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Table of ContentsWorkbook Subject Page

Table of Contents (this page) 1

Pass Guarantee Scheme Training Agreement 2

Examination Administration Information 3

NEBOSH Terms & Conditions and Procedures Information 4

NEBOSH Certificate Examination Techniques/Command Word Explanation 5/6

NEBOSH GC2-NCC1 Module Timetable 6/7

NCC1 Mock Examination Papers 9-20

NCC1 Framework Answers to Mock Examination Papers 21-68

NCC1 Revision Workbook Apr 161

NEBOSH Delegate ‘Pass Guarantee Scheme’ Training Agreement

1. This Training Agreement governs the ‘Guaranteed Pass Scheme’ provided to the student/delegate by RISK and Safety Management Services Ltd (RISK) for the purpose of equipping the student/delegate with the required theoretical knowledge and techniques necessary to successfully pass the relevant course examination(s).

“Our Guaranteed Pass Scheme means: We guarantee to support, train, coach and mentor you Support for you when you need it, not just when you are spending Provide you with health and safety support, the latest legislation and complianceIn order to become eligible for this scheme, the account must have been paid in full prior to the course start date, all training days on the original course must have been attended in sequential order, the student must have completed any homework, assessments, portfolios/reports and self study tasks in the time allocated, attended the original examination and pay any applicable re-registration and examination fees. Please note :-If booking a full course (i.e. 1 or more modules) the terms and conditions relating to the pass guarantee scheme revert to a full course booking (if discount applied) The delegate must attend all of the training days again (if a referral is achieved)Risk reserves the right to amend, alter and update the content of the “Pass Guarantee Scheme” at any time

2. The student/delegate agrees to:a. Use every effort to attend all teaching days within the core course tutored times;b. Use every effort to achieve the standards of study specified in this course

documentation by achieving success in all course formative assessments (exercises and practice questions);

c. Complete private study by reading the relevant chapters of the propriety course textbook to reinforce class tutored material;

d. Complete all homework questions in a style appropriate to the examination (i.e. not bullet points unless appropriate to the question)

e. Provide themselves with their own writing paper, pens, rulers etc to enable themselves to make any additional notes they wish to take.

3. RISK agrees to provide:a. A tutor on all training days for the core course tutored times;b. A propriety study textbook;c. A delegate workbook incorporating the course timetable; a copy of the NEBOSH Terms

Conditions and Procedures, examinations techniques and administrative information; practice day-by-day questions (outline answers given on the following day of the course); practice mock examination papers with outline answers; and any additional revision material for subject areas as appropriate.

d. Where appropriate, a one-to-one meeting with a course tutor to discuss progress;e. An out of hours telephone support line (if the tutor is not immediately available RISK will

contact you within 24-hours).f. A log in area for the download of further revision materials. To become eligible for the

“Pass Guarantee Scheme” the account must be paid in full, prior to the course start date.


EXAMINATIONS ADMINISTRATION INFORMATION

Qualifying periodsA Pass must be obtained in all three units within a five-year period in order to qualify for the award of the NEBOSH National General Certificate. If you have claimed exemption from Unit NGC1 and achieved a Pass in the other two units, you will also qualify for the award.

Referrals will be granted in individual components where candidates have failed to reach a satisfactory standard. If you have been referred in an individual component (<45% for Units NGC1 and NCC1 and <60% for Unit NCC2) you may re-sit just the component(s) in which you have been referred providing that you re-sit within five years of the result declaration date of the first successful unit.

Awarding and grading criteriaGrading criteria shall not apply to individual units but candidates will be informed of the unit mark achieved. Candidates who are successful in an individual unit will be issued with a Unit Certificate, normally within eight weeks of the issue of the result notification.

The aggregate mark of the three unit marks is used to determine a grade for the award according to the following criteria:

Distinction 210 marks or more

Credit 180 – 209 marks

Pass 150 – 179 marks

Qualification parchments will normally be issued within eight weeks of the issue of the result notification. Candidates may, however, wish to re-sit a successful unit for the purpose of improving a grade. In this case, candidates must inform NEBOSH in writing of their intention to re-sit a successful unit within one month of the date of issue of the result notification for the third successfully completed unit. Candidates who fail to do this will be issued with a parchment and will be deemed as having completed the award.

Examiners ReportsIn an effort to encourage students to study the learning outcomes of the whole qualification prior to sitting an examination full qualification guides will be available to download free of charge from the ‘Qualifications’ section of our website. Due to these documents being freely available we have enhanced our copyright statement within all of the guides.

The format of NEBOSH Examiners reports has changed since 1 April 2014. Rather than concentrating on a particular examination the new format will provide general guidance on candidate performance in relation to the syllabus outcomes and examination technique. These reports will be free to download by students as well as course providers.

Certificate level Examiners Reports will be published on a quarterly basis.


NEBOSH TERMS AND CONDITIONS AND PROCEDURES INFORMATION

NEBOSH Student Terms and ConditionsStudents are to be aware that NEBOSH produce a Student Terms and Conditions document which can be found in the students section of the NEBOSH website at:

http://www.nebosh.org.uk/students/becoming_a_student/default.asp?cref=107&ct=2

NEBOSH Enquiries about Results (EAR) and Appeals ArrangementsCandidates are to be aware of the NEBOSH policy on enquiries about results and the appeals process. The document covering these processes can be found at:

http://www.nebosh.org.uk/students/currently_studying/default.asp?cref=42&ct=2

The Role of Scottish Qualification Authority (SQA) Accreditation in AppealsIf a candidate is dissatisfied with the outcome of an Enquiry about result request they may proceed to a two stage Appeals process.

If following the outcome of a Stage 2 Appeal, the candidate remains dissatisfied and where the relevant NEBOSH qualification is accredited by the Scottish Qualification Authority (SQA), they may seek regulatory advice form the SQA Accreditation. A list of NEBOSH qualifications accredited by SQA Accreditation can be found at:

http://www.nebosh.org.uk/sqa/42333.html

Further details can be found in the NEBOSH Enquiries about Results and Appeals policy document. NEBOSH policy documents for use by candidates can be found at:

http://www.nebosh.org.uk/About_Nebosh/


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NEBOSH Certificate Examination TechniquesOnly questions that assess the learning outcomes established in the syllabus can be set. Questions are written to discover not only how much of a subject a student knows but also the associated skills that they are expected to demonstrate. Marks are then based on how effectively these skills are demonstrated. Command words are the guides in the question as to what assessment skill is being targeted by that question. Certificate questions will predominantly assess knowledge, comprehension and application.Knowledge requires an ability to recall or remember facts without necessarily understanding them. Command words used in knowledge based questions include identify.Comprehension requires an ability to understand and interpret learned information. Command words used in comprehension based questions include explain.Sometimes candidates may not pay full attention to the action verb in each question. To help to emphasise their importance, action verbs are highlighted in Bold, Italic type on examination question papers. The most commonly used ones are:

Action Verb MeaningDescribe - To give a detailed written account of the distinctive features of a subject.

The account should be factual, without any attempt to explain. When describing a subject (or object) a test of sufficient detail would be that another person would be able to visualise what you are describing.

Explain - To provide an understanding. To make an idea or relationship clear. NB: this command word is testing the candidate’s ability to know or understand why or how something happens. Is often associated with the words ‘how’ or ‘why’.

Give - To offer for consideration, acceptance, or use of another. NB: Give an example of; Give the meaning of.

Identify - To give reference to an item, which could be its name or title.NB: normally a word or phrase will be sufficient, provided the reference is clear.

Outline - To indicate the principal features or different parts of. NB: an exhaustive description is not required. What is sought is a brief summary of the major aspects of whatever is stated in the question.

Command words are used very carefully and each question has a certain order of words to try to enable candidates to understand what Examiners are looking for. In every question the skills required by the specific command words are also shown in the marks allocated for the question. In general there are going to be more marks available for application and comprehension skill questions than for knowledge based questions.

Responding to command words in questions It is important to read the whole question and to understand what the question requires as the command word on its own will need to be reinforced by the remainder of the question. Many candidates miss out on gaining marks because they do not read the question carefully enough and do not think about their answer thoroughly before writing it down. Candidates need to think about each question. • What is the command word? • What do I need to say to gain marks? • What is or is not relevant to the question? In many cases a brief answer plan is an essential aid to ensuring that answers are well thought out and structured. NEBOSH applies a ‘positive marking’ approach; that is, marks are awarded for correct material in candidates’ answers, rather than being deducted for incorrect or missing material.Candidates should answer the questions that have been set and not the ones they wish had been set.


NEBOSH Command Words Examiners’ Report Explanation

The following command words are listed in the order identified as being the most challenging for candidates:

ExplainWhen a question specifies ‘explain’ the candidate is required to provide an understanding or make clear an idea or relationship. For example, ‘explain precautions necessary to control work at height’. If a candidate responded with ‘avoidance of the work in the first place, takes account windy weather conditions, appropriate access to and from the work site’ then this constitutes an outline but not an explanation. This would be insufficient to gain full marks as it does not provide a deep enough understanding or relationship from the specified command word or the context in which the question is asked. However, if a candidate responded with ‘statutory legislation encourages avoidance of work at height so a variety of methods of avoidance should be considered; adverse weather should be considered because of the need to anchor scaffolding, provision of covering sheets in the event of rain and possibility of lightning strikes and consideration of a suitably selected means of access based on a clear understanding of the task and the evaluated risks’ this would merit the awarding marks.

OutlineExaminers reported that the command word ‘outline’ challenged many candidates. Insufficient detail was provided in response to the principal features or parts of the subject matter requested when ‘outline’ was specified in the question. Exhaustive descriptions are not required for ‘outline’ but limited answers like single words or listed answers do not satisfy the command word requirements.

If the use of the command word in everyday language or conversation is considered it may help the candidate understand what is required. Asked to ‘outline measures necessary to protect other persons at work’; if a candidate answers with ‘kick boards, netting and PPE’ this would be insufficient as this represents a listed answer. However, ‘the use of kick boards to prevent tools or equipment being kicked off elevated platforms, laying of fine mesh netting to prevent falling objects reaching pedestrians and hi-visibility vests and helmets for visitors in the vicinity of the task’ would be sufficient.

Describe‘Describe’ requires a candidate to respond with a word picture that relates to an activity, process etc.

If a candidate was asked to ‘describe control measures to minimise risk for workers potentially exposed to violence at work’ and the response was ‘security, training and worker history’ would not be in the context requested by the command word. However, if a candidate responded with ‘utilising security staff to patrol the workplace in conjunction with closed circuit television to identify confrontational situations, suitable training for workers in avoiding confrontational situations and rehearsal of simulated confrontational situations involving utilisation of a suitable means of raining the alarm to summon help and detailed knowledge and management of workers, visitors who are historically prone to violence due to medical conditions, etc.’ then this would gain marks.

Give‘Give’ is normally used in conjunction with a further requirement, such as ‘give the meaning of’ or ‘give an example in EACH case’. Candidates were generally not challenged with this command work.


NEBOSH GC2-NCC1 Module TimetableDays may be inter-change dependent on available of specialist tutors.With regard to the following training days, the breaks detailed opposite are scheduled within the programme (timings are approximate).

Morning Break 10:30 to 10:50Buffet Lunch 12:30 to 13:00Afternoon Break 14:30 to 14:50

GC2-NCC1 Day 1

MorningElement 1

General Workplace & Construction Site Hazards and Controls

Introduction to Guaranteed Pass Scheme and Delegate portfolios Stress Aggression, Bullying and Violence Substance Misuse at Work Workplace Health, Safety and Welfare

AfternoonElement 1 continued

Work at Height Hazards and Controlso Legal Requirementso Work at Height Working Platforms and Access Equipmento Safe Working at Height on Roofs

Homework Questions for Day 1

GC2-NCC1 Day 2Morning

Element 2TransportElement 3

Manual Handling

Answers to Homework Questions Movement of People and Vehicles Hazards and Controls Driving for Work Hazards and Controls Manual Handling Hazards and Controls Computer Workstations (Display Screen Equipment - DSE)

AfternoonElement 3

Manual Handling

(continued)Element 4

Work Equipment

Mechanical Handling Hazards and Control Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) Use of Hand Held Tools Mechanical Machinery Hazards Check Portfolios Homework Questions for Day 2

GC2-NCC1 Day 3

MorningElement 6Fire Safety

Answers to Homework Questions Classifications of Fires and Types of Fire Fighting Equipment Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order Fire Risk Assessment and Implementation of Controls

AfternoonElement 7

Physical and Psychological Hazards and

Controls

Vibration Hazards and Controls Noise Hazards and Controls Radiation Hazards and Controls (Ionising and Non-Ionising) Check of Portfolios Homework Questions for Day 3


GC2-NCC1 Day 4Morning

Element 7Chemical and

Biological Hazards/Controls

Answers to Homework Questions Forms of a Chemical Agent and their Hazardous Effects Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Legal Requirements Health Risk Survey Techniques

AfternoonElement 7continued

Measures to Prevent or Control Exposure Asbestos Hazards and Controls Lead at Work Hazards and Controls Check of Portfolios Homework Questions for Day 4

GC2-NCC1 Day 5

MorningElement 5

Electrical Safety

Answers to Homework Questions Electricity Terms and Relationships Electrical Hazards and Treatment for Electric Shock Electricity Control Measures Buried and Overhead Electrical Services Hazards and Controls

AfternoonElement 1

Construction Site Hazards

continued from Day 1

Excavation Hazards and Controls Confined Spaces Hazards and Controls NEBOSH NCC2 Practical Application Brief Check of Portfolios

NCC1 Day 6Morning

Element 1Management of

Health and Safety on

Construction Sites

Reasons for Management of Health and Safety on Construction Sites CDM 2015 definition of what constitutes construction work Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM) all duties Details of when a CDM projects is notifiable to the HSE.

Element 2Construction Site

Hazards and Controls

Element 11Excavations

CDM Part 4 - General Duties for Health and Safety applying to all construction work

Construction site hazards and controls (initial site survey. Homework Questions for Day 6

NCC1 Day 7

MorningConstruction site

equipment hazards and

controls

Answers to Homework Questions 360 degree excavators / dumper trucks / hoists Nail guns / welding equipment Working at height on roofs Additional working at height equipment

AfternoonElement 12Demolition

hazards and controls

Pre-demolition survey Sequence and types of demolition Demolition safe system of work (Method Statement) Management of waste on construction sites New Roads and Street Work Act.


NEBOSHNational Construction

CertificateNCC1

MockExamination Papers


INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK


NEBOSH NCC1 – Mock Paper No. 1

1 A tank that measures 4 metres long, 3 metres wide and 4 metres deep is to be buried in a green field site as part of a surface water drainage system.

(i) Outline the principal hazards that should be considered when planning the work (8)

(ii) Outline the elements of a method statement for the excavation and installation operations. (12)

2 Outline the precautions that should be taken on a construction site in order that welding may be carried out safely. (8)

3 (a) Describe the possible effects of electricity on the body. (4)

(b) Outline FOUR factors that may affect the severity of injury from contact with electricity. (4)

4 Outline the measures required to ensure the safe operation of an inclined hoist used to raise and lower roofing materials (8)

5 A rolled steel joist (RSJ) is to be used in the support of the second floor of a town house that is being refurbished. It is thought that the layout of the house and the arrangement of the supports are such that mechanical means cannot be used either to transport the RSJ from the ground floor or to lift it into its final position.

Outline the factors that would need to be considered when undertaking a manual handling assessment of the task. (8)

6 A major hazard on a refurbishment project is fire.

(i) Identify THREE activities that represent an increased fire risk in such a situation. (3)

(ii) Outline the precautions that may be taken to prevent a fire from occurring. (5)

7 Approximately one quarter of all accidents on construction sites are associated with plant, machinery and vehicles.

Outline the elements of a strategy designed to prevent such accidents. (8)

8 Identify ways of minimising the risk of accidents to children who might be tempted to gain access to a construction site. (8)

9 Scaffolding has been erected to the outside of a block of high-rise flats in order to undertake window replacement and repairs to external cladding.

Outline the factors that could affect the stability of the scaffold. (8)

10 A three-storey office block is to be demolished.

Outline the likely hazards to the environment caused by the work together with the actions needed to control them. (8)

11 Describe FOUR defects that might be identified in a wire rope sling during routine inspection prior to use. (8)



1. It is necessary for maintenance purposes to enter a large cement silo situated on a construction site.

(a) Identify the likely hazards. (5)(b) Outline the precautions to be taken to reduce the risks to personnel entering the silo. (15)

2. (a) Describe the typical symptoms of occupational dermatitis. (2)(b) Identify the factors that will influence the likelihood of dermatitis occurring amongst

site operatives handling wet cement.(6)

3. Outline the factors that might cause a mobile crane to overturn during use. (8)

4. Outline a hierarchy of measures to minimise the risks from reversing vehicles on a construction site. (8)

5. Outline a system for the management and disposal of waste from a construction site. (8)

6. Site preparation work involves the removal of topsoil from land known to be contaminated with heavy metals. Outline the specific requirements for this work in relation to:

(a) Personal protective equipment and practices. (4)(b) Welfare facilities. (4)

7. Outline the main areas to be addressed in a demolition method statement. (8)

8. Describe the specific measures that may be necessary to ensure safety when work is to be carried out from a scaffold that overhangs a fast flowing river. (8)

9. On a long-term contract, joiners are working with medium density fibreboard using hand-held circular saws and portable electric planers in a temporary site unit.

Explain how you would ensure that the joiners' health is not put at risk during this activity. (8)

10. (a) Outline the practical measures that should be adopted to prevent fires and explosions during welding operations on a construction site. (6)

(b) Identify TWO types of radiation associated with welding activities. (2)

11. Identify the weekly maintenance inspection requirements for a 360' wheeled excavator. (8)



1. The waterproof membrane on the flat roof of a two storey, high security office block is about to be replaced with a bitumous roofing material. Access for personnel not engaged in the roofing work is prohibited but an access route from inside the building is available for the roofing workers. The only external access route for materials is via an electrically driven, lightweight, inclined builders' hoist.Describe the procedures necessary to ensure:

(a) the safety of the occupiers of the building; (5)(b) the safety of the operatives whilst working on the roof’ (5)(c) the safe erection, dismantling, and use, of the inclined hoist. (10)

2. A significant number of the accidents associated with work on construction sites is associated with plant and vehicle movement. Outline the control measures that should be adopted to prevent such accidents occurring. (8)

3. HSG64 Electricity at Work-Safe Working Practices gives guidance on the frequency of inspection for such equipment. Give frequencies for the inspection and testing of electrical hand tools and associated equipment used on a construction site and support your answers with appropriate examples. (8)

4. Identify the main items to be checked by the person appointed to have overall control of a lifting operation which is to be carried out with the use of a crane hired for the purpose. (8)

5. Give the precautions that should be taken on a construction site in order that welding may be carried out safely. (8)

6. A project involves shallow excavations in land previously used as a landfill site.Outline the welfare facilities that should be provided for such work. (8)

7. (a) Describe how a person new to a construction site could be made aware of the requirement to wear head protection. (2)

(b) Outline the requirements of the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992. (6)

8. Identify ways of minimising the risk of accidents to children who might be tempted to gain access to a construction site. (8)

9. Pipe-freezing using a liquid nitrogen jacket is to be carried out in a properly supported, two metre deep trench.

(a) Identify the specific hazards associated with the pipe-freezing operation. (2)(b) Outline the precautions that would be appropriate in such circumstances. (6)

10. Site preparation work involves the removal of topsoil contaminated with hazardous waste. Outline the precautions required in relation to the transportation from site and disposal of the contaminated soil. (8)

11. Identify the range of defects that might be observed in a wire rope sling during routine inspection prior to use. (8)



1. Outline the contents of a toolbox talk associated with the prevention and control of fire on a construction site. (20)

2. Concrete blocks are to be moved by hand on a construction site. Outline the key issues to be addressed prior to this activity being carried out. (8)

3. Describe the features of a well designed and maintained traffic management system on a busy construction site. (8)

4. (a) Identify FOUR specific hazards associated with work in a confined place. (4)(b) Identify FOUR examples of a confined space that may be encountered on a construction

site (4)

5. (a) Identify the factors that may determine the severity of injury caused by contact with electricity. (4)

(b) Outline the measures that may be employed to protect against an electric shock. (4)

6. The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 require that work equipment used in hostile environments is inspected at suitable intervals.Identify the items on a small dumper truck that should be the subject of such an inspection. (8)

7. An independent scaffold tied to a ten-storey office block has collapsed into a busy street.Outline the factors that may have affected the stability of the scaffold. (8)

8. Explain the actions that site management might consider in order to reduce levels of occupational stress amongst workers on site (8)

9. A project involves the construction of an in situ concrete structure, including the installation of drains, on a brown-field site. Up to 60 people are likely to be involved in the work at any one time.Identify the welfare facilities that should be provided for such work. (8)

10. Outline a system for the management and disposal of waste from a construction site. (8)

11. Identify the key issues to be addressed in a pre-demolition survey of a multi-storey block of flats in a city centre. (8)



1. In relation to exposure to vibration during construction activities:

(a) Identify TWO common sources; (2)(b) Describe the possible health effects of exposure to vibration; (6)(c) In order to reduce the effects described in (b),

outline the measures that could be taken by:

Manufacturers of equipment; (3)Employers; (5)Employees. (4)

2. Identify the duties placed upon the principal contractor under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015. (8)

3. Timber sections are stored in an enclosed compound.

(a) Outline the precautions that should be taken to prevent a fire occurring. (4)(b) Identify TWO extinguishing media that may be used for dealing with a fire in such a

situation, AND explain how each works to extinguish the fire (4)

4. A dumper truck overturned whilst being driven across a construction site.

(a) Give FOUR reasons why the dumper truck may have overturned. (4)(b) Outline practical measures that could be taken to minimise the risk of a dumper truck

overturn. (4)

5. Outline the precautions to be taken before lining operations are to be carried out adjacent to high voltage overhead power lines. (8)

6. Excavations in construction can be at risk of flooding.

(a) Identify FOUR ways in which water can enter an excavation. (4)(b) Outline practical measures that may be taken to prevent water from entering an

excavation. (4)

7. Explain the issues to be addressed if work is to be carried out safely from a ladder (8)

8. A three-storey office block is to be demolished

(a) State the likely hazards to the environment that could be caused by the work. (4)(b) Outline the actions that need to be taken to control the hazards stated in (a). (4)

9. On a long-term contract, joiners are working with medium density fibreboard (MDF) using hand-held circular saws and portable electric planers in a temporary site unit. Explain how you would ensure that the joiners' health is not put at risk during this activity. (8)

10. (a) Describe the physical signs of occupational dermatitis. (2)(b) Outline the factors that will influence the likelihood of dermatitis occurring amongst site

operatives handling wet cement. (6)

11. State the ways in which accidents can occur from the use of cartridge operated nail guns during building work. (8)



1. A project is to be completed by a construction company that involves the building of a three-storey office block on a new business park.

(a) To comply with the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015, identify the duties placed upon:

The client, AND; (7)The Principal Designer. (7)

(b) Identify sources of health and safety information external to the construction company that may be useful when assessing the risk from the building activities. (6)

2. Three workers are to undertake repair work in a sewer chamber that is 3 metres deep. Outline the issues that should be considered to ensure that the emergency rescue arrangements are adequate. (8)

3. Electricity is one of the causes of fire on construction sites.Outline the ways in which such fires may be prevented. (8)

4. Outline the control measures that should be adopted when cutting paving slabs with a petrol driven disc cutter. (8)

5. An initial site assessment should be completed before a construction project commences in order to determine possible hazards that could be present on or near a site;Outline the factors that should be addressed when carrying out the initial site assessment. (8)

6. Outline the main items to be checked by the person appointed to have overall control of a lifting operation which is to be carried out with the use of a crane hired for this purpose.

(8)

7. A flat roof is to be repaired while a building remains occupied.Outline the issues that should be addressed to reduce the risk to the workers involved in the repair work and others who may be affected by the work. (8)

8. Sheet piles are to be driven into a river bed and the water contained inside the piles pumped out before construction work starts.

(a) Identify the health hazards that may be encountered by workers involved in this operation. (3)(b) Outline typical control measures to reduce the risks involved in this operation. (5)

9. A significant number of the accidents associated with work on construction sites are associated with plant and vehicle movement.Outline the control measures that should be adopted to prevent such accidents occurring. (8)

10. Outline the health and Safety issues to be considered when planning the demolition of a two-storey detached house in a street of occupied houses. (8)

11. Identify the issues that should be assessed to establish whether a contractor is competent and should be appointed. (8)



1. The waterproof membrane on the flat roof of a two-storey, high-security office block is about to be replaced with a bitumous roofing material. Access for personnel not engage in the roofing work is prohibited, but an access route from inside the building is available for roofing workers. The only external access route for materials is via an electrically-driven lightweight, inclined builder’s hoist, which must be erected and dismantled daily.Identify procedures that are necessary to help ensure:

(a) The safety of the occupiers of the building; (5)

(b) The safety of the operatives whilst working on the roof; (5)

(c) The safe erection, dismantling and use of the inclined hoist. (10)

2. Outline practical measures to reduce the risk from electricity when using a portable electrical appliance. (8)

3. It is necessary to enter a manhole access for routine inspection of a sewer.

(a) Give the meaning of the term ‘confined space’. (2)

(b) Outline control measures to help reduce the risks to persons entering the sewer during the inspection work. (6)

4. Construction workers are required to drive to and from various construction sites for work purposes. Outline factors that should be considered when assessing the risk of an accident while driving for work purposes. (8)

5. (a) Outline ways in which safety nets may be damaged. (4)

(b) Outline considerations for the safe storage of safety nets. (4)

6. A petrol-driven plate compactor is to be used to reinstate a small excavation on a highway.

(a) Outline hazards to which workers could be exposed during the use of the plate compactor. (4)

(b) Outline control measures to help reduce the risk to workers during the use of the plate compactor. (4)

7. Plumbing repairs requiring hot work are to be carried out on site outside normal business hours. Outline a safe system of work to help reduce the risk of fire:

(a) During the work; (4)

(b) After the work is completed. (4)

8. Outline the benefits to a construction organisation of maintaining high standards of health & safety. (8)

9. Identify information that should be included in a material safety data sheet (MSDS) for a hazardous substance. (8)

10. Outline factors that might cause a mobile crane to overturn during use. (8)

11. (a) Outline precautions that could be taken in order to protect operatives when laser devices are used on a construction project. (4)

(b) Outline possible health effects associated with exposure to non-ionising radiation. (4)



1. (a) Identify hazards associated with work at height above ground level. (4)

(b) Outline factors that should be considered when conducting a working at height risk assessment. (8)

(c) Outline safe working at height practices associated with the use of a mobile elevated working platform (MWEP). (8)

2. Outline factors that would need to be covered in the training of personnel who have been given responsibilities for fire safety on a large refurbishment project. (8)

3. (a) Give the meaning of the term ‘work-related upper limb disorder’ (WRULD). (2)

(b) Give examples of construction related activities that could give rise to a WRULD. (2)

(c) Identify ill-health effects of WRULD’s that might be experienced by affected individuals. (4)

4. Asbestos can be found in various insulating and fire resistant materials.

(a) Identify the different types of asbestos. (3)

(b) Outline the duty to manage asbestos in non-domestic premises. (5)

5. Prior to the repair of underground services, deep excavations will be required.

(a) Outline precautions that are required for persons working around excavations at ground level. (4)

(b) Outline precautions that are required to help reduce the risk of contact with existing underground services. (4)

6. Protection systems such as fuses, residual current devices and double insulation can be used on hand-held electrical equipment to minimise risk of injury to workers and damage to equipment from electrical faults.

(a) Outline why a fuse fitted to equipment does not provide effective protection to a user from a possible electric shock. (2)

(b) Identify:

(i) the advantages; (2)

(ii) the limitations (2)

of using a residual current device.

(c) Outline the advantage of double insulation electrical equipment. (2)

7. A bench-top grinder is to be used on site. Outline the requirements of the grinder that should be considered before the grinder is put into use. (8)

8. Children have recently been showing interest in a construction site after work has finished for the day. Outline measures that could be taken in order to help reduce the risk of:

(a) Children being tempted to gain access to the site; (3)

(b) Accidents to children who gain access to the site. (5)

9. (a) Identify forms of chemical agents to which construction workers can be exposed. (4)

(b) Outline the differences between the acute and chronic health effects from exposure to chemical agents. (4)

10. Outline FOUR hazards and associated risk with small dumper trucks. (8)

11. Identify the designer’s duties during a notifiable project under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 (CDM). (8)



1. Construction workers can be regularly exposed to airborne dusts, fumes and vapours, many of which are assigned a workplace exposure limit (WEL). Monitoring should be carried out to check the levels to which employees are exposed.

(a) Give the meaning of the term ‘WEL’. (4)

(b) Identify types of monitoring equipment that could be used to check levels of dusts, fumes and vapours to which employees are exposed. (4)

(c) Other than monitoring, outline control measures that could be used to reduce exposure to dusts, fumes and vapours. (12)

2. Outline features of pedestrian routes on a construction site that will help to minimise the risk of accidents to workers. (8)

3. Electrical supplies are being installed in a new extension to an existing building. The work will require an electrical permit-to-work in order to complete the installation safely.Outline items that should be included in the electrical permit-to-work. (8)

4. In relation to ill-health from the use of vibrating hand-held tools:

(a) Identify health effects that might be shown by affected individuals; (4)

(b) Outline control measures that may be used to minimise the risk of such effects. (4)

5. Outline measures that should be taken in order to help reduce the risk of a mobile crane overturning during a lifting operation. (8)

6. Replacement and retraining of staff is a cost that an organisation may face following a workplace accident.Identify other possible costs to an organisation when a serious accident has occurred. (8)

7. Gas cutting and burning are to be carried out on a refurbishment project.Outline precautions that are required to help ensure the safe use of gas cylinders. (8)

8. (a) Identify types of asbestos commonly found in building materials (3)

(b) Outline where asbestos is likely to be encountered in a building during renovation work. (5)

9. A steel-framed building is to be constructed and a series of safety nets is to be used to provide means of fall arrest during the construction.Outline control measures for the use of safety nets in order to help reduce the risk to workers and others. (8)

10. Hand-held electric drills are commonly used on construction sites.

(a) Outline checks that should be carried out by the user of a drill in order to help reduce the risk of electric shock. (4)

(b) Other than electricity, identify hazards associated with the use of hand-held electric drills. (4)




1. A mobile tower scaffold is to be used in the re-pointing of external brickwork on the gable-end wall of a building, which is six metres high at its highest point.

(a) Outline possible risks associated with this operation. (10)

(b) Outline precautions that should be taken in order to minimise the risks associated with this type of work. (10)

2. Identify hazards that may be present during demolition work. (8)

3. Identify factors that should be considered when assessing the adequacy of first-aid arrangements on a construction site. (8)

4. Outline features of suitable and sufficient traffic routes on a busy construction site. (8)

5. (a) Give possible ill-health effects that could result from working with cement. (4)

(b) Outline ways in which ill-health effects from working with cement may be prevented. (4)

6. Outline how the following two protective measures help reduce the risk of electric shock AND, in EACH case, give an example of its application:

(a) Reduce low voltage; (4)

(b) Double insulation. (4)

7. (a) Identify types of injury that may be caused by the incorrect manual handling of loads. (4)

(b) With reference to the task, outline ways to help reduce the risk of injury. (4)

8. Workers are to carry out repair work in a sewer chamber that is three metres deep.Outline issues that should be considered to help ensure that the emergency arrangements are adequate. (8)

9. A bench-top grinder is to be used on site.Outline the requirements of the grinder that should be considered before the grinder is put into use. (8)

10. Refurbishment projects are known to increase the risk of fire.

(a) Identify activities that represent an increased fire risk in such situations. (3)

(b) Outline precautions that may be taken in order to help reduce the risk of a fire occurring. (5)

11. (a) Identify types of ionising radiation that may be encountered within a construction environment. (2)

(b) Identify the types of non-ionising radiation that may be encountered within a construction environment. (2)

(c) Outline health effects associated with exposure to ionising radiation. (4)


NEBOSHNational General

CertificateNCC1

Mock Examination Answers


INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK


NEBOSH NCC1 – Mock Paper No. 1 (ANSWERS)

1 A tank that measures 4 metres long, 3 metres wide and 4 metres deep is to be buried in a green field site as part of a surface water drainage system.

(i) Outline the principal hazards that should be considered when planning the work (8)

(ii) Outline the elements of a method statement for the excavation and installation operations. (12)

(i) The principal hazards: The ground conditions including the type of ground and the possibility of the presence of contaminants; the excavation work with the risk of the collapse of the sides and the possibility of persons and vehicles

falling into the excavation; the presence of groundwater which could flood the excavation as well as being the source of hazards to

health such as leptospirosis; the lowering of the tank into the excavation with the possibility of the crane overturning if it was not

correctly rated for the job or properly sited; and the presence of underground and overhead services which would carry with them the threat of electrocution.(ii) The elements of a method statement for the excavation and installation operations would include:

the duration of the work; the number of personnel involved and the competencies they would require; the means of access and egress to the site; the identification of the machinery and plant to be involved with the arrangements for its inspection and

maintenance; the means of support and edge protection provided for the excavation and the positioning of the spoil; arrangements for dealing with overhead and underground services; the personal protective equipment that would be required; welfare arrangements and the procedures to be followed in the event of an emergency.

