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SELECTION GUIDE FORBASIC FASTENING POSITIONS OF

SIMPLE FENESTRATION APPLICATIONSOctober 2009

Administered by

ASSOCIATION OF ARCHITECTURAL ALUMINIUM MANUFACTURERS OF SOUTH AFRICA

Trading as the AAAMSA Group Registration #: 1974/00006/08

Association Incorporated under Section 21 P O Box 7861 1ST Floor, Block 4 HALFWAY HOUSE Construction Park 1685 234 Alexandra Avenue

Midrand 1685

(011) 805-5002 Fax: (011) 805-5033 e-mail: [email protected] additional e-mail: [email protected] web-site: www.aaamsa.co.za

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

AAAMSA acknowledges with thanks the co-operation of Messrs Fischer who kindly approved the use of their

technical information.

This Guide refers only to fastening positions. The actual fastening products used and the quality and suitability

thereof are the sole responsibility of the fenestration installer.

Although this Guide refers to Fischer products AAAMSA does not prescribe the manufacturer of the fastening

products and fenestration installers are to select fastening products appropriate to the application at hand.

DISCLAIMER All information, recommendation or advice contained in this AAAMSA Publication is given in good faith to the best of AAAMSA’s knowledge and based on current procedures in effect. Because actual use of AAAMSA Publications by the user is beyond the control of AAAMSA such use is within the exclusive responsibility of the user. AAAMSA cannot be held responsible for any loss incurred through incorrect or faulty use of its Publications. Great care has been taken to ensure that the information provided is correct. No responsibility will be accepted by AAAMSA for any errors and/or omissions, which may have inadvertently occurred. This Guide may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form or by any means provided the reproduction or transmission acknowledges the origin and copyright date.

Copyright AAAMSA 2009

BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF FASTENING TECHNOLOGY 1. GENERAL FUNDAMENTALS

BUILDING MATERIAL The substrate and its quality is decisive for selection of the fixing: the building material and anchor base. A differentiation is made between concrete, masonry and panel building materials. Concrete is building material containing cement, which can be divided into two sub-categories: Standard concrete and lightweight concrete. While standard concrete contains gravel, lightweight concrete comprises additives like pumice, expanded clay or stryopore, usually with lower compressive strength. Because if this, among other things unfavourable conditions occur for anchoring fixings. The magnitude of the bearing force of a heavy-load fixing depends, among other things on the compressive strength of the concrete. This is indicated by the numbers in the short designations: e.g. the most frequently occurring concrete strength C 20/25 has a compressive strength of 25N/mm2 when a sample 150mm cube is crushed in a test machine. Masonry building materials. Masonry is a composite of blocks and mortar. The compressive strength of the blocks is usually higher than that of the mortar, especially in old buildings. Therefore, as much as possible, fixing should be anchored in the masonry block. Regarding fixing in masonry, often the bricks itself are the weakest part of the system. Therefore the exact load depends on the condition of the masonry. Generally, four groups of masonry blocks are differentiated: Solid blocks with dense structure are building materials that are very resistant to compressive loads without cavities or with only a low percentage of hole surfaces (up to max. 15%, e.g. as grip-hole). They are very well suited for anchoring fixings.

1. Solid sand-lime brick 2. Solid blocks, also known as brick or clinker brick

Perforated blocks with a compact structure (perforated and hollow checker bricks). These are mostly manufactured from the same compressive strength materials as solid blocks but are provided with cavities. If higher loads are introduced into these building materials, special fixings should be used, e.g. those which bridge or fill out the cavities.

1. Horizontal perforated blocks and vertical perforated blocks are often termed latticed or honeycomb blocks

2. Sand-lime perforated blocks, sand-lime hollow blocks

Solid blocks with porous structure usually have a very large number of pores and low compressive strength. Therefore, special fixings should be used for optimal fastening, e.g. fixing with long expansion zone and fixings that engage with the material.

1. Solid blocks of light concrete, solid blocks of expanding clay, e.g. “liapor”, “Gisoton” 2. Aerated concrete, e.g. “Ytong”, “Hebel”

Perforated blocks with porous structure (light perforated bricks) have many cavities and pores and thus usually low compressive strength. In this case, special care is needed in selection and installation of the correct fixing. Suitable fixings include those with a long expansion zone or injection anchors with a form locking anchorage - especially with light concrete hollow blocks, with cavities that can be filled with polystyrene.

