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Section# 2

Q1. Plants make food in their leaves. (a) The diagram shows a cell from a leaf.

(i) On the diagram, draw a line from the letter F to one of the structures where food is made.

(1) (ii) Name the part of the cell where food is made. ...............................................................................................................................

(1) (b) To make food, plant cells need water. Water enters the plant through cells in the roots called root hair cells. (i) In the space below, draw a root hair cell, showing how its shape would differ from the leaf cell shown in part (a).

(ii) Explain how the shape of the root hair cell helps it to take in water. ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................ (2) (iii) Describe the process by which water enters the root hair cells. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (3) Total 8 marks

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Q2. Living organisms share certain basic characteristics, including nutrition and movement. The table below gives descriptions of some other characteristics of living organisms. Complete the table by filling in the gaps.

Complete the table by filling in the gaps.

Q11. A blood sample was taken from a person infected with the pathogen that causes pneumonia. The blood was found to contain more white blood cells than a blood sample taken from a healthy person. (a) Name the pathogen that causes pneumonia. ...................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) Explain how white blood cells help the person recover from pneumonia. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................(5) (Total 6 marks)

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Q13. The diagram shows a kidney nephron divided into five regions labelled A, B, C, D and E.

(a) Choose the correct letter to complete the following sentences. Each letter may be used once, more than once, or not at all. The Bowmans capsule is in region ................... Ultrafiltration occurs in region ................... ADH has its effect in region ................... Selective reabsorption of glucose occurs in region ................... (4) (b) (i) Normal urine that leaves part E contains salts. Name two other substances contained in normal urine. 1 ............................................................................................................................. 2 ............................................................................................................................. (2) (ii) A person cannot make insulin. Explain why this persons urine may be different from normal urine. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (2)

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(c) In a nephron, the longer the tube is in region C, the more water can be reabsorbed. Look at the information in the table and then draw a nephron for a beaver.

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Q14. Gas exchange takes place in the lungs. The diagram shows an alveolus and a capillary. The numbers on the diagram represent the concentration of oxygen (in arbitrary units) in the alveolus and at different places in the capillary. The arrows show the direction of blood flow in the capillary.

(a) Explain why the concentration of oxygen in the blood changes as it travels along the capillary. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (2) (b) The formula shows how to calculate a value that represents oxygen uptake between the lung and the blood.

(i) The total surface area in a normal human lung is 120 m2. The distance between an alveolus and the blood is 0.1 mm.

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Use this information, the information in the diagram, and the formula, to calculate the value for oxygen uptake in a normal lung. Show your working. (2) (ii) Emphysema is a lung disease caused by smoking cigarettes. The diagrams below show the alveoli in a normal lung and the alveoli in the lung of a person with emphysema.

What effect would emphysema have on the value for oxygen uptake? ............................................................................................................................... (1) (iii) Suggest how the air this person breathes can be altered to relieve the symptoms of emphysema. ............................................................................................................................... (1) (Total 6 marks)

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Q15. A plant leaf was exposed to radioactive carbon dioxide as shown in the diagram below.

When the plant leaf is placed in the light and exposed to radioactive carbon dioxide, the carbohydrate it makes is radioactive. (a) (i) Describe how carbon dioxide gets into the leaf. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (2) (ii) Name the process that uses carbon dioxide to make the carbohydrate. ............................................................................................................................... (1) (b) The amount of carbohydrate transported to other parts of the plant can be found by measuring the amount of radioactivity. (i) Name the tissue that transports the carbohydrate. ............................................................................................................................... (1) (ii) Name the carbohydrate that is transported in this tissue. ............................................................................................................................... (1) (c) The table below shows the amount of radioactivity in different parts of the plant after 24 hours.

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(i) What evidence in the table shows that carbohydrate is transported both up and down the plant? ............................................................................................................................... (1) (ii) Suggest why the other leaves contain only small amounts of radioactive carbohydrate. ............................................................................................................................... (1) (iii) Ignoring the leaf that was exposed, calculate how much more radioactive carbohydrate was found in the seeds than in all the other plant parts added together. .................................................................................................. counts per minute (1) (iv) Explain why a supply of carbohydrate is needed for the uptake of minerals by roots. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (3) (Total 11 marks)

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Q16. The table gives descriptions of some biological processes. Complete the table by giving one word for the correct name of each process. The first one has been done for you.

