sensory system
TRANSCRIPT
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Sensory System SystemSensory System System
Nabeel Kouka, MD, DO, MBA
www.brain101.infoNabeel Kouka, MD, DO, MBA
www.brain101.info
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environmentenvironmentenvironmentenvironment
animalanimalorganismorganism
animalanimalorganismorganism
Nervous systemNervous system
sensory sensory neuronneuron
stimulus reactionreaction
effectoreffectorInter-Inter-
neuronneuronreceptorreceptorMotorMotor
neuronneuron
Nervous System stimulus and reaction Nervous System stimulus and reaction
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Sensory SystemSensory System
Modality of SensationModality of Sensation
ReceptorReceptor
Sensory TractSensory Tract
Primary NeuronPrimary Neuron Secondary NeuronSecondary Neuron Tertiary NeuronTertiary Neuron TerminationTermination
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Modality of SensationModality of Sensation
General Sensation,General Sensation, Special Sensation Special Sensation
vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, tastevision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste
Exteroception, Interoception,Exteroception, Interoception, ProprioceptionProprioception
conscious vs. unconscious proprioceptionconscious vs. unconscious proprioception
position sensation, kinesthesia position sensation, kinesthesia
Touch, Touch, Pain,Pain, Temperature SensationTemperature Sensation
discriminative vs. light touch sensationdiscriminative vs. light touch sensation
fast vs. slow painfast vs. slow pain
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ReceptorsReceptors
Peripheral Nerve EndingPeripheral Nerve Ending
Receptor NeuronReceptor Neuron
Olfactory Neuron of Olfactory EpitheliumOlfactory Neuron of Olfactory Epithelium
Specialized Receptor CellSpecialized Receptor Cell
Merkel cell of EpdermisMerkel cell of Epdermis
Taste (Gustatory, Clear) Cell of Taste BudTaste (Gustatory, Clear) Cell of Taste Bud
Photoreceptor cells of RetinaPhotoreceptor cells of Retina
Hair cells of Inner EarHair cells of Inner Ear
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Receptor: Peripheral Nerve EndingsReceptor: Peripheral Nerve Endings
Receptor Neurons of Craniospinal Ganglion Pseudounipolar neurons of dorsal root ganglia
Trigeminal (semilunar, Gasserian ganglion),
geniculate (VII), superior IX, superior X ganglia (GSA)
Geniculate (VII), inferior IX, inferior X ganglia (VA)
Morphological Classification Free nerve endings
Expanded tip endings
Encapsulated endings ----- CT envestment
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ReceptorsReceptors
Free Nerve EndingsFree Nerve Endings
- Nerve endings without special structural- Nerve endings without special structural
organizationorganization
- - pain and temperaturepain and temperature receptor receptor
Expanded Tip EndingsExpanded Tip Endings - - Merkel’s Touch CorpuscleMerkel’s Touch Corpuscle
Merkel cells in basal layer of epidermisMerkel cells in basal layer of epidermis
- - Type I Hair cellsType I Hair cells of Vestibular Labyrinth of Vestibular Labyrinth
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ReceptorsReceptors
Encapsulated EndingsEncapsulated Endings
- Meissner’s Corpuscle- Meissner’s Corpuscle
- Pacinian Corpuscle- Pacinian Corpuscle
(Corpuscle of Vater-Pacini)(Corpuscle of Vater-Pacini)
- Genital Corpuscle- Genital Corpuscle
- Ruffini’s Ending- Ruffini’s Ending
- End Bulb of Krause- End Bulb of Krause
- - Golgi tendon organ:Golgi tendon organ: ProprioceptorProprioceptor
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Receptor Endings Free nerve
ending
Expanded tip
ending
Encapsulated
ending
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• Both receptor and effectorBoth receptor and effector
• StructureStructure
1. Capsule1. Capsule
2. Intrafusal Muscle Fibers2. Intrafusal Muscle Fibers
- Nuclear Bag Fiber- Nuclear Bag Fiber - Nuclear Chain Fiber- Nuclear Chain Fiber
3. Receptor and Effector Nerve Endings3. Receptor and Effector Nerve Endings
- Afferent Ending- Afferent Ending - Efferent Ending- Efferent Ending
Neuromuscular SpindleNeuromuscular SpindleNeuromuscular SpindleNeuromuscular Spindle
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• INTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBERSINTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBERS
(1) Nuclear Bag Fiber(1) Nuclear Bag Fiber
- 1-4 / each spindle- 1-4 / each spindle
- longer and thicker than nuclear chain fiber- longer and thicker than nuclear chain fiber
- large central aggregation of nucleus in- large central aggregation of nucleus in
equatorial regionequatorial region
(2) Nuclear Chain Fiber(2) Nuclear Chain Fiber - many fibers / spindle- many fibers / spindle - smaller and thinner than nuclear bag fiber- smaller and thinner than nuclear bag fiber - central row of nucleus in equatorial region- central row of nucleus in equatorial region
Neuromuscular (Muscle) SpindleNeuromuscular (Muscle) SpindleNeuromuscular (Muscle) SpindleNeuromuscular (Muscle) Spindle
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• INNERVATIONINNERVATION
Afferent Fibers: ProprioceptorsAfferent Fibers: Proprioceptors
(1) Primary (Annulospiral) Endings(1) Primary (Annulospiral) Endings
- Group Ia (12-20 - Group Ia (12-20 m in diameter) afferentsm in diameter) afferents
- terminate in both NB and NC fibers- terminate in both NB and NC fibers
- wound around the central equatorial region- wound around the central equatorial region
(2) Secondary (Flower-Spray) Endings(2) Secondary (Flower-Spray) Endings - group II (6-8 - group II (6-8 m in diameter) afferentm in diameter) afferent - terminates predominantly in nuclear chain fiber- terminates predominantly in nuclear chain fiber - terminates around juxtaequatorial region- terminates around juxtaequatorial region
Neuromuscular (Muscle) SpindleNeuromuscular (Muscle) SpindleNeuromuscular (Muscle) SpindleNeuromuscular (Muscle) Spindle
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• INNERVATIONINNERVATION
Efferent FibersEfferent Fibers
Gamma (Gamma () Motor Fiber) Motor Fiber
- terminates in small motor end plates- terminates in small motor end plates
of the non-nucleated (striated) /regionof the non-nucleated (striated) /region
of both intrafusal muscle fibers of both intrafusal muscle fibers
Neuromuscular (Muscle) SpindleNeuromuscular (Muscle) SpindleNeuromuscular (Muscle) SpindleNeuromuscular (Muscle) Spindle
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Sensory System Sensory System General SensationGeneral Sensation
Sensory System Sensory System General SensationGeneral Sensation
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Pathways for General SensationPathways for General Sensation
Touch & Proprioception from bodyTouch & Proprioception from body
Posterior White Colum-Medial Lemniscal PathwayPosterior White Colum-Medial Lemniscal Pathway
Pain & Temperature from bodyPain & Temperature from body
Spinothalamic TractSpinothalamic Tract
cf. Spinoreticular or Spinoreticulothalamic Tractcf. Spinoreticular or Spinoreticulothalamic Tract
General Sensation from FaceGeneral Sensation from Face
Trigeminothalamic TractsTrigeminothalamic Tracts
Pathways for General SensationPathways for General Sensation
Touch & Proprioception from bodyTouch & Proprioception from body
Posterior White Colum-Medial Lemniscal PathwayPosterior White Colum-Medial Lemniscal Pathway
Pain & Temperature from bodyPain & Temperature from body
Spinothalamic TractSpinothalamic Tract
cf. Spinoreticular or Spinoreticulothalamic Tractcf. Spinoreticular or Spinoreticulothalamic Tract
General Sensation from FaceGeneral Sensation from Face
Trigeminothalamic TractsTrigeminothalamic Tracts
Sensory System Sensory System General Sensation General Sensation Sensory System Sensory System General Sensation General Sensation
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Modality: Modality: Discriminative Touch Sensation (include Vibration) and Discriminative Touch Sensation (include Vibration) and Conscious Proprioception (Position Sensation, Kinesthesia)Conscious Proprioception (Position Sensation, Kinesthesia) from bodyfrom body
Receptor: Receptor: Most receptors except free nerve endingsMost receptors except free nerve endings
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Dorsal Root GanglionDorsal Root Ganglion
Posterior White ColumnPosterior White Column
2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Dorsal Column NucleiDorsal Column Nuclei (Nucleus Gracilis et Cuneatus)(Nucleus Gracilis et Cuneatus)
Internal Arcuate Fiber - Lemniscal Decussation - Medial LemniscusInternal Arcuate Fiber - Lemniscal Decussation - Medial Lemniscus
3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Thalamus (VPLc)Thalamus (VPLc)
Internal Capsule ----- Corona RadiataInternal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata
Termination: Termination: Primary Somesthetic Area (S I)Primary Somesthetic Area (S I)
Modality: Modality: Discriminative Touch Sensation (include Vibration) and Discriminative Touch Sensation (include Vibration) and Conscious Proprioception (Position Sensation, Kinesthesia)Conscious Proprioception (Position Sensation, Kinesthesia) from bodyfrom body
Receptor: Receptor: Most receptors except free nerve endingsMost receptors except free nerve endings
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Dorsal Root GanglionDorsal Root Ganglion
Posterior White ColumnPosterior White Column
2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Dorsal Column NucleiDorsal Column Nuclei (Nucleus Gracilis et Cuneatus)(Nucleus Gracilis et Cuneatus)
Internal Arcuate Fiber - Lemniscal Decussation - Medial LemniscusInternal Arcuate Fiber - Lemniscal Decussation - Medial Lemniscus
3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Thalamus (VPLc)Thalamus (VPLc)
Internal Capsule ----- Corona RadiataInternal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata
Termination: Termination: Primary Somesthetic Area (S I)Primary Somesthetic Area (S I)
Posterior White Colum-Medial Lemniscal PathwayPosterior White Colum-Medial Lemniscal Pathway Posterior White Colum-Medial Lemniscal PathwayPosterior White Colum-Medial Lemniscal Pathway
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DRG: Dorsal Root GanglionDRG: Dorsal Root Ganglion
1. 1. Posterior White ColumnPosterior White Column
A. Nucleus gracilisA. Nucleus gracilis
B. Nucleus cuneatusB. Nucleus cuneatus
2. 2. Medial LemniscusMedial Lemniscus
3. 3. Corona Radiata Corona Radiata
C. Thalamus (VPLc)C. Thalamus (VPLc)
D. Cerebral Cortex (S I)D. Cerebral Cortex (S I)
Posterior White Posterior White
Column-Medial Column-Medial
Lemniscal PathwayLemniscal Pathway
DRG
D
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Peripheral NervePeripheral Nerve
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DRG (dorsal root ganglion) neuronDRG (dorsal root ganglion) neuron
pseudounipolar cellpseudounipolar cell
peripheralperipheralprocessprocess
centralcentralprocessprocess
telodendrontelodendrontelodendrontelodendron
cell body cell body in DRGin DRG
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NG: Nucleus GracilisNG: Nucleus Gracilis
NC: Nucleus CuneatusNC: Nucleus Cuneatus
IAF: internal arcuateIAF: internal arcuate fiberfiber
LD: lemniscal LD: lemniscal decussationdecussation
ML: medial lemniscusML: medial lemniscus
PWC-MLPWC-ML
PathwayPathway
SecondarySecondaryNeuronNeuron
PWC-MLPWC-ML
PathwayPathway
SecondarySecondaryNeuronNeuron
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Thalamus
Ventral Posteromedial
(VPL) Nucleus
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SensorySensoryHomunculusHomunculus
SensorySensoryHomunculusHomunculus
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Pain PathwayPain Pathway
Spinothalamic TractSpinothalamic Tract
Anteromedial SystemAnteromedial System
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Pain PathwayPain Pathway Pain PathwayPain Pathway
PeripheralPeripheral
chemical chemical
mediators ofmediators of
pain and pain and
hyperalgesiahyperalgesia
• histaminehistamine
• bradykininbradykinin
• prostaglandinsprostaglandins
