Sectionalism ReviewSectionalism Review

Mr. McElhaneyMr. McElhaney

APUSHAPUSH

2008-20092008-2009

Next Three WeeksNext Three Weeks► Week 1 – Week 1 –

Review Sectionalism/Reform Movements Reading Review Sectionalism/Reform Movements Reading part of Ch. 10 (Due WED) See Handoutpart of Ch. 10 (Due WED) See Handout

Ch 11 Due FridayCh 11 Due Friday Reform Movements Begin Ch 12 Due WED next WeekReform Movements Begin Ch 12 Due WED next Week

► Week 2 –Week 2 – Finish Reform Movements= AbolitionismFinish Reform Movements= Abolitionism Begin Ch 13 Expansion and Decade of 1850s/Coming Begin Ch 13 Expansion and Decade of 1850s/Coming

of the Civil War (Test Ch 10, 11, 12) Friday next week of the Civil War (Test Ch 10, 11, 12) Friday next week

► Week 3 –Week 3 – The Civil War Ch. 14 The Civil War Ch. 14 Vacation work on projectVacation work on project

Regional Specialization

Northeast Northeast IndustrialIndustrial

SOUTH SOUTH Cotton & SlaveryCotton & Slavery

WEST WEST The Nation’s The Nation’s BreadbasketBreadbasket

American GrowthAmerican Growth

►New CenturyNew Century►Census office 1801- Census office 1801- 5.3 million people 5.3 million people 1820= 9.5 mill1820= 9.5 mill►33% ? growth rate 33% ? growth rate each decadeeach decade►Rapid Economic Rapid Economic growthgrowth►Commercial and Commercial and Geographic Geographic expansionexpansion

Cities- 1820Cities- 1820►New York + New York + 100,000100,000►Philadelphia + Philadelphia + 100,000100,000►75% Pop Rural75% Pop Rural►5% in cities5% in cities►20% in towns20% in towns►People moving west People moving west in search of farm landin search of farm land►Ohio, Mississippi Ohio, Mississippi ValleyValley

I. NorthA. Growth of Industry with Industrial Revolution

Erie Canal, 1820s

Erie Canal System

►Begun in 1817Begun in 1817►363 miles 363 miles ►Albany, NY to Albany, NY to

Lake ErieLake Erie

“We have assembled to commence the excavation of the Erie Canal. This work when accomplished will connect our western inland seas with the Atlantic Ocean. By this great highway, unborn millions will easily transport their surplus productions to the shores of the Atlantic, procure their supplies, and hold a useful and profitable intercourse with all the maritime nations of the earth...”

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

The Clermont

Principal Canals in 1840

I. NorthA. Growth of Industry with Industrial Revolution

Early Textile Loom

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile

Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell in 1850

Lowell Mill

Lowell SystemLowell System

► Mostly young, unmarried women working in Mostly young, unmarried women working in factory of Textilesfactory of Textiles

► Worked and live in clean boarding houses Worked and live in clean boarding houses owned and managed by the factoryowned and managed by the factory

► Emphasis in maintaining the morality of the Emphasis in maintaining the morality of the women employedwomen employed CurfewsCurfews Church AttendanceChurch Attendance Immoral women (sex, bad manners- talking Immoral women (sex, bad manners- talking

back) were removed quicklyback) were removed quickly

Lowell Girls

What was their typical “profile?”

Working Conditions LowellWorking Conditions Lowell

►Not the best but not the worstNot the best but not the worst►Repetition, tediousRepetition, tedious

►Lowell system declines due to Lowell system declines due to competition and lower standards for of competition and lower standards for of pay and working conditions worsenpay and working conditions worsen

Lowell Boarding Houses

What was boardinghouse life like?

Rise of CitiesRise of Cities

► Between 1830-1860 Urban population of Between 1830-1860 Urban population of the US grew by 552%the US grew by 552%

► 1830- 1.1 million1830- 1.1 million► 1860 6.2 million1860 6.2 million► Cities grow because ofCities grow because of1.1. ImmigrationImmigration2.2. Rural to urban migration-Rural to urban migration- people leave the people leave the

farm due to decreased opportunity- farm due to decreased opportunity- mechanization of agriculture, more mechanization of agriculture, more opportunity in citiesopportunity in cities

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper

McCormick ReaperMcCormick Reaper

►1834 Revolutionized the harvesting 1834 Revolutionized the harvesting graingrain

►More efficient and fasterMore efficient and faster►Factory in ChicagoFactory in Chicago

ImmigrationImmigrationhttp://http://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/imageapp.php?Majorhistoryproject.ucdavis.edu/imageapp.php?Major==IM&MinorIM&Minor=F=F

► The United States is a nation of The United States is a nation of immigrants. By 1860 1/4 of immigrants. By 1860 1/4 of population was born in another population was born in another country.country.

