group presentation perception

7/30/2019 Group Presentation Perception

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The study of perception is concerned withidentifying the process

through which we interpret and organize sensory

information to

produce our conscious experience of objects andobject relationship.

Someone who has perception realizes or notices thing

that are not obvious


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Factors Thataffect Perception

SituationTarget Perceiver


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The process by which

members of anorganization choose aspecific course of

action to respond toboth problems andopportunities.


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Decision-Making Models in

Organizations


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I. Rational Decision making

The decision makers are rational and

makes consistent, value- maximizingchoices within specified constraints.


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Six step decision-making process

Problem

Identify and

Define Problem

Develop

Alternatives

A1

A2

A3

A4

An

Evaluate

Alternatives

+

A1

A1

A2 A2

An An

Criteria

Weight

the Criteria

T E C H

Set Decision

Criteria

Choice

Select the best

alternative


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II. Bounded Reality

The process of making decisions by constructive

simplified models that extract the essential

features from problems without capturing all

their complexity.


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III. IntuitionAn unconscious process created from distilled

experience that results in quick decision making

High uncertainty levels

Little precedent

Hard to predictable variables

Limited facts

Unclear sense of direction

Analytical data is of little use

Several plausible alternatives

Time constraints

C Bi d E i


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Common Biases and Errors in

Decision-Making

Overconfidence Bias Believing too much in our own ability to make good

decisions especially when outside of own expertise

Anchoring Bias

Using early, first received information as the basis formaking subsequent judgments

Confirmation Bias

Selecting and using only facts that support our decision

Availability Bias

Emphasizing information that is most readily at hand

Recent

Vivid


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Escalation of Commitment

Increasing commitment to a decision in spite of evidencethat it is wrong especially if responsible for thedecision!

Randomness Error

Creating meaning out of random events - superstitions

Winners Curse

Highest bidder pays too much due to value

overestimation Likelihood increases with the number of people in auction

Hindsight Bias

After an outcome is already known, believing it couldhave been accurately predicted beforehand


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Individual Differences in Decision-Making

o Personality

Conscientiousness may effect escalation of commitment Achievement-strivers are likely to increase

commitment

Dutiful people are less like to have this bias

Self-Esteem

High self-esteem people are susceptible to self-servingbias

o Gender

Women analyze decisions more than men rumination

Women are twice as likely to develop depression

Differences develop early


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Performance Evaluation

Managers are strongly influenced their decisionmaking by their own made criteria

Reward Systems

Managers will make the decision with the greatest

personal payoff for them

Formal Regulations

Limit the alternative choices of decision makers

System-imposed Time Constraints

Restrict ability to gather or evaluate information

Historical Precedents

Past decisions influence current decisions

Organizational Constraints

Ethi i D i i M ki


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Ethical Decision Criteria

Utilitarianism Decisions made based solely on the outcome

Seeking the greatest good for the greatest number

Dominant method for businesspeople

Rights Decisions consistent with fundamental liberties

and privileges

Respecting and protecting basic rights of

individuals such as whistleblowers

Justice

Imposing and enforcing rules fairly and impartially

Equitable distribution of benefits and costs

Ethics in Decision Making


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Utilitarianism

Pro: Promotes efficiency and productivity

Con: Can ignore individual rights, especially

minorities

Rights

Pro: Protects individuals from harm; preserves rights

Con: Creates an overly legalistic work environment

Justice

Pro: Protects the interests of weaker members Con: Encourages a sense of entitlement

I i C i i i D i i


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Creativity

The ability to produce novel and useful ideas Who has the greatest creative potential?

Those who score high in Openness to Experience

People who are intelligent, independent, self-

confident, risk-taking, have an internal locus-of-control, tolerant of ambiguity, low need for

structure, and who persevere in the face of

frustration

Improving Creativity in DecisionMaking


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The Three Component Model ofCreativity

Proposition that individual

creativity results from amixture of threecomponents

Expertise is the foundation Creative-Thinking Skills are

the personalitycharacteristics associatedwith creativity

Intrinsic Task Motivation isthe desire to do the jobbecause of itscharacteristics


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group presentation perception

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