sediment controls
DESCRIPTION
Sediment Controls. Tom Schneider, CPESC President SCIECA EPA Region 6 MS4 Conference July 7, 2011 San Antonio, Texas. How they work. Defining the problem. Removal of the sediment from the storm water runoff prior to it reaching surface waters. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Sediment ControlsHow they work
Tom Schneider, CPESCPresident SCIECAEPA Region 6 MS4 ConferenceJuly 7, 2011San Antonio, Texas
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Removal of the sediment from the storm water runoff prior to it reaching surface waters.
Defining the problem
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Prevent sediment from exiting the site. Sediment control are utilized from the time
the soil is disturbed until the construction activity has ceased. At which time either temporarily or permanently erosion control can occur.
Erosion control cannot be utilized to control sediment for active areas of disturbance on construction sites.
Purpose of the Sediment Control on a construction site
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Topography◦ Length of slope◦ Percent of slope
Soil type◦ Sand ◦ Silt ◦ Clay
Things that affect Sediment Controls
Storm type◦ Volume of runoff◦ Rate of runoff
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First we need to understand how the sediment control will remove the sediment.◦ Sedimentation ◦ Filtration
Predicting the Performance
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Sediment Controls Sedimentation Filtration
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What is the one thing that we can look too that will give us a conclusive prediction of the effectiveness of a sedimentation control?
Sedimentation
Time
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When runoff is detained a sufficient amount of time the sediment will settle out of the storm water runoff and will not exist the site.
If the runoff exits the control prior to the required settling time, sediment will exit the control with the runoff.
Effects of Time
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I think they need a little more time.
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What determines the amount of time that the runoff will need to be detained?
Soil Type
How Much Time
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Soil
38 seconds = 1 foot
Sand
230 days = 1 foot
Clay
33 minutes = 1 foot
Silt
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Stoke’s Law
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Sediment Controls Sedimentation
◦ Time required Soil type
% sand % silt % clay
◦
Filtration
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Determine the flow rate to the control◦ Every control location will have a unique flow rate.
Geographic location Topography Soil type LOCATION OF THE CONTROL ON THE SITE
Determines the drainage area of the control
TR55◦ Is an accepted flow rate model used by engineers
for the design of storm drainage systems.
Designing the Control for Time
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Relate the Time required to the Flow rate into the control.◦ Based on the sites conditions I have flow rate of 2 cfs
(cubic feet per second).◦ Based on the sand silt soil type I need to retain the
runoff 33 minutes (1980 seconds)◦ 1980 seconds x 2 cfs= 3960 cf Capacity◦ 3960cf / 2cfs = 1980 seconds◦ Capacity = Time◦ Based on the location of the control and the soil type
of the site if the control detains 3960 cf of storm water runoff it will provide the amount of time required to remove the sediment.
Designing the Control
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Detain not Retain
2cfs2cfs
1,980 seconds
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Sediment Controls Sedimentation
◦ Time required Soil type
% sand % silt % clay
◦ Capacity requirement Flow rate Time required
Filtration
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Determining the capacity of the control Configuration
Height Length Aspect to the topography
Capacity (volume) equals Time◦ The larger the volume the more time provided
Designing the Control
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Geometry
sfA
A
HBA
40
'2'20
Rectangle a of Area
sfA
A
A
HBA
20
'2'10
'2'205.
5.
Triangle a of Area
cf
sf
V
V
LAV
2000
'10020
Volume
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Designing or Evaluating the Control
20 ft
10 ft
685
686
687
688
689
Scale: 1/4" = 1'
Height of Control: 2 feet
Base:
Height:
Length:
A = .5 x___x___ A = _______
Cp = A x L Cp =____x____ Cp =______
Calculate Volume
A = .5 x B x H
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Profile View
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Side Area
sfA
A
A
HBA
9
'2'5.4
'2'95.
5.
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Length
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20 ft
10 ft
685
686
687
688
689
Scale: 1/4" = 1'
Height of Control: 2 feet
Base:
Height:
Length:
A = .5 x___x___ A = _______
Cp = A x L Cp =____x____ Cp =______
Calculate Volume
A = .5 x B x H
20 20
22
99 9
9 180
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Side Area
sfA
A
A
HBA
9
'2'5.4
'2'95.
5.
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20 ft
10 ft
685
686
687
688
689
Scale: 1/4" = 1'
Height of Control: 2 feet
Base:
Height:
Length:
A = .5 x___x___ A = _______
Cp = A x L Cp =____x____ Cp =______
Calculate Volume
A = .5 x B x H
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Profile View
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20 ft
10 ft
685
686
687
688
689
Scale: 1/4" = 1'
Height of Control: 2 feet
Base:
Height:
Length:
A = .5 x___x___ A = _______
Cp = A x L Cp =____x____ Cp =______
Calculate Volume
A = .5 x B x H32
20
3 2 3
3 20 60
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Rotate the Control
680681
682
683
684
3 ft
5 ft
20 ft
10 ft
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Predictable performance.
