SEL

DNA

PERBEDAAN SEL

Abad 17 Anton Von Leeuwenhoek hand-

held microscope.

Th 1665 Robert Hook (Inggris)

Th 1838-1839 Matthias Schleiden dan

Theodore Schwann TEORI SEL

a. All living things are made of one or more cells.

b. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in

organisms.

c. Cell come only from the reproduction of

existing cells.

The cell is the basic unit of structure &

function, is the smallest unit that can still

carry on all life processes (Cooper,2000)

Sel merupakan satuan struktural yang

fundamental dan fungsional bagi

kehidupan (Pelczar,1986).

7,5-10nm

Seperates the cytoplasm of the cell from its

enviroment

Protect the cell & control what enters and leaves

Selective permeable

Composed of a lipid bilayer made of phospolipid

molecules.

Membrane Proteins

A variety of protein molecules are

embedded in the cell’s lipid bilayer.

Helps move materials into & out of the

cell.

Composed of organelles & cytosol

70-90% water and is a colorless material.

Respiration (breaking down glucose to

get energy)

Energy ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Have their own DNA

Cellular particle made of RNA and

protein that serve as the site for protein

synthesis in the cell.

May be free in cytoplasm or attached to

the ER

Rough ER has embedded ribosomes on its

surfaces for making proteins

Smooth ER lacks

ribosomes & helps break down poisons,

wastes, & other toxic

chemical. And also

helps process carbohydrates &

lipids.

Main function is to carry out processing of proteins

generated in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Synthesis of proteoglycans animal cells

Vesicels found in the golgi body do the work of

transporting different types of molecules to cell

membranes.

Diktiosom plant cells

Lysosome = specialized vesicle

Hold enzymes that were created by the cell hydrolytic enzym.

digest food or break down cellular waste

products, fats, carbohydrates, proeins

and the cell when it dies into simple

compounds.

Consist of a network of long protein

tubes & strands in the cyptoplasm to

give cells shape and helps move

organelles.Cytoskeleton element General function

Microtubules Move materials within the

cell

Move the cilia and

flagella

Actin filaments Move the cell

Intermediate filaments Provides mechanical

Cilia short. Line

respiratory tract to remove dust & move

paramecia.

Flagella long whip

like tails (1-3

number).

In the middle of the cell

contains DNA & acts as

the control center.

Coordinates the cell’s

activities.

Chromatin is the long

strand of DNA, wich coils

during cell division to

make chromosomes.

Protective layers around the cell

membrane in plants, bacteria, & fungi.

Fungal chitin.

Plant cellulose.

Serves as a storage area for protein, ions,

wastes, and cell products such as

glucose.

May contain poisons to keep animal

from eating them.

DNA is a long, double-straned, linear

molecule composed of multiple

nucleotide sequences. It acts as a

template for the synthesis of RNA.

Nucleotides are composed of a base

(purine & pyrimidine), a deoxyribose

sugar, and phospate grup.

The Purines adenine (A) & guanine (G)

The pyrimidines cytosine (C) & thymine (T)

The DNA double

helix consist of two complementary

DNA strands held

together by

hydrogen bonds between the base

pairs A-T and G-C.

Informasi herediter

Persiapan pembelahan sel

Merancang sintesis protein

Membentuk RNA

Mengontrol aktivitas hidup

Suatu proses membelahnya sel induk

menjadi dua atau lebih sel anak.

1. Amitosis

2. Mitosis

3. Miosis

Pembelahan sel secara langsung / biner.

Tidak melibatkan kromosom.

Pada sel prokariotik bakteri.

Membentuk keturunan baru

Pembelahan

pada sel somatik

yang

menghasilkan 2

sel anakan yang

sama dengan sel

induk.

Pembelahan reduksi yang memisahkan

kromosom-kromosom yang homolog.

Terjadi pada proses gametogenesis.

Organon = alat

kumpulan molekul yang saling

mempengaruhi sehingga berfungsi

secara stabil dan memiliki sifat hidup

(Makhluk hidup)

Manusia, tumbuhan, hewan serta

mikroorganisme.