2 Outline the precautions that should be taken on a construction site in order that welding may be carried out safely. (8)

The most pertinent precautions include: fire prevention, including the introduction of a hot work permit, the provision of suitable fire extinguishers adjacent to the work, carrying out a fire check inspection at the end of the day. The issue and use of personal protective clothing such as gloves, aprons and goggles or visors and the

provision of screens around the work area to protect others are additional precautions that should be taken. COSHH assessment in respect of the fumes which would be generated by the welding process, keeping the work area clear of combustible material the need to have a flash-back arrester fitted to the welding torch.

3 (a) Describe the possible effects of electricity on the body. (4)

(b) Outline FOUR factors that may affect the severity of injury from contact with electricity. (4)

(a) The possible effects include: interference with nerve/muscle action:

o cardio-respiratory effectso the risk of fatal injury due to disruption of heart rhythm

burns, surface or deep tissue ~ the main sites of damage will be the entry and exit points and there will be a possibility of damage to internal organs

secondary injuries include head injuries and fractures caused by falls following electrical shocks.

(b) The factors that may affect the severity of the injury include: the voltages involved the length of contact time the route taken through the body


the general health and age of the person involved the dryness of the skin natural body resistance ground conditions the type of footwear being worn at the time.

4 Outline the measures required to ensure the safe operation of an inclined hoist used to raise and lower roofing materials (8)

The measures required include: the importance of the hoist being in a good state of repair, well maintained and with its controls marked

to indicate their functions; inspected when in use by a competent person; positioned on stable ground and erected according to the manufacturers' instructions; protected with barriers at both top and bottom levels; attended at all times whilst in use, with care being taken to ensure that the load was secured and not

in excess of the safe working load of the hoist.

5 A rolled steel joist (RSJ) is to be used in the support of the second floor of a town house that is being refurbished. It is thought that the layout of the house and the arrangement of the supports are such that mechanical means cannot be used either to transport the RSJ from the ground floor or to lift it into its final position.

Outline the factors that would need to be considered when undertaking a manual handling assessment of the task. (8)

A manual handling assessment will need to be carried out for the task covering: the weight and length of the beam how far it needed to be carried how high it had to be lifted onto its final resting place the space available to work in the condition of the floors and stairs over which the beam had to be carried the provision and use of suitable personal protective equipment such as gloves and safety boots the physical capabilities of the workforce.To answer this question effectively use ‘LITE’ ~ Load Individual Task Environment

6 A major hazard on a refurbishment project is fire.

(i) Identify THREE activities that represent an increased fire risk in such a situation. (3)

(ii) Outline the precautions that may be taken to prevent a fire from occurring. (5)

(i) Three activities that represent an increased fire risk in such a situation include: hot work such as cutting and welding the use of flammable or highly flammable materials electrical work individuals smoking burning rubbish on site.

(ii) The precautions that may be taken include: the inspection and testing of electrical systems hot work permit systems inspection of the work area after the completion of hot work regular clearing away of accumulated rubbish the proper storage of flammable and combustible materials the control of smoking and the prohibition of bonfires fabrication of components off site to avoid the risk of fire.


7 Approximately one quarter of all accidents on construction sites are associated with plant, machinery and vehicles. Outline the elements of a strategy designed to prevent such accidents. (8)

site planning and maintenance of traffic routes to segregate pedestrians and vehicles; imposing site speed restrictions in respect of vehicles and preventing the unauthorised use or

movement of plant; compliance with the general safety requirements in respect of all plant and machinery such

as the proper selection of equipment for the task in hand, the need to ensure that dangerous parts of machines were properly guarded, and that a

regime of planned inspections and maintenance and procedures for reporting defects was put in place; and

ensuring that all operators were competent to perform the tasks allotted to them.8 Identify ways of minimising the risk of accidents to children who might be tempted to gain access

to a construction site.

Means of reducing the risk of accidents to children would include: Preventing entry by means of secure fencing. Use of suitable warning notices. Monitoring of the perimeter by security guards or CCTV.If entry was gained, make the site as safe as possible by: Isolating services. Keeping the height of stacked materials to a minimum. Covering or fencing off excavations. Removing ladders from scaffolding. Securing plant and equipment and removing keys where possible. Securely store any chemicals and tools.Additionally, a programme of working with the local community, including school visits to highlight the dangers of construction sites, would be a possibility.

This question simply required identification of measures, no explanation is needed

9 Scaffolding has been erected to the outside of a block of high-rise flats in order to undertake window replacement and repairs to external cladding. Outline the factors that could affect the stability of the scaffold. (8)

The factors that could affect the stability of the scaffold include: The design of the scaffold Its erection on soft or inadequately consolidated ground or without sound foundations Erection by incompetent workmen The use of defective material Insufficient ties (or their unauthorised removal) and inadequate bracing Bad weather Overloading; and The possibility of it being struck by a vehicle

10 A three-storey office block is to be demolished. Outline the likely hazards to the environment caused by the work, together with the actions needed to control them. (8)

The likely hazards to the environment include: Noise, dust, silt affecting the drainage systems Mud and debris being deposited on adjacent roads.Appropriate control measures would include:

damping down the structure to reduce the production of dust sheeting of disposal vehicles noise controls (such as barriers) fitting filters or stoppers to site drain gullies the bunding of fuel tanks. the release of asbestos if the building contained ACM’s.


11 Describe FOUR defects that might be identified in a wire rope sling during routine inspection prior to use. (8)

kinking broken wires ('needles') ovalling caused by external wear or stretching corrosion damage to thimbles and ferrules 'bird-caging' the lack of any identification or indication of the sling's safe working load.



1. It is necessary for maintenance purposes to enter a large cement silo situated on a construction site.

(a) Identify the likely hazards. (5)(b) Outline the precautions to be taken to reduce the risks to personnel entering the silo. (15)(a) Hazards associated with maintaining this type of plant include:

the residues of content (cement); working at height; difficulty of access and egress; oxygen deficiency poor lighting levelsthe silo would be a confined space and there could be potential hazards with incoming services.

(b) Precautions: the use of PPE (helmets, gloves, boots and hearing protection); the introduction of a perm it-to-work system; atmospheric testing; the provision of adequate lighting; the isolation and locking-off of services the use of competent and experienced workers a general permit to work system covering all of the above.

2. (a) Describe the typical symptoms of occupational dermatitis. (2)(b) Identify the factors that will influence the likelihood of dermatitis occurring amongst site

operatives handling wet cement.(6)

(a) Symptoms include reddening, blistering and cracking of skin, leading to ulceration and infection in severe cases.

(b) Influencing factors would include: duration, frequency and extent of contact with wet cement; existing skin conditions such as cuts and abrasions; failure to use personal protective equipment such as gloves and overalls lack of welfare facilities individual sensitivity personal hygiene practices.

3. Outline the factors that might cause a mobile crane to overturn during use. (8) the failure to set the crane on a level footing siting it on poor and unstable ground failing to distribute the weight of the crane by providing adequate timber beneath outriggers overloading incorrect slinging resulting in an unstable load operating when winds were too strong driver error such as slewing too quickly or causing an abrupt movement of the jib, both of

which could have a detrimental effect on stability


4. Outline a hierarchy of measures to minimise the risks from reversing vehicles on a construction site. (8) elimination or reducing the need for reversing by introducing a one-way system and providing

turning circles or loading /unloading areas where not possible, safe systems of work that are followed e.g.:o the exclusion of pedestrians from site traffic areaso the use of banksmeno the provision of information, instructions and training for site personnelo the mandatory wearing of hi-visibility clothing

vehicles fitted with audible/visual reversing warning devices and features such as CCTV Fresnel lens and mirrors to ensure adequate driver visibility.

5. Outline a system for the management and disposal of waste from a construction site. (8)All construction waste, if not categorised as hazardous waste (e.g. asbestos) falls into the category of controlled waste. A management system would include: separating the waste into similar types (rubble, timber, plasterboard, adhesives, etc) ensuring waste is properly contained; the need to describe the waste accurately on transfer notes; the use of licensed contractors to remove the waste from site making the necessary checks to ensure that the waste was transferred by the carrier to a

licensed tip or transfer station minimising or recycling techniques burning waste not being an appropriate disposal method.

6. Site preparation work involves the removal of topsoil from land known to be contaminated with heavy metals. Outline the specific requirements for this work in relation to:

(a) Personal protective equipment and practices. (4)(b) Welfare facilities. (4)(a) The potential effects of contaminated ground on the health of construction workers will affect

the PPE that would be necessary to minimise the risk e.g.: gloves, overalls, boots, eye and head protection and respiratorsGood levels of personal hygiene and ensuring that open cuts are covered with waterproof dressings would also be required.

(b) Required of facilities: a decontamination unit with a dirty area where contaminated clothing can be removed after work an area with a shower or other means of washing a clean area where normal clothes can be stored while employees are working on site arrangements to prevent contamination when eating and smoking first-aid emergency decontamination facilities.

7. Outline the main areas to be addressed in a demolition method statement. (8) preparation work (such as pre-weakening, temporary propping, and isolation of existing services) protection of the public control of noise and dust the removal of waste from the site procedures for dealing with hazardous materials the provision of temporary services emergency procedures control and co-ordination on site the competencies of the personnel involved in the demolition work.

8. Describe the specific measures that may be necessary to ensure safety when work is to be carried (8)NCC1 Revision Workbook Apr 16

29

out from a scaffold that overhangs a fast flowing river. protection for river traffic (advance warnings, lighting obstructions, consultation with river authorities); the provision of means of preventing falls, such as additional guardrails to working platforms or fall

arrest equipment such as safety nets or harnesses; the provision of rescue equipment such as life belts and the availability of a rescue boat under the

control of a competent person, should someone fall into the water the scaffold would need protection against the possibility of being struck by river traffic in these

circumstances, the correct design of the scaffolding would be a crucial issue.

9. On a long-term contract, joiners are working with medium density fibreboard using hand-held circular saws and portable electric planers in a temporary site unit.

Explain how you would ensure that the joiners' health is not put at risk during this activity. (8) assessments of the levels of dust, noise and vibration; efficient dust extraction equipment or respirators with the appropriate protection factor; the provision of hearing protection the need to manage vibration by the use of lower vibration tools or job rotation provision of good environmental conditions e.g. light, heat and ventilation provision of good welfare conditions e.g. sanitary conveniences, washing facilities, rest facilities,

adequate supplies of drinking water and somewhere to prepare food.

10. (a) Outline the practical measures that should be adopted to prevent fires and explosions during welding operations on a construction site. (6)

(b) Identify TWO types of radiation associated with welding activities. (2)(a) Measures that should be adopted for electric arc welding include:

cleaning and securing electrical connections, ensuring the proper earthing of equipment and the work piece, maintenance and testing of transformers and other equipmentFor gas welding, measures that should be adopted include: the fitting of flashback arresters the storage and transportation of cylinders the visual inspection of hoses and connections prior to useGeneral measures to prevent fires: the removal of combustible material in the welding area the purging of vessels prior to welding (although the provision of fire extinguishers may help to

reduce or prevent the spread of fire, they do nothing to prevent the fire occurring).(b) Visible light, infra-red, and ultraviolet radiation are those associated with welding activities.

11. Identify the weekly maintenance inspection requirements for a 360' wheeled excavator. (8) hydraulic systems wheels and tyres windscreens and other windows brakes and steering the condition of bodywork and seats the condition of mirrors and other rear view equipment the proper functioning of the controls.



1. The waterproof membrane on the flat roof of a two storey, high security office block is about to be replaced with a bitumous roofing material. Access for personnel not engaged in the roofing work is prohibited but an access route from inside the building is available for the roofing workers. The only external access route for materials is via an electrically driven, lightweight, inclined builders' hoist.Describe the procedures necessary to ensure:

(a) the safety of the occupiers of the building; (5)(b) the safety of the operatives whilst working on the roof’ (5)(c) the safe erection, dismantling, and use, of the inclined hoist. (10)(a) Procedures relating to fire alarms, the provision of additional extinguishers and ensuring

that existing evacuation procedures were not compromised A system of daily liaison with the occupiers to ensure the integrity of local

arrangements Control measures to protect persons entering or leaving the building; Briefing the occupying staff about the work in general and hazards in particular; Ensuring that means of access were protected from falling material Segregation between the construction workers and those who were normally employed in

the building.(b) the provision of training and information, particularly regarding the maximum additional

loads that could be taken on the roof; the provision of protection from the edge of the roof and from any roof lights; the precautions to be taken in the use of bitumen boilers; the provision of fire extinguishers procedures for evacuation in the event of fire the provision of safe means of access and egress to the roof.

(c) the hoist to be erected and used by competent personnel arrangements for its inspection, testing and regular maintenance ensuring the guarding of dangerous parts of the machinery the integrity of any electrical installation protection at the base and top of the hoist means to ensure the security of the load as it travels to the roof.

2. A significant number of the accidents associated with work on construction sites is associated with plant and vehicle movement. Outline the control measures that should be adopted to prevent such accidents occurring. (8)

The control measures to be adopted should include:


movement of plant; compliance with the general safety requirements in respect of all plant and machinery such as the

proper selection of equipment for the task in hand, the need to ensure that dangerous parts of machines were properly guarded, and that a regime of planned inspections and maintenance

procedures for reporting defects being put in place ensuring that all operators were competent to perform the tasks allotted to them.


3. HSG64 Electricity at Work-Safe Working Practices gives guidance on the frequency of inspection for such equipment. State frequencies for the inspection and testing of electrical hand tools and associated equipment used on a construction site and support your answers with appropriate examples. (8) Users of electrical hand tools to inspect them before use:

o cables, cord grips, casings and plugs Recommended frequencies for carrying out inspection and testing:

o For 230 volt equipment, a test should be carried out before first use and then at monthly intervals while a formal weekly inspection would also be required.

o Equipment operated at 110 volts should be tested before first use and at three monthly intervals with a formal inspection every month.

o Extension leads should have an initial test before first use followed by one at monthly intervals coupled with a daily user check and a formal weekly inspection.

Records should be kept of the tests carried out Equipment should be provided with a label indicating when the next test was due.

4. Identify the main items to be checked by the person appointed to have overall control of a lifting operation which is to be carried out with the use of a crane hired for the purpose. (8)To ensure that this requirement is met the following actions/points should be covered: An overall assessment of the operation needs to be carried out to take account of the ground

conditions for the proposed site of the crane and the presence of any overhead obstructions such as power lines;

the suitability of the lifting appliance and associated equipment selected with particular attention to their safe working loads;

examination of the documentary evidence to prove that the required examinations, inspections and maintenance have been carried out;

the competence of all personnel involved in the operation such as the crane driver, slinger and banksman and their familiarity with the hand signals or other means of communication that were to be used.

5. Give the precautions that should be taken on a construction site in order that welding may be carried out safely. (8)The most pertinent precautions include:

fire prevention, including the introduction of a hot work permit, the provision of suitable fire extinguishers adjacent to the work, carrying out a fire check inspection at the end of the day. The issue and use of personal protective clothing such as gloves, aprons and goggles or visors and

the provision of screens around the work area to protect others are additional precautions that should be taken.

COSHH assessment in respect of the fumes which would be generated by the welding process, keeping the work area clear of combustible material the need to have a flash-back arrester fitted to the welding torch.

6. A project involves shallow excavations in land previously used as a landfill site. Outline the welfare facilities that should be provided for such work. (8) hot and cold or warm running water with soap and towels made available; showers; a sufficient number of toilets the provision of changing rooms with separate storage for contaminated and clean clothing facilities for drying clothing a room set aside for taking meals and refreshment with means of boiling water and heating food first aid facilities.


7. (a) Describe how a person new to a construction site could be made aware of the requirement to wear head protection. (2)

(b) Outline the requirements of the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992. (6)(a) A person new to a construction site could be made aware of the requirement to wear head protection

induction training where site rules would be explained the provision of adequate signage on the site effective supervision to ensure compliance with the rules.

(b) The principle requirements of these regulations are: PPE must be suitable for the wearer and the task. When multiple items of PPE are used it must be compatible and effective. A risk assessment to determine the need and suitability of the proposed PPE must be carried out. A suitable maintenance programme must be established for PPE Suitable accommodation and storage must be provided for PPE when not in use. Information, instruction and training must be given to the user There must be supervision of the use of PPE by employees There must be a reporting system for defects.

