self-built housing as an alternative for post-disaster recovery · 2016-06-24 · self-built...
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Self-builthousingasanalternativeforpost-disasterrecovery
Ir.EefjeHendriks1,MatteoBasso2,DarioSposini3,LexvanEwijk4,HannaJurkowska5.
12345EindhovenUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlandsPhone:+31629129801,email:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Purpose:Thisstudyevaluatescaseswhereself-builthousingisappliedbyNGO’sasastrategyforpost-disasterrecoveryoflow-incomegroupsandindicatesopportunitiesforfurtherresearch.Methodology:Threepost-disasterrecoverycasestudies;(1)SriLankatsunami2004,(2)Pakistanfloods2010,(3)Philippinestyphoon2013,areexaminedfromthreepointsofview,namelycostandtimereduction,maintenanceoflocaltraditionandincreasedhazardresistance,andconcentrateonexpectedlong-termeffectstheapproachcanhaveoncommunityresilience.Findings:Theresearchrevealsthatself-builtasastrategyforpost-disasterrecovery,couldenablecostandtimereductionandmaintenanceoflocaltraditions.Communityresilienceisachievedbycreatingagreaterunderstandingofhazardresistantconstructionprincipleswhichdecreasesthevulnerabilityofthosehitbyadisaster.However,toolsarelackingtoexchangebuildingrelatedknowledgesothatitlasts.Researchlimitations:Duetoalackofexamples,thecase-studiesavailablearenotsosuitableforadetailedcomparison,butcanneverthelessbeusedtogiveaninitialevaluationtotheapplicationofself-builthousing.Originalityvalue:Betterinsightisprovidedintocommunityresilience,withafocusonself-builthousingasanapproachforpost-disasterrecovery,givingdirectionforfutureresearchintoknowledgeexchangetoolswhichcouldsupportNGO’sinapplyingthem.KEYWORDScommunityresilience,post-disasterrecovery,disasterriskreduction,self-builthousingAUTHORBIOGRAPHY:EefjeHendriksisadoctoralresearcherandlecturerattheUniversityofTechnologyinEindhovenandtheAvansUniversityofAppliedScience,focussingonpost-disastershelteringandcommunityresilience.Sheinvestigatestoolstoexchangeknowledgeabouthazardresistantconstructionwithself-builders.ThetoolsaretobeappliedbyNGO’stoguidebasicallyeducatedlow-incomegroupsofdisastersurvivorsintheirrecoveryprocess.Forthispapershecollaborateswithagroupoffourmasterstudents.
1IntroductionWorldwide,almost60millionpeoplearecurrentlydisplacedbyconflict,climatechange,disastersanddevelopment,havinglosttheirshelterandsettlements(StephanieNebehay2015;Gaynor2015;Section2015).Fromthesedisplacedpeople30%areshelteredbyhumanitarianaidorganisations,inplannedandmanagedareas,leavingtheremainingtoimprovisetheirownshelters(Saunders2016).Fromlastyear’sestimatedshelterdemandof1.8billiondollars,onlyaquarterwascovered(Initiatives2015).
Currently,mostNGO’sprovidetemporaryreadymadeshelterswhichdonotcatalysetheself-recoveryprocess,creatinginsteadanundesirabledependenceonexternalaid(ShelterCentre2010;SPHEREProject2011;Baquero2013).Overtime,campstransformintopermanentsettlementsonillegalland,whenaffordablealternativesarelackingandNGO’s,governmentsandlandownersmissalong-termvisioninvolvinglow-incomesurvivors’activeparticipation(Setchell2006).Inordertoinnovatetheaidprocess,decisionmakersneedtoseepracticalexamplesofthepositiveimpactofalternativeapproaches,suchasself-builthousing(Hayles2010;Thrippugazh2014;Saunders2016).
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Whilethereissubstantialliteratureonpost-disasterreconstruction,thereis,bycomparison,insufficientonself-builtreconstruction.ThecasesofthetsunamiinSriLanka(2004),thefloodsinPakistan(2010)andthetyphooninthePhilippines(2013),foundinliterature,exemplifydifferentdisastersituationswhereself-builthousingisappliedasapproachforpost-disasterrecoveryoflow-incomegroups.Thegoalistoevaluatethepotentialoftheseapproachesandstimulateawiderapplication,basingconclusionsonsuccessesandshortcomingsandgivingrecommendationsforfurtherresearch.
