Seismic Evidence of

Vertical Fluid Migration Through Faults

Applications of Chimney and Fault Detection

Roar Heggland

Statoil

Seismic Examples

Features Associated with Gas Seepage

Gas Seepage From Faults

Chimney and Fault Detection

Charging of Reservoirs Through Faults

Chimneys Above Hydrocarbon Filled Reservoirs

1 km

0.3

0.5

Chimneys

Timeslice Seabed

120 ms 120 ms

3D Seismic Data, Danish North Sea

High Resolution Sparker, Danish North Sea

Carbonate Mounds

1 km

1.0

0.5

3D Seismic Section, Danish North Sea

Carbonate Mounds

Erosion

1 km

700 ms

0.7

1.0

1.5

3D Seismic, Composite Display, Danish North Sea

Carbonate Mounds

Erosion

1 km

700 ms

3D Seismic, Timeslice, Danish North Sea

Carbonate Mounds

1 km

1.0

0.5

0.7

3D Seismic Section, Dansih North Sea

0.8

Depressions

1.0

0.5

1 km3D Seismic Section, Danish North Sea

1 km

700 ms

Depressions

3D Seismic, Timeslice, Danish North Sea

NIGERIA

3D Seismic, Nigeria

5 km

Mud Volcano

Pockmarks

3D Seismic, Azimuth Map, Seabed, Nigeria

1 km

0.8

1.0

Amplitude Map3D Seismic Section, Nigeria

5 km

Mud Volcano

Pockmarks

3D Seismic, Azimuth Map, Seabed, Nigeria

5 km

Mud Volcano

3D Seismic, Amplitude Map, Seabed, Nigeria

5 km

Mud Volcano

3D Seismic, Amplitude Map, Seabed, Nigeria

1 km3D Seismic Section, Nigeria

1.0

1 km3D Seismic, Amplitude Map, Sub Seabed

3D Seismic, Amplitude Map, Sub Seabed 1 km

Chimney Detection

NN

Standard 3D Seismic 3D, Detected Chimneys

Standard 3D Cube

Chimney

Chimney Cube

Neural Network

Seismic Attributes

Classification

1 km

Standard 3D 3D, Detected Faults

Fault Detection

NN

3D, Timeslice, Detected Faults

Depression

1 km

Chimney

Shallow Gas

Carbonate Mounds

Diapir

Chimney ?

3D Seismic Section, Sleipner

0.5

1.0

1 km

Carbonate Mounds0.5

1.0

Chimney ?

3D Seismic Section, Sleipner

3D Seismic, Amplitude Map, Sleipner 1 km

Carbonate Mounds

1 km

Standard 3D Seismic, Sleipner

0.7

1.0

Chimneys

3D, Detected Chimneys

Chimneys

Standard 3D

5 km

0

1

2

3

Eocene Reservoir

Shallow Gas?

3D, Detected Chimneys

5 km

250 ms

1000 ms

2000 ms

3000 ms

Jurassic Faults

Eocene Reservoir

Chimneys

Shallow Gas

Detected Chimneys above Mapped Base Cretaceous

Detected Chimneys above Mapped Base Cretaceous

Gas Chimney Model

1 km

0

1

2

3X

Y

0

1

2

3 1 km

Y

X

1 km

0

1

2

3 1 km

Gas Chimney Model

1

2

3

4

2000 ms

2 km

3D Section, Detected Chimneys Timeslice, Detected Chimneys

Oil Reservoir

1

2

3

4

520 ms

3D Section, Detected Chimneys Timeslice, Detected Chimneys2 km

Oil Reservoir

3

4

1 km3D Gulf of Mexico

1 km3D Gulf of Mexico

3

4

1 km3D Gulf of Mexico

3

4

1 km3D Gulf of Mexico

3

4

1 km3D Gulf of Mexico

3

4

3D Gulf of Mexico

3D Gulf of Mexico

3D Gulf of Mexico

3D Gulf of Mexico

3D Gulf of Mexico

1 km3D Gulf of Mexico

1 km3D Gulf of Mexico

3D Gulf of Mexico

3D Gulf of Mexico

1 km3D Gulf of Mexico

1 km3D Gulf of Mexico

3D Gulf of Mexico

3D Gulf of Mexico

1 km3D Gulf of Mexico

3D Gulf of Mexico

Conclusions

• Chimneys Tie in to Features

Associated with Gas Seepage, Shallow

Gas Accumulations, and Deeper

Hydrocarbon Filled Reservoirs

• Chimneys can Show Possible

Hydrocarbon Pathways into

Reservoirs

• Chimneys are Observed to Tie in to

Faults or Fractures