboxyl groups & Radical

 NA

Function Quicker energy Stored energyBuilding & Regulatory Functions

Controls activity of cell & Protein

Synthesis

Where found Sugars, StarchesFats, Oils, Waxes

and Sterols

Muscles, Hormones, Enzymes

Nucleus of cell

ExamplesFruit sugar, Milk sugar, Starches,

Glycogen

Fats, Oils, Waxes and Sterols

Meat, Dairy, eggs RNA & DNA 

Ending "ose" "ol" or "ide" "ine" "nucleic acid"

  Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Structure

Elements C and H2O C, H, O >2:1 C, H, O, N (S) C, H, O, N and P

Glucose

Monomers Monosaccharides Glycerol & Fatty Acids Amino Acids Nucleotides

Fructose

Polymers Di and Polysaccharides Lipids Di and Polypeptides DNA and RNA

Amino acid

Chemical Formula C6H12O6, C12H22O11 No set formulaAmine, Carboxyl groups &

RadicalNo set formula

Fatty Acid

Function Quicker energy Stored energyBuilding & Regulatory

FunctionsControls activity of cell &

Protein Synthesis

Disaccharide

Where found Sugars, Fats, Oils, Waxes and

SterolsMuscles, Hormones,

Enzymes Nucleus of cell

Nucleotide

ExamplesFruit sugar, Milk sugar, Starches,

GlycogenFats, Oils, Waxes and

SterolsMeat, Dairy, eggs RNA & DNA only

Polysaccharide

Ending "ose" "ol" or "ide" "ine" "nucleic acid"

Dipeptide

Glucose

Fructose

Fatty Acid

Disaccharide

Nucleotide

Polysaccharide

Dipeptide

D

E

F

H

G

I

AB

C

But why Carbon?

Funtions and

OrganicsCarbohydrates Proteins Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Enzymes

Endings & Can you read the labels

4

Long term energy storage, insulation and cell membrane

Carbon, Hydrogen and

Oxygen

Carbon, Hydrogen,

Oxygen and Nitrogen

Carbon, Hydrogen and

OxygenC, H, O, N and P Proteins Carbohydrate

4

Building material, cell membrane, hormones, enzymes,

hemoglobin

1:02:01 Amino AcidsFats, Oil, Waxes

and SterolsDNA and RNA

Organic catalysts

Protein or Amino Acid

covalentCarbon and Hydrogen

Monosaccharides

Carboxyl (-COOH) and

Amine (-NH2)>2:1

DNA - Nucleus RNA - Nucleus or

cytoplasm

Regulate the rate of a reaction Lipid or Alcohol

double bond CovalentGlucose,

Galactose, Fructose

20Fatty Acids and

GlycerolNucleotides Catalase Enzyme

Monomers Hydrolysis EnergyPeptide bond (C-

N)3

DNA - Deoxyribose, RNA - Ribose

Substrate at the active site

Meat, eggs, diary and legumes

PolymersLiving

organismsLactose,

Maltose, SucrosePolypeptide Saturated fat

On the N-bases of the

nucleotides

Enzymes specificity

Oils, fats and waxes (yummy)

PolymerizationSugars and

starches

Polysaccharides (starches,

glycogen and cellulose)

Polymerization/

Dehydration synthesis

Double bonds (2 or more)

DNA is double stranded

Reversible and reusable

Glycogen, Cellulose