Disaster Area Realization Projectname
2004Tsunami,SriLanka Jaffnadistrict Government,UN-Habitat IndiaHousingproject
2010Flood,Pakistan Swatregion HeritageFoundation,GlasgowUniversity
GreenKaravanGhar
2013Typhoon,Philippines East-Samarprovince Cordaid,BuildChange,CAFOD
Resilientcommunities
Figure1.Keyaspectsofthecasestudies
2Self-builthousingstrategyThispaperevaluatesqualitiesoftheapproachesthatpositivelyinfluencelong-termcommunityresilience.Thiscanbedefinedas“thecapacityofacommunity…potentiallyexposedtohazardstoadapt,byresistingorchanginginordertoreachandmaintainanacceptableleveloffunctioningandstructure”(UN-ISDR2004).Communityresilienceisimportanttoenableindependencefromexternalaid.Onlyqualitiesrelatedtotheapproachofself-builthousingwhichsupportcommunityresilienceareevaluatedhere(IFRC2014).Firstofall,self-builthousinghasthepotentialforcostandtimereduction.Usersprovidetheneededlabourandthroughparticipation,futureadaptationcostsarepreventedsincethehousesdirectlycomplywiththeuser’sneedsandprinciplesofhazardresistance.Savingcostsandtimeacceleratesthecommunitytocreateeconomyopportunitiesandtakecareoftheirownneeds(IFRC2014).Incaseofrecurringdisasters,basicunderstandingofhazardresistantconstructionprinciplescanempoweralocalcommunityreducetheirvulnerability,meettheirownneedsandthuscontributetolong-termimprovedresilience(Berke,Kartez,andWenger1993;deHaas,Cox,andGijsbers2013;Shaw2014;Renaud,Sudmeier-Rieux,andEstrella2013;IFRC2014).Besidesthat,theautonomyoftheend-userinthedesignandbuildingprocessleadstolibertyofexpressionoflocalidentityandanimportantpreservationoflocaltraditions(Alexander1989;Harris2003).Ingeneral,anowner-drivendesignandconstructionprocess,enablesthemaintenanceofthelocalarchitectureandculturalidentity(Alexander1989).Thecommonlyusedimportedemergencyshelterslackuniqueness,whichenablesownerstorecognizetheirhome.Feelingathomeandhavingafutureperspectivearecrucialformentalrecoveryafteradisaster(Leonetal.2009;Kennedyetal.2008).Therefore,anacceptablemaintenanceoflocalstructuresisimportantforthecommunityresilience(IFRC2014).Inaddition,community-basedconstructionactivitiescontributetothepsychologicalrecoveryofdisastersurvivorsand,iforganisedwell,thesenseofcommunity(Leonetal.2009;Kennedyetal.2008).Thesequalitiespresenttheimportanceofinvolvingtheaffectedpopulationinreconstruction.Inthisarticleforallcasesthreequalitiesareevaluated:(1)costandtimereduction,(2)increasedhazardresistance,(3)maintenanceoflocalidentity.
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3Casestudyevaluation
3.1CostandtimereductionInSriLanka,duetotheuniquenessofthephenomenonandoverwhelmingmediaattention,thefundingreceivedwasexceptional,evenmorethanthelosstobecovered.Therefore,disastersurvivorswithcompletelydestroyedhousesweregrantedrelativelylargefunds,Rs.550.000,atthattimeequalto4300USD,foreachhouse(UN-Habitat2012).However,theinitiallackofcoordinationbetweenstakeholdersandthemisevaluationofrisksledtoanextendedrecoveryperiod(Ingrametal.2006).However,ascanbeseeninFigure2,timeandmoneyweresavedbecauselocalsweretrainedtobuildtheirownhouses.
Figure2.PracticalfemalemasontraininginSriLanka(Jayasinghe2013)
ThesituationinPakistan,startedwithpoorpolicymaking,leavingalotoffreedomtothevariousorganisationsinvolved(Ward2012).Theclosecollaborationwiththecommunityischaracterizedbyfreelabourandtheextensiveuseoflowcarbonfootprintlocalmaterials,suchasbamboo,mudandlime,andvernacularbuildingtechniques(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).Thisresultedin266decentandextremelyaffordablehousesinIslamapurforapproximatelyRs.50.000perdwelling,around500USD(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).
