sern energy efficiency reviews 2012 - country profiles energy efficiency 2012... · algeria’s...

SERN Energy Efficiency 2012 – Country

Profiles

Targets, Policies and Measures

Industry, