ADAMSON UNIVERSITY- ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EXPERIMENT #2

TITLE: OHM’S LAWDATE OF PERFORMANCE: JANUARY 13, 2016GROUP MEMBERS: 1. ALVAREZ, JANVIE L.

2. BANTAYAN, ALERA CAY R.

3. BAUTISTA, JED NEALLY V.

4. BENCITO, VANNE AUBREY G.

5. JAVISON, CHRISTIAN O.

6. MERCADO, DANIEL CHRYSOSTOM B.

7. SALIPOT, RENEE ADRIANNE P.

8. SORIANO, MARK ANTHONY Z.

I. INTRODUCTION

II. DISCUSSION

III. DATA/RESULTS

IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA/RESULTS

V. CONCLUSION

VI. REFERENCES

TOTAL

SIGNED BY: ROSALIE G. DE OCAMPO, PECE

I. INTRODUCTION

Have you ever wondered why there are switches that can turn on multiple lights at once, while some can only light up one bulb at a time? This distinction is an example of the difference between the functions of series and parallel circuits. In series ciruit, the basic idea of a “series” connection is that components are connected end-to-end in a line to form a single path for electrons to flow. In parallel circuit, the basic idea of a “parallel” connection, on the other hand, is that all components are connected across each other’s leads. In a purely parallel circuit, there are never more than two sets of electrically common points, no matter how many components are connected.

With simple series circuits, all components are connected end-to-end to form only one path for electrons to flow through the circuit,With simple parallel circuits, all components are connected between the same two sets of electrically common points, creating multiple paths for electrons to flow from one end of the battery to the other.With each of these two basic circuit configurations, we have specific sets of rules describing voltage, current, and resistance relationships.

Series Circuits:Voltage drops add to equal total voltage.All components share the same (equal) current.Resistances add to equal total resistance.

Parallel Circuits:All components share the same (equal) voltage.Branch currents add to equal total current.Resistances diminish to equal total resistance.

However, if circuit components are series-connected in some parts and parallel in others, we won’t be able to apply a single set of rules to every part of that circuit. Instead, we will have to identify which parts of that circuit are series and which parts are parallel, then selectively apply series and parallel rules as necessary to determine what is happening. If the circuit is a combination of both series and parallel, we cannot apply the rules for voltage, current, and resistance “across the table” to begin analysis like we could when the circuits were one way or the other. If the circuit were simple series, we could just add up R1 through Rn to arrive at a total resistance, solve for total current, and then solve for all voltage drops. Likewise, if the above circuit were simple parallel, we could just solve for branch currents, add up branch currents to figure the total current, and then calculate total resistance from total voltage and total current. However, this circuit’s solution will be more complex.

If we are able to identify which parts of the circuit are series and which parts

are parallel, we can analyze it in stages, approaching each part one at a time, using the appropriate rules to determine the relationships of voltage, current, and resistance.

II. DISCUSSION

With simple series circuits, all components are connected end-to-end to form only one path for electrons to flow through the circuit. While With simple series circuit. With simple parallel circuits, all components are connected between the same two sets of electrically common points, creating multiple paths for electrons to flow from one end of the battery to the other.

With each of these two basic circuit configurations, we have specific sets of rules describing voltage, current, and resistance relationships.

Series Circuits:

Voltage drops add to equal total voltage. All components share the same (equal) current. Resistances add to equal total resistance

Parallel Circuits:

All components share the same (equal) voltage. Branch currents add to equal total current. Resistances diminish to equal total resistance

However, if circuit components are series-connected in some parts and parallel in others, we won’t be able to apply a single set of rules to every part of that circuit. Instead, we will have to identify which parts of that circuit are series and which parts are parallel, then selectively apply series and parallel rules as necessary to determine what is happening. If we are able to identify which parts of the circuit are series and which parts are parallel, we can analyze it in stages, approaching each part one at a time, using the appropriate rules to determine the relationships of voltage, current, and resistance.

Most common application of series circuit in consumer electronics is the 9 volt block battery, the fire alarm battery, which is internally built of six cells, 1.5 volts each.

Series circuits were formerly used for lighting in electric multiple unit trains. For example, if the supply voltage was 600 volts there might be eight 70-volt bulbs in series (total 560 volts) plus a resistor to drop the remaining 40 volts. Series circuits for train lighting were superseded, first by motor-generators, then by solid state devices.