InthePhilippines,thegovernmentandNGO’shadarelativelygoodcollaborationduetorecurringdisastersinthearea,whichenabletheimplementationofparticipatoryapproachesandspeededuptherecovery.Remarkableisthecompleteauthoritygiventothecommunitytodefineandprioritizetheirobjectivesandmanagealargepartoftheavailablebudget(Cordaid2015).Intotal537.127Euro,668.562USDatthetime,wasavailablefortherecoveryofthecommunitywitharound200families(Cordaid2014).Participantscouldpurchasebuildingmaterialsandhirelocalconstructionworkers,providingalocalcashflowandenablinglocalbusinessestorecoverfaster.TheNGOonlyguidedandtrainedthecommunity,enablingforexampleasensitivecostreductionbysupportingcommunitylabour,whichincreasedtheproject’simpact(Cordaid2014).
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3.2IncreasedhazardresistanceIntheirfirstresponse,theunpreparedgovernmentofSriLankaoverestimatedthelikelinessofarepetitionofsuchaneventwhendefiningano-constructionbufferzone.Thisresultedinrelocationofcommunitiestotheinland,destroyingtheirlivelihoodandpartofthesocialstructure.However,hazardresistantbuildingswereassuredandknowledgeandskillswereshared.Thehighmulti-hazardriskassociatedwithmajorfloodsinthemonsoonseasonrequiredsafeconstructionsiteswithadequatedrainageandsafetyforfloods(Zubairetal.2006;DisasterManagementCentre2005;UN-Habitat2012).
InPakistan,allcommunityactorsweretrainedindisasterpreparedness,whichincludedconstructionskillsandknowledgeaboutfloodresistanttypologies(Lari2011;MalikandRasul2011).Especiallywomenwereempowered(MalikandRasul2011).Theintroductionofearlywarningsystemsenabledfasterresponsesinthefuture(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2013).Besidesthat,alldesignsweretestedfordurabilityandhazardresistancebeforebeingintroducedtothecommunities(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).
InthePhilippines,therepetitivenatureoftyphoons,hadenabledtheGovernmenttoconsolidaterelationshipswithNGO’s.Throughcollaborationbetweenthegovernment,theNGO’sandthecommunitiesfutureriskswerediagnosed,gapsinresiliencewereidentifiedanddisasterpreparednessandriskreductionplansweresuccessfullyimplemented(JanseandVanDerFlier2014).TheNGOaimedtoreducestructuralrisksbystressingprinciplesanddetailstocopewithhighwindloads,presentedinFigure3(ShelterClusterPhilippines2014b).Duringtyphoonsinhabitantshadcleverlysoughtshelterintheirrigidoutsidetoilet.Thisprinciplewasreusedintheprogramforimmediatesheltering,sincereinforcinghousestowithstandstrongtyphoonsisextremelycostlycomparedtotheriskandrebuildingcosts(Cordaid2015).Throughparticipationitisexpectedthatfuturehazardswillhavelessimpactonthecommunityandthattheywillbeabletotakemeasurementsmoreindependently.
Figure3.Jointsforself-builthousesinthePhilippines(ShelterClusterPhilippines2014a).
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3.3MaintenanceoflocaltraditionsInSriLanka,throughcollaborationwithinhabitants,fivebuildingtypologiesweredeveloped(UN-Habitat2010).Althoughtraditionalinform,theywerestronglyinfluencedbyinternationalhousingtypologieswithlittlevariationsandlackingreferencetoculturalheritage(UN-Habitat2012).Theyonlydifferedinthechimneypositionandthepresenceorabsenceofaverandaandonlygableventswererecognizedfromtraditionalconstructions.However,theuseofcosteffectivegreenbuildingmaterialsandmethodswasencouraged:enablingthecommunitiestoexecutetheworkthemselvesandmanagetheirownnaturalassets(UN-Habitat2009).Localclay,earthandsandweremixedwithcementtoconsolidatethestructure.InPakistan,theuseoflocalbuildingtraditionsandindigenousmaterialssimplifiedtheparticipationofthecommunityandmadenewhousingblendwitholderones,presentedinFigure4(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).Bamboostructuresacceleratedtheconstructionandthewallsofmatsresultedinacomfortableindoorclimate(Lari2011;HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).Thispreventedenvironmentaldegradationandsupportedtheregionaleconomy.Withimprovedconstructiontechniques,confidencewasrestoredinlocalmethodswhichcorrespondedtolifestyle,incomeandpersonalneeds(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).Althoughthedesignsofthehouseswereadjustedtopersonalneedsofdwellers,maximizingparticipationandreinforcingthesenseofownership,only8designsweredevelopedwithonlysmallvariationsinrooftypesandbaseplinths(HeritageFoundationofPakistan2011b).