• potassium (Kpotassium (K++))
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Modality: Modality: Pain & Temperature Sensation, Pain & Temperature Sensation, Light Touch Light Touch from bodyfrom body
Receptor: Receptor: Free Nerve Ending Free Nerve Ending
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Dorsal Root GanglionDorsal Root Ganglion
2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Dorsal Horn Dorsal Horn (Lamina I, IV, V)(Lamina I, IV, V)
Anterior White CommissureAnterior White Commissure
Spinothalamic Tract (Spinal Lemniscus) Spinothalamic Tract (Spinal Lemniscus)
3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Thalamus (VPLc & CL)Thalamus (VPLc & CL) Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata
Termination: Termination: Primary Somesthetic Area (S I)Primary Somesthetic Area (S I)
Modality: Modality: Pain & Temperature Sensation, Pain & Temperature Sensation, Light Touch Light Touch from bodyfrom body
Receptor: Receptor: Free Nerve Ending Free Nerve Ending
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Dorsal Root GanglionDorsal Root Ganglion
2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Dorsal Horn Dorsal Horn (Lamina I, IV, V)(Lamina I, IV, V)
Anterior White CommissureAnterior White Commissure
Spinothalamic Tract (Spinal Lemniscus) Spinothalamic Tract (Spinal Lemniscus)
3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Thalamus (VPLc & CL)Thalamus (VPLc & CL) Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata
Termination: Termination: Primary Somesthetic Area (S I)Primary Somesthetic Area (S I)
Spinothalamic TractSpinothalamic Tract Spinothalamic TractSpinothalamic Tract
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Spinothalamic TractSpinothalamic Tract Spinothalamic TractSpinothalamic Tract
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Modality: Modality: Pain & Temperature Sensation, Pain & Temperature Sensation,
Light Touch Light Touch from bodyfrom body
Receptor: Receptor: Free Nerve Ending Free Nerve Ending
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Dorsal Root Ganglion Dorsal Root Ganglion
2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Dorsal Horn Dorsal Horn (Lamina I, IV, V)(Lamina I, IV, V)
Anterior White CommissureAnterior White Commissure
Spinothalamic Tract (Spinal Lemniscus) Spinothalamic Tract (Spinal Lemniscus)
3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Reticular FormationReticular Formation
4rd Neuron: 4rd Neuron: Thalamus (CL, Sm, POm)Thalamus (CL, Sm, POm) Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata
Termination: Termination: Diffuse Cerebral CotexDiffuse Cerebral Cotex
Modality: Modality: Pain & Temperature Sensation, Pain & Temperature Sensation,
Light Touch Light Touch from bodyfrom body
Receptor: Receptor: Free Nerve Ending Free Nerve Ending
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Dorsal Root Ganglion Dorsal Root Ganglion
2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Dorsal Horn Dorsal Horn (Lamina I, IV, V)(Lamina I, IV, V)
Anterior White CommissureAnterior White Commissure
Spinothalamic Tract (Spinal Lemniscus) Spinothalamic Tract (Spinal Lemniscus)
3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Reticular FormationReticular Formation
4rd Neuron: 4rd Neuron: Thalamus (CL, Sm, POm)Thalamus (CL, Sm, POm) Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata
Termination: Termination: Diffuse Cerebral CotexDiffuse Cerebral Cotex
Spinoreticulothalamic TractSpinoreticulothalamic Tract (Paleospinothalamic Tract)(Paleospinothalamic Tract) Spinoreticulothalamic TractSpinoreticulothalamic Tract (Paleospinothalamic Tract)(Paleospinothalamic Tract)
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Spinothalamic TractSpinothalamic TractSpinothalamic TractSpinothalamic Tract
spinothalamicspinothalamictracttract
anterior whiteanterior whitecommissurecommissure
posterior rootposterior root
decussationdecussation
- - contralateralcontralateral loss of pain and temperature loss of pain and temperature sensation sensation below below the level of lesionthe level of lesion
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DRG: Dorsal Root GanglionDRG: Dorsal Root Ganglion
A. Spinal Dorsal HornA. Spinal Dorsal Horn
B. Reticular FormationB. Reticular Formation
1. 1. Neospinothalamic TractNeospinothalamic Tract
2. 2. Paleospinothalamic TractPaleospinothalamic Tract
C. Thalamus (VPLc, CL)C. Thalamus (VPLc, CL)
3. 3. Corona RadiataCorona Radiata
D. Cerebral Cortex (S I)D. Cerebral Cortex (S I)
Spinothalamic TractSpinothalamic Tract
Anteromedial SystemAnteromedial System
DRG
D
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Fast PainFast Pain Slow PainSlow Pain
Sharp, prickingSharp, pricking Dull, burningDull, burning
Group III (AGroup III (A) fiber) fiber Group IV (C) fiberGroup IV (C) fiber
Short latencyShort latency Slower onsetSlower onset
Well localizedWell localized DiffuseDiffuse
Short durationShort duration Long durationLong duration
Less emotional Less emotional Emotional, autonomic responseEmotional, autonomic response
Not blocked by morphineNot blocked by morphine Blocked by morphineBlocked by morphine
Neospinothalamic TractNeospinothalamic Tract Paleospinothalamic TractPaleospinothalamic Tract
Comparison of Fast and Slow PainComparison of Fast and Slow Pain ------ Spinothalamic Tract------ Spinothalamic Tract Comparison of Fast and Slow PainComparison of Fast and Slow Pain ------ Spinothalamic Tract------ Spinothalamic Tract
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Fast and Slow PainFast and Slow Pain
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Comparison of Comparison of
Fast and Slow PainFast and Slow Pain
Neospinothalamic TractNeospinothalamic Tract
Paleospinothalamic tractPaleospinothalamic tract
- spinoreticular tract- spinoreticular tract
- spinoreticulothalamic- spinoreticulothalamic
tracttract
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1. Ascending control1. Ascending control
““Gate control theory”Gate control theory” of Wall and Melzak (1965) of Wall and Melzak (1965)
Substantia gelatinosa RolandiSubstantia gelatinosa Rolandi
2. Descending Control2. Descending Control
““Stimulation produced analgesia (SPA)”Stimulation produced analgesia (SPA)”
Raphe Magnus ------------Raphe Magnus ------------ Raphespinal tract (Serotonin)Raphespinal tract (Serotonin)
Periaqueductal Gray -----Periaqueductal Gray ----- fibers to raphe magnusfibers to raphe magnus
Lateral Tegmental Nucleus (Epinephrine)Lateral Tegmental Nucleus (Epinephrine)
Substantia gelatinosa RolandiSubstantia gelatinosa Rolandi
enkephalin enkephalin cf. endorphine, morphinecf. endorphine, morphine
Control of Pain TransmissionControl of Pain Transmission Control of Pain TransmissionControl of Pain Transmission
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Spinal and Brain StemSpinal and Brain Stem
Control of PainControl of Pain
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Analgesia - Analgesia - Morphine and EnkephalinMorphine and Enkephalin Analgesia - Analgesia - Morphine and EnkephalinMorphine and Enkephalin
opiumopium
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Modality: Modality: General SensationGeneral Sensation from facefrom face
Receptor: Receptor: Most receptors in the face Most receptors in the face
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Trigeminal (Semilunar) GangliaTrigeminal (Semilunar) Ganglia
2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Trigeminal Sensory NucleusTrigeminal Sensory Nucleus pain & temperature pain & temperature ---- pars caudalis of ---- pars caudalis of
spinal tract nucleus of Vspinal tract nucleus of V
Ventral and Dorsal Trigeminothalamic TractVentral and Dorsal Trigeminothalamic Tract
3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Thalamus (VPM)Thalamus (VPM) Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata
Termination: Termination: Primary Somesthetic Area (S I)Primary Somesthetic Area (S I)
Modality: Modality: General SensationGeneral Sensation from facefrom face
Receptor: Receptor: Most receptors in the face Most receptors in the face
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Trigeminal (Semilunar) GangliaTrigeminal (Semilunar) Ganglia
2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Trigeminal Sensory NucleusTrigeminal Sensory Nucleus pain & temperature pain & temperature ---- pars caudalis of ---- pars caudalis of
spinal tract nucleus of Vspinal tract nucleus of V
Ventral and Dorsal Trigeminothalamic TractVentral and Dorsal Trigeminothalamic Tract
3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Thalamus (VPM)Thalamus (VPM) Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata
Termination: Termination: Primary Somesthetic Area (S I)Primary Somesthetic Area (S I)
Trigeminothalamic Tract Trigeminothalamic Tract Trigeminothalamic Tract Trigeminothalamic Tract
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Trigeminothalamic Trigeminothalamic TractTract
A. trigeminal ganglionA. trigeminal ganglionB. trigeminal sensory B. trigeminal sensory nucleusnucleusC. thalamus (VPM)C. thalamus (VPM)D. cerebral cortex (S I)D. cerebral cortex (S I)
1. 1. spinal tract of spinal tract of trigeminal nervetrigeminal nerve2. 2. ventral ventral trigeminothalamic tracttrigeminothalamic tract3. 3. dorsal dorsal trigeminothalamic tracttrigeminothalamic tract4. 4. corona radiatacorona radiataV.V. trigeminal nerve trigeminal nerve
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Thalamus
Ventral Posteromedial
(VPM) Nucleus
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Spinothalamic TractSpinothalamic Tract& Spinoreticular Tract& Spinoreticular Tract
Widespread Widespread cortical regioncortical region
CL (intralaminarCL (intralaminar thalamic nuclei)thalamic nuclei)
reticulothalamicreticulothalamic pathwayspathways
spinoreticularspinoreticular tracttract
Primary MotorPrimary Motor Area (M I)Area (M I)
VPLc (ventrobasalVPLc (ventrobasal nuclear complex)nuclear complex)
(spinal lemniscus)(spinal lemniscus)
spinothalamicspinothalamic tracttract
thalamus
reticularformation
NeoSTTNeoSTT PaleoSTTPaleoSTT
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Spinocerebellar TractSpinocerebellar Tract
Modality: Modality: Unconscious Proprioception Unconscious Proprioception
Receptor: Receptor: Muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organMuscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Dorsal Root Ganglion Dorsal Root Ganglion
Posterior Root , [Posterior Column] Posterior Root , [Posterior Column]
2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: 1. Clarke’s column 1. Clarke’s column Posterior Spinocerebellar TractPosterior Spinocerebellar Tract
2. Accessory Cuneate Nucleus2. Accessory Cuneate Nucleus Cuneocerebellar Tract Cuneocerebellar Tract
3. Posterior Horn3. Posterior Horn Anterior Spinocerebellar r TractAnterior Spinocerebellar r Tract
Termination: Termination: Cerebellar CortexCerebellar Cortex
Spinal Cord Ascending TractsSpinal Cord Ascending Tracts Spinal Cord Ascending TractsSpinal Cord Ascending Tracts
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Spinocerebellar TractSpinocerebellar Tract
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Spinocerebellar TractSpinocerebellar TractSpinocerebellar TractSpinocerebellar Tract
Posterior SCbllTPosterior SCbllT
Inferior Inferior cerebellarcerebellar pedunclepeduncle
Post. SCbllT andPost. SCbllT and cuneocerebellarcuneocerebellar tracttract
posteriorposterior white columnwhite column
posterior rootposterior root
Anterior SCbllTAnterior SCbllT
superiorsuperior cerebellarcerebellar pedunclepeduncle
anterioranterior spinocerebellarspinocerebellar tracttract
anterior whiteanterior white commissurecommissure
posterior rootposterior root
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Predominant Sensory SyndromesPredominant Sensory Syndromes Predominant Sensory SyndromesPredominant Sensory Syndromes
• Herpes ZosterHerpes Zoster - inflammatory reactions of dorsal root ganglion- inflammatory reactions of dorsal root ganglion - severe pain on the dermatomes of affected ganglion- severe pain on the dermatomes of affected ganglion followed by rashes and vesiclefollowed by rashes and vesicle
• Tabes DorsalisTabes Dorsalis - common variety of neurosyphilis- common variety of neurosyphilis - posterior colum and spinal posterior root lesion- posterior colum and spinal posterior root lesion - loss of discriminative touch sensation and conscious- loss of discriminative touch sensation and conscious proprioception below the level of lesionproprioception below the level of lesion - posterior column ataxia- posterior column ataxia - lancinating pain- lancinating pain - loss of deep tendon reflex (DTR)- loss of deep tendon reflex (DTR)
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Herpes Zoster (Shingles)Herpes Zoster (Shingles)• varicella-zoster virusvaricella-zoster virus reactivation from reactivation from the dorsal root gangliathe dorsal root ganglia
• unilateral vesicular unilateral vesicular eruption within eruption within a dermatomea dermatome
• T3 to L3 dermatome T3 to L3 dermatome lesions are frequentlesions are frequent
• zoster ophtahalmicus zoster ophtahalmicus (ophthalmic division(ophthalmic division of trigeminal n., Vof trigeminal n., V11))
• Ramsey-Hunt syndromeRamsey-Hunt syndrome (sensory br. of VII)(sensory br. of VII)
• acyclovir, antiviral agentacyclovir, antiviral agent
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Herpes Zoster Herpes Zoster (Shingles)(Shingles)
Herpes Zoster Herpes Zoster (Shingles)(Shingles) Zoster ophthalmicusZoster ophthalmicusZoster ophthalmicusZoster ophthalmicus
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Tabes Dorsalis (Neurosyphilis)Tabes Dorsalis (Neurosyphilis)
posterior column lesion - sensory symptoms, posterior column ataxiaposterior column lesion - sensory symptoms, posterior column ataxia
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Tabes DorsalisTabes Dorsalis
Subacute Combined Subacute Combined
DegenerationDegeneration
Ataxic Gait and Position: Ataxic Gait and Position:
- Watches the ground- Watches the ground in walkingin walking
- Positive Romberg Test- Positive Romberg Test
- Stick and Stamp Sign- Stick and Stamp Sign
Posterior ColumnPosterior Column
AtaxiaAtaxia
Posterior ColumnPosterior Column
AtaxiaAtaxia
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Friedreich’s AtaxiaFriedreich’s Ataxia
posterior spinocerebellar tract lesion - cerebellar ataxiaposterior spinocerebellar tract lesion - cerebellar ataxia
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Muscle Status - Balance and PostureMuscle Status - Balance and Posture
alcohol and cerebellar dysfunctionalcohol and cerebellar dysfunction
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SyringomyeliaSyringomyeliaSyringomyeliaSyringomyelia
initial symptom - bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensationinitial symptom - bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
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SyringomyeliaSyringomyeliaSyringomyeliaSyringomyelia
initial symptom - bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensationinitial symptom - bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
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Trigeminal NeuralgiaTrigeminal Neuralgia(tic douloureux)(tic douloureux)
- - excruciating episodic painexcruciating episodic pain
in the area supplied by in the area supplied by
trigeminal nerve, especiallytrigeminal nerve, especially
second and third divisionsecond and third division
- - trigger pointtrigger point
- intense pain makes the- intense pain makes the
patient grimace (tic)patient grimace (tic)
- - antiepileptic drugantiepileptic drug (phenytoin, (phenytoin,
carbamazepinecarbamazepine) is effective) is effective
- surgical treatment- surgical treatment
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Special SensationSpecial Sensation
Gustatory Sensation (Taste, SVA) Gustatory Sensation (Taste, SVA) ----- Taste Pathway----- Taste Pathway Auditory Sensation (Hearing, SSA) Auditory Sensation (Hearing, SSA) ----- Auditory Pathway----- Auditory Pathway Vestibular Sensation (Equilibrium, SSA)Vestibular Sensation (Equilibrium, SSA) ----- Vestibular Pathway----- Vestibular Pathway Vision (SSA)Vision (SSA) ----- Visual Pathway----- Visual Pathway Olfaction (Smell, SVA)Olfaction (Smell, SVA) ----- Olfactory Pathway----- Olfactory Pathway
Special SensationSpecial Sensation
Gustatory Sensation (Taste, SVA) Gustatory Sensation (Taste, SVA) ----- Taste Pathway----- Taste Pathway Auditory Sensation (Hearing, SSA) Auditory Sensation (Hearing, SSA) ----- Auditory Pathway----- Auditory Pathway Vestibular Sensation (Equilibrium, SSA)Vestibular Sensation (Equilibrium, SSA) ----- Vestibular Pathway----- Vestibular Pathway Vision (SSA)Vision (SSA) ----- Visual Pathway----- Visual Pathway Olfaction (Smell, SVA)Olfaction (Smell, SVA) ----- Olfactory Pathway----- Olfactory Pathway
Sensory System Sensory System Special Sensation Special Sensation Sensory System Sensory System Special Sensation Special Sensation
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Taste (Gustatory) Taste (Gustatory)
PathwayPathway
Taste (Gustatory) Taste (Gustatory)
PathwayPathway
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Modality: Modality: Taste Sensation Taste Sensation
Receptor: Receptor: Taste BudTaste Bud
Cranial Nerve: VII, IX, XCranial Nerve: VII, IX, X
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Geniculate Ganglion (VII)Geniculate Ganglion (VII)
Inferior Ganglion (IX, X)Inferior Ganglion (IX, X)
2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Nucleus Tractus SolitariusNucleus Tractus Solitarius
(Gustatory Nucleus)(Gustatory Nucleus)
solitariothalamic fiber (central tegmental tract) solitariothalamic fiber (central tegmental tract)
3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Thalamus (VPMpc)Thalamus (VPMpc) Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata
Termination: Termination: Gustatory AreaGustatory Area Brodmann area 43 & parainsular cortexBrodmann area 43 & parainsular cortex
Modality: Modality: Taste Sensation Taste Sensation