► Immigration to the United Immigration to the United States occurs in waves.States occurs in waves.

► The First Wave of The First Wave of Immigrants: 1820-1860- Immigrants: 1820-1860- Irish- 2 millionIrish- 2 million German- 1.5 millionGerman- 1.5 million British- 750,000British- 750,000 ScandinaviaScandinavia

► 1825- 10,000 immigrants1825- 10,000 immigrants► 1845- 100,000 per year1845- 100,000 per year► 1854- 428,000 1854- 428,000

► Second Wave of Immigration Second Wave of Immigration 1860-19201860-1920

► 1865-1890- 9 million arrive1865-1890- 9 million arrive► 1890-1915 16 million arrive1890-1915 16 million arrive

► 1910 ½ the people of cities are 1910 ½ the people of cities are ImmigrantsImmigrants

ImmigrationImmigration

Push FactorsPush Factors► Factors that pushed Factors that pushed

immigrants out of their immigrants out of their native lands to America:native lands to America:

► Poverty-Poverty-► Lack of Economic Lack of Economic

OpportunityOpportunity► Political Repression - No Political Repression - No

freedomfreedom► Ethnic conflict-Ethnic conflict-► War- conscription War- conscription ► No jobsNo jobs► No hope of a futureNo hope of a future► Famine/ starvation/droughtFamine/ starvation/drought

Pull FactorsPull Factors► Factors that pulled Factors that pulled

immigrants out of their immigrants out of their native lands to America:native lands to America:

► Economic OpportunityEconomic Opportunity► Jobs/ workers were neededJobs/ workers were needed► LandLand► $$► A future of land ownershipA future of land ownership► Peace and stabilityPeace and stability► Freedom to make a better Freedom to make a better

life life

Population Growth 1620-1860

Immigration 1820-1840

Early ImmigrationEarly Immigration

► Irish Potato Famine Irish Potato Famine 1846-18511846-1851

► August 1845 the Irish August 1845 the Irish potato crop was blighted potato crop was blighted or stricken with a or stricken with a disease.disease.

► The disease ruined the The disease ruined the main source of nutrition main source of nutrition for the population.for the population.

► Famine, starvation, and Famine, starvation, and disease killed much of disease killed much of the population.the population.

► While the poor of Ireland While the poor of Ireland starved British land starved British land owners and merchants owners and merchants made money.made money.

► 1845- 25 million bushels if grain 1845- 25 million bushels if grain was shipped out.was shipped out.

► 1846-50 3 million live 1846-50 3 million live animals were exportedanimals were exported

► 1847 1.3 million gallons of 1847 1.3 million gallons of grain derived alcohol was grain derived alcohol was exported.exported.

► 1845-1860 the population of 1845-1860 the population of Ireland was reduced by 1/3.Ireland was reduced by 1/3.

► 1845 population = 8.2 1845 population = 8.2 million million

► 1860- Pop = 5.8 million1860- Pop = 5.8 million► 1920- Pop = 4.2 million1920- Pop = 4.2 million► 1 million died from 1 million died from

starvation and disease.starvation and disease.► 2 million left to America2 million left to America► 1860-1926 4 million more 1860-1926 4 million more

went to the US.went to the US.

American Population Density, 1820

American Population Density, 1860

How did/do people react to How did/do people react to immigrants coming to immigrants coming to

America?America?► Whenever a new group Whenever a new group

enters into an established enters into an established community community tensiontension is is caused and a pattern of caused and a pattern of development can be seen.development can be seen.

► Examples:Examples:► When the Irish came in the When the Irish came in the

1840’s the established 1840’s the established groups of British and groups of British and Germans did not like the Germans did not like the new Irish. new Irish.

► Irish where different: Irish where different: ► Language- IrishLanguage- Irish► Religion Roman CatholicReligion Roman Catholic► Culture different from BritishCulture different from British► Lifestyles- Lifestyles-

► They were looked down upon and They were looked down upon and discriminated against. See discriminated against. See cartoons.cartoons.

► Xenophobia-Xenophobia- anti foreigner anti foreigner attitudesattitudes

► Nativism-Nativism- The idea of blaming The idea of blaming immigrants for problems.immigrants for problems.