8. Identify ways of minimising the risk of accidents to children who might be tempted to gain access to a construction site. (8) Provision of secure hoardings and fences to prevent access, with signs to warn of the dangers

augmented with the employment of security patrols where assessed as necessary Ensuring the site is safe should children breach the outer defences by:

o removing access ladders or securely boarding over the lower 2 metres of rungso providing trench supports,o covering holes,o immobilising plant,o isolating electrical supplies,o reducing heights of stacked materials,o locking away equipment and chemicalso securing fuel storage tankso isolating sources of power

A campaign and educational programme could be implemented including visiting local schools to warn children of the dangers of using construction sites as playgrounds.

9. Pipe-freezing using a liquid nitrogen jacket is to be carried out in a properly supported, two metre deep trench.

(a) Identify the specific hazards associated with the pipe-freezing operation. (2)(b) Outline the precautions that would be appropriate in such circumstances. (6)(a) Hazards caused by the use of liquid nitrogen for pipe-freezing are:

frost burns from contact with the nitrogen cylinders the leakage of nitrogen - leading to loss of concentration, disorientation and possible

asphyxiation the leakage of the contents of the pipe if the freezing is incomplete or if the pipe ruptures

(b) The precautions that should be taken include:

the use of a permit to work or restricted access system; provision of forced ventilation to the trench; continuous monitoring of oxygen levels; a vented pipe jacket; the use of personal protective equipment such as insulated gloves emergency procedures with the provision of rescue equipment and personnel.


10. Site preparation work involves the removal of topsoil contaminated with hazardous waste. Outline the precautions required in relation to the transportation from site and disposal of the contaminated soil. (8)

The precautions needed would include:

use licensed waste carriers and for the waste to be taken, via a system of consignment notes, to a licensed landfill site or transfer station,

use best endeavours to check that the waste is being taken to the assigned site or station by the designated route.

adequate sheeting of loads, damping down the load, ensuring lorry wheels and bodies are washed down before leaving site ensuring, in order to prevent spillage, that the lorries are in good condition and not overloaded.

11. Identify the range of defects that might be observed in a wire rope sling during routine inspection prior to use. (8) Broken strands – where individual strands that go to make up the wire rope are broken. Crushed rope – where the wire rope has been run over or trapped, resulting in a section of the

wire rope being crushed or flattened. Kinked rope – where the wire rope has been exposed to abnormal forces, resulting in it being

permanently distorted. Corrosion – where the strands (or the inner core) have corroded, usually due to poor

storage/maintenance of the wire rope. Distorted eyes (loops at the end of the rope) Loose splicing Narrowing of the rope (usually caused by using beyond the safe working limit).



1. Outline the contents of a toolbox talk associated with the prevention and control of fire on a construction site. (20) The principles of fire - the fire triangle -and the identification of hazards, such as

flammable liquids, timber and waste materials, together with possible sources of ignition, such as smoking materials and hot work.

In identifying prevention techniques, reference should be made to good housekeeping, hot work permits, restriction of smoking, the prohibition of "bonfires", the safe storage of flammable and combustible materials, and ensuring the safe installation and use of electrical equipment.

Talk should also cover the means of fire detection, the action to be taken when a fire is discovered or when the fire alarm is sounded, the methods to be followed when fighting a fire (to include the identification of different types of fire extinguishers and their locations), and the identification of escape routes and assembly points.

2. Concrete blocks are to be moved by hand on a construction site. Outline the key issues to be addressed prior to this activity being carried out. (8) the load (number and weight of blocks to be moved) the task (horizontal and vertical distances to be moved) the environment (ground conditions, lighting and space to manoeuvre) the individual (physical characteristics and the training in manual handling of those to be

involved) the safe stacking and storage of the blocks the provision of personal protective equipment such as leather gloves and safety boots.

3. Describe the features of a well designed and maintained traffic management system on a busy construction site. (8) the separation of vehicles and pedestrians with the provision of barriers and designated

crossing points; a one way system with turning circles to reduce the need for reversing; firm and even road surfaces which are well maintained; roadways signed to indicate speed limits, right of way and no entry; the allocation of designated areas for loading, unloading and sheeting; arrangements for damping down and wheel washing and the provision of an adequate standard

of lighting.

4. (a) Identify FOUR specific hazards associated with work in a confined place. (4)(b) Identify FOUR examples of a confined space that may be encountered on a construction site (4)(a) Hazards:

the presence of toxic, flammable or explosive fumes and vapours lack of oxygen oxygen enrichment ingress of fluids falls of materials in tunnelling the possibility of injury, particularly to the head, due to restricted space claustrophobic effects.

(b) Confined space examples include manholes, sewers, tunnels, excavations, tanks, chambers and pits and unventilated rooms and roof spaces.

5. (a) Identify the factors that may determine the severity of injury caused by contact with electricity. (4)


(b) Outline the measures that may be employed to protect against an electric shock. (4)(a) Factors include:

the voltage; the nature of the current (whether alternating or direct); the body resistance of the individual (reference to age, health, gender and the type of

footwear worn); the route taken by the current through the body; the speed of action of any protective measures; environmental conditions such as the floor material and the presence of water.

(b) Measures include: double insulation; reduced low voltage systems using an isolating transformer centre-tapped to earth; residual current devices; safe systems of work; inspection and testing of the installation, tools and equipment by a competent person; user checks on plugs and cables and the external condition of the equipment; the wearing of protective clothing such as boots, gloves and aprons the provision of training designed to lead to competence.

The above list will require expanding on to provide an outline answer

6. The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 require that work equipment used in hostile environments is inspected at suitable intervals. Identify the items on a small dumper truck that should be the subject of such an inspection. (8)Items on a dumper truck that should be the subject of periodic inspection include:

the provision/condition of roll over protection and driver restraints (e.g. seat belts); the condition of the bodywork and seats; the condition of the tyres; the effectiveness of the braking system, steering and warning devices; the performance of the bucket release and tilt mechanisms; the integrity of fuel, oil and hydraulic systems and the legibility of labels and signs.

7. An independent scaffold tied to a ten-storey office block has collapsed into a busy street. Outline the factors that may have affected the stability of the scaffold. (8)

Factors include; original erection of the scaffold not following the intended design; the unsatisfactory bearing capacity of the ground on which the scaffold was sited; the scaffold foundation being undermined either by surface water or by site works such as excavation; the use of incorrect or damaged fittings e.g. non-load bearing couplers or those affected by corrosion; standards which were out of plumb or bent; unauthorised alteration of the scaffold; overloading either with materials or because waste chutes became blocked; impact by a load

suspended from a crane or by a road vehicle and severe weather conditions including high winds.8. Explain the actions that site management might consider in order to reduce levels of occupational

stress amongst workers on site (8)Options that are available to management to reduce stress levels amongst their employees include: the environment

o reduction in noise levelso the provision of adequate levels of lightingo the provision of adequate welfare facilitieso the maintenance of high levels of housekeeping

organisational and jobo work/life balance (such as discouraging the working of excessively long hourso introducing flexible working arrangements);o introducing job rotation and increasing work variety; o seeking the views of employees and involving them in decisions;o introducing and implementing policies to cover harassment, discrimination, violence and the

investigation of complaintsNCC1 Revision Workbook Apr 16

36

o ensuring adequate levels of supervision with supervisors trained to recognise the symptoms of stress so that ameliorative action can be taken

o in extreme cases, offering counselling.

9. A project involves the construction of an in situ concrete structure, including the installation of drains, on a brown-field site. Up to 60 people are likely to be involved in the work at any one time. Identify the welfare facilities that should be provided for such work. (8) hot and cold or warm running water with soap and towels made available; showers; a sufficient number of toilets the provision of changing rooms with separate storage for dirty and clean clothing facilities for drying clothing a room set aside for taking meals and refreshment equipped with means of boiling water and

heating food first aid facilities

10. Outline a system for the management and disposal of waste from a construction site. (8)Construction site waste is controlled waste and is subject to laid down procedures for disposal and procedures to be followed include: the waste must be properly described on transfer notes, must be removed from site by a licensed carrier checks should be made to ensure that the waste is transferred by the carrier to a licensed tip or

transfer station the responsibility of the producer of the waste to ensure the importance of the proper containment of

waste while on site to prevent access or spread separation of waste into similar types (such as rubble, adhesives and solvents etc), thereby facilitating

reuse or recycling.

11. Identify the key issues to be addressed in a pre-demolition survey of a multi-storey block of flats in a city centre. (8) The possibility of damage to adjacent properties; the method used in the construction of the building; the existence of underground cellars and the potential presence of asbestos; the availability of a health and safety file; the location of existing services; the potential hazards that might exist from the previous use of the site; structural issues that might affect the method of demolition; restrictions on access for plant and equipment and the potential affect of the demolition on the

immediate environment.



1. In relation to exposure to vibration during construction activities:

(a) Identify TWO common sources; (2)(b) Describe the possible health effects of exposure to vibration; (6)(c) In order to reduce the effects described in (b), outline the measures that could be taken by:

Manufacturers of equipment; (3)Employers; (5)Employees. (4)

(a) Common sources could include concrete scabblers, concrete breakers, percussion power tools and rotary power tools such as angle grinders or compactors.

(b) damage to blood vessels in fingers damage to nerve endings in fingers numbness and loss of sensitivity swollen and painful joints blanching of fingers during spells of cold weather the loss of grip strength musculoskeletal disorders back pain (whole of body)

(c) Manufactures: to carry out any necessary research and tests so as to design out the likelihood of

vibration when supplying the equipment for use at work, to provide information and

recommendations for safe use provide an indication of the levels of vibration produced by the machinery.Employers: consideration of changing the process to avoid the use of vibrating equipment selecting equipment producing lower levels of vibration limiting the exposure time of individual employees, job rotation providing personal protective equipment such as gloves and other warm clothing introducing health surveillance ensuring employees were given information, instruction and training.Employees: to wear the personal protective equipment provided to take the breaks from work as directed to report any defects in the equipment to their employer.

2. Identify the duties placed upon the principal contractor under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015. (8) Plan, manage, monitor and coordinate the construction phase plan; Estimate the time required to complete the work; Take into account the general principles of prevention; Organise cooperation between contractors; Comply with health and safety legal requirements; Ensure the construction phase plan is followed; Provide suitable site induction; Prevent unauthorised access to the site; Provide welfare facilities; Liaise with the principal designer; Consult and engage with workers; and Review/update and complete the health & safety file, if the principal designers appointment ends before

project ends.


3. Timber sections are stored in an enclosed compound.

(a) Outline the precautions that should be taken to prevent a fire occurring. (4)(b) Identify TWO extinguishing media that may be used for dealing with

a fire in such a situation, AND explain how each works to extinguish the fire (4)(a) Fire prevention depends on stopping the fire triangle from forming e.g.:

the removal of ignition sources:o smoking and hot work

reduction of fuel sources:o wood is unlikely to catch fire from electrical sparks, but other flammable materials ,

such as solvents and fuel for machinery, are not stored in the same area as the wood\

possibly air/oxygen:o gas cylinders including oxygen should be stored separately.

(b) Fire extinction relies on breaking the fire triangle:

Solid fuel (class A) fires can be dealt with satisfactorily by using water as an extinguisher.o Water works by removing the heat leg of the fire triangle.

Foam can also be used to good effect on this type of fire.o Foam works by covering the fuel, thus forming a barrier between the fuel and the

surrounding oxygen. Other extinguishants that prevent oxygen getting to the fuel, dry powder and carbon dioxide, can

be used, but are far less effective, as it is difficult to cover a large area, such as a pile of wood, sufficiently.

4. A dumper truck overturned whilst being driven across a construction site.

(a) Give FOUR reasons why the dumper truck may have overturned. (4)(b) Outline practical measures that could be taken to minimise the risk of a dumper truck overturn. (4)(a) the nature of the ground over which they are being driven

the condition and loading of the trucks themselves the competence and carelessness of the drivers; e.g. they may be prone to drive or

corner at excessive speeds and fail to avoid the many obstacles that are found on a construction site

if a truck is being driven over uneven or unstable ground, on or across slopes or too close to an excavation

poorly maintained with tyres that are not inflated to the recommended pressure overloading or uneven loading of the bucket could affect their stability

(b) the use of trucks with a wide wheel base and a low centre of gravity; carrying out regular maintenance with particular attention being given to brakes, steering

and tyre pressures; providing designated traffic routes which are kept free from obstructions; providing edge protection around excavations; setting and enforcing speed limits; ensuring that the loads carried by trucks are within their safe working loads; using trained and competent drivers and monitoring their performance on a regular basis.

5. Outline the precautions to be taken before lining operations are to be carried out adjacent to high voltage overhead power lines. (8) the initial need to consult the electricity supply company and make the overhead lines dead where

possible erection of goalpost barriers the use of banksmen the placing of warning signs and barriers the need for consultation and communication between workers the provision of height restrictors for plant having to work beneath the cables careful positioning of the equipment in order to maximise separation distances ensuring that emergency procedures were in place and were communicated to the operatives involved


provision of the general lifting precautions and satisfying LOLER requirements.

6. Excavations in construction can be at risk of flooding.

(a) Identify FOUR ways in which water can enter an excavation. (4)(b) Outline practical measures that may be taken to prevent water from entering an excavation. (4)(a) following rainfall;

from rain run off or melting snow; by ingress from adjacent water sources such as rivers or lakes; when working in ground with a high water table; following accidental damage to a water main or the fracture of the body of an adjacent

bowser or storage tank.(b) the construction of diverting channels round the excavation;

the extension of the shoring provided above the edges coupled with the use of sandbags; re-directing nearby water sources identifying and supporting and protecting exposed water pipes (ground freezing); well point de-watering the injection of grout into the soil use of water pumps (although not a preventive measure)

7. Explain the issues that would need to be addressed if work is to be carried out safely from a ladder (8) the type, duration and extent of the work to be undertaken; the suitability of the ladder for the work (e.g. its height, condition, material of construction etc); the safe positioning of the ladder and protecting it from impact; the erection of the ladder at the correct angle and securing it at top and bottom; the ability of the user to maintain three points of contact; the competence of the user; weather conditions and the type of tools to be used for the work

8. A three-storey office block is to be demolished

(a) Identify the likely hazards to the environment that could be caused by the work. (4)(b) Outline the actions that need to be taken to control the hazards stated in (a). (4)(a) airborne dust

fumes and fibres noise spilled fuel silt affecting the drainage systems mud and debris being deposited on adjacent roads

(b) damping down the structure to reduce the production of dust; washing down and sheeting disposal vehicles using street cleaners providing wheel wash facilities noise controls (such as barriers) fitting filters or stoppers to site drain gullies bunding fuel tanks introducing effective controls for waste including the prohibition of burning rubbish on site.


9. On a long-term contract, joiners are working with medium density fibreboard (MDF) using hand-held circular saws and portable electric planers in a temporary site unit.Explain how you would ensure that the joiners' health is not put at risk during this activity. (8) assessments of the levels of dust, noise and vibration; efficient dust extraction equipment or respirators with the appropriate protection factor; the provision of hearing protection the need to manage vibration by the use of lower vibration tools or job rotation provision of good environmental conditions e.g. light, heat and ventilation provision of good welfare conditions e.g. sanitary conveniences, washing facilities, rest

facilities, adequate supplies of drinking water and somewhere to prepare food.

10. (a) Describe the physical signs of occupational dermatitis. (2)(b) Outline the factors that will influence the likelihood of dermatitis occurring amongst

site operatives handling wet cement. (6)(a) Symptoms include reddening, blistering, inflammation and cracking of the skin,

leading to ulceration and infection in severe cases.

(b) duration, frequency and extent of direct contact with wet cement; existing skin conditions such as cuts and abrasions; failure to use personal protective equipment such as gloves and overalls, a lack of welfare facilities failure to provide adequate levels of training and supervision individual sensitivity a failure to use barrier creams personal hygiene practices.

11. State the ways in which accidents can occur from the use of cartridge operated nail guns during building work. (8) the incorrect selection of the cartridge or the length of the pin, nail or stud to be

inserted; failure to use splinter guards to prevent ricochet from a working surface; attempting to re-use a cartridge when it has misfired; failure to prevent access to the reverse side of a wall or partition to which material is

being fixed as a precaution against complete penetration; failure to maintain the equipment on a regular basis; unauthorised use of the nail gun together with the possibility of horseplay on the part of

the operators; a failure to ensure that employees who are to use the guns have been given the

necessary information, instruction and training; a failure to closely monitor to ensure operatives follow the recommended operating

procedures.