Receptor: Receptor: Taste BudTaste Bud
Cranial Nerve: VII, IX, XCranial Nerve: VII, IX, X
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Geniculate Ganglion (VII)Geniculate Ganglion (VII)
Inferior Ganglion (IX, X)Inferior Ganglion (IX, X)
2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Nucleus Tractus SolitariusNucleus Tractus Solitarius
(Gustatory Nucleus)(Gustatory Nucleus)
solitariothalamic fiber (central tegmental tract) solitariothalamic fiber (central tegmental tract)
3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Thalamus (VPMpc)Thalamus (VPMpc) Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata
Termination: Termination: Gustatory AreaGustatory Area Brodmann area 43 & parainsular cortexBrodmann area 43 & parainsular cortex
Taste (Gustatory) PathwayTaste (Gustatory) Pathway Taste (Gustatory) PathwayTaste (Gustatory) Pathway
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Taste BudTaste Bud
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SVA (Special Visceral Afferent): Cranial Nerve VII, IX, XSVA (Special Visceral Afferent): Cranial Nerve VII, IX, X
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Taste PathwaysTaste Pathways
A. nucleus tractusA. nucleus tractus solitariussolitarius (gustatory nucleus)(gustatory nucleus)B. thalamus (VPMpc)B. thalamus (VPMpc)C. Brodmann area 43C. Brodmann area 43D. parainsular cortexD. parainsular cortexE. parabrachialE. parabrachial nucleusnucleus
1. 1. solitariothalamicsolitariothalamic fiber (central fiber (central tegmental tract)tegmental tract)2. 2. corona radiatacorona radiataVII. VII. facial nervefacial nerveIX. IX. glossopharyngeal glossopharyngeal nervenerveX. X. vagus nervevagus nerve
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Vestibular Vestibular
PathwayPathway
Vestibular Vestibular
PathwayPathway
Sense of EquilibriumSense of Equilibrium
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Modality: Modality: Equilibrium Sensation Equilibrium Sensation
Receptor: Receptor: Macula & Crista Ampullaris Macula & Crista Ampullaris
Cranial Nerve: VIIIvCranial Nerve: VIIIv
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Vestibular GanglionVestibular Ganglion
2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Vestibular NucleusVestibular Nucleus vestibulothalamic fiber (medial lemniscus) vestibulothalamic fiber (medial lemniscus)
3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Thalamus (VPLo, VPI?)Thalamus (VPLo, VPI?) Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata
Termination: Termination: Primary Vestibular AreaPrimary Vestibular Area ----- Primary Somesthetic Area ----- Primary Somesthetic Area
(Brodmann area 3a, 2v ) (Brodmann area 3a, 2v )
Modality: Modality: Equilibrium Sensation Equilibrium Sensation
Receptor: Receptor: Macula & Crista Ampullaris Macula & Crista Ampullaris
Cranial Nerve: VIIIvCranial Nerve: VIIIv
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Vestibular GanglionVestibular Ganglion
2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Vestibular NucleusVestibular Nucleus vestibulothalamic fiber (medial lemniscus) vestibulothalamic fiber (medial lemniscus)
3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Thalamus (VPLo, VPI?)Thalamus (VPLo, VPI?) Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata Internal Capsule ----- Corona Radiata
Termination: Termination: Primary Vestibular AreaPrimary Vestibular Area ----- Primary Somesthetic Area ----- Primary Somesthetic Area
(Brodmann area 3a, 2v ) (Brodmann area 3a, 2v )
Vestibular PathwayVestibular Pathway Vestibular PathwayVestibular Pathway
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Vestibular Mechanism - Otolithic MembraneVestibular Mechanism - Otolithic Membrane Vestibular Mechanism - Otolithic MembraneVestibular Mechanism - Otolithic Membrane
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Vestibular Hair CellVestibular Hair Cell Vestibular ReceptorVestibular Receptor Vestibular Hair CellVestibular Hair Cell Vestibular ReceptorVestibular Receptor
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Vestibular PathwayVestibular Pathway
A. Vestibular ganglionA. Vestibular ganglion
B. Vestibular nucleusB. Vestibular nucleus
C. ThalamusC. Thalamus
(VPLo, VPI?)(VPLo, VPI?)
D. Primary VestibularD. Primary Vestibular
Area (S I, Brodman Area (S I, Brodman
area 3a, 2v)area 3a, 2v)
1. 1. Vestibulothalamic fiberVestibulothalamic fiber
(medial lemniscus)(medial lemniscus)
2. 2. Thalamocortical fiberThalamocortical fiber
(corona radiata)(corona radiata)
VIIIc: VIIIc: Vestibular divisionVestibular division
of VIIIth nerveof VIIIth nerve
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VestibularVestibular
TerminationTermination
• ThalmocorticalThalmocortical
connectionconnection
(VPLo (VPLo S I)S I)
• Deep, PeripheralDeep, Peripheral
Somesthetic CortexSomesthetic Cortex
--- 3a, 2--- 3a, 2
(termination of (termination of
deep PWC-MLdeep PWC-ML
pathway)pathway)
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AuditoryAuditory
PathwayPathway
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Modality: Modality: Auditory Sensation (Hearing) Auditory Sensation (Hearing) Receptor: Receptor: Organ of Corti of Cochlear DuctOrgan of Corti of Cochlear Duct Cranial Nerve: VIIIcCranial Nerve: VIIIc
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Spiral GanglionSpiral Ganglion 2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Cochlear Nucleus, Ventral & DorsalCochlear Nucleus, Ventral & Dorsal dorsal, intermediate and ventral acoustic striae dorsal, intermediate and ventral acoustic striae trapezoid bodytrapezoid body lateral lemniscuslateral lemniscus 3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Inferior Colliculus Inferior Colliculus brachium of inferior colliculusbrachium of inferior colliculus 4th Neuron: 4th Neuron: Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MG)Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MG) auditory radiationauditory radiation Termination: Termination: Primary Auditory Area (A I)Primary Auditory Area (A I) Brodmann area 31, 32Brodmann area 31, 32
