self perception & self presentation

8/3/2019 Self Perception & Self Presentation

1/47

Self Perception & Self

Presentation


2/47

To become a healthy person , u

must understand your own self

y Find true happiness by becoming the Real you.

y Use self-analysis to unleash your creative energies, and be

the person you really are.

yActualize ourselves, get in touch with ourselves

y Love ourselves.


3/47

Self-awarenessy Pros: Become aware of your ideals and morals

y Con: When we are reminded of ourshortcomings and become self-aware, we

escape the situation (alcohol, binge eating, tv,etc.)


4/47

The unique human capacity of being able

to see ourselves from the outside; the

picture we gain how others see us

Definingthe Self


5/47

Parts of Self

y Me ( the self is an object of Experience}

y I {the self as an active agent in the environment}.

y The spiritual self,which is the inner core of identity,

including the persons goals, ambitions & beliefs


6/47

yThe material Self, which is the person

physical attributes.yThe social Self, which is the personal

identity as it is known by others.

yThe self extends beyond the physical body andincludes a persons possessions, reputation, and

family and social ties.


7/47

Self is a Social Creationy Looking-glass selfa term coined by Charles

Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self

develops through internalizing others reactions to us.

y Who we are & alter the way we see ourselves- in thecourse of interacting with others.


8/47

Self development is an Ongoing Lifelong

Process

yAs we do whatever we do in life,

yWe monitor how others react to us,

yThe result is the we continually modify the

self.


9/47

Self is an Active Constituent In Social

Life

y The self influences us in the following manners:

1. The way we view other people

2. The impressions we try to create in others eyes.

3. Our actions when we socialize with other people.4. The task we set ourselves etc


10/47

Multiple Selvesy A man has as many social selves as there are individuals who

recognize him and carry an image of him in their mind.

y The self we present to the outside world changes, dependingon who inhabits the world.

y We manage impressions of ourselves at all times, presentingthe Self we think others want to see.


11/47

It does summarize & organize our

assumptions about our qualities

Self-Concept: answer to the

question Who Am I


12/47

Types of concepts about the self (Higgins)

SelfSelf--conceptconcept DefinitionDefinition ExampleExample

ActualActual The beliefsThe beliefsabout theabout the

attributes oneattributes oneactually hasactually has

I am a caringI am a caringand sensitiveand sensitive

person; I amperson; I amathleticathletic

IdealIdeal The beliefsThe beliefsabout theabout theattributes oneattributes one

would like towould like tohave ideallyhave ideally

I would love toI would love tobe successfulbe successfuland popularand popular

OughtOught The beliefsThe beliefsabout theabout theattributes oneattributes oneis obligated tois obligated tohavehave

I should beI should bemore ambitiousmore ambitiousand toughand tough


13/47

Illustrative Self-Discrepancies

Types of SelfTypes of Self--DiscrepanciesDiscrepancies

Induced FeelingsInduced Feelings ExampleExample

Actual/OwnActual/Own --Ideal/OwnIdeal/Own

Disappointment andDisappointment anddissatisfactiondissatisfaction

I am dejected because I amI am dejected because I amnot as attractive as I wouldnot as attractive as I wouldlike to belike to be

Actual/OwnActual/Own Ideal/OtherIdeal/Other

Shame andShame andembarrassmentembarrassment

I am ashamed because I failI am ashamed because I failto be as kind a person as myto be as kind a person as myparents wished me to beparents wished me to be

Actual/OwnActual/Own Ought/OwnOught/Own Guilt and selfGuilt and self--contemptcontempt I hate myself because II hate myself because Ishould have more willshould have more will--powerpower

Actual/OwnActual/Own Ought/OtherOught/Other

Fear or feelingFear or feelingthreatenedthreatened

I am afraid my father will beI am afraid my father will beangry with me because I didangry with me because I didnot work as hard he believes Inot work as hard he believes I

shouldshould


14/47

Evaluation of various self qualities and

attributes.

The evaluative component of self concept is

known as Self-Esteem

General acceptance of yourself.

Self-Esteem


15/47

Generalization &Evaluation of

Self Attributes

Self-Concept

1. A student

2. Have a face

3. Posses a self

Self-Esteem

1. A good student or a bad

student.

2. An attractive face or nonattractive face.

3. A positive self or a

negative self


16/47

Self-Esteem: the degree to which you

feel you are a person of worth

High Self-Esteem:

you respect, accept

and positively

evaluate your selflike you feel

yourself as good ,

decent andreasonable etc

y Low self-Esteem

You tend to reject, derogate

and negatively evaluate

your self like feelinferior, discouraged, or

even worthless


17/47

Consequences of High self-

Esteem

y Self-esteem affects our behavior and the way we present

ourselves to others.

y Individuals with high self-esteem are more optimistic & less

depressed.y They get involved in life activities with more enthusiastically.

y Have leadership qualities


18/47

Effects of low self-Esteem

y Individuals with low self-esteem are more likely to victim of

anxiety, depression, drug abuse, alcoholism, ulcers,

insomnia.

y

Students with low self-esteem are less likely to be involved inclass discussion & in formal groups.

y People with low self-esteem are unhappy & see themselves as

failures.


19/47

y They foresee failure in future as well.

y They are unlikely to attempt difficult task, & quickly abandon

undertaking that present obstacles.y People with low self-esteem assume that other people will not like

them.

y They are awkward & fearful in social situations due toanticipatory rejection at every encounter.

y People with low self-esteem experience an abiding sense of regret,as though their very existence was an offense


20/47

A negative sense of self-esteem can

initiate a vicious cycle of poor performance

Failure

Low Self-esteem

Expectation of

failure

Reduced Effort,

Increased Anxiety


21/47

Is it possible to change people so that they do

not habitually attribute responsibility for

failure to themselves & do not blame

themselves all the time?

Tackling the negative impact of

self-Esteem


22/47

Self-Efficacy

ySelf-efficacy is the belief that you can

personally produce & regulate your

outcomes,

y Individual sense of competency and

effectiveness ,

y

U can achieve your personal goals, nomatter how great the odds against u


23/47

Impact of self-Efficacy

y Feelings of self-efficacy influence many

aspects of social life like

1. The careers we pick.2. The goals we seek in our personal lives.

3. Our tolerance of pain etc


24/47

Express excuse for failures and accept

credit for success

These self-enhancing perceptions enable

most people to enjoy the bright side of

high self-esteem and avoid the dark side.

Self Serving bias

a tendency to perceive oneself favorably


25/47

Ways of expressing self-serving bias

y Explaining positive and negative events such as situations

that combine skill and chance ( games, exams, job

applications)

Explaining marital discord.y Claim that we are better than average.

we are rating ourselves as superior in moral goodness than in

intelligence .

Construction own definitions of success


26/47

Giving importance to those things in which we are good.

y Unrealistic optimism:

This illusory optimism increases our vulnerability as we started

to believe ourselves that we are immune to misfortune ,examples of real-estate and stock market business


27/47

y We can conclude that success in academics and

beyond requires enough optimism to sustain hope

and enough pessimism to motivate concern


28/47

False consensus effect

yThe tendency to overestimate the

commonality of ones opinion and ones

undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors


29/47

False uniqueness effect

yThe tendency to underestimate the

commonality of ones abilities and ones

desirable and successful behavior


30/47

Self Presentation & Impression

Management

y The display of social behaviors that establish, maintain, or

refine the impression that others have of us.

y We change our behavior to play various kinds of roles &

present various selves, through impression management

we try to make ourselves likeable & attempt to fit the

perceived notions of others


31/47

False modesty

Self-handicapping

Tactics of self-presentation


32/47

Impression management

y The act of expressing oneself and behaving in a way

designed to create a favorable impression or a impression that

corresponds to ones ideals


33/47

1. Self-monitoring refers to our awareness of hoe we

appear to others.

2. People differ in their awareness of how their behavior

appears to others

Self-Monitoring


34/47

High Self-Monitors:y Have concerned what is socially appropriate.y Are particularly sensitive to the ways in which they are viewed by

others & watch others closely for clues to appropriate behavior.

y Are skillful at expressing their emotions.

y Behave more in accord with what is appropriate to the situationthan with their true feelings


35/47

Low Self-Monitors

y Act more impulsively.

y Are not skilled at altering their behavior to suite varied

occasions.

y

Are less concerned about the impressions they make on otherpeople.

y Finally, tend to act out their feelings & ignore situational cues

that indicate other behavior might be more appropriate.


36/47

Development of social self

y A set of positions and role performance.

y Social identity.

y Success and failures.

yOther people's judgment.

y Self and culture

individualism vs. collectivism.


37/47

Social Comparison Theory(Festinger 1954)y Social comparison.

When do we engage in social comparison?

Who do we compare ourselves to?

Similar others : self-assessment

Upward social comparison: self-improvement

Downward social comparison: self-enhancement


38/47

Social Adjustment is resulted from process of

Socialization while as Social Deviation is out

come of negative role of agents of Socialization;

Discuss.

Assignment


39/47

Reference books:

y Lamberth, John.1980 Social Psychology.London:Collier

Macmillan publishers.

y Papalia,Diane & Sally Wendkos Olds.

1990.A Childs Worlds. NewYork:y Mc GRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY.

y Feldman,Robert S.1990. Psychology. NewYork: Mc

GRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY.


40/47

Express excuse for failures and accept credit for success

These self-enhancing perceptions enable most people toenjoy the bright side of high self-esteem and avoid the darkside.

Self Serving bias

a tendency to perceive oneself favorably


41/47

Ways of expressing self-serving bias

y Explaining positive and negative events such as situations

that combine skill and chance ( games, exams, job

applications)

y Explaining marital discord.

y Claim that we are better than average.

we are rating ourselves as superior in moral goodness than in

intelligence .

Construction own definitions of success


42/47

Giving importance to those things in which we are good.

y Unrealistic optimism:

This illusory optimism increases our vulnerability as we started

to believe ourselves that we are immune to misfortune ,examples of real-estate and stock market business


43/47

y We can conclude that success in academics and beyond

requires enough optimism to sustain hope and enough

pessimism to motivate concern


44/47

False consensus effect

y The tendency to overestimate the commonality of ones

opinion and ones undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors


45/47

False uniqueness effect

y The tendency to underestimate the commonality of ones

abilities and ones desirable and successful behavior


46/47

False modesty

Self-handicapping

Tactics of self-presentation


47/47

Impression management

y The act of expressing oneself and behaving in a way

designed to create a favorable impression or a impression that

corresponds to ones ideals

self perception & self presentation

Documents