Light concrete hollow blocks, e.g. of purnice or expanding clay

Panel building materials are thin-walled construction materials that frequently have only strength - e.g. plasterboard panels like “Rigips”, Knauf”, “LaGyp”, “Norgips”, gypsum fireboard like “Fermacell” or “Rigicell” or chipboard, hard particle board, plywood, etc. For optimum fastening, special fixings have to be selected: cavity fixing as they are called. These are fixings of plastic or metal and expand on the reverse side - fixing engaging with form locking that can anchor directly on the reverse side of the panel in the cavity.

Panel building materials

DRILLING The building material is critical for drilling - four methods are available: Rotary drilling: Drilling in rotation without impact for perforated blocks and construction materials with low strength so that the hole does not become too large and/or the webs in the perforated blocks don’t break.

Rotary drilling

Impact drilling: Rotation and a high number of light impacts with the impact drilling machine, for solid building materials with dense structure Impact

drilling

Hammer drilling: Rotation and a small number of impacts with high impact energy with the drilling hammer, also for solid building materials with dense structure

Hammer drilling

Diamond or core drilling process: Mainly used for large hole diameters or with greater reinforcement.

One more tip on drilling without impact: Carbide drill bits drill faster if they are ground sharp, similar to steel drill bits. There are also special masonry drill bits available.

Standard carbide drill

Sharply ground carbide drill

INSTALLATION Generally, the following aspects have to be considered during installation: The edge distance and axial spacing, as well as the component thickness and width, must be complied with properly if the fixing is to hold the required load. Otherwise splitting/spalling of the construction material or cracks may occur. Generally, for plastic fixings, a required edge distance 2 x hef (hef - effect, anchorage depth) and a required exial spacing 4 x hef are usual. If the expansion direction of the fixing runs parallel to the component, the edge distance can be reduced to 1 x hef. The hole depth must - with only a few exceptions - for example be larger than the anchoring depth: that is because function safety is only ensured if the screw has enough room to project beyond the tip of the plastic fixing. The respective hole depths are indicated for all products in the product tables on the following pages. Hole cleaning after drilling, by blowing out or suction, is indispensable. A hole that is not cleaned reduces the holding forces. The drilling dust has a negative effect on proper functioning of the fixing in the hole. THE INSTALLATION TYPES Differentiate between three different methods: 1. Pre-positioned installation: in this case, the fixing is usually flush with the

construction surface. The installation sequence: Transfer hole pattern of the object to be mounted to the anchor base. Drill, clean holes, set fixing and screw on item to be attached.

Aircrete fixing

GB

2. Push-through installation is especially recommended to simplify

installation in standard production installations or for items to be mounted with two or more fastening points: The holes in the item to be mounted can be used as a drilling template,

since their hole diameters are at least as large as the drill diameter in the construction material.

In addition to simplifying installation, a good fit of the fixing holes is achieved.

For frame fixings and use of a washer, the fixing is inserted through the washer to the rim of the fixing.

High performance

anchor FH

3. Stand-off installation is used to fasten items to be mounted at a specific distance from the anchor base with compressive and tensile strength. To do this, usually metal anchors with metric internal threads are used that can hold screw or threaded rods with lock nuts

Bolt FBN

Useful length and anchoring depth: in addition to the type of installation, the useful length and anchoring depth of the respective fixing have to be considered during installation:

The useful length da (clamping thickness) of the fixing and/or the screw should correspond to the thickness of the item to be mounted. On anchors with internal threads, this can be varied by selection of the screw length. However, in pass-through installation and with bolt anchors, the maximum useful length is specified by the fixing. Because of their two different approved anchoring depths, bolts anchors offer a larger variety of useful lengths. If the anchor base is covered with plaster or insulating material, screws or fixings must be selected with a useful length that corresponds at least to the plaster thickness, plus the thickness of the item to be mounted. The anchorage depth hef corresponds, for plastic and steel fixings, to the distance between the upper edge of the load bearing component to the lower edge of the expansion part and for chemical anchors to the lower end of the treaded rod. LOADING Not only the construction material and the type of installation are important for selection of the fixing, but also the loading to which is exposed: how great is the force? In what direction does it act? And where is it applied? Accordingly, forces are determined according to: magnitude, direction and point of application. The forces are specified in kN (kilonewton - 1 kN = 100kg), the bending moments in Nm (Newton meters). Tension Shear load Combined tension and shear load at

distance e

Compression

Combined tension and shear load

Shear load at distance e

N - Normal force, positive/negative, V = Shear force, Mb = Bending moment

The following loads are especially relevant for selection of the correct fixing: Ultimate loads, i.e. those loads that lead either to a failure of the anchor base or a failure or pulling out of the fixing. Their average values result from at least 5 individual tests. Characteristic loads designate those loads that are reached or exceeded in 95% of all tests (5% fractile). Permissible loads are working loads that already include an appropriate material and installation safety factor - according to approvals by ETA e.g. These apply only if the approval conditions are complied with. Recommended loads or maximum working loads include an adequate load safety factor. The calculation of the maximum working load from the failure loads and/or the characteristics loads are carried out by dividing the respective failure loads by a safety factor:

Max. working load = Failure load (F) Safety factor (γ)

Recommended safety factor Compared to the average failure load: - Steel and bonded anchors γ ≥ 4 - Plastic fixing γ ≥ 7 Compared to the characteristic failure loads: - Steel and bonded anchors γ ≥ 3 - Plastic fixing γ ≥ 5 Example of a steel fixing with a failure load of 40kN: FGebr. = 40kN/4 = 10kN These safety factors are standard recommendations and are only to be used for fixings if northing different is indicated in the tables of this catalogue. With approved fixings, the safety factor can be decreased to γ = 2.52 by using many test series: this means that the utilization can be optimized with the use of approved fixings. PRINCIPLES OF FUNCTION There are different bearing mechanisms that transfer the forces that act on the fixing into the base material.

With friction connection the expansion part of the fixing is pressed against the hole wall: the outer tensile loads are held by friction. High performance anchor FH Fixing SX

With form locking, the fixing geometry matches the shape of the substrate and/or of the drill hole.

Zykon push-through anchor FZA-D Universal fixing UX

With adhesive bond the mortar adheres the fixing with the anchor base

Reaction anchor R

METHOD A) WINDOWS 1) Using an extruded aluminium fixing lug: This allows the window to be factory glazed and wrapped. Most commonly used when the inside reveal is to be

plastered after fixing. Therefore concealing the lug. Use a minimum 6 x 35mm HPS anchor. 2) Using a plug and screw: Counter sunk screw-fixing through the frame of unglazed windows. This method is used to fit a window to a face-

brick reveal therefore glazing and plastic wrap is done in situe. Use a minimum 5 x 75mm stainless steel or plated woodscrew.

TYPICAL CASEMENT WINDOWS FASTENING POSITIONS

GENERAL The window is fixed into position - the cill is then built at a later stage - the bottom lugs can be left in place but it is often found that most times the mason either bends them out of his way or breaks them off. This practically means that most windows are only secured on 3 sides.

B) SHOPFRONTS

1) Using an aluminium strap: Reveal to be plastered after installation - use a minimum 6 x 35mm HPS Anchor.

2) Using plug and screw: Counter sunk screw-fixed through the frame (See methods A & B)

Recommend positions of fixing lugs - see attached drawings:

TYPICAL SHOPFRONT FASTENING POSITIONS

TYPICAL VERTICAL SLIDING WINDOW

FASTENING SYSTEMS

TYPICAL PIVOT WINDOW FASTENING POSITIONS

TYPICAL HORIZONTAL SLIDING WINDOW & DOORS

ANNEX A (Informative)

Technical Data

S-PLUG OVERVIEW

S-Plug

Wood screw

Chipboard screw

Suitable for:

Concete Natural stone with dense structure Solid brick Solid sand-lime brick Solid block made from lightweight concrete Hollow concrete blocks, etc.

For fixing of:

Pictures Motion detectors Lamps Skirting Electric switches Small wall-mounted shelves

Towel rails Lightweight mirror cabinets Letter boxes Hanging baskets Curtain rails

DESCRIPTION

Nylon expansion fixing. For use with wood-, chipboard-, and

self-tapping screws (see chapter safety-screws)

ADVANTAGES/BENEFITS

Anti-rotation lugs stop the plug rotating in the drill hole.

The wide neck is subject to no expansion pressure and prevents surface damage to tiles and plaster.

Temperature-resistant from -40° to + 80°C.

Can be used with wood and chipboard screws from 2mm to 16mm.

The edge distance ar must be at least once the anchorage length. For installations close to the edge we recommend turning the plug in a way that the direction of expansion acts parallel to the edge.

INSTALLATIONS Type of installation

Pre-positioned and push-through installation

INSTALLATION INFORMATION

Determination of the minimum screw length: Fixing length + Thickness of plaster and/or insulation + Fixing thickness + 1 x screw diameter

Drill only in a rotary motion (hammer switched off) in perforated and hollow bricks and aircrete. For safety relevant applications under permanent tensile load, nylon plus are not allowed. Therefore nylon plugs

may not be used for suspensions for the ceiling like lightnings. PLUG SX Expands in 4 directions - for an unbeatably firm grip in solid building materials. OVERVIEW

Plug SX

Wood screw

Chipboard screw

Universal spacing screw ASL Suitable for: For fixing of:

Concrete Prestressed hollow-core concrete slab Natural stone with dense structure Solid brick Solid sand-lime brick Solid block made from lightweight concrete Aircrete Solid panel made from gypsum Vertically perforated brick Perforated sand-lime block Hollow block made from lightweight concrete Slabs made of perforated bricks Hollow concrete blocks. Etc.