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Marks scheme of above questions

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Q3. Within organisms there are five different levels of organisation. These are listed below. Examples of each level of organisation are also listed in the second column, but in random order. (a) Draw a line to join each level of organisation to the correct example. One has been done for you.

(4) (b) What level of organisation does a chloroplast belong to? ...................................................................................................................................... (1) (Total 5 marks) Q4. Certain cells lining the pancreatic duct produce mucus. In people who inherit cystic fibrosis these cells produce very sticky mucus. This sticky mucus blocks the pancreatic duct. The gene for mucus production has two alleles. The allele for producing normal mucus, N, is dominant to the allele for producing very sticky mucus, n. (a) Two parents are heterozygous for this gene. They had four children. (i) In the box below give the genotype of one of the parents.

(1) (ii) The boxes below show the genotypes of their four children. Put a circle around the box showing the genotype of a child with cystic fibrosis. (1)

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(iii) How many of the children are homozygous? ............................................................................................................................... (1) (b) People with cystic fibrosis cannot easily digest their food because the digestive enzymes they need are not present in part of the small intestine (duodenum). One way of treating cystic fibrosis is for people to take tablets containing digestive enzymes with their meals. The diagram shows a section through a tablet.

(i) Suggest why the digestive enzymes are not present in the duodenum. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (1) (ii) Suggest three different types of digestive enzyme that might be in the tablet. 1 ............................................................................................................................. 2 ............................................................................................................................. 3 ............................................................................................................................. (3) (iii) It is important that the soluble coating does not dissolve until the tablet has passed through the stomach. Suggest why the enzymes in the tablet might not work if they had been released in the stomach. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 9 marks)

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Q6. Humans control and coordinate their body function using either hormones or nerves to communicate between receptors and effectors. (a) Name the two main parts that make up the central nervous system. (2) 1 ................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................... (b) Hormonal and nervous communication differ in a number of ways. Complete the table below to show how nervous and hormonal systems differ.

Q8. This is an extract from the brochure of a company specialising in unusual holidays.

(a) People who are active in cold conditions need a lot of energy. (i) What is the name of the process that releases energy in living organisms? ............................................................................................................................... (1) (ii) Complete the word equation for the process that releases energy. ............................... + oxygen energy + carbon dioxide + ............................... (2)

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(iii) The oxygen needed for this process is present in the air. Describe how air is taken into the lungs. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (3) (b) The people pulling the sleds have to work hard and may find it difficult to take in enough oxygen. When this occurs, a substance is produced in the muscles and this causes cramp. What is the name of this substance? ...................................................................................................................................... (1) (Total 7 marks) Q10. A student set up three test tubes A, B and C to study gas exchange in aquatic organisms. Each tube contained pond water and hydrogencarbonate indicator. The student placed two water snails in tube A, some pondweed in tube B and two water snails and some pondweed in tube C. The tubes were then left in bright sunlight for 12 hours.

The key below shows the colour of hydrogencarbonate indicator with different levels of carbon dioxide in the pond water.

(a) The changes in the colour of the indicator are shown in the table below.

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(i) Complete the table to show the colour you would expect hydrogencarbonate indicator to be after 12 hours in the light.

(b) The experiment was repeated but the three tubes were left in the dark for 12 hours. Complete the table below to show the colour you would expect the hydrogencarbonate indicator to be after 12 hours in the dark.

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12. (a) What word is used to describe water loss from the leaves of a plant? ...................................................................................................................................... (1) (b) Loss of water from a leafy shoot can be measured using the apparatus below.

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This apparatus was used by a student, in a brightly lit room, to measure the rate of water loss from a leafy shoot. He measured how far the bubble moved in five minutes. He measured this three times. The results are shown in the table.

(i) Use these results to calculate the mean (average) rate of water loss in cm per minute. Show your working. Answer............................ cm per minute. (2) (ii) If the room became colder, explain what would happen to the distance moved by the bubble. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (2) (iii) If the light intensity became lower, explain what would happen to the distance moved by the bubble. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (2) (c) Another student investigated the rate of water loss using a similar sized leafy shoot from a different species of plant. She noticed that the upper and lower surfaces of these leaves were covered with tiny hairs. Suggest how these hairs would affect the rate of water loss from this leafy shoot. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 9 marks)

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Marks scheme of above questions

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