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The solution is not more rows of the control the solution is to provide more time
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Does it matter what the control is made of?
Why Blame the Control
Not really
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Hay bales, Rock berm, Concrete, Straw waddles, Marshmallows.
The result will be the same .
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Location, Location, Location
The bottom of the slope is not always the best location
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Sediment Controls Sedimentation
◦ Time required Soil type
% sand % silt % clay
◦ Capacity requirement Flow rate Time required
◦ Capacity provided Height of control Topography
Filtration
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Based on the soil I know how long I need to retain the runoff.
Based on the location of the control I know the flow rate of the runoff to the control.
Based on the soil type and flow rate I know the volume of water the control needs to detain to be successful. (volume=time)
Based on the location of the control I know the volume of water that my control will detain. (Time = Effectiveness)
Will the Control Work
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The term "efficient" is very much confused and misused with the term "effective". In general, efficiency is a measurable concept. In several of these cases, efficiency can be expressed as a result as percentage of what ideally could be expected, hence with 100% as ideal case.
Compare “effectiveness” , which is a vague, non-quantitative concept, mainly concerned with achieving objectives.
Efficiency and Effectiveness
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For sedimentation controls efficiency and effectiveness are close to the same thing and are determined by amount of time the runoff is detained and the soil type contained within the drainage area of the control.
Filtration controls efficiency and effectiveness are not as closely connected. The efficiency can be high and the effectiveness be low.
Efficiency and Effectiveness
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Soil Percent Seconds Minutes
Hours Days
Sand 97% 38 0.6333 0.010556 0.000439815
Silt 3% 1980 33 0.5 0.022916667
Clay 0% 19,872,000 331,200 5,220 230
Lopeno
Flow rate of 2cfs
1,980 seconds x 2 cfs = 3,960 cf3,960cf/2cfs=1,980 seconds
Control volume 3,960 cf
What percent of the sediment load did the control stop?
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Soil Percent Seconds Minutes
Hours Days
Sand 66% 38 0.6333 0.010556 0.000439815
Silt 24% 1980 33 0.5 0.022916667
Clay 10% 19,872,000 331,200 5,220 230
Saucel
Flow rate of 2cfs
19,872,000 seconds x 2 cfs = 39,744,000 cf39,744,000cf/2cfs=19,872,000 seconds
Control volume 3,960 cf or
What percent of the sediment load did the control stop?
1980 seconds
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Soil Percent Seconds Minutes
Hours Days
Sand 10% 38 0.6333 0.010556 0.000439815
Silt 22% 1980 33 0.5 0.022916667
Clay 68% 19,872,000 331,200 5,220 230
Kaufman Clay
Flow rate of 2cfs
19,872,000 seconds x 2 cfs = 39,744,000 cf39,744,000cf/2cfs=19,872,000 seconds
Control volume 3,960 cf or
What percent of the sediment load did the control stop?
1980 seconds
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Sediment Controls Sedimentation
◦ Time required Soil type
% sand % silt % clay
◦ Capacity requirement Flow rate Time required
◦ Capacity provided Height of control Topography
◦ Effectiveness Capacity provided Soil type
Filtration
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Permit Requirements
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Performance driven requirement based on NTUs (Nephelometric Turbidity Units)
Controls will need to be designed to provide for the removal of the sediment not designed to meet the permit requirements
NTUs correlate more to the color of the soil than sediment load in the soil.
Effluent Limitation Guidelines
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Sediment Controls Sedimentation
◦ Time required Soil type
% sand % silt % clay
◦ Capacity requirement Flow rate Time required
◦ Capacity provided Height of control Topography
◦ Effectiveness Capacity provided Soil type Soil color
Filtration
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What is the one thing that we can look too that will give us a conclusive prediction of the effectiveness of a filtration control?
There is not one. We need to look at
◦ Storm water runoff flow rate◦ Soil type◦ Filter media opening size◦ Filter media flow rate◦ Size of the filter area
Filtration
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Determine the flow rate to the control◦ Every control location will have a unique flow rate.
Geographic location Topography Soil type LOCATION OF THE CONTROL ON THE SITE
Determines the drainage area of the control
TR55◦ Is an accepted flow rate model used by engineers
for the design of storm drainage systems.
Storm Water Flow Rate
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Soil type will determine what filter media would be appropriate.