Pictures Motion detectors Lamps Slortomg Electric switches Small wall-mounted shelves Towel rails Lightweight mirror cabinets Letter boxes Hanging baskets Curtain rails

DESCRIPTION

SX - Advantages at a Glance Nylon expansion fixing. For use with wood-, chipboard-, and self-tapping

screws (see chapter safety-screws) SX long versions for higher anchoring depth in

perforated building materials, aircrete and to bridge plaster.

ADVANTAGES/BENEFITS

4-way expansions form lock guarantees highest grip.

Anti-rotation lugs prevent the plug rotating in the drill hole.

The special spread-free neck prevents damage of

tiles and plaster. Simple and quick push-through installation reduces

installation time Integrated hammer-in-stop enables - with pre-

assembled screw- push-through installation. The fixing’s collar prevents it slipping deeper into

the drilled hole.

Temperature-resistant from -40° to +80°C. The plug’s geometry allows the use of wood and chipboard screws between 2 and 12mm.

INSTALLATION Pre-positioned installation Type of installation

Pre-positioned and push-through installation.

Installation information

The required screw length is given by the anchorage depth + the thickness of the fixture and the screw diameter.

Push-through installation requires the largest possible screw diameter.

Drill only in a rotary motion (hammer switched off) in perforated and hollow bricks and aerated concrete.

Push-through installation

For safety relevant applications under permanent tensile load, nylon plugs are not allowed. Therefore nylon plugs may not be used for suspensions from the ceiling like lightnings.

TECHNICAL DATA

Plug SX Plug SX - long version

Type Art.No ID Drill

d0 (mm)

Min drill hole depth

t (mm)

Plug length - min.

anchoring depth

Chipboard screw ds x lx

(Ø mm)

Qty. per box Pcs

l= hef (mm)

SX 4 x 20 70004 4 4 25 20 2 - 3 200

SX 5 x 25 70005 1 5 35 25 3 - 4 100

SX 6 x 30 70006 8 6 40 30 4 - 5 100

SX 6 x 50* 24827 0 6 60 50 4 - 5 100

SX 6 x 50R 78185 2 6 60 50 4 - 5 100

SX 8 x 40 70008 2 8 50 40 4.5 - 6 100

SX 8 x 65 24828 7 8 75 65 4.5 - 6 50

SX 10 x 50 70010 5 10 70 50 6 - 8 50

SX 10 x 80 24829 4 10 95 80 6 - 8 25

SX 12 x 60 70012 9 12 80 60 8 - 10 25

SX 14 x 70 70014 3 14 90 70 10 - 12 20 SX 16 x 80 70016 7 16 100 80 12 (½”) 10 *Without collar

Plug SX with chipboard screw

Type Art.No ID Drill

d0 (mm)


t (mm)

Plug length - min.

anchoring depth

Max. useable length

tfix

(mm)

Chipboard screw ds x lx

(Ø mm)

Qty. per box Pcs l= hef

(mm) SX 6 x 30 S/10 70021 1 6 40 30 10 4.5 x 40 50

SX 8 x 40 S/20 70022 8 8 50 40 20 5 x 60 50

LOADS Recommended loads Nrec [kN] and mean ultimate loads Uu [kN]. These values apply to the use of wood screws with the given screw diameter. When use chipboard screws these values should be reduced by 30%. Fixing type SX 5x25 SX 6x30 SX 6x50

SX 6x50R SX 8x40 SX 8 x 65 SX 10x50 SX 10x80 SX 12x60 SX 14x70 SX 16x80

Wood screw diameter

(mm) 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 10 12 12

Substrate Nrec Nu Nrec Nu Nrec Nu Nrec Nu Nrec Nu Nrec Nu Nrec Nu Nrec Nu Nrec Nu Nrec NuConcrete ≥ C12/C15 0.3 2.00 0.7 4.9 0.8 5.8 0.7 8.5 0.7 5.0 1.2 8.5 1.2 8.5 1.7 12.0 2.0 14.1 2.6 18.0

Solid brick ≥ Mz12 (DIN105)