► Established groups blamed the Established groups blamed the new groups for problems:new groups for problems:

► Taking Jobs, Lazy -Famous Taking Jobs, Lazy -Famous Slogan: “No Irish Need Apply”Slogan: “No Irish Need Apply”

► People said they were responsible People said they were responsible for: Crimefor: Crime

► Immorality- alcohol abuseImmorality- alcohol abuse► Catholics- not loyal to AmericaCatholics- not loyal to America► Dirty- Dirty- ► Inferior, Damaging to the United Inferior, Damaging to the United

StatesStates

Sources of Immigration, 1820-40 and ----------------------------------------------------1840-60

The Changing American PopulationThe Changing American Population

►Rapid UrbanizationRapid Urbanization►Surging ImmigrationSurging Immigration►German and German and

Irish ImmigrantsIrish Immigrants

Anti-Immigrant Anti-Immigrant AmericansAmericans

► NativistNativist= Native American = Native American PartyParty

Or Or ► Know Nothing PartyKnow Nothing Party► 1850s strong 1850s strong ► in the Northeastin the Northeast

► Disappear by 1860Disappear by 1860► Join New Republican Join New Republican ► partyparty

NINA = No Irish Need Apply

NINA NINA

►How about a song?How about a song?

The Early Union MovementThe Early Union Movement

Workingman’s Party (1829) (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and and others in New York City. others in New York City.

Workingman’s Party (1829) (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and and others in New York City. others in New York City.Early unions were usually local, Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.social, and weak.Early unions were usually local, Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.social, and weak.

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). (1842).Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). (1842).

MassachusettsMassachusetts

Declared Unions lawful and Declared Unions lawful and Strikes lawfulStrikes lawful

MassachusettsMassachusetts

Declared Unions lawful and Declared Unions lawful and Strikes lawfulStrikes lawful

II. South:A. Growth of Agriculture (“King Cotton”)

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Lower or “Deep” SouthLower or “Deep” South

►Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, ArkansasArkansas

►1820= 500,000 bales1820= 500,000 bales►1850= 3million bales1850= 3million bales►1860= 5 million bales1860= 5 million bales►2/3 of total US exports = $200 million 2/3 of total US exports = $200 million

yearyear►Rice was only $2 Million year Rice was only $2 Million year

Slavery Expands Lower Slavery Expands Lower South?South?

► AlabamaAlabama► 1820= 41,0001820= 41,000► 1860= 435,0001860= 435,000

► MississippiMississippi► 1820= 32,0001820= 32,000► 1860= 436,0001860= 436,000

► VirginiaVirginia► 1820= 425,0001820= 425,000► 1860= 490,0001860= 490,000

Planter Class Southern White Planter Class Southern White Culture Culture

► Similar to Feudal lordsSimilar to Feudal lords► Believed in Believed in ► ChivalryChivalry► LeisureLeisure► EleganceElegance► RefinementRefinement► GraciousnessGraciousness► CourtesyCourtesy

► 800 acres or more + 800 acres or more + at least 50 slavesat least 50 slaves

► Great influence-Great influence- Political/Economic/SocPolitical/Economic/Social leadershipial leadership

Small Minority of Southern whites owned slaves

1850 white population= 6 million

Slave owners= 347, 525

1860 white population = 8 million

Slave owners 383,637

Plain Folk/Common Southern Plain Folk/Common Southern WhitesWhites

► Typical southerner= Typical southerner= YeomanYeoman Farmer Farmer

► Some owned a Some owned a Slave or 2 worked Slave or 2 worked with themwith them

► Small farms- Small farms- subsistencesubsistence

► Were tied to the Were tied to the slave systemslave system

► Depended on Large Depended on Large PlantationPlantation For Cotton GinFor Cotton Gin Markets for goodsMarkets for goods CreditCredit KinshipKinship

Number one Unifying factor in Number one Unifying factor in the South was the South was

► RACERACE► Whites in the South supported Slavery Whites in the South supported Slavery

because of the RACE issue.because of the RACE issue.► Social and Economic FearsSocial and Economic Fears

Changing social relationsChanging social relations Race mixing was Race mixing was Empowering Blacks economic competitionEmpowering Blacks economic competition The poorest whites felt superior to the blacksThe poorest whites felt superior to the blacks

► ““From childhood, the one thing in their From childhood, the one thing in their condition which has made life valuable to condition which has made life valuable to the mass of whites has been that the N--- the mass of whites has been that the N--- are yet their inferiors.” foreign observer are yet their inferiors.” foreign observer from 1850sfrom 1850s