Figure4.MaintenanceoflocaltraditionsinPakistan(LariandHeritageFoundationofPakistan2011).InthePhilippines,thecommunityparticipationledtomaintenanceoflocalbuildingtraditionssincehousesdesignedbytheownersthemselvescorrespondedtothesurroundings.Theuseoflocallyavailablematerialssuchastimber,coconutlumber,bambooandorganicmatswasstimulated(Howe,Chris;Himberg2014;
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ShelterClusterPhilippines2014b).Especiallyremarkableisthereuseofwastematerialsintheenvironmentsuchasthelargeamountofyoungcoconutthreesthatweredestroyedbythetyphoon.
4ConclusionsSelf-builthousinghasbeenappliedbyNGO’sinseveralpost-disastersituationsasanalternativetoreadymadeorpredesignedsolutions.Fromthiscasestudycanbeconcludedthat,ifappliedwell,self-buildhousingcanhaveapositiveimpactoncommunityresilience,whichcouldsupportNGO’sandgovernmentstoconsideranalternativeapproach.Thispaperhighlightscostandtimereduction,hazardresistanceandthemaintenanceoflocaltraditions.Forabetterunderstanding,morecases,morequalitiesandshortcomingsarerelevanttoregardandrelatethemtofactorsthatinfluencecommunityresilience.Long-termmeasurementsareneededtoinvestigatethelong-termeffectonthecommunities.
ThecaseinPakistanrevealsthemostremarkablecost-reduction,wherethepermanenthouseshadapricecompetitivewithready-madetemporaryfamilytents.Ifself-builthousingwouldbemoreacceptedasarecoveryapproach,itwouldprovideanaffordableandthereforemorerealisticanswertotheshortageshelterrelief.Thiscaseisalsoremarkableforthelow-carbonfootprintwhencomparedtootherpost-disasterrecoveryprograms(Glasgown.d.).Keytothelow-costsinPakistanwasthestrongcommunityinvolvementandthecollaborationwithlocalNGO’s,enabledbylackinginfluenceofthegovernment.ThestronggovernmentinvolvementinSriLankasloweddownrecoverybyinitiatinganunnecessarybufferzone.InthePhilippines,thegovernmentwasexperiencedindisasterrecoveryandthissupportedasuccessfulimplementationoffastparticipatoryprocesses.Inallthreecasestheroleofthegovernmenthasinfluenceonthespeedofrecovery.InfurtherresearchtheexactinfluenceofdecisionmakersandlocalNGO’scanbemeasured.
Allthreecasesrevealthatempowermentwastargetedtoreducedisasterriskswithtrainingsandguidance.Itwouldbeinterestingtomeasurelong-termeffectswhenadisasterrecursandcomparetherecoveryofthesecommunitieswithcommunitiesthathadalessparticipatoryrecoveryprogram.Besidesthat,itwouldberelevanttocomparethewayknowledgeisexchangedinthesecasesandmeasuretheirlong-termeffect.NGO’sneedbetterappliedtoolstosupportself-builtinitiatives.
Alldiscussedapproachesintendtorespectlocaltraditions.AremarkablemaintenanceoflocaltraditionsisfoundinthemostrecentcaseinthePhilippines.Noreadymadeorpredesignedsolutionsweregiven.TheparticipatoryapproachinthePhilippinescanbeseenasabest-practicetoexchangelabour,materials,knowledgeandfunding.InSriLanka,largefundingorganisationswereinvolvedintherecovery,andtheirinfluenceontheconstructionprocessandhousingtypologieswaslarger,whichmightindirectlyhavecausedagreaterlossoflocaltraditions.Furtherresearchisneededtodefinehowfundsinfluencethelossoflocaltraditions.
Although,fewNGO’suseself-builthousingasastrategyforresilientrecovery,inthefuturehopefullymorewillrecognizeitsbenefits.Moredetailedcasestudies,whichevaluateself-builthousingareneededtosupportacceptancebygovernmentsandNGO’s.
AcknowledgementTheauthorthanks;theAvansUniversityofAppliedScienceforfundingthisresearch,thestudentco-authors,MatteoBasso,LexvanEwijk,HannaJurkowska,andDarioSposiniwhoprovidedaninitialoverviewofthecases,ProfessorAndréJorissenforco-interpretationofthecases,andDr.JacobVoorthuisforhissharpcomments.
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