sequencing and the chemistry classroom chemistry memory the painless way (maybe)
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Sequencing and the Sequencing and the Chemistry ClassroomChemistry Classroom
Chemistry Memory the Chemistry Memory the Painless way (maybe)Painless way (maybe)
Goals and ObjectivesGoals and Objectives
Teach kids about sequencing, Teach kids about sequencing, chunking, the brain and chunking, the brain and memorization.memorization.
Apply to specific content (elements, Apply to specific content (elements, ions and polyatomic ions).ions and polyatomic ions).
Chunking
For Starters…For Starters…Present Present sequencing and sequencing and memory memory information.information.
Use sequencing, Use sequencing, chunking, and chunking, and grouping software grouping software lab to determine lab to determine span.span.
Step 2Step 2Learn the elements Learn the elements through the natural through the natural “chunking” and “chunking” and grouping offered grouping offered by the periodic by the periodic table and hopefully table and hopefully developed by developed by students.students.
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18 1
H 1.008 2
13 14 15 16 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Lanthanides 58
Ce 140.1
59
Pr 140.9
60
Nd 144.2
61
Pm (145)
62
Sm 150.4
63
Eu 152.0
64
Gd 157.3
65
Tb 158.9
66
Dy 162.5
67
Ho 164.9
68
Er 167.3
69
Tm 168.9
70
Yb 173.0
71
Lu 175.0
Actinides 90
Th 232.0
91
Pa (231)
92
U 238.0
93
Np (237)
94
Pu (244)
95
Am (243)
96
Cm (247)
97
Bk (247)
98
Cf (251)
99
Es (252)
100
Fm (257)
101
Md (258)
102
No (259)
103
Lr (262)
Learning ElementsLearning Elements
Provide flashcards to students.Provide flashcards to students.
Have students develop best way to Have students develop best way to chunk and introduce periodic table.chunk and introduce periodic table.
Put in topics of primacy, recency, Put in topics of primacy, recency, chunking and practice.chunking and practice.
Step 3Step 3Learn the ions Learn the ions names and names and symbols by symbols by chunking using chunking using associations with associations with the periodic table.the periodic table.
Symbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions Fixed Charge
Symbol Name Symbol Name
H1+ hydrogen ion H1- hydride
Li1+ lithium ion F1- fluoride
Na1+ sodium ion Cl1- chloride
K1+ potassium ion Br1- bromide
Rb1+ rubidium ion I1- iodide
Cs1+ cesium ion O2- oxide
Be2+ beryllium ion S2- sulfide
Mg2+ magnesium ion Se2- selenide
Ca2+ calcium ion Te2- telluride
Sr2+ strontium ion N3- nitride
Ba2+ barium ion P3- phosphide
Ra2+ radium ion As3- arsenide
Al3+ aluminum ion
Ag1+ silver ion Zn2+ zinc ion
Cd2+ strontium ion
The ending for a negative ion’s name is –ide. For example, fluorine is fluoride. Replace the -ine with -ide
Symbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions Variable Charge
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Cu+ copper(I) cuprous Ni2+ nickel(II) nickelous
Cu2+ copper(II) cupric Ni3+ nickel(II) nickelic
Au+ gold(I) aurous
Au3+ gold(III) auric Sn2+ tin(II) stannous
Cr2+ chromium(II) chromous Sn4+ tin(IV) stannic
Cr3+ chromium(III) chromic Pb2+ lead(II) plumbous
Mn2+ manganese(II) manganous Pb4+ lead(IV) plumbic
Mn3+ manganese(III) manganic
Fe2+ iron(II) ferrous Hg22+ mercury(I) mercurous
Fe3+ iron(III) ferric Hg2+ mercury(II) mercuric
Co2+ cobalt(II) cobaltous
Co3+ cobalt(III) cobaltic
Monatomic Ion PatternsMonatomic Ion Patterns
Symbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions Fixed Charge
Symbol Name Symbol Name
H1+ hydrogen ion H1- hydride
Li1+ lithium ion F1- fluoride
Na1+ sodium ion Cl1- chloride
K1+ potassium ion Br1- bromide
Rb1+ rubidium ion I1- iodide
Cs1+ cesium ion O2- oxide
Be2+ beryllium ion S2- sulfide
Mg2+ magnesium ion Se2- selenide
Ca2+ calcium ion Te2- telluride
Sr2+ strontium ion N3- nitride
Ba2+ barium ion P3- phosphide
Ra2+ radium ion As3- arsenide
Al3+ aluminum ion
Ag1+ silver ion Zn2+ zinc ion
Cd2+ strontium ion
The ending for a negative ion’s name is –ide. For example, fluorine is fluoride. Replace the -ine with -ide
Symbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions Variable Charge
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Cu+ copper(I) cuprous Ni2+ nickel(II) nickelous
Cu2+ copper(II) cupric Ni3+ nickel(II) nickelic
Au+ gold(I) aurous
Au3+ gold(III) auric Sn2+ tin(II) stannous
Cr2+ chromium(II) chromous Sn4+ tin(IV) stannic
Cr3+ chromium(III) chromic Pb2+ lead(II) plumbous
Mn2+ manganese(II) manganous Pb4+ lead(IV) plumbic
Mn3+ manganese(III) manganic
Fe2+ iron(II) ferrous Hg22+ mercury(I) mercurous
Fe3+ iron(III) ferric Hg2+ mercury(II) mercuric
Co2+ cobalt(II) cobaltous
Co3+ cobalt(III) cobaltic
Fixed
Variable
Iron RustingIron Rusting
Fe is oxidation state 0
Fe2+ is oxidation state of 2+
A pit is formed in the Fe. Water enters the pit.
