sensory systems lecture whales and seals 11 slides
TRANSCRIPT
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Sensory Systems
• Chemoreception– Olfaction– Gustation
• Vision
• Touch
• Hearing
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Function of Sensory Systems
Navigate
Find food
Avoid predators
Locate calves
Mate underwater
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Function of Sensory Systems
• Environments change
• Other animals (friends, enemies, predators) change behaviour
• Each animal needs information on those factors to make appropriate decisions
• The senses allow animals to receive this information
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Olfaction
• Mysticetes: – Olfactory bulb only in fetus– Olfactory tract: in adult stage
• Odontocetes:– Bulb and tract only in fetus
• Pinnipeds: all structures present– Function– Maybe mother-pup recognition?
}Evolution:
changes in skull
morphology
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Gustation• In comparison to terrestrial mammals:
– Taste buds modified– Fewer buds on tongue
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What does a Dolphin/Seal taste compared to
humans?Threshold for
Sour
Bitter
Salty
Sweet
Bottlenose dolphin
7x higher
2x higher
10x higher
10x higher
Cal. Sea Lion
Similar
1000x higher
20x higher
No reaction
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Possible Functions of Gustation
• Communication
• Orientation– Spatial salinity gradients
• Humans can discriminate solutions with at least 18% salinity difference
• Seals can discriminate solutions with as little as 4% difference (lowest of all mammals)
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Sense of Touch
-well developed in cetaceans
-skin is sensitive
-important to pinnipeds
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Whales have hair at birth.
Some whales keep snout hair as adult
(Mysticetes and few odontocetes)
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Tactile: Pinniped Vibrissae
• Mystacial vibrissae on muzzle
• Supraorbital vibrissae above each eye
• Rhinal vibrissae in Phocids, at back of muzzle
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Touch: Sensory Hairs
• Sensory hairs:– Sirenians: Muzzle hair– Odontocetes: Usually
hairless after infancy– But: river dolphins have
jaws covered with thin bristles
– Baleen whales: ~ 100 vibrissae around jaws
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Sense of Vision-visibility may be limited in water
-light is extinguished
-eyes may not be important for long
range orientation
-close range are important
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Vision:The Marine Mammal Eye
• Similar to our eye
• Cornea not important (as opposed to humans)
• Spherical lens (Ganges river dolphins does not have lens)
• Ciliary muscles:• none in cetaceans
• pinnipeds
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Vision: Detection and Acuity
• Detection – Becoming aware of an object– Determined by sensitivity of photo cells
• Acuity– after detection, a clear image of the object is
needed: is it a conspecific, or a predator?– How much detail can one see?– Depends on the focusing ability of optical
system in eye
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Visual Ability in Air and Water
• Pinnipeds and dolphins have good visual acuity in water and air– seals can detect moving objects during moonlit
night at 466m depth
• Reflective layer behind retina (Tapetum lucidum)
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Sensory Systems: the Pinnipeds
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The head of a pinniped is equipped with sense organs to receive stimuli from its environment. (Antarctic fur seal)
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Order Carnivora the Pinnipeds
Family Otariidae Family Phocidae
Family Odobenidae
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Seal DivingSeal Diving
CasidheCasidhe Dyke, Marine Mammals 4912 Dyke, Marine Mammals 4912
Vision
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Southern Elephant Seal
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Walrus
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Thigmotactic: Sense of Touch
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Elephant Seal Pups
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Hooker Sea Lion With Pup
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Sense of Smell
-important to detect predator
-olfactory device reduced in phocids,
larger in otariids
-mating
-social interaction
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Sense of Smell
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Sense of Taste
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THE END
THANK YOU
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Visibility and Colour under Water
0
10
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30
40
50
60
70
80
Feet
Long wavelength Short wavelength
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