0.3 1.6 0.3 2.2 0.6 4.4 0.65 4.5 0.6 4.1 0.65 4.5 1.2 8.5 0.7 5.0 0.8 5.6 0.9 6.9

Solid sand-lime brick ≥ KS12 (DIN106)

0.3 2.0 0.5 3.5 0.8 5.4 1.2 8.5 0.6 4.2 1.2 8.5 1.2 8.5 1.7 12.0 2.0 14.1 2.6 18.0

Vertical perforated brick ≥ Hlz12 (p ≥ 1.0 kg/dm3 (DIN105)

0.07 0.5 0.07 0.5 - - 0.17 1.2 0.17 1.2 0.17 1.2 0.5 3.5 0.26 1.8 0.4 3.1 0.6 4.1

Perforated sand-lime brick ≥ KSL12 (DIN106)

0.17 1.2 0.3 2.1 0.3 2.7 0.3 2.0 0.35 2.3 0.3 2.0 0.8 5.5 0.3 2.0 0.3 2.2 0.4 2.8

Aerated concrete ≥ PB2

0.03 0.2 0.03 0.2 - - 0.09 0.6 0.04 0.3 0.09 0.6 0.2 1.4 0.14 1.0 0.3 2.2 0.4 2.8

Aerated concrete ≥ PB2

0.09 0.6 0.09 0.6 0.15 1.0 0.3 2.0 0.14 1.0 0.3 2.0 0.6 4.2 0.45 3.1 0.5 3.4 0.6 4.0

- Due to large range of scatter of the test results not suitable, the failure of the substrate varies so greatly that no reproducible values can be given

Distance from component edges (edge and corner distance ar) in concrete

Fixing Screw diameter (mm) Edge/Corner distance (mm)

SX 6 x 30 5 35

SX 8 x 40 6 40

SX 10 x 50 8 50

SX 12 x 60 10 65

WINDOW FRAME FIXING F-S

Window frame fixing F-S

Suitable for: For fixing of:

Concrete Natural stone with dense structure Solid brick Solid sand-lime brick Solid block made from lightweight concrete Aircrete Solid panel made from gypsum Vertical perforated brick Perforated sand-lime block Hollow block made from lightweight concrete

Windows Door frames Squared timbers

DESCRIPTION

Nylon window frame fixing By tightening the screw, the glass-fibre reinforced plastic cone is drawn into the sleeve, whereby the fixing is

expanded and wedge inside the drill hole

ADVANTAGES/BENEFITS

The sleeve is made of polyamide (nylon) for secure anchoring even in fragile building materials. The principle of installation prevents window frames from being pulled against the substrate. Locking lugs on the edge of the fixing provide strong joint resistance to both compressive and tensile loads:

particularly with metal and plastic hollow sections The plastic sleeve avoids contact corrosion and thermal bridges between metal window frames and the fixing screw. Cover capes to conceal fixing

INSTALLATION Type of installation

Push-through installation

TECHNICAL DATA

F-S - with zinc-plated countersunk screw and cross-drive recess Z3

Type Art.No ID

Drill-Ø d0

(mm)


td (mm)

Effect anchorage

depth

Anchor length

l (mm)

Max. unusable

length T fix (mm)

Plug edge

(Ømm)

Qty. per box Pcs

hef (mm)

F 8 S 100 88635 9 8 115 40 100 50 10 550

F 8 S 120 88636 6 8 135 40 120 70 10 50

F 8 S 140 88637 3 8 155 40 140 90 10 50

F 10 S 75 88625 0 10 90 50 75 15 12 50

F 10 S 100 88626 7 10 115 50 100 40 12 50

F 10 S 120 88627 4 10 135 50 120 60 12 50

F 10 S 140 88628 1 10 155 50 140 80 12 50

F 10 S 165 88629 8 10 180 50 165 105 12 50 Screw head Ø 10mm and 12mm

Cover caps for F - S Cross recess Z

Countersunk screws

Type Art.No ID Cap

(Ømm)

Qty. per box

pcs.

ADF 12W White 60275 1 12 100

LOADS

Recommended loads Nrec [kN] and mean ultimate loads Nu [kN]

Type F 8 S F 10 S

Substrate Nrec Nu Nrec Nu

Concrete ≥ B25 0.78 3.1 1.48 5.9

Solid ≥ Mz 12 0.90 3.6 1.25 5.0

Solid sand-lime brick ≥ KS12 0.90 3.6 1.25 5.0

Solid brick made from lightweight concrete ≥ V2 0.25 1.0

Perforated sand-lime brick ≥ KSL 6 0.25 1.0

NOTES:

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