Fe2+ and Fe3+ is exposed to oxygen and forms Fe2O3 with water attached.
Picture from: http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/external/chemistry/everyday_corrosion.html
Column 1FixedColumn 1FixedColumn 1 loses an electron to obtain the noble gas Column 1 loses an electron to obtain the noble gas
configuration of column 18.configuration of column 18.
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008 2
13 14 15 16 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
The Stock system name uses Roman The Stock system name uses Roman numerals for the charge of the ionnumerals for the charge of the ion..
Symbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions Variable Charge
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Cu+ copper(I) cuprous Ni2+ nickel(II) nickelous
Cu2+ copper(II) cupric Ni3+ nickel(III) nickelic
Au+ gold(I) aurous
Au3+ gold(III) auric Sn2+ tin(II) stannous
Cr2+ chromium(II) chromous Sn4+ tin(IV) stannic
Cr3+ chromium(III) chromic Pb2+ lead(II) plumbous
Mn2+ manganese(II) manganous Pb4+ lead(IV) plumbic
Mn3+ manganese(III) manganic
Fe2+ iron(II) ferrous Hg22+ mercury(I) mercurous
Fe3+ iron(III) ferric Hg2+ mercury(II) mercuric
Co2+ cobalt(II) cobaltous
Co3+ cobalt(III) cobaltic
•Copper (I)
•Cu1+
•Tin (IV)
•Sn4+
Some words to remember for Some words to remember for common namingcommon naming
-ous is less -ous is less – The charge of the ion is the lower The charge of the ion is the lower
oxidation numberoxidation number– Example Ferrous is FeExample Ferrous is Fe2+2+
-ic is more-ic is more– The charge of the ion is the higher The charge of the ion is the higher
oxidation numberoxidation number– Example Ferric is FeExample Ferric is Fe3+3+
Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, NiCr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni For common naming For common naming
2+ -ous is less, 3+ -ic is more 2+ -ous is less, 3+ -ic is more Pattern on the periodic chartPattern on the periodic chart
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008
2+ 2
3+ 13 14
3- 15
2- 16
1- 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
Example: Chromous 2+ Chromic 3+ 5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31
3 4 5
II III - ous -ic 2+ and 3+
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
Step 4Step 4
Using chunking techniques to present Using chunking techniques to present and learn the polyatomic ionsand learn the polyatomic ions
AMMONIUM ION AMMONIUM ION (NH (NH44))+1+1
PHOSPHATE ION PHOSPHATE ION (PO (PO44))-3-3
POLY ATOMIC ION MODULEPOLY ATOMIC ION MODULESEQUENCE LEARNING CAN BE USED TO SEQUENCE LEARNING CAN BE USED TO MAKE MEMORIZING THESE IONS EASIER MAKE MEMORIZING THESE IONS EASIER AND MORE EFFICIENTAND MORE EFFICIENT
CHUNKING IS A PROVEN WAY TO IMPROVE CHUNKING IS A PROVEN WAY TO IMPROVE MEMORIZATION ABILITYMEMORIZATION ABILITY
A NATURAL WAY TO CHUNK DOWN A NATURAL WAY TO CHUNK DOWN TYPICALLY PRESENTED POLY IONS IS TYPICALLY PRESENTED POLY IONS IS ACORDING TO THE IONS ACORDING TO THE IONS CHARGE(OXIDATION)CHARGE(OXIDATION)
FIRST WE WORK ON -1 FIRST WE WORK ON -1 ANIONSANIONS
NITRITESNITRITES
COMMON NEGITIVE ONE COMMON NEGITIVE ONE ANIONS ANIONS
HYDROXIDE ION HYDROXIDE ION (OH) (OH)-1-1
PERCHLORATE ION PERCHLORATE ION (ClO (ClO44))-1-1
ACETATE ION ACETATE ION (CH (CH33COO)COO)-1-1
HYDROGEN CARBONATE ION HYDROGEN CARBONATE ION (HCO (HCO33))-1-1
AMIDE ION AMIDE ION (NH (NH22))-1-1
THEN NEGATIVE TWO ANIONSTHEN NEGATIVE TWO ANIONSCARBONATE ION CARBONATE ION (CO (CO33))-2-2
CHROMATE ION CHROMATE ION (CrO (CrO44))-2-2
DICHROMATE ION DICHROMATE ION (Cr (Cr22OO77))-2-2
SULFATE ION SULFATE ION (SO (SO44))-2-2
THEN THE REST OF THEMTHEN THE REST OF THEM
AMMONIUM ION AMMONIUM ION (NH (NH44))+1+1
PHOSPHATE ION PHOSPHATE ION (PO (PO44))-3-3
PHOSPHITE ION PHOSPHITE ION (PO (PO33))-3-3
ARSENATE ION ARSENATE ION (AsO (AsO44))-3-3
HAVE STUDENTS WORK WITHIN HAVE STUDENTS WORK WITHIN THEIR SPANTHEIR SPAN
TO COMMIT POLY IONS FROM THEIR TO COMMIT POLY IONS FROM THEIR WORKING MEMORY TO THEIR WORKING MEMORY TO THEIR PERMENANT MEMORYPERMENANT MEMORY
MEMORIZATION CAN BE STUDENT MEMORIZATION CAN BE STUDENT SELECTIVE USING FLASH CARDS OR SELECTIVE USING FLASH CARDS OR USING REPEATED WRITING METHODUSING REPEATED WRITING METHOD