september, 2011poland cepheid multiplicity and masses: fundamental parameters nancy remage evans ed...
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September, 2011 Poland
Cepheid Multiplicity and Masses: Fundamental
ParametersNancy Remage Evans
• Ed Guinan• Scott Engle• Howard Bond• Gail Schaefer• Derck Massa• Charles Proffit• Alexey Rastorguev• Natalia Gorynya
• Scott Wolk• Massimo Marengo• Margarita Karovska• Ken Carpenter• Erika Bohm-Vitense• Joel Eaton• Ignazio Pillitteri• Leonid Berdnikov
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Cepheids
• Extragalactic distance scale
• Stellar evolution:
• ``The Cepheid Mass Problem”
• Asteroseismology
• Star formation: massive binaries
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Outline
• Star Formation• Binary Characteristics
• Hubble, Chandra, XMM• Tr 16: X-Rays
• Masses: Evolution• Velocity data
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Cepheids
• 4-7 M
• Formerly B stars
• Young ~50 Myr
• Post-RGB, core He burning
• Evolve without strong mass loss of O stars
• Known distances
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September 2011
Part I: Multiplicity: Goals
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High Mass Companions: IUE Survey
• Particularly complete binary information:• Evolved cool stars: sharp lines• Hot companions dominate in UV • Observed the 75 brightest Cepheids with IUE• All companions through early A detected• 21% companions
• Using RV: 34%
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Energy Distributions
• Hot companions• Normalized at 1600 A• Generally very low
reddening• Well determined
spectral types, mass
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IUE Example
• Cepheid RT Aur• Compared with main
sequence stars
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RT Aur
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Mass Ratios
• M2/M1
• Strong preference for low mass companions
• Selection: orbital periods longer than 1 year
• Contrast: binaries with P<40d: equal mass preference (Tokovinin, 2000)
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Multiplicity: Completeness
• Cepheids with orbits • 18 observed with IUE
=> hot companions known
• Multiplicity?
M2 unknown
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UV high res
Multiplicity: Completeness
• High resolution UV spectra (HST, IUE): velocity of companion
• 8 of 18 • 5 of 8 are triples
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Multiplicity: Completeness
• Cepheids with orbits + companion spectrum
• 8 (possibly 9) are triple: 44% (50%)
Triples
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Hubble Snapshot Survey
• HST WFC3
• V and I
• Eta Aql• Hot companion
known from IUE • No orbital motion
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Eta Aql: T Mon Subtracted
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Binary Parameters
• IUE survey: identify all companions M > 2 M
• 15 Cepheids• 11 have orbits, orb. motion => period • 3 resolved with WFC3 => separation • => period• (Eta Aql, V659 Cen, S Nor)• Compare distribution of separations of Cepheids (5
M) with solar mass stars (Raghavan et al., Duquennoy and Mayor) for q = M2 /M1 > 0.4
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Orbital Period Distributions
• Cepheids vs Solar mass stars: different period distribution for comparions with mass ratio > 0.4
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Cepheids Solar Mass
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Hubble Snapshot Survey: Goal 2: Low Mass Stars
• Resolved companions• HST WFC3• l Car• ~40” x 40”• V and I• Young low mass stars
produce X-rays• XMM image of l Car: no
X-rays => old field stars
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Low Mass Companions
• Alpha Per Cluster: age
of a typical Cepheid• Rosat observations:
filled symbols are X-ray detections
• Essentially all stars cooler than F5 V
• Field stars would not be detected in X-rays
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Low-Mass Companions: Chandra Observation of Polaris
• Young, low mass stars prominent in X-rays
• Center 3’ of ACIS-I field• Putative components
marked• A = Aa + Ab • B F3 V• C, D• X-ray but no 2MASS:
background AGN• Resolved companions 15
mag fainter
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HST Snapshot: Y Car
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Low Mass Companions of B Stars
B stars: comparable mass to Cepheids