Bernafas

Bergerak

Tumbuh

Berkembang biak

Memerlukan nutrisi

Peka terhadap rangsang

Beradaptasi

Mengeluarkan zat sisa.

Berdasarkan keadaan inti ada tidaknya

endomembran

a. Sel Prokariotik : bakteri & alga biru

b. Sel Eukariotik

PROKARIOTIK EUKARIOTIK

Inti tidak memiliki membran Inti memiliki membran

Organel tidak dibatasi

membran

(tdk punya)

Organel dibatai membran

Membran tersusun atas

peptidoglikan

Fosfolipid

Diameter 1-10 nm 10-100nm

Mengandung 4 subunit RNA

polymerase

banyak

Susunan kromoson (genom)

sirkuler

Linier

DNA di Nukleus DNA di Nukleous

ORGANEL PROKARIOTI

K

EUKARIOTIK

Membran Plasma v v

Sitoplasma v v

Ribosom v v

Dinding sel v v

Mesosom v -

Nukleus v v

RE - v

Lisosom - v

Kompleks golgi - v

Mitokondria - v

Badan mikro - v

Sel Prokariotik bakteri

Kosmopolitan hampir di semua

tempat

Ciri: Uniselluler

Prokariot

Tdk berklorofil

1-5 mikron

Bebas / parasit.

Struktur Dasar: Dinding Sel

Membran Plasma

Sitoplasma

Ribosom

DNA

Sturktur Tambahan Kapsul

Flagelum

Pilus

Fimbria

Klorosom

Lapisan diluar dinding sel pada jenis bakteri

tertentu, bila lapisan tebal disebut kapsul bila tipis disebut lendir.

Tersusun atas polisakarida dan air

Rambut menonjol di dinding sel

Seperti flagelum namun lebih pendek

Penghubung saat bakteri melakukan konjugasi

Perlekatan

Terdapat pada bakteri gram negatif : Escherchia coli

Mengandung pigmen klorofil untuk fotosintesis.

Bulat (kokus)

Batang (basil)

Spiral (spirilia)

kokobasil

Organel Sel Hewan Sel Tumbuhan

Dinding sel Jika ada,bukan

selulosa.

Ada, mengandung

selulosa

Kloroplas - Pada sel yang

mengadakan fotosintesis

Sentrosom

Sentriol

Ada -

vakuola Jika ada ukurannya

kecil

Pada sel yang tua, besar

dan jelas

Lisosom Ada Diduga ada karena

memiliki enzym hidrolitik

Kompleks Golgi Ada Namanya Diktiosom

Plastida - Leukoplast berbentuk

amilumKloroplast hijau

Kromoplast karoten

Parasit berukuran mikroskopik yang

menginfeksi sel organisme biologis.

Lbh kecil dari sel 0,2 mikron.

Virus Menginfeksi sel eukariota

Fage sel prokariota

Terdiri dari satu jenis protein dan asam inti DNA atau RNA

Memiliki inti asam nukleat yang ditutupi oleh selubung protein kapsid

Kapsid terdiri dari sejumlah subunit protein

protomer

Dikelompokan dalam 6 tipe

Kompone

n

A B C D E F

Kepala

heksagon

al

v v v Tersusun

oleh

kapsome

r besar

Kapsom

er kecil

Filame

n

Ekor kaku v v Lbh

pendek

dari

kepala

- -

Seludang

kontraktil

v - - - -

Serabut

ekor

v v/- v/- -

Cooper, Giaroffrey M. 2000. The Cell 2nd edition

A Molecular Approach. Boston University

Gartner,Leslie P., James L. Hiatt, & Judy M. Strum.

2003. Board Review Series Cell Biology and

Histology 4th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott

Williams % Wilkins.

Junqueira,L.Carlos. Carneiro, Jose. and Kelley, O.

Robert. Histology Dasar edisi 8. Jakarta: EGC.

Pelczar, Michael J,Jr. and E.C.S Chan. 1986 Dasar-Dasar Biologi. Jakarta: UI-Press.