1. A project is to be completed by a construction company that involves the building of a three-storey office block on a new business park.

(a) To comply with the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015, identify the duties placed upon:

(i) The client, AND; (7)(ii) The Principal Designer. (7)

(b) Identify sources of health and safety information external to the construction company that may be useful when assessing the risk from the building activities. (6)

(a) (i) The Client: Make arrangements to manage the project without risks to health and safety; Ensure welfare arrangements are provided i.a.w. Schedule 2; Allow sufficient time and resources for all stages; Provide pre-construction information to designers and contractors as soon as possible; Ensure, before the construction phase begins, a construction phase plan is drawn up; If appointed, ensure the principal designer prepares a health and safety file for the project; Take reasonable steps to ensure principal designers and principal contractors comply with their

duties; Ensure that those they appoint have the necessary skills, knowledge, training, experience and

capabilities to carry out their roles. Retain and provide access to health and safety file(ii) The Principal Designer Plan, manage, monitor and coordinate the pre-construction phase; Coordinate matters relating to health and safety during the pre-construction phase; Estimate the period of time required to complete work stages; Take account the general principles of prevention; Identify, eliminate or control foreseeable risks to health and safety of any person carrying out

construction work, maintaining or cleaning the structure and or using the structure as a workplace; Ensure designers comply with their duties; Ensure all persons cooperate with the client, principal contractor or contractor; Assist the client in the provision of the pre-construction information; Provide pre-construction information promptly and in a convenient form to every designer and

contractor; Liaise with the principal contractor and share information relevant to the planning, management

and monitoring of the construction phase and the coordination of health and safety during construction;

Review, update and complete the health and safety file and pass to the client on completion; Hand over the health and safety file to the principal contractor if their appointment finishes before

the end of the project.

(b) legislation such as the CDM Regulations and the Work at Height Regulations any Approved Codes of Practice; published guidance such as that on fire safety in construction work and electrical safety on

construction sites; literature produced by Trade Associations and Trade Unions and information available from

professional bodies such as ICE, CIOB and RIGS; ground reports; information available from utility companies and the pre-construction information.


2. Three workers are to undertake repair work in a sewer chamber that is 3 metres deep. Outline the issues that should be considered to ensure that the emergency rescue arrangements are adequate. (8) the formulation of a rescue plan communication to the employees concerned in the operation (e.g. the provision of means of

communication with the operators entering the chamber and the means of summoning help such as a tug rope, personal alarm or radio);

the presence of a trained and competent rescue team outside the chamber including a person competent to undertake first aid and resuscitation;

the provision of emergency equipment such as breathing apparatus resuscitation equipment the means for removing operators from the chamber such as a harness, ropes and lifting equipment the need to practice any emergency rescue arrangements

3. Electricity is one of the causes of fire on construction sites.Outline the ways in which such fires may be prevented. (8) Design:o Ensuring installations meet IEE standards with the provision of sufficient outlets to prevent

overloading;o the selection and suitability of equipment for an environment which might be potentially flammable;o the use of overload protection such as MCBs and RCDs;o the provision of earthing to prevent static build up

Management:o the storage of materials, particularly flammableso general housekeeping issueso cable managemento systems for the reporting of defectso the control of personal electrical equipment in the workplace including contractors' tools

Maintenance:o the regular testing of installation and, particularly, portable equipmento Staff competence, training and the provision of informationo the precaution of switching off equipment after use.

4. Outline the control measures that should be adopted when cutting paving slabs with a petrol driven disc cutter. (8) the suitable selection of equipment; the inspection of equipment prior to use; the use of a competent person to change the disc when needed; the provision of an adequate top guard for the disc cutter; dust suppression by wet cutting; protecting the operator against HAVS by, for example, the provision of insulation for the handle

and introducing job rotation; ensuring a safe system of work for refuelling and keeping the minimum amount of fuel on site; the provision and use of appropriate personal protective equipment such as goggles, ear

defenders, gloves, respiratory protection and boots; the provision of information on and training in manual handling.

5. An initial site assessment should be completed before a construction project commences in order to determine possible hazards that could be present on or near a site.Outline the factors that should be addressed when carrying out the initial site assessment. (8) the previous and current use of the site which, might indicate the presence of hazardous materials

such as asbestos or chemical contaminants; the possibility of voids or cellars remaining from previous construction work; the area of the site and the existence of any natural obstacles; the nature of the surroundings taking into account the proximity or roads, railways, footpaths,

schools and housing; the location of rivers, streams or other controlled waters; the possible presence of overhead or underground services;


an assessment of the ground conditions; the means of access to the site and any history of trespass, vandalism or arson or evidence of

drug use.6. Outline the main items to be checked by the person appointed to have overall control of a lifting operation

which is to be carried out with the use of a crane hired for this purpose.(8)

An overall assessment of the operation needs to be carried out to take account of the ground conditions for the proposed site of the crane and the presence of any overhead obstructions such as power lines;

the suitability of the lifting appliance and associated equipment selected with particular attention to their safe working loads;

examination of the documentary evidence to prove that the required examinations, inspections and maintenance have been carried out;

the competence of all personnel involved in the operation such as the crane driver, slinger and banksman and their familiarity with the hand signals or other means of communication that were to be used.

7. A flat roof is to be repaired while a building remains occupied.Outline the issues that should be addressed to reduce the risk to the workers involved in the repair work and others who may be affected by the work. (8) Selection of the contractor is an important factor completion of risk assessments development of safe systems of work and a method statement. the provision of appropriate means of access the correct use of ladders the provision of edge protection such as guard rails and toe boards to prevent falls safe means of transporting tools and materials to and from the roof the removal of waste from the site precautions, including those concerned with the possibility of fire when using tar heaters the use of trained and competent employees provision of appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves, boots, knee pads and masks the provision of adequate monitoring and supervision the possibility of contact with hazardous substances such as tar or asbestos and precautions taken to

prevent exposure both of the contractors’ staff and members of the public the health and safety of others who might be affected by the work include briefing the occupiers of the

building on the risks and the precautions to be observed the erection of barriers and signs at ground level safe arrangements for vehicle movement security measures to prevent access to the roof by unauthorised persons.

8. Sheet piles are to be driven into a river bed and the water contained inside the piles pumped out before construction work starts.

(a) Identify the health hazards that may be encountered by workers involved in this operation. (3)(b) Outline typical control measures to reduce the risks involved in this operation. (5)(a) biological hazards such as leptospirosis and tetanus;

the hazard arising from noise created by the pile driving equipment; chemical hazards caused by contact with oil or diesel; vibration hazards arising from the possible use of portable equipment; psycho-social hazards such as stress and fatigue.

(b) disinfection and inoculation; the provision of good washing facilities and those for taking meals and refreshment and the

insistence on good levels of personal hygiene; the provision and use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, boots and hearing

protection together with the use of barrier creams; the introduction of a system for the reporting and recording of illnesses and the symptoms of ill-

health; the provision of safe means of access and egress to the working areas; the provision of information to the workers on the possible health hazards arising from the work

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9. A significant number of the accidents associated with work on construction sites are associated with plant and vehicle movement.Outline the control measures that should be adopted to prevent such accidents occurring. (8)

The control measures that should be adopted should be:


movement of plant; compliance with the general safety requirements in respect of all plant and machinery such as the

proper selection of equipment for the task in hand, the need to ensure that dangerous parts of machines were properly guarded, and that a regime of planned inspections and maintenance

procedures for reporting defects being put in place ensuring that all operators were competent to perform the tasks allotted to them.

10. Outline the health and Safety issues to be considered when planning the demolition of a two-storey detached house in a street of occupied houses. (8) to adopt a systematic approach to the demolition to protect adjoining properties by fencing and shoring up and

to prevent the premature collapse of the building; means for preventing the falls of persons and material; the selection of the and equipment to be used; the identification and isolation of buried and overhead services; the identification and control of hazardous

substances such as asbestos and lead; the removal of waste and the possible need for the use of a licensed carrier; the provision of personal

protective equipment such as helmets, boots eye, ear and respiratory protection; the control of dust by damping down; the problems of noise not only for the workers but also for the owners of occupied premises with the need

to arrange an acceptable timetable for carrying out potentially noisy operations; the provision of welfare facilities; and site security restrictions on access particularly since there are likely to be children living in close proximity to the site.

11. Identify the issues that should be assessed to establish whether a contractor is competent and should be appointed. (8) Experience of this type of work. References from previous clients. Membership of trade associations. Competent staff and a trained workforce, with all certificates and training courses currently valid. Safety policy and systems of work. Examples of the quality of their risk assessments. Suitability of method statements. Adequate resources and suitable equipment, e.g. inspected, certified, and records up-to-date. Insurance cover. Safety record, especially previous fatalities, accidents, dangerous occurrences and any enforcement

action.



1. The waterproof membrane on the flat roof of a two-storey, high-security office block is about to be replaced with a bitumous roofing material. Access for personnel not engage in the roofing work is prohibited, but an access route from inside the building is available for roofing workers. The only external access route for materials is via an electrically-driven lightweight, inclined builder’s hoist, which must be erected and dismantled daily.Identify procedures that are necessary to help ensure:

(a) The safety of the occupiers of the building; (5)

Procedures relating to fire alarms, the provision of additional extinguishers and ensuring that existing evacuation procedures will not be compromised and a system of daily liaison with the occupiers to ensure the integrity of local arrangements are not being compromised.Control measures to protect persons entering or leaving the building to ensure that do not enter and potential danger areas such as where there could be a possibility of falling objects.Briefing the occupying staff about the work in general and hazards in particular so that they are aware of the hazards and the necessary procedures they must follow to ensure their own safety.Segregation between the construction workers and those who were normally employed in the building so that each are not exposed to hazards from each others activities.

(b) The safety of the operatives whilst working on the roof; (5)

The provision of training and information, particularly regarding the maximum additional loads that could be taken on the roof and the provision of edge protection to prevent falls off the roof and barriers around and roof lights to reduce the possibility of operatives falling through them.The precautions to be taken in the handling, storage and use of bitumen boilers to prevent the possibility of personal injuries such as burns and the likelihood of an outbreak of fire on the roof. If these preventative measures fail, the provision of suitable fire extinguishers to tackle a small fire before it becomes a major event. Operatives would also need to be trained in the safe use of the extinguishers provided.Also, should a fire start, procedures for evacuation of all operatives from the area of the roof to a place of safety where a role call could be carried out to ensure everyone is accounted for.There also needs to be the provision of safe means of access and egress to the roof and an emergency procedure to evacuate and injured or ill person from the roof in the event of an emergency situation.

(c) The safe erection, dismantling and use of the inclined hoist. (10)

The operatives should be trained and experience in the erection and dismantling of the hoist, which should be undertaken in accordance with the manufactures recommendations and supervision to ensure that this methodology is utilised.Arrangements for its inspection, testing and regular maintenance of the hoist with a pre-use inspection on a daily basis by a competent person after the hoist has been assembled.Ensuring the guarding of dangerous parts of the machinery and that these guards are securely fixed into place and undamaged.The integrity of any electrical installation such as circuits being fitted with circuit breakers, residual current devices and a suitable emergency shut of switch.Protection at the base and top of the hoist to prevent operatives being hit by falling objects or falling from the area where materials are being unloaded. Also loads being carried by the hoist should have means to ensure that they are securely affixed as they travel to the roof.

2. Outline practical measures to reduce the risk from electricity when using a portable electrical appliance. (8)

Ensuring that the equipment is subject to a suitable maintenance regime such as Portable Appliance Testing and instruct/train operatives to carry out pre-use inspection of the portable electrical equipment.


Where possible reduce the risk from electric shock by selecting low voltage appliances such as 110V Centre Tapped Earth (CTE) i.e. +/- 50 Volts or even safer, use battery powered equipment if they can provide suitable power to do the work required.If using 230 volt equipment ensuring it is plugged into a suitably protected mains supply fitted with circuit breakers and a residual current device to give over-current and fault current protection.For Class I equipment ensuring the equipment has a suitable low resistance earth connection or use double insulated Class II equipment which gives an additional layer of insulation.When using equipment ensure that the lead is not too short such that undue stress is applied to the cable clamps on the plug and/or where it enters the appliance. If using an extension lead ensuring it is fully unrealed so that there will not be any heat build up in the cable.If making adjustments to the appliance or change the work bit ensure that the appliance is unplugged from the supply before do so. Making sure any guards that should be fitted are in fact correctly fitted and adjusted to protect from contact with moving parts.When selecting equipment for use, ensure that it is the correct type for the environmental conditions in which it is to be used (e.g. damp or corrosive atmospheres) and that they are safe with regard to noise and vibration levels that will be produced whilst being used.

3. It is necessary to enter a manhole access for routine inspection of a sewer.

(a) Give the meaning of the term ‘confined space’. (2)

A confined space is a space which is substantially although not always entirely enclosed, where there is a foreseeability of risk from the residues in the space, the hazardous substances being taken into the space and/or the difficulty in accessing and egressing the space.

(b) Outline control measures to help reduce the risks to persons entering the sewer during the inspection work. (6)

Prior to any work being undertaken, an emergency procedure needs to be formulated and practice so that if a person collapses they can be safely rescued by a rescue team. The procedure would include members wearing a rescue harness and the provision of a winch to pull out a collapsed worker. The rescue team and all operatives and supervisors also need to be confined space awareness trained.Air monitoring needs to be undertaken prior to entry and if the atmosphere is not safe operatives would need to wear self contained breathing apparatus. If the atmosphere is safe enough for people to enter operatives would wear a portable air monitoring device and wear a 15 minute set so that if the monitor alarms the rescue set can be donned and the operatives leave the space.Should a person become injured or ill whilst working may need first aid treatment and so at least one member of the rescue team would need to be first aid trained and a suitable first aid kit should be readily available.Radio equipment would be necessary so the operatives inspecting the sewer can communicate with the rescue team to summon help if needed and task lighting would also be required to aid the inspection process in the sewer which will not have any natural lighting.All of the above would be covered in a confined space permit-to-work system which would ensure the necessary controls are in place before being authorised to be undertaken.

4. Construction workers are required to drive to and from various construction sites for work

purposes.Outline factors that should be considered when assessing the risk of an accident while driving for work purposes. (8)

The factors to be assessed fall into three areas; the driver, the vehicle and the journey.The driver:

The drivers age and experience and whether or not they have had any additional


training such as advance driver training or defensive driving techniques. If they are fit and health so that do not suffer fits or have a heart condition and that they meet the minimum eyesight requirements.

The vehicle:The vehicle is suitable to carry the number of people and load that is to be transported. The vehicle is maintained in accordance with manufacturers recommendations as a minimum and is in a safe serviceable condition and good state of repair, taxed, MOT'd and insured. The vehicle has all the necessary safety equipment; spare tyre and tools and is provided with information with regard to water and other fluid levels, tyre pressures and tread depths. The vehicle is of suitable ergonomic design for the driver and appropriately equipment with safety equipment; anti-lock brakes, traction control etc.

The journey:The time of day and hence traffic and lighting conditions. The routes to be taken; A-roads, motorways or country roads. The time of year and possible weather conditions which could increase the risk of an accident. The scheduling of the journey; realistic travel times to travel from one site to another and undertake and duties. Limits on driving hours and appropriate rest periods; might involve authorising overnight stops in order to limit the driving hours in any one day.

5. (a) Outline ways in which safety nets may be damaged. (4)

They could be damaged when people and or materials fall into them causing them to distort. Also, if a person has fallen into the net the rescue plan may involve a mobile elevated work platform coming from underneath the net and the net then cut to lower the operative into the basket.When rigged, the edge of the netting may come into contact with sharp edges where it has been secured underneath the planned work area and chaffing could weaken and damage netting edges. The may be damaged over time from weathering if used outdoors or from coming into contact with hazardous substances, heat or acids.The nets could also become damaged if being installed by untrained inexperienced personnel.

(b) Outline considerations for the safe storage of safety nets. (4)

When planning to store netting, if wet they should be hung up in a suitable area to dry out before being folded up for storage. When storing them they should be stored in a dry shaded area away from potential hazardous substances and off of the floor to prevent them becoming wet or damp, e.g. on shelving or on pallets. They should be stored with their identification and inspection tags showing so that they can readily identified and checked to ensure that they are within any specified inspection date. All nets should also be subject to a regime of regular inspected to ensure that they are serviceable and safe to use when needed.

6. A petrol-driven plate compactor is to be used to reinstate a small excavation on a highway.

(a) Outline hazards to which workers could be exposed during the use of the plate compactor. (4)

Hazards could be noise from the compactors operation leading to either temporary or permanent hearing loss or temporary or permanent tinnitus. Vibration could result in vibration white finger, carpel tunnel syndrome, loss of sense of touch or feeling and painful joints and tendons.Operation of the compactor will also involve manual handling which over time could result in musculoskeletal disorders.Refuelling operations could result from burns from fire or dermatitis from repeated skin contact. Whilst being used, dust could be produced from the reinstatement material leading to respiratory distress.Being on a highway, there is also the hazards associated with collision by passing traffic as well as exposure to vehicle exhaust fumes including oxides of nitrogen, sulphur


oxides and carbon monoxide.

(b) Outline control measures to help reduce the risk to workers during the use of the plate compactor. (4)

Implementation of a traffic management system around the works such as traffic lights couple with the use of cones, lights and signage and ensuring operatives wear high visibility clothing so that they can be readily seen. If being carried out in darkness, the provision of task lighting.The best method of control would be to use a remote controlled compactor so that the operative is not exposed to noise and vibration hazards. If not possible then restriction on trigger times and/or job rotation to reduce vibration exposure levels coupled with gloves to keep the hands warm and stimulate blood flow to reduce the possibility of hand arm vibration syndrome. Use of suitable hearing protection to prevent damage to the hearing.When refuelling, allowing the equipment to cool to reduce the possibility of ignition and having a suitable fire extinguisher nearby (e.g. foam or dry powder) and ensuring refuelling is carried out in a bunded area. Also whilst refuelling ensuring operative is wearing suitable chemical resistant gloves.Dampening down the reinstatement material will reduce the generation of dust and the wearing of suitable respiratory protective equipment would reduce exposure of any dust they could still be generated.Operatives should be trained and competent in the use of the equipment and the safe system of work to be implemented and suitably supervised.

7. Plumbing repairs requiring hot work are to be carried out on site outside normal business hours.Outline a safe system of work to help reduce the risk of fire:

(a) During the work. (4)

The following safe system of work would be covered by a hot works permit-to-work. The area of work should be cleared of all flammable materials. Those that cannot be removed should be protected by heat shields. The area of work should be barriered off and signage posted to keep unauthorised people of the area of work. A suitable fire extinguisher should be positioned adjacent to the work as a back up in case a fire does start. The operatives should be trained and competent in the work equipment to be used and supervised.

(b) After the work is completed. (4)

Once the work has been finished, the area of work should be cooled of residual heat and the protective shielding removed. Dependent on the area of work, a fire watch should be carried out where the area is revisit after a lapse of time to ensure that all the residual heat has been removed and that there are no risk of a fire starting later on. Once suitable fire watch activities have been completed the operative should sign off the permit and then pass it onto the authorising to close down.

8. Outline the benefits to a construction organisation of maintaining high standards of health and safety. (8)

HumanThere would be a reduced likelihood of accidents and incidents occurring and therefore better protection of operatives from possible hazards and the consequential injury and ill-health. Operatives who feel safe in their work are more likely to have loyalty to their employer and hence suffer less work absences and lower staff turnover.

EconomicLess stoppages for accidents and incidents result in higher productivity, greater satisfaction from clients and therefore higher profitability. Less time and costs expended on accident investigation and corrective measures will reduce potential losses as well as the additional costs of employing temporary staff to undertake the


work of injury and absent employees. Accidents can also have costs associated with the repair and replacement of damage plant and equipment.

LegalInjuries and ill-health could result in civil claims which would invoke payment of the policy excess and potentially increases in future insurance premiums. Additionally, serious breaches could result prosecutions that could result in fines and other sanctions.

9. Identify information that should be included in a material safety data sheet (MSDS) for a hazardous substance. (8)

The identification of the substance (trade name) details of the manufacturer or supplier including address, telephone numbers, website etc.The chemical constituents of the preparation and their particular quantities and hazards.Hazard identification, the harm it can be caused if inhaled, consumed, in contact with the skin, in the eyes or if injected.The first aid to be administered if the operative is exposed to the substance; skin, eyes, inhalation and consumption.The types of fire extinguishing media that would be suitable if the substance is involved in a fire.Accidental release measures, how to control and mitigate the effects.Safe handling and storage procedures for the substance (e.g. stored in a cool dry place).Its stability and reactivity; conditions and substances which might cause an adverse reaction.Control measures to be implement when being used include the particular types of Personal Protective Equipment and the Workplace Exposure Levels.The physical and chemical properties.Toxilogical information - the harm it could cause to humans.Ecological information - the harm it could cause to the environment.Disposal information.Statutory information such as Risk and Safety PhrasesAny other information that does not fit into any of the above categories.

10. Outline factors that might cause a mobile crane to overturn during use. (8)

If the crane is not the correct one for the job taking into account its safe working load and reach which could lead to the crane tipping over or suffering mechanical failure.If the crane is not deployed on firm level ground able to take the weight of the crane and the suspended load, with outriggers deployed and spreader plates under the outrigger pads it could sink and topple over.If the crane operative is not trained and experience they could slew the load too quickly causing the load to swing and making the crane unstable leading to it toppling over. Similarly, should and lift be undertaken in high wind conditions, this could also cause the load to swing as well as if the crane were to be driven with the load suspended as the load would not stop and start with the stopping and starting of the crane, again causing the load to swingA mechanical failure that resulted in the sudden loss of the load could result in a whiplash effect resulting in instability and the possibility of the crane toppling over.If the crane is deployed without sufficient clearance, whilst slewing the load either the jib or the counterbalance could collide with adjacent objects and increase the risk of it toppling over.

11. (a) Outline precautions that could be taken in order to protect operatives when laser devices are used on a construction project. (4)

Operatives must be trained and supervised to ensure that the devices are used safely in accordance with manufacturers instructions. Lasers should never be direct aim at any person and never left on when not actively being used. Suitable tinted eye protection should be worn to prevent damage to the eyes, particularly the retina. If the laser is of a


higher power additional protective covering for other parts of the body may be required, e.g. exposed areas of skin. Dark wall and ceiling coatings or black screens should be used in the area of work to absorb stray beams and prevent reflections causing harm to others who may be working in adjacent areas. The are of operation should therefore be cordoned off, with suitable signage posted to keep unauthorised people out of any potential danger areas.

(b) Outline possible health effects associated with exposure to non-ionising radiation. (4)

Reddening and burns to the skin, damage to the retina at the back of the eyes and/or damage in the form of corneas to the eyes. Microwaves and high energy radio frequency waves passing through the body could cause a cooking effect and damage vital internal organs. Ultraviolet light (UV-A and UV-B), such as from sunlight, as well as causing burning can result in the development of skin cancers and have an aging effect on the skin. Excess body temperature will result in sweating and loss of body fluids which could result in heat stroke or collapse from heat exhaustion.


1. (a) Identify hazards associated with work at height above ground level. (4)

Falls from unprotected edges and/or falling objects.Overhead services such as power lines and telephone lines in the area of work.If working on roof areas where there is accumulations of bird droppings or mould and fungus there could be risk of biological hazards.Unstable, uneven ground which could result in the tipping over of any access equipment.Faulty or defective access equipment or equipment incorrectly erected by untrained personnel could lead to its collapse whilst operatives are working on it.Manual handling hazards during the assembly/erection and dismantling of access equipment.

(b) Outline factors that should be considered when conducting a working at height risk assessment. (8)

The skill levels of the operatives undertaking the work, where the work is to be carried out (e.g. additional environmental hazards in the area) and the nature of the work; how long will the activity take, the size of the materials and the types of tools to be used and the height off the ground.Consideration should be given to other activities in the area which might include traffic movements which could collide with any access equipment that has been provisioned or could undermine the foundations of the equipment once erected.Weather conditions and any foreseeable changes in those conditions; wet, cold, icy and windy conditions will make work at height potentially more dangerous. The presence of overhead electrical and other services which operatives might come into con

(c) Outline safe working at height practices associated with the use of a mobile elevated working platform (MEWP). (8)

Ensuring MEWP operatives are trained and competent (e.g. IPAF trained) and suitable supervised during its use. Ensuring that in the event of an emergency an operative at ground level is trained and competent to use the ground level controls should the operative in the basket be unable to operate the MEWP form that position.Ensuring the equipment is maintained, tested and inspected at the appropriate intervals. A thorough examination under LOLER should be untaken every six months and weekly recorded inspections by the qualified operative undertaken.The ground where the MEWP is being used should be firm and level and, if fitted with outriggers, these should be deployed on suitable firm surfaces to give added stability and to level the platform.The platform should be fully guard with handrail, toe board and intermediate rail and operatives must not climb on these in an attempt to gain extra height. The MEWP will also have a safe working load which must not be exceeded taking into account of the weight of people, materials and tools being used on the platform.If using a boom type MEWP there may be a requirement for operatives to wear a harness attached via a lanyard to the inside of the basket to prevent them falling out or being propelled out when manoeuvring the MEWP from within the basket (if working adjacent to water the operative would not clip on as they could be dragged underwater should the MEWP topple in.

2. Outline factors that would need to be covered in the training of personnel who have been given responsibilities for fire safety on a large refurbishment project. (8)


Information on the emergency evacuation plan and requirement for them to undertake routine practice drills of this plan to ensure everyone on site knows the actions to take and routes out of the building and to the assembly point.Requirements and how to undertake routine maintenance and inspection of fire equipment including fire extinguishers, call points, detector heads, alarm sounders and emergency lighting.Instructions on carrying out daily inspections of escape routes to ensure that they are kept clear of obstructions including final exit doors out of the structure which might become blocked by materials or parked vehicles.Should, owing to ongoing works, emergency routes have to change, the need for them to undertake toolbox talks to site personnel to inform them on the changes to the emergency plan.Instructions on the various types of fires that could occur, Class A, B, C, D and F, and the types of fire extinguishers suitable for each of the fires so that if a fire occurs and is small and safe to tackle, they can attempt to put it out before it becomes and serious event.They should also be instructed on the need to ensure that all new personnel to site received instruction on fire safety and the sites emergency plans during their site induction.

3. (a) Give the meaning of the term ‘work-related upper limb disorder’ (WRULD). (2)

Work related upper limb disorders (WRULD's) affect the arms, from fingers to shoulder, and neck. They are often called repetitive strain injuries, 'RSI', cumulative trauma disorder or occupational overuse syndrome and are caused during workplace activities.

(b) Give examples of construction related activities that could give rise to a WRULD. (2)

Brick layers who are continually reaching and picking up single bricks, applying mortar and the placing and tapping it into position, these over extended period of time this can lead to WRULD's.Scaffolder's who assemble and disassemble access scaffolding who are continually picking up and fitting scaffold poles and clamping them into place. This causes excessive stresses on the upper limbs of these scaffolder's.

(c) Identify ill-health effects of WRULD’s that might be experienced by affected individuals. (4)

Aching neck and shoulders, cramping in the forearms and hands, carpal tunnel syndrome in the wrist that pinches the nerves to the hand causing them to take a grip posture which can take hours to released. Tendonitis which is an inflammation of a tendon and tenosynovitis, which is an inflammable of the sheath that surrounds the tendon, both of which causes physical pain to the sufferer.

4. Asbestos can be found in various insulating and fire resistant materials.

(a) Identify the different types of asbestos. (3)

Chrysotile, white asbestos;Amosite, also known as Grunerite, brown asbestos; andCrocidolite, blue asbestos.

(b) Outline the duty to manage asbestos in non-domestic premises. (5)

The building owner or organisation engage to manage a building that could contain asbestos (pre-2000), are required to located the asbestos in the building and make a written record of where it is know or suspected to be in an Asbestos Containing Materials (ACM) register. They are then to assess the risk of potential exposure to building users or contractors who might be engaged to carry out work and put together a management plan to control this exposure. The plan is then to be implemented and monitored and then reviewed on a regular basis (normally annually).Locating asbestos is undertaken by carrying out a Management Survey, the first stage of this is undertaken by doing a presumptive survey that does not require the need to do sampling and testing. The second stage is to send samples for testing where ACM's have been found in poor condition or might be likely be damaged during day to day use


or when contractors carry out work.

5. Prior to the repair of underground services, deep excavations will be required.

(a) Outline precautions that are required for persons working around excavations at ground level. (4)

Erecting barriers and signage at a suitable distance away from the excavation to keep unauthorised people gain access to potential fall areas. In the danger areas have the shoring extend approximately one metre above ground level to proved edge protection. Shoring of the excavation will prevent the sides form collapsing which might result in people falling in if the collapse occurs. On initial arrival at site, operatives working around the excavation should be made aware of the activity, the hazards and the controls during site induction. Good levels of site supervision should also been undertaken to ensure operatives comply with the site rules.

(b) Outline precautions that are required to help reduce the risk of contact with existing underground services. (4)

The person organising the works should, survey the area to look for evidence of potential buried services and obtain the latest drawing for the area from the relevant service providers (e.g. gas, water, electricity, telecoms and sewers). With the drawings scans of the area should be undertaken using a Cable Avoidance Tool (CAT) and the ground marked where services are identified. A CAT has three modes of operation; hum detector, radio frequency detector and generator/signal facility for tracing power lines which have no load being drawn. Once the location has been identified, trial holes should be hand dug to determine their depth, once this has done excavators can be used to remove the bulk soil up to 0.5 metres from the known lie of a cable after which hand digging should be undertaken. Alternatively, sub-surface radar scans can be undertaken to find all services and determine their depths.

6. Protection systems such as fuses, residual current devices and double insulation can be used on hand-held electrical equipment to minimise risk of injury to workers and damage to equipment from electrical faults.

(a) Outline why a fuse fitted to equipment does not provide effective protection to a user from a possible electric shock. (2)

A fuse works by passing a current through a wire that will melt and fail if the rated current is exceed. If you pass 10 Amps through a 5 Amp fuse it will blow quickly and break the supply to the circuit, however, if you pass 5.1 Amps through the wire it will take a finite amount of time to blow during which time a person could receive and electric shock. A current of 0.1 Amps is 100 m.Amps, however it only takes 30 to 50 m.Amps to kill a person. A fuse is therefore there to protect the appliance and circuit and not people.

(b) Identify:(i) the advantages; (2)

(ii) the limitations (2)

of using a residual current device.

(i) This device will trip for a fault current, i.e. it looks at the current into the circuit and compares it to that leaving the circuit, if they are the same then all is well if they are different it indicates that current is leaving the circuit by another route which could through a person, so it rapidly trips the supply normally at a current less than 30mA. Also it does not rely on the operative to do something in order for it to work.(ii) An RCD does not trip for a flow of excess current so you would also need the circuit to have a circuit breaker to fulfil this function. Additionally you will not know that if functions correctly at the appropriate current difference unless you press the test button to check that it trips correctly.

(c) Outline the advantage of double insulation electrical equipment. (2)


This is where the electrical components in a device is covered with two layers of insulation, i.e. in inner and outer layer. Should the outer layer be compromised the inner lay will protect the user from receiving an electric shock. Devices using double insulation are known as Class II equipment and do not have an active earth connection. Not providing the circuitry for earthing enables the device to be smaller and more compact. Typically, this system is used on low power devices such as phone, shaver and toothbrush chargers, but can also be found on some power tools used on construction sites such as electric screw drivers.


Ensuring that the electrical supply to the bench-top grinder is suitably protected by circuit breakers, residual current devices and correctly rated fuses. There should also be an emergency stop button to the supply so that it can be quickly isolated in an emergency.The equipment should be fitted with any appropriate or relevant hazard and warning signage, such as warnings about contact with moving parts, potential hot parts and only to be authorise operatives.The equipment should be fitted at the correct height so that a good ergonomic posture can be maintained by operatives, with good levels of lighting and ventilation. The grinder should be securely affixed to the bench to prevent instability and have all the manufacturers guards, which should be serviceable and in good order, correctly fitted.The grinder should meet the Essential Health and Safety Requirements in the Supply of Machinery (Safety Regulations), which means it should be appended with a CE mark.The requirement for the training of the operatives in the safe use of the grinder, along with any pre-use checks that might have to be undertaken by the operative. The grinder should also be subject to routine maintenance and inspection that should comply with the manufacturers recommendations as a minimum. The training/skill of maintenance staff will also need to be considered.

8. Children have recently been showing interest in a construction site after work has finished for the day.Outline measures that could be taken in order to help reduce the risk of:

(a) Children being tempted to gain access to the site; (3)

Securing the site by totally enclosing it with a 2 metre hoarding and posting warning signage. Access to the site should be via a manned security gate which is locked at the end of each day. Undertaking briefings in local schools to educate children of the hazards of construction sites and maybe, in conjunction with the school, having organised visits to the site to negate the need for children to gain unauthorised to see what is on the site. Additionally, letter drops can be delivered to local housing so parents can reinforce the message given to the children during the school visits.

(b) Accidents to children who gain access to the site. (5)

Should children access the site, steps should be taken to: cover or barrier off excavations, ensuring plant is parked in a safe position with keys removed and secured after doors have been locked; switching and locking off power sources; locking away hazardous substances; removing access ladders from access equipment or boarding the first two metres to deter children from climbing them and keeping stacks of material low so children who climb on them do not fall from great heights.

9. (a) Identify forms of chemical agents to which construction workers can be exposed. (4)

The basic forms of a substance are solid, liquids and gaseous. However, there can be intermediate states such as granule, dusts (respirable and inhalable), fumes, smoke, mist, liquid spray and vapours (liquids turning into their gaseous state).

(b) Outline the differences between the acute and chronic health effects from exposure to (4)


chemical agents.

Acute health effects are the effects on the body as a result of a one off exposure. An example of this would be an operative cutting a concrete product with an abrasive wheel and producing dust which causes the operative to cough and wheeze.Chronic health effects are those that develop as a result of repeated exposure over an extended period of time leading to a long term serious health issue. Taking the previous example, the dust from abrasive cutting of a concrete product contains silica which, from repeated exposure of extended time can result in a chronic health issue called silicosis.

10. Outline FOUR hazards and associated risk with small dumper trucks. (8)

Overloading the dumper such that it becomes unstable which can lead to it tipping over, this could cause the operator to be flung from the dumper truck or be crushed when it rolls over on top of them.Driving the dumper truck across slopes such that it rolls over which could again result in the operator to be flung from the dumper truck or be crushed when it rolls over on top of them.Driving up to excavations to load or unload material which could then cause the excavation to collapse resulting in the dumper truck falling into the excavation causing injury to the driver as well as any operatives working in the excavation at the time.The dumper truck colliding with other vehicles, fixed objects or pedestrians, resulting in damage to vehicles, injuries to operatives and pedestrians and damaged to structures or materials collided with.

11. Identify the designer’s duties during a notifiable project under the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 (CDM). (8)

On all projects: Check client is aware of his duties So that the structure is safe to build, use and maintain:

Eliminate hazards and reduce risks during design Provide information about remaining risks

If the place is to be a place or work design to meet Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations

Additional duties for notifiable projects: Not to start design work until a CDM Coordinator has been appointed Provide any information needed for the health and safety file.



1. Construction workers can be regularly exposed to airborne dusts, fumes and vapours, many of which are assigned a workplace exposure limit (WEL). Monitoring should be carried out to check the levels to which employees are exposed.

(a) Give the meaning of the term ‘WEL’. (4)

A WEL is the maximum level of exposure to substance potentially hazardous to health which if not exceeded will not result in any ill-health issues.It is given in two time intervals, a Long Term Exposure Level average of 8 hours and a Short Term Exposure Level usually given over 15 minutes.Two different exposure measurements, milligram's per cubic metre for dusts and/or suspended aerosols and parts per million for gaseous forms of a substance.

(b) Identify types of monitoring equipment that could be used to check levels of dusts, fumes and vapours to which employees are exposed. (4)

Air quality grab sampling, where stain tubes are used with air being drawn over a chemical indicator.Long Term Sampling where air samples are taken over several hours and gives an indication of average concentration levels. Personal samples can also be taken by attaching a monitor to a worker or static place in a workplace.Charcoal tube samplers where a contaminant is absorbed into charcoal which is sent to laboratory for accurate tests.Dust sampling where dust is sucked onto filter membrane by pump and analysed.Qualitative monitoring where smoke tubes are used to monitoring air flow around the workplace to see if there are any dead spots where dusts and fumes could accumulate and dust observation lamps (tindle lamps) which are shone through the workplace to make larger dust particles visible.The most accurate means is by the use of direct reading instruments that give and instant analysis of the presence of chemicals in the air.

(c) Other than monitoring, outline control measures that could be used to reduce exposure to dusts, fumes and vapours. (12)

The best control measure is to eliminate the substance from the workplace, if this is not possible substitute a dangerous substance for a less harmful if not harmless substance.If possible the process should be totally enclosed to keep the substance and operatives apart (not normally viable on a construction site) in which case local exhaust ventilation system could be used to extract the dust, fumes and vapours at the point of generation and then collected in a suitable filter.In some circumstances good levels of general ventilation may be appropriate such as in welding operations to ventilate the fumes generated.Keeping quantities in the workplace to a minimum and the time of exposure to a minimum so that exposure levels are kept below the WEL.People who do not need to be exposed should be kept out of the area with the use of suitable barriers and signage.Where exposure cannot be adequately controlled, operatives should be provided with suitable PPE such as respirator protective equipment, chemical eye protection, chemical resistant gloves and coveralls and chemical over-boots.Operatives should information and instruction and be trained in the safe system of work and appropriately supervised.Good welfare facilities should also be provided so that operatives can wash and change out of contaminated clothing before eating and drinking or at the end of the day before returning home to their family.Although not a control measure as such, consideration should be given to regular health surveillance so that the effectiveness of controls can be monitored and amended accordingly if signs and symptoms of exposure become apparent before it becomes a chronic health issue.


2. Outline features of pedestrian routes on a construction site that will help to minimise the risk of accidents to workers. (8)

Separate entrances on site for pedestrian and vehicles with the use of traffic marshals to control the flow of vehicles off and on to the main roadway into the site.On site roads and pedestrian routes suitable in size to accommodate the quantity of expected traffic flow and ensure they go to all the places that pedestrians and vehicles may need to go on the site.Pedestrian routes should be separated from vehicle routes with suitable barriers to prevent vehicles entering pedestrian routes and pedestrians taking shortcuts across vehicle routes. Where people need to cross vehicle routes pedestrian crossings should be provided and signed.Routes should be kept clear of obstructions to ensure vehicle drivers and pedestrians have a clear line of sight. To facilitate this, vehicles should be provided with dedicated loaded and unloading areas away from pedestrian routes. Additionally, where possible one way systems or turning circles should be provided for vehicles to reduce the need for reversing, but if not possible, banks-persons should be used to control reversing operations so as to protect workers from collision.Traffic routes need to be signed with enforced speed restrictions to reduce the potential consequences of a collision should one occur. Workers should be provided with high visibility clothing so that they can be easily seen by drivers and if necessary, suitable lighting should be provided to enhance visibility in dark conditions.Where high risks exist such as in the proximity to work at height access equipment and excavations, pits and trenches, physical barriers (e.g. stop blocks) should be proved between the traffic route and the hazard.All routes and signage should be subject to regular inspection and maintenance to ensure control measures are maintained and in good condition.Site rules for traffic routes for both vehicle operatives and site workers should be covered in site induction training.

3. Electrical supplies are being installed in a new extension to an existing building. The work will require an electrical permit-to-work in order to complete the installation safely.Outline items that should be included in the electrical permit-to-work. (8)

Identification of the place of work, the nature and scope of the work to be undertaken and the periodicity of validity of the permit.The qualifications, skill and experience of the operatives to undertake the work.Details of the person authorising the work to be undertaken and details of the person receiving the permit who will be supervising or undertaking the work.The isolation of the circuit to be worked on including switch off and locking off the circuit with the operatives carrying out he work being in possession of the key or keys. The testing of the circuit to ensure that the correct circuit has been isolated and testing of the volt meter to ensure that a live circuit would be detected.The emergency procedures to be implemented in the event of a person receiving an electric shock; making the area safe, administration of first aid and calling emergency services.The test equipment, materials, tools and personal protective equipment required by the operatives undertaking the work.The permit should also contain the information on how to cancel the permit, extended the period of the permit and how to close down the permit on completion of the work including the removal of and protective measures implement for the duration of the work.Signatures should be provided on the permit indicating that the relevant actions have been undertaken, for authorisation, for acceptance of the permit and for the closure of the permit.


4. In relation to ill-health from the use of vibrating hand-held tools:

(a) Identify health effects that might be shown by affected individuals; (4)

Pins and needles and numbness in the affect hands and arms;Loss of sense of touch and feeling in fingers;Blanching of the fingers indicating poor blood flow to the skin, typically cold induced;Blood leaching from damage capillaries turning the fingers dark brown with congealed blood.Physical pain in joints muscles and tendons leading to loss of strength and grip; andCarpal tunnel syndrome causing cramping of the hand owing to pinching of the nerves in the wrist.

(b) Outline control measures that may be used to minimise the risk of such effects.

The most effective measure is to use remote control equipment to eliminate the risk altogether. If not possible selecting tools with well designed handles and grips which reduce the amount of vibration transmitted to the hands and arms.Ensuring operatives are trained in the correct selection and use of the tools including the correct posture to take. Tense muscles will experience greater damage than relaxed ones.Calculating trigger times using the HSE's exposure calculator using the manufacturers vibration data and then utilising job rotation and trigger time restrictions on operates to exposure is at or below legislative requirements.Ensuring equipment is maintained and kept in good working order, worn parts will increase the levels of vibration a tool will produce and ensuring that the work bit is honed and sharp so that the tool does the work and not the operative placing undue pressure and increase vibration into their hands and arms.Ensuring operatives keep dry and warm (e.g. gloves) to promote good blood circulation, as the blood is the bodies defence system to minimise or prevent damage.Although not a control measure as such, consideration should be given to regular health surveillance so that the effectiveness of controls can be monitored and amended accordingly if signs and symptoms of exposure become apparent before it becomes a chronic health issue.

5. Outline measures that should be taken in order to help reduce the risk of a mobile crane overturning during a lifting operation. (8)

Ensuring that the crane selected to undertake the lift as the appropriate Safe Working Load given the weight and size of the load as well as how close to the load the crane can be deployed.Ensuring the crane and lifting accessories and serviceable and in good working order and has in date thorough examination certificates. The driver and slingers/signallers are competent with the necessary knowledge, skills and experience to undertake the activity.The lift should be undertaken in accordance with a lift plan put together by an Appointed Person and overseen be a competent lift supervisor.The crane operator should undertake an inspection of the crane prior to the first lift of the day and record this inspection at least once every 7 days. Slingers should inspect accessories being used prior to every use, as it could have been damage during its last use.The crane should be deployed on firm level ground with outriggers and spreader plates deployed so that the ground can taken the weight of the crane and the load. The area of the lift should be barriered off and signed to keep unauthorised people out of the area of lift. No operative should be allowed beneath a suspended load.The crane should be operated so as not to come into contact with overhead services or collide with other structures during the slew operations either with the jib or crane counter-balance.Tag lines should be attached to the load the reduce the likelihood of it swinging and it should be slewed slow enough so this risk is further reduced. In windy conditions consideration should be given to suspending the lift until suitable conditions are restored.


Radio communications should be provided to facilitate good communications between the slinger and crane driver.

6. Replacement and retraining of staff is a cost that an organisation may face following a workplace accident.Identify other possible costs to an organisation when a serious accident has occurred. (8)

Costs of replacing or repairing damage equipment and/or materials.Lost time of staff investigating and implementing control measures to address the immediate and underlying causes of the accident.Costs of implementing newer safer technology and the development and implementation of new safe systems of work.Costs associated with contractual delays owing to the lost time because of the accident.Costs of overtime or employing temporary staff to carry out the work of the injured person.Loss of business due to a poor safety record during pre-qualification questionnaires.Costs associated with insurance excesses from civil claims for negligence and possibility of an increase in future insurance premiums and excesses.Costs associated with fines as a result of criminal sanctions place against the company.

7. Gas cutting and burning are to be carried out on a refurbishment project.Outline precautions that are required to help ensure the safe use of gas cylinders. (8)

Gas cylinders when not in use they should be store in an appropriate storage area away from where people work. This facility should be a secured mesh cage on impervious ground and a covered roof to protect the cylinders from the weather. Also, full and empty cylinders should be stored apart as is the case with oxygen and flammable gas cylinders (e.g. acetylene) which should also be stored apart. The cylinders should also be secured in the upright position.When transporting the heavy cylinders suitable mechanical aids should be used such as cylinder trolleys.When being used, cylinders should be fitted with the correct valves and protective devices such as flashback arrestors. Hoses should be routed and/or clipped in a safe position so that they do not become damaged and do not present a trip hazard.The area of work should be cleared of flammable materials, screened off from adjacent activities or pedestrian routes to ensure passers by are not exposed to potential arc eye.The correct nozzle sizes should be selected for the work to be undertaken and the correct lighting up procedure followed.Operatives carrying out the work should be wearing the appropriate PPE; heat resistant gloves and coveralls, filtered forced air fed respiratory protective equipment and tinted visor as well as safety boots in case the work piece falls.Operatives will need to possess the necessary knowledge, skill and experience to carry out the work and information and instruction on the safe system of work to be implemented and then appropriately supervised.

8. (a) Identify types of asbestos commonly found in building materials. (3)

Chrysotile white asbestosGrunerite (aka Amosite) brown asbestosCroccidolite blue asbestos

(b) Outline where asbestos is likely to be encountered in a building during renovation work. (5)

Insulation material in loft and roof areas, often brown in its pure form, and in flooring tiles on washroom and kitchen floors, normally tightly bound and at low concentration levels.Asbestos insulation material used in partition walls and ceiling tiles often used for its good thermal and fire protection characteristics.As reinforcement in cement products such as corrugated cement sheeting, guttering, drain pipes and roof cowlings added because of its binding and strengthening properties.


Added to artex ceiling coatings, pebble dash as a decorative and insulation layer for the same reason as above.As the insulation around heating pipe-work in boiler houses and the pipes feeding radiators to reduce heat loss.

9. A steel-framed building is to be constructed and a series of safety nets is to be used to provide means of fall arrest during the construction.Outline control measures for the use of safety nets in order to help reduce the risk to workers and others. (8)

Workers need to have been trained in the inspection and safe erection of safety netting. Before erecting the netting they should inspect it to ensure that the inspection tag indicates it is within its thorough examination date, that the pull cords indicate that the net has not been subject to any stresses during previous use; people or materials being caught by the netting.Suitable access to the work at height position to affix the netting should be provisioned such as using wheeled scaffold towers or mobile elevated work platforms. The area where work is to be carried out should be cordoned off and appropriate signage posted to keep those not involved in the work out of the area.Netting should be affixed to the steel beams as close as possible to the potential fall area to minimise the distance operatives will fall before being caught. Where multiple nets are rigged they should be attached to each other in accordance with the manufacturers instructions to ensure that there are not gaps people could fall through. Where there is the potential for falling materials with people beneath the work area, debris netting should be attached underneath the main nets to catch the debris. Where netting could come into contact with sharp edges suitable salvage material should be provided to protect the edge of the netting.Where netting is to be left in place for a period of time daily checks should be carried out to ensure that it remains undamaged and securely attached to the building.When being in use, an emergency plan has to be established to rescue an operative from the netting should they fall into it. This could be coming up from below the person with a MEWP basket and then cutting the netting to retrieve the person into the basket and then lower to the ground.Even if apparently undamaged, as soon as materials or a person falls into the net it must be de-rigged and replace and sent off for examination and repair.

10. Hand-held electric drills are commonly used on construction sites.

(a) Outline checks that should be carried out by the user of a drill in order to help reduce the risk of electric shock. (4)

Check the equipment is free from signs of physical damage, missing components and perhaps signs of overheating, arcing of sparking (soot deposits).Check that the cable into the is securely clamped on the other cable sheath and no inner cable cores visible. Check the cable is not damage with cuts exposing inner cores or even bare conductors and that there are no unauthorised joints in the cable using junction boxes and electrical tape. The cable can be scuffed, but should not be damaged or starting to crumble from old age.The plug should be undamaged, no bent pins and no signs of overheating. The cable again should be clamped securely into the plug on the outer sheath. If the plug has a PAT label attached this should show the equipment is not overdue its inspection period. If the circuit it is being plugged in to is fitted with a RCD this should be tested to ensure it is functioning correct (pressing the test button and then resetting the device).If a fuse is visible in a plug window this should be checked to ensure someone has not circumvented the fuse function by wrapping it in foil.

(b) Other than electricity, identify hazards associated with the use of hand-held electric drills. (4)

Entanglement with moving parts of clothing or hair. Abrasion from contact with spinning chuck, being cut by swarf from the drill bit when drilling metal or being hit in the eye by


ejected material and stab injuries by bringing the drill bit down onto the spare hand..Additionally the drill bit could seize in the work pieced causing it to be spun causing an impact injury to the operative. If the drill bit is dull it could overheat and if this comes into contact with the operative it could cause burns.Dependent on the size of the drill there is potential for manual handling injuries such as musculoskeletal problems as well as noise and vibration hazards particularly if used in hammer action mode.If used on brickwork or plaster board the is the potential for dusts and flying debris.


Eliminate the need for vehicles to reverse by having one way systems around the site or, if this is not possible, having turning circles.Where vehicles have to reverse, such as in loading and unloading areas, making it a pedestrian free zone so they cannot be harmed; this would be enforced by the use of barriers and signage.Where vehicles need to reverse ensure that they are fitting with appropriate safety systems such as reversing alarms and flashing lights and/or having cab mounted screen connected to reversing cameras to monitor the area behind the vehicle.Utilising banks-persons to oversee and control reversing operations so that access by pedestrians can be physically prevented.Ensuring the area is well lit and pedestrians in the area wear high visibility clothing to increase the likelihood of them being seen.Providing drivers and pedestrians with information and instructions regarding the systems to be implemented during vehicle reversing operations. This would normally be undertaken during the site induction process.Ensuring appropriate levels of supervision of site activities is implemented to enforce site rules.



1. A mobile tower scaffold is to be used in the re-pointing of external brickwork on the gable-end wall of a building, which is six metres high at its highest point.

(a) Outline possible risks associated with this operation. (10)

Unstable/uneven ground where the tower scaffold is to be erected which could cause it to topple over when loaded with people and materials. The tower being incorrectly erected by unqualified personnel increasing the risk of its collapse or falls from height/falling object hazards whilst being constructed.Accessing the tower by climbing up the outside of the structure instead of using the internal ladder leading to an off-set centre of gravity giving it the potential to fall over. Failing to install the out-riggers and/or tying it to the structure to prevent its unintended movement whilst in use. Operatives attempting to move the tower by pulling themselves along whilst still on the tower, usually possible because the wheels have not been locked prior to movement. Moving the tower from ground level whilst people and materials are still on the working platform or working on the platform without the access flap being closed. Contact with overhead services with particular emphasis to overhead power cable. The platform being hit by pedestrians or vehicles potentially causing operatives or materials to be knocked off the platform.Whilst re-pointing other hazards include noise and vibration from tools being used to remove the old pointing, manual handling of the tools and the materials to and from the working platform. Dust and flying debris as the old pointing is removed and possibility of electric shock from electrically powered tools.Contact with the re-pointing material could lead to dermatitis and whilst being mixed, inhalation of potentially harmful dusts that could irritate the respiratory system.

(b) Outline precautions that should be taken in order to minimise the risks associated with this type of work. (10)

Ensure the ground where the scaffold tower is to be erected is firm, stable and level which may require a compacted surface to be formed and checking the area for possible overhead lines and having them made safe before commencing work (power isolated). Ensuring that the operative constructing the tower are trained and competent (e.g. PASMA trained) or are working under the direct supervision of a competent trained supervisor. Where necessary ensuring out-riggers are installed to give addition stability or tying the tower to the structure to be accessed in accordance with manufacturers instructions. Providing physical barriers to prevent collision by adjacent traffic appended with appropriate signage.Whilst being used, ensure that the tower is inspected daily before use and having formally inspections carried out before first use and at least once every 7 days by the competent person. Ensuring operatives access the platform by means of the internal ladder and ensure that the working platform hatch is close prior to commencing work and ensuring that the weight of operatives and materials do not exceed the platforms safe working load.When removing the old pointing limited the exposure to vibration and noise by doing job rotation and/or restricting trigger time. Provision of suitable PPE, gloves to keep the hands warm to stimulate good blood flow and appropriate hearing protection for the level of noise being generated. Operatives should also wear impact resistant eye protection and respiratory protective equipment for the dust generated. When handling the pointing material, ensure suitable chemical resistant gloves are worn. Hard hats and safety boots would also be needed giving the potential for falling objects.Where materials and tools are heavy and/or bulky, the provision of a suitable hoist to raise and lower items to and from the platform.General consideration should be given to the competence of all operatives with the use of hazardous substances and equipment to be used (e.g. training and competent) and the work should be supervised. Additionally, a good standard of welfare should be provisioned so that operatives can wash and change prior to taking breaks and at the cease of work for the day.


2. Identify hazards that may be present during demolition work. (8)

Contaminated ground from the previous use of brown-field sites.The uncontrolled collapse of a structure owing to structural weaknesses.Exposure to live services such as gas, electricity and water.Dusts from the methodology being used to demolish the building containing potentially harmful particulate matter such as lead, silica and asbestos.Noise and vibration from the plant and equipment being utilised.Manual handling issues where it is not possible to utilise mechanical means such as during the soft strip of internal areas.Falls from height and falling objects during piece-meal demolition activities.Traffic movements on site which could result in collisions between people and vehicles.Contact with overhead services, particularly electricity cables when using high reach demolition equipment.Silt, hazardous substances and (e.g. fuel oils) and mud being washed down drainage systems or transport via vehicle tyres onto public roads.Unstable ground conditions given heavy demolition equipment and possibility of underground drainage systems, culverts, chambers and tunnels.

3. Identify factors that should be considered when assessing the adequacy of first-aid arrangements on a construction site. (8)

Type of work or operations being carried out (internal shop fitting verses demolition work)Lone workers or scattered isolated locations who might not have quick and easy access to first aid resources;If there are special or unusual hazards such as working with toxic chemicals;If shift work is being undertaken as cover would be needed at all times people are working on site;The maximum number of people on site, there would be different demand on resources if there were 500 people on site verses 5 people;Remoteness to emergency services as higher skill levels may be needed if emergency services response time will be above what normally would be expected;Cover for holidays and sickness, even first aider's get ill and go on holidays;Presence of workplace trainees, could be an increase in minor injuries that would need on site treatment;The history of accidents on site which might indicate a need for additional resources;The types of people who may need to be treated, may need male and female first aider's for propriety or religious reasons;Current 1st aid provision (e.g. shared site), where agreement can be made between different employers to share their individual resources.

4. Outline features of suitable and sufficient traffic routes on a busy construction site. (8)

Separate entrances on site for pedestrian and vehicles with the use of traffic marshals to control the flow of vehicles off and on to the main roadway into the site.On site roads and pedestrian routes suitable in size to accommodate the quantity of expected traffic flow and ensure they go to all the places that pedestrians and vehicles may need to go on the site.Pedestrian routes should be separated from vehicle routes with suitable barriers to prevent vehicles entering pedestrian routes and pedestrians taking shortcuts across vehicle routes. Where people need to cross vehicle routes pedestrian crossings should be provided and signed.Routes should be kept clear of obstructions to ensure vehicle drivers and pedestrians have a clear line of sight. To facilitate this, vehicles should be provided with dedicated loaded and


unloading areas away from pedestrian routes. Additionally, where possible one way systems or turning circles should be provided for vehicles to reduce the need for reversing, but if not possible, banks-persons should be used to control reversing operations so as to protect workers from collision.Traffic routes need to be signed with enforced speed restrictions to reduce the potential consequences of a collision should one occur. Workers should be provided with high visibility clothing so that they can be easily seen by drivers and if necessary, suitable lighting should be provided to enhance visibility in dark conditions.Where high risks exist such as in the proximity to work at height access equipment and excavations, pits and trenches, physical barriers (e.g. stop blocks) should be proved between the traffic route and the hazard.All routes and signage should be subject to regular inspection and maintenance to ensure control measures are maintained and in good condition.Site rules for traffic routes for both vehicle operatives and site workers should be covered in site induction training.

5. (a) Give possible ill-health effects that could result from working with cement. (4)

Dermatitis from skin contact with an irritant substances, particularly should it get into the eyes.Cement burns to the skin particularly prevalent with fresh cement.Inhalation of cement dust resulting in burns to the soft mucous tissues in the nose and throat and also the possibility of respiratory problems should it get into the lungs.Musculoskeletal disorders associated with manual handling of bags of cement.Noise and vibration hazards whilst using equipment to mix cement and possibly electric shock from electrically powered mixers or exhaust fumes from internal combustion engine powered mixers.

(b) Outline ways in which ill-health effects from working with cement may be prevented. (4)

The ultimate control measure would be to have ready mix cement delivered and pour to the project requirements so handling issues are either eliminated of minimised.Ensuring operatives and trained and competent in the handling storage and use of cement and its associated products and appropriately supervised.The provision of suitable PPE for the activity, hearing protection for the noise, chemical resistant gloves when handling the cement, possibly chemical goggles to prevent dust getting into the eyes. Respiratory protective equipment suitable for the dust being generated.Provision of mechanical aids for transporting and lifting sacks of cement.Although not a control measure as such, consideration should be given to regular health surveillance of such operatives so that the effectiveness of controls can be monitored and amended accordingly if signs and symptoms become apparent before it becomes a chronic issue.

6. Outline how the following two protective measures help reduce the risk of electric shock AND, in EACH case, give an example of its application:

(a) Reduce low voltage; (4)

Current flow through the body is what causes the harm caused, the lower the current flow the potential for harm is reduced. Current flow is determined by the voltage divided by the resistance of the circuit (i.e. a persons body). If the voltage is reduced and the circuit resistance remains the same, the amount of current flow through the circuit is reduce accordingly. This is typically used on construction sites where the use of 230volts is actively discourage and 110V Centre Tapped Earth is used (produce from using plus and minus 55 volts). If a persons body has a resistance of 2000 ohms and they are connected across 230 volts there is a potential current flow of 230/2000 = 0.115 Amps or 115 milliamps (30 to 50 is enough to kill). Whereas if the same person is connected across 55 volts the potential current flow is 55/2000 = 0.0275 Amps 27.5 milliamps (not


enough to kill).

(b) Double insulation. (4)

This is where the electrical components in a device is covered with two layers of insulation, i.e. in inner and outer layer. Should the outer layer be compromised the inner lay will protect the user from receiving an electric shock. Devices using double insulation are known as Class II equipment and do not have an active earth connection. Not providing the circuitry for earthing enables the device to be smaller and more compact. Typically, this system is used on low power devices such as phone, shaver and toothbrush chargers, but can also be found on some power tools used on construction sites such as electric screw drivers.

7. (a) Identify types of injury that may be caused by the incorrect manual handling of loads. (4)

Crush and bruising injuries to hands and feet when they are trapped by a fixed object and the load itself.Sprains and strains to muscles ligaments and tendons due to over exertion, and in the more extreme circumstances hernias.Possibility of broken bones owing to severe crushing injuries owing to loss of control of the load either to the operative, co-worker or passer by.Back injuries, both acute (one off exposure) or chronic (repeated exposure over a period of time), often due to poor posture. In most cases the third lumbar joint in the spine is where the damage occurs.

(b) With reference to the task, outline ways to help reduce the risk of injury. (4)

Ensuring the load is stored at a suitable height (e.g. waist height) to reduce the need for bending and reaching upwards which increases the strain on the back.Ensure good ergonomic design of the workplace/workstation do minimise the need for twisting of the body whilst manoeuvring the load.Providing mechanical aids to transport the load over longer distances.Before commencing the movement of the load, ensure the route is clear of obstructions, including closed doors, so that the load does not have to be '"juggle" to overcome the obstacle.Where there are a lot of objects to be moved seeking assistance from work colleagues and ensuring suitable rest breaks are provided. If a break is needed whilst carrying the load, ensure there is a suitable rest point where the load can ideally be put down at waist height.Where loads have to carried up or down stairs provide suitable mechanical aids to assist with this such as tri-wheeled sack trolleys designed for this purpose.

8. Workers are to carry out repair work in a sewer chamber that is three metres deep.Outline issues that should be considered to help ensure that the emergency arrangements are adequate. (8)

Ensuring that everyone involved in the activity are confined space awareness trained; operatives, rescue team members and supervisors.Ensuring appropriate PPE has been provisioned which would include rescue harnesses which should be worn to facilitate the extraction of a collapsed worker and the provision of a suitable tripod and winch to be used to extract a collapse colleague.Operatives should have with them a rescue set giving them at least 15 minutes of air supply should a gas alarm sound so that they can safely evacuate themselves. Should a person collapse and the cause is not known the rescue team should have a self contained breathing apparatus which could be donned by the rescuer who would then take the line from the which and clip it onto the collapsed persons rescue harness.Communications equipment should be provided to enable operatives and rescuers to communicate with each other and summon assistance where necessary.Should a person collapse and or suffer an ill-health issue, there would be need to have first aid


cover on site to preserve life and promote recovery whilst waiting for the emergency services to arrive.If the operation is of a regular nature or a longer duration consideration should be made of contacting the emergency services about the activity prior to commencing work so that if their services are required they are fully aware of what the activity is and what it involves.


The electrical supply to the grinder should be suitable protected with a circuit breaker and residual current device (RCD). This supply should also be fitted with an emergency stop device to enable the circuit to be quickly isolated in the event of an emergency situation.The ergonomics of the workstation needs to be considered so that it is at the correct height to reduce the potential of musculoskeletal disorders with an appropriate level of lighting dependent on the nature of the work environment. The grinder should have all its guards fitted and be subject to a program of routine maintenance and inspection in accordance with the manufactures recommendation as a minimum. The grinder should be securely fixed to the workbench so that it is stable in its operation.Operatives using the equipment should be trained and competent so that they have the necessary skill and knowledge to utilise the equipment safely and appropriate supervision needs to be provisioned.The levels of noise and amount of hand arm vibration that the operative needs to be assessed so that the appropriate restrictions of trigger times can be determined to reduce the level exposure to below the legislative levels that apply.The PPE requirements of the operative needs to be considered such as protective gloves, impact resistant eye protection and hearing protection with the appropriate Single Number Reduction figure.

10. Refurbishment projects are known to increase the risk of fire.

(a) Identify activities that represent an increased fire risk in such situations. (3)

Hot works such as cutting, burning, grinding and welding activities. Removal of compartmentation walls and/or fire doors increasing the risk of fire spread should one occur. The alteration to escape routes for occupiers owing to the refurbishment works and the potential to block fire exits with materials being utilised in the work.Trailing cables feeding step down transformers causing fire doors to be propped open and the accumulation of packing wastes which would increase the risk of fire starting.The use of solvents and other volatile highly or extremely flammable chemicals that would be easier to ignite than solid wastes.There is also the potential owing to security breaches that there might be an increased risk of arson.

(b) Outline precautions that may be taken in order to help reduce the risk of a fire occurring. (5)

Good waste control procedures so that it does not accumulate in corridors and workplaces, but is placed in suitable receptacles outside the building at the cease of work on every day.Also highly flammable substances should be stored in a suitable fire resistant storage container kept outside the building being renovated.Hot works should be undertaken using a hot works permit system so that all flammable materials are removed from the area, or protected from heat, before work commences and a suitable fire extinguisher is present whilst work is being carried out. Once work is complete fire watch checks need to be carried out to ensure no residual heat is present that could cause a fire to start later.There should be no naked flames allowed in the work area and no bonfires to burn waste materials. Additionally, if smoking areas are established these should be away from any flammable materials and provided with suitable receptacles for cigarette butts


and spent matches.The work area should be suitably secured at the cease of work to reduce the possibility of an arsonist gaining access to the area to start a fire. This might also involve the provision of external lighting and maybe remote monitored CCTV cameras.

11. (a) Identify types of ionising radiation that may be encountered within a construction environment. (2)

Alpha particles typically found in smoke detector heads.X-Rays found in non-destructive testing equipment also in hospitals and dentist surgeries where construction work may be being undertaken.Gamma rays if construction work is being undertaken in or near to nuclear power stations.Beta particles found in hospitals as part of isotopes for the treatment of cancers.Radon gas when undertaking ground excavation works or in cellars in certain geographical areas of the country.

(b) Identify the types of non-ionising radiation that may be encountered within a construction environment. (2)

Infra-red from hot works generating heat.Ultra-violet when working outdoors in sunlight or arc welding.Radio Frequency from use of radio communications equipment.Laser's from levelling and measuring equipment.Microwaves from cooking and line of sight dish communications equipment.

(c) Outline health effects associated with exposure to ionising radiation. (4)

The health effects will depend upon the dose of radiation received or absorbed, the type or radiation received and the sensitivity of the different organs and tissues. Health effects could include the development of cancerous tumours within the body owing to damage to DNA cells that then replicate.Skin redness, radiation burns, loss of hair and acute radiation syndrome (sickness and diarrhoea accompanied by loss of body weight).Loss of strength, muscle wastage and loss of coordination of limbs and potential damage to the central nervous systems resulting in physical pain in the affected organs/areas of the body. Children and unborn children are particularly at risk owing to being significantly more sensitive to radiation exposure.


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