• Late B stars: no X-rays• X-rays taken to be from low
mass companions• Identified late B stars in Tr
16 using photometry and proper motions
• Chandra ACIS image: B stars: blue: detected; purple: not detected
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Tr 16 Late B Stars
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• X-rays: dot => low mass companion ( 1.4 to 0.5 M)
• 39% of late B stars • Complementary
estimate of more massive companions from IUE: 34%
• Preliminary: q < 0.1 lacking
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• Luminosity: mass of He burning core
Core convective overshoot
Rotation
Radiative opacity
Mass loss
Part II: Masses as Evolutionary Benchmarks
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Masses
• Problem: mass mismatch between evolutionary and pulsation masses
• Problem: blue loops
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Measured Masses: Orbits
• Orbits:the basis for dynamical masses
• High quality radial velocities: Moscow Univ, CORAVEL, AST
• Eg V350 Sgr
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Mass: Binary Stars
• Kepler’s Third Law
• P2(M1 + M2) = A3
• Solar system units• P: period
• M1, M2: masses
• A: semi-major axis (separation)
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Masses of Galactic Cepheids
• How?• Ground-based spectroscopic orbit• Inclination• Double-lined spectroscopic binaries:high
resolution UV spectroscopy: orbital velocity amplitude ratio + mass of secondary
• Astrometric orbit of Cepheid (Benedict, et al.) + mass of secondary
• Astrometric orbit of both (Polaris)
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September, 2011 Poland
Masses of Galactic Cepheids
• Padua, Geneva tracks: decreasing overshoot from left to right
• S Mus,V350 Sgr: HST velocities
• W Sgr, FF Aql: Benedict orbits
• Polaris: HST
No overshoot
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S Mus
• Hottest companion• GHRS high
resolution velocities• Temperature
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September, 2011 Poland
S Mus
• FUSE spectra• Standards reddened
to match S Mus
• H2 absorption
H2
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S Mus
• Example
S Mus, B3 V
B5 V
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W Sgr
• Spectroscopic orbit: 4.3 yr
• IUE: hot companion: A0 V
• Small orbital velocity amplitude: face-on?
• Inconsistent with reasonable Cepheid mass
• Resolved?
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W Sgr B
• STIS spectrum• Component B:
resolved, hot• Spectroscopic
binary: Cepheid Aa + Ab, cool
2800 A2625 A
Ceph +Comp Ab
Comp B
0.16”
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W Sgr
• Solid: extracted Cepheid Aa+ Ab spectrum
• Dashed: Alp Aqr: slightly cooler than Cepheid
• Ab not detected• MAb < 1.4 M
• Mcep< 5.4 M
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Polaris: Orbit
• Pulsation velocity• Orbit: Kamper (1996)• Period: 30 years
• Amplitude: 3.7 km/s
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Polaris: Inclination
• Wielen, et al. 2000• Hipparcos proper motion• Nearly instantaneous in 30
year orbit• Derive inclination• 2 solutions
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Polaris: HST
• HST ACS• PSF• Comparison: white
dwarfs
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Polaris: Mass
• Dynamical mass
• Aa 4.5 + 2.2 /-1.4 M
• Ab 1.26 +/- 0.14
• Orbital motion
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Summary: Masses
• Masses: challenge to improve errors
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Binary Properties
• (Return to Part I)• Accurate velocities• For some stars span of
30 years• Identify velocity shift of
2 km/s between years (corrected for pulsation)
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Detection Probability (%)
• For an orbit with 5 Msun primary
• Ignore eccentricity
• For M2, P compute
• orbital velocity• Detect 2 km/s velocity
shift• Compute inclination
(detection probability) • Work in progressSeptember 2011 Poland
P (yr)
1 3 10 30
q M2
0.3 1.5 100 99 99 97
0.1 0.5 98 95 89 77
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Summary: Multiplicity
• New Multiwavelength Approaches/Results:• 44% (maybe 50%) of binaries are triples• Favor small mass ratios for P > 1 year• HST high resolution images • Period distribution: differences • between high and low mass stars • Resolved low mass companions: X-rays• Late B stars: 39% low mass companions• Velocities: orbits and limits
September 2011 Poland