Soil Type
Sand Silt Clay
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Criteria for selecting the correct filter media◦ What size soil particles will pass through the filter.◦ Flow rate of the filter media (how much water will
pass through it in a given time per square foot).◦ How many square feet will be able to filter runoff.
Filter Media
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Soil Percent Media 1 Media 2
Media 3 Media 4
Sand 10% Yes Yes Yes Yes
Silt 22% Yes Yes Yes No
Clay 68% Yes No Yes No
Kaufman Clay
What percent of the sediment load did the control stop?
No one knows all we know is the efficiency of the filter media.
100% 32% 100% 10%
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Sediment Controls Sedimentation
◦ Time required Soil type
% sand % silt % clay
◦ Capacity requirement Flow rate Time required
◦ Capacity provided Height of control Topography
◦ Effectiveness Capacity provided Soil type Soil color
Filtration◦ Efficiency
Soil size and distribution Filter media opening size
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Flow Rate of MediaSoil Percent Media 1 Media
2Media 3 Media 4
Sand 10% Yes Yes Yes Yes
Silt 22% Yes Yes Yes No
Clay 68% Yes No Yes No
Efficiency 100% 32% 100% 10%
10 GPM/ 0.02cfs
35 GPM/ 0.077cfs
2GPM/ 0.0044cfs
150GPM/ 0.33 cfs
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Sediment Controls Sedimentation
◦ Time required Soil type
% sand % silt % clay
◦ Capacity requirement Flow rate Time required
◦ Capacity provided Height of control Topography
◦ Effectiveness Capacity provided Soil type Soil color
Filtration◦ Efficiency
Soil size and distribution Filter media opening size
◦ Capacity Flow rate of media
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20 ft
10 ft
685
686
687
688
689
Scale: 1/4" = 1'
Height of Control: 2 feet
A1 = .5 x__x__ A1 =___
A3 = B x H A 3=__x__
Ta = A1 + A2 + A3
A1 = .5 x B x H
A2 = .5 x__x__ A2 =___A2 = .5 x B x H
A3 =___Flow rate (Fr): 35 gpm/per min
Fa = Ta x Fr
Fa=___x___
Fa=_______
A1A2
A3
Calculate Filtration Rate
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Calculate Filtration Capacity
9 ft
20 ft
20 ft
10 ft
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Side Area
sfA
A
A
HBA
9
'2'5.4
'2'95.
5.
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Front Filtration Area
sfA
A
HBA
H
B
40
'2'20
'2
'20
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20 ft
10 ft
685
686
687
688
689
Calculate Filtration Rate
Scale: 1/4" = 1'
Height of Control: 2 feet
A1 = .5 x___x___ A1 = _______
A3 = B x H A 3=____x____
Ta = A1 + A2 + A3
A1 = .5 x B x H
A2 = .5 x___x___ A2 = _______A2 = .5 x B x H
A3 = _______Flow rate (Fr): 35 gpm/sf
Fa = Ta x Fr
Fa = x
Fa = 20 402
2 99
99 582 35
2030
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Sediment Controls Sedimentation
◦ Time required Soil type
% sand % silt % clay
◦ Capacity requirement Flow rate Time required
◦ Capacity provided Height of control Topography
◦ Effectiveness Capacity provided Soil type Soil color
Filtration◦ Efficiency
Soil size and distribution Filter media opening size
◦ Capacity Flow rate of media Filter area
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Filter CapacitySoil Percent Media 1 Media 2 Media 3 Media 4
Sand 10% Yes Yes Yes Yes
Silt 22% Yes Yes Yes No
Clay 68% Yes No Yes No
Efficiency 100% 32% 100% 10%
Flow Rate 10 GPM/ 0.02cfs
35 GPM/ 0.077cfs
2GPM/ 0.0044cfs
150GPM/ 0.33 cfs
Area 58 Sf 58 Sf 58 Sf 58 Sf
Capacity 580gpm/1.288cfs
2030gpm/ 4.51cfs
116gpm/0.257cfs
8700gpm/ 19.33cfs
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Sediment Controls Sedimentation
◦ Time required Soil type
% sand % silt % clay
◦ Capacity requirement Flow rate Time required
◦ Capacity provided Height of control Topography
◦ Effectiveness Capacity provided Soil type Soil color
Filtration◦ Efficiency
Soil size and distribution Filter media opening size
◦ Capacity Flow rate of media Filter area Filter Capacity
![Page 62: Sediment Controls](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022110102/5681412f550346895dad1511/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Importance of volume capacity
Once the volume capacity of the filtration control is exceeded the sediment laden storm water runoff will bypass the control and carry the sediment with it.
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Percent of Runoff TreatedSoil Percent Media 1 Media 2 Media 3 Media 4
Sand 10% Yes Yes Yes Yes
Silt 22% Yes Yes Yes No
Clay 68% Yes No Yes No
Efficiency 100% 32% 100% 10%
Flow Rate 10 GPM/ 0.02cfs
35 GPM/ 0.077cfs
2GPM/ 0.0044cfs
150GPM/ 0.33 cfs
Area 58 Sf 58 Sf 58 Sf 58 Sf
Capacity 580gpm/1.288cfs
2030gpm/ 4.51cfs
116gpm/0.257cfs
8700gpm/ 19.33cfs
Flow rate to the control
2cfs 2cfs 2cfs 2cfs
Percent treated 64% 100% 12% 100%
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Sediment Controls Sedimentation
◦ Time required Soil type
% sand % silt % clay
◦ Capacity requirement Flow rate Time required
◦ Capacity provided Height of control Topography
◦ Effectiveness Capacity provided Soil type Soil color
Filtration◦ Efficiency
Soil size and distribution Filter media opening size
◦ Capacity Flow rate of media Filter area Filter Capacity
◦ Percent treated Filter capacity Flow rate of runoff
![Page 65: Sediment Controls](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022110102/5681412f550346895dad1511/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Effectiveness of the controlSoil Percent Media 1 Media 2 Media 3 Media 4
Sand 10% Yes Yes Yes Yes
Silt 22% Yes Yes Yes No
Clay 68% Yes No Yes No
Efficiency 100% 32% 100% 10%
Flow Rate 10 GPM/ 0.02cfs
35 GPM/ 0.077cfs
2GPM/ 0.0044cfs
150GPM/ 0.33 cfs
Area 58 Sf 58 Sf 58 Sf 58 Sf
Capacity 580gpm/1.288cfs
2030gpm/ 4.51cfs
116gpm/0.257cfs
8700gpm/ 19.33cfs
Flow rate to the control
2cfs 2cfs 2cfs 2cfs
% of runoff treated 64% 100% 12% 100%
% sediment retained 64% 32% 12% 10%
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Effectiveness of the controlSoil Percent Media 1 Media 2 Media 3 Media 4
Sand 75% Yes Yes Yes Yes
Silt 22% Yes Yes Yes No
Clay 3% Yes No Yes No
Efficiency 100% 97% 100% 75%
Flow Rate 10 GPM/ 0.02cfs
35 GPM/ 0.077cfs
2GPM/ 0.0044cfs
150GPM/ 0.33 cfs
Area 58 Sf 58 Sf 58 Sf 58 Sf
Capacity 580gpm/1.288cfs
2030gpm/ 4.51cfs
116gpm/0.257cfs
8700gpm/ 19.33cfs
Flow rate to the control
2cfs 2cfs 2cfs 2cfs
% of runoff treated 64% 100% 12% 100%
% sediment retained 64% 97% 12% 75%
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Sediment Controls Sedimentation
◦ Time required Soil type
% sand % silt % clay
◦ Capacity requirement Flow rate Time required
◦ Capacity provided Height of control Topography
◦ Effectiveness Capacity provided Soil type Soil color
Filtration◦ Efficiency
Soil size and distribution Filter media opening size
◦ Capacity Flow rate of media Filter area Filter Capacity
◦ Percent treated Filter capacity Flow rate of runoff
◦ Sediment retained Efficiency Percent treated
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The control (sedimentation and filtration) must provide not only adequate storage volume for the storm water runoff but also for the sediment that it will retain.
If the control is designed to only provide for the storm water runoff volume then once the sediment starts to be retained the effectiveness of the control will be reduced.
MUSLE is the correct model to predict sediment load on construction sites.
Sediment Load
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Sediment Load Models
◦ USLE The equation that predicts longtime average soil losses and
runoff from specific areas in specific cropping and management systems. The erosion values reflected by these factors can vary considerably due to varying weather conditions. Therefore, the values obtained from the USLE more accurately represent long-term averages.
◦ RUSLE RUSLE has the same formula as USLE, but has several
improvements in determining factors. ◦ RUSLE2
model that predicts long-term, average-annual erosion by water and can be used for a broad range of farming, conservation, mining, construction, and forestry sites.
◦ MUSLE Predicts the amount of sediment delivered to a specified point
during a specific storm event
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Sediment Controls Sedimentation Efficiency
◦ Is dependent on the time that the runoff is detained and soil type.
Capacity◦ Determined by volume
of water detained by the control.
Effectiveness is tied to Efficiency
Filtration Efficiency
◦ Determined by soil type and filter opening size
Percent treated◦ Determined by wetted
area and flow rate of filter.
Effectiveness is equal to Efficiency x Percent treated