Modality: Modality: Auditory Sensation (Hearing) Auditory Sensation (Hearing) Receptor: Receptor: Organ of Corti of Cochlear DuctOrgan of Corti of Cochlear Duct Cranial Nerve: VIIIcCranial Nerve: VIIIc
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Spiral GanglionSpiral Ganglion 2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Cochlear Nucleus, Ventral & DorsalCochlear Nucleus, Ventral & Dorsal dorsal, intermediate and ventral acoustic striae dorsal, intermediate and ventral acoustic striae trapezoid bodytrapezoid body lateral lemniscuslateral lemniscus 3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Inferior Colliculus Inferior Colliculus brachium of inferior colliculusbrachium of inferior colliculus 4th Neuron: 4th Neuron: Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MG)Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MG) auditory radiationauditory radiation Termination: Termination: Primary Auditory Area (A I)Primary Auditory Area (A I) Brodmann area 31, 32Brodmann area 31, 32
Auditory PathwayAuditory Pathway Auditory PathwayAuditory Pathway
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Middle Ear - Sound AmplificationMiddle Ear - Sound AmplificationMiddle Ear - Sound AmplificationMiddle Ear - Sound Amplification
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Inner Ear - Cochlear DuctInner Ear - Cochlear DuctInner Ear - Cochlear DuctInner Ear - Cochlear Duct
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Organ of CortiOrgan of CortiOrgan of CortiOrgan of Corti
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Organ of Corti - Inner and Outer Hair CellOrgan of Corti - Inner and Outer Hair CellOrgan of Corti - Inner and Outer Hair CellOrgan of Corti - Inner and Outer Hair Cell
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Auditory PathwaysAuditory Pathways
A. spiral ganglionA. spiral ganglionB. dorsal and ventralB. dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleuscochlear nucleusC. inferior colliculusC. inferior colliculusD. medial geniculate nucleusD. medial geniculate nucleusE. Primary auditory areaE. Primary auditory areaF. superior olivary nucleusF. superior olivary nucleusG. nucleus of G. nucleus of lateral lemniscuslateral lemniscus
1. 1. acoustic striae &acoustic striae & trapezoid bodytrapezoid body2. 2. lateral lemniscuslateral lemniscus3. 3. brachium of inferiorbrachium of inferior colliculuscolliculus4. 4. auditory radiationauditory radiation5. 5. commissure ofcommissure of inferior colliculusinferior colliculusVIIIc. VIIIc. cochlear divisioncochlear division
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Auditory PathwaysAuditory Pathways
A. spiral ganglionA. spiral ganglionB. dorsal and ventralB. dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleuscochlear nucleusC. inferior colliculusC. inferior colliculusD. medial geniculateD. medial geniculate nucleusnucleusE. Primary auditory areaE. Primary auditory areaF. superior olivary nucleusF. superior olivary nucleusG. nucleus of G. nucleus of lateral lemniscuslateral lemniscus
1. 1. acoustic striae &acoustic striae & trapezoid bodytrapezoid body2. 2. lateral lemniscuslateral lemniscus3. 3. brachium of inferiorbrachium of inferior colliculuscolliculus4. 4. auditory radiationauditory radiation5. 5. commissure ofcommissure of inferior colliculusinferior colliculusVIIIc. VIIIc. cochlear divisioncochlear division
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Visual Visual
PathwayPathway
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3 Tunics3 Tunics
Tunica FibrosaTunica Fibrosa: : cornea, scleracornea, scleraTunica VasculosaTunica Vasculosa: : choroid, ciliary body, irischoroid, ciliary body, irisTunica NervosaTunica Nervosa: : retinaretina
3 Chambers3 Chambers
Anterior Chamber Anterior Chamber Posterior ChamberPosterior ChamberVitreous BodyVitreous Body
EYEBALLEYEBALL
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Modality: Modality: Vision Vision Receptor: Receptor: Photoreceptor Cell of RetinaPhotoreceptor Cell of Retina Cranial Nerve: II (Optic nerve)Cranial Nerve: II (Optic nerve)
1st Neuron:1st Neuron: Bipolar CellBipolar Cell 2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Ganglion CellGanglion Cell optic nerveoptic nerve optic chiasmoptic chiasm optic tractoptic tract 3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Lateral Geniculate Nucleus optic radiationoptic radiation Termination: Termination: Primary Visual Area (V I)Primary Visual Area (V I) Brodmann area 17Brodmann area 17
Modality: Modality: Vision Vision Receptor: Receptor: Photoreceptor Cell of RetinaPhotoreceptor Cell of Retina Cranial Nerve: II (Optic nerve)Cranial Nerve: II (Optic nerve)
1st Neuron:1st Neuron: Bipolar CellBipolar Cell 2nd Neuron: 2nd Neuron: Ganglion CellGanglion Cell optic nerveoptic nerve optic chiasmoptic chiasm optic tractoptic tract 3rd Neuron: 3rd Neuron: Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Lateral Geniculate Nucleus optic radiationoptic radiation Termination: Termination: Primary Visual Area (V I)Primary Visual Area (V I) Brodmann area 17Brodmann area 17
Visual PathwayVisual Pathway Visual PathwayVisual Pathway
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1. Pigment Epithelium1. Pigment Epithelium - retinal detachment- retinal detachment
2. Neuronal Layer2. Neuronal Layer
(1) Photosensitive Cell Layer(1) Photosensitive Cell Layer
Rod Cell, Cone CellRod Cell, Cone Cell
(2) Bipolar Cell Layer(2) Bipolar Cell Layer Bipolar CellBipolar Cell Horizontal CellHorizontal Cell Amacrine CellAmacrine Cell
(3) Ganglion Cell Layer(3) Ganglion Cell Layer Ganglion CellGanglion Cell Optic Nerve (II)Optic Nerve (II)
RETINA RETINA - Pars Nervosa- Pars Nervosa
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1. Optic nerve1. Optic nerve
2. optic chiasm2. optic chiasm
3. optic tract3. optic tract
4. lateral geniculate body4. lateral geniculate body
5. optic radiation5. optic radiation
6. visual cortex6. visual cortex
(striate cortex)(striate cortex)
7. Meyer’s loop7. Meyer’s loop
8. lateral ventricle8. lateral ventricle
Visual PathwayVisual Pathway
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1. Optic nerve1. Optic nerve
2. Optic chiasm2. Optic chiasm
3. Optic tract3. Optic tract
4. Lateral geniculate 4. Lateral geniculate
bodybody
5. Optic radiation5. Optic radiation
6. Visual cortex6. Visual cortex
(Striate cortex)(Striate cortex)
Visual Visual PathwayPathwayVisual Visual
PathwayPathway
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Clinical Features of Visual Pathway LesionClinical Features of Visual Pathway Lesion Clinical Features of Visual Pathway LesionClinical Features of Visual Pathway Lesion
1. optic nerve1. optic nerve
2. optic chiasm2. optic chiasm
3. optic tract3. optic tract
4. & 5. optic radiation4. & 5. optic radiation
A. unilateral blindnessA. unilateral blindness
B. bitemporal hemianopsiaB. bitemporal hemianopsia
C. left homonymousC. left homonymous hemianopsiahemianopsia
D. left inferior homony-D. left inferior homony- mous quadranopsiamous quadranopsia
E. left superior homony-E. left superior homony- mous quadranopsiamous quadranopsia
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Olfactory Olfactory
PathwayPathway
Olfactory Olfactory
PathwayPathway
Sense of SmellSense of Smell
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Modality: Modality: Olfaction Olfaction
Receptor: Receptor: Olfactory Cell of Olfactory EpitheliumOlfactory Cell of Olfactory Epithelium
Cranial Nerve: I (Olfactory Nerve)Cranial Nerve: I (Olfactory Nerve)
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Olfactory Bulb --- Mitral & Tufted CellOlfactory Bulb --- Mitral & Tufted Cell
olfactory tractolfactory tract
oolfactory striaelfactory striae
lateral & intermediate olfactory striaelateral & intermediate olfactory striae
Termination:Termination: Primary Olfactory Area (Rhinencephalon)Primary Olfactory Area (Rhinencephalon)
piriform lobe (prepiriform cortex, entorhinal cortex) piriform lobe (prepiriform cortex, entorhinal cortex)
corticomedial amygdala corticomedial amygdala
anterior perforated substance (olfactory tubercle)anterior perforated substance (olfactory tubercle)
Modality: Modality: Olfaction Olfaction
Receptor: Receptor: Olfactory Cell of Olfactory EpitheliumOlfactory Cell of Olfactory Epithelium
Cranial Nerve: I (Olfactory Nerve)Cranial Nerve: I (Olfactory Nerve)
1st Neuron: 1st Neuron: Olfactory Bulb --- Mitral & Tufted CellOlfactory Bulb --- Mitral & Tufted Cell
olfactory tractolfactory tract
oolfactory striaelfactory striae
lateral & intermediate olfactory striaelateral & intermediate olfactory striae
Termination:Termination: Primary Olfactory Area (Rhinencephalon)Primary Olfactory Area (Rhinencephalon)
piriform lobe (prepiriform cortex, entorhinal cortex) piriform lobe (prepiriform cortex, entorhinal cortex)
corticomedial amygdala corticomedial amygdala
anterior perforated substance (olfactory tubercle)anterior perforated substance (olfactory tubercle)
Olfactory PathwayOlfactory Pathway Olfactory PathwayOlfactory Pathway
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Olfactory EpitheliumOlfactory Epithelium Olfactory ReceptorOlfactory Receptor Olfactory EpitheliumOlfactory Epithelium Olfactory ReceptorOlfactory Receptor
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Olfactory epitheliumOlfactory epithelium Olfactory nerve (CN I) Olfactory nerve (CN I)
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Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory BulbOlfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Bulb Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory BulbOlfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Bulb
OlfactoryOlfactory epitheliumepithelium
Olfactory BulbOlfactory Bulb
GlomerulusGlomerulus
Mitral cellMitral cell
Tufted cellTufted cell
periglomerular periglomerular
cellcell
Olfactory tractOlfactory tract
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A. olfactory epitheliumA. olfactory epitheliumB. olfactory bulbB. olfactory bulbC. nucleus of diagonal bandC. nucleus of diagonal band of Brocaof BrocaD. periamygdaloid cortexD. periamygdaloid cortexE. cirticomedial amygdalaE. cirticomedial amygdalaF. entorhinal areaF. entorhinal areaG. septal nucleiG. septal nuclei
I. olfactory nerveI. olfactory nerve1. olfactory tract1. olfactory tract2. lateral olfactory stria2. lateral olfactory stria3. intermediate olfactory stria3. intermediate olfactory stria4. medial olfactory stria4. medial olfactory stria
Olfactory System - Olfactory PathwaysOlfactory System - Olfactory PathwaysOlfactory System - Olfactory PathwaysOlfactory System - Olfactory Pathways
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Olfactory PathwaysOlfactory Pathways
I
A. olfactoryA. olfactory epitheliumepithelium
B. olfdactory bulbB. olfdactory bulbC. anterior C. anterior olfactoryolfactory nucleus &nucleus & olfactory olfactory tubercletubercle
D. periamygdaloidD. periamygdaloid areaarea
E. corticomedialE. corticomedial amygdalaamygdalaF. entorhinal areaF. entorhinal area
II. . olfactory nerveolfactory nerve 2. 2. lateral olfactory striaelateral olfactory striae1. 1. olfactory tract olfactory tract 3. 3. intermediate olfactory striaeintermediate olfactory striae
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A. olfactory epitheliumA. olfactory epitheliumB. olfactory bulbB. olfactory bulbC. nucleus of diagonal bandC. nucleus of diagonal band of Brocaof BrocaD. periamygdaloid cortexD. periamygdaloid cortexE. cirticomedial amygdalaE. cirticomedial amygdalaF. entorhinal areaF. entorhinal areaG. mediodorsal thalamicG. mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD)nucleus (MD)
I. olfactory nerveI. olfactory nerve1. olfactory tract1. olfactory tract2. lateral olfactory stria2. lateral olfactory stria3. intermediate olfactory stria3. intermediate olfactory stria4. thalamocortical radiation4. thalamocortical radiation
Olfactory System Olfactory System - Connections of Primary Olfactory Cortex- Connections of Primary Olfactory CortexOlfactory System Olfactory System - Connections of Primary Olfactory Cortex- Connections of Primary Olfactory Cortex