Parallel resistance is illustrated by the circulatory system. Each organ is supplied by an artery that branches off the aorta. The total resistance of this

parallel arrangement is expressed by the following equation: 1/Rtotal = 1/Ra + 1/Rb + ... 1/Rn. Ra, Rb, and Rn are the resistances of the renal, hepatic, and other arteries respectively. The total resistance is less than the resistance of any of the individual arteries.

III. DATA AND RESULTS

A. SERIES CIRCUITS

Resistor 1Resistor 2

Resistor 3Total Resistance

Current

Voltage of R1 Voltage of R2

Voltage of R3

Measured Value Calculated Value (Ohm’s Law)UR1 UR2 UR3 IR1 IR2 IR3

5.47V 6.63V 3.398 V 5.50 mA 5.49 mA 5.51 mA

B. PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Resistor 1 Resistor 2

Resistor 3 Total Resistance

Standard Resistor Color Code Measured Value Calculated

ValueR1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 RT RT

10 kΩ 2.2 kΩ 4.7 kΩ 9.98 kΩ

2.188 kΩ

4.66 kΩ

1.295 kΩ 1.296 kΩ

Voltage of R1 Voltage of R2

Voltage of R3 Applied Voltage

UR1 UR2 UR3Applied Voltage

U15.49 V 15.50 V 15.49 V 15.49 V

Measured Value Calculated ValueI (mA) IR1 (mA) IR2 (mA) IR3 (mA) IR1 (mA) IR2 (mA) IR3 (mA) I (mA)12 mA 1.56 mA 7.11 mA 3.33 mA 1.55 mA 7.08 mA 3.32 mA 11.95

mA

C. SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Resistor 1 Resistor 2

Resistor 3

Standard Resistor Color Code Measured ValueR1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

330 Ω 1.2 k Ω 2.4 k Ω 326.9 Ω 1.205 kΩ 2.389 kΩ

Measured Value, Rp

Calculated Value, Rp

Measured Value, Rs

Calculated Value, Rs

0.799 k Ω 0.792 k Ω 1.126 k Ω 1.126 k Ω

Current of R1 Current of R2

Current of R3

Measured Value Calculated Value

I (mA) U (V) UR1 UR2 UR3 I (mA)13.59 mA -15 V -4.42 V -10.82 V -10.82 V 13.32 mA

IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS

Initially, what we did was to use the resistor color code to identify what are the values of the resistors that are present in the circuit that is given. After which, with the use of the multimeter, the value of the resistors are measured for confirmation. One will notice that there is a certain discrepancy with the values, measured and with the use of the resistor color code, due to some factors which includes the resistor itself. There is no assurance that the resistors have the exact value stored in it.

The experiment that we did was about the Series, Parallel, and Series/Parallel Circuit. To get the necessary information for the datas to be gathered, certain concepts that is in relation with a series and parallel circuit. In a series circuit, the current is constant all throughout, while the voltage is additive. This just means that a certain value of the voltage drop in one resistor differs from the other. In a parallel circuit, the voltage is constant, and the current is additive. Due to the presence of another branch, the current will be divided into a certain number with the presence of the resistors that is in parallel with one another.

In the experiment having a Series/Parallel Circuit, we can notice how a series/parallel circuit may function. Using the gathered datas, we can see a certain relationship within the voltages and currents that were measured. For the current, the resistor that is in series has the same value of current to the resistors that are in parallel with one another, with a value of 13.59 mA. For the voltage, the voltage drops in the resistors in parallel are held constant with a value of -10.82V. Once it is added to the resistor in series, having a value of -4.42V, the result is the input voltage that is present in the circuit.

V. CONCLUSION

With three consecutive experiments about series and parallel circuits and with both combined configuration, the behavior of the voltages and current was observed on how they work on each type of connection. It was demonstrated that the voltage in series connection is additive therefore the voltage drop in each resistor varies from each other as long the resistances are of different value while the current is constant across them. The opposite works for parallel connection. The voltages are held constant all throughout each resistor while the current is additive

as it will be divided to every node that contains resistance. For the combined configuration of series and parallel connection, same concept works for how principle of series and parallel connection function.

VI. REFERENCES

1. Series-Parallel Combination Circuits. (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-7/what-is-a-series-parallel-circuit/2. Series and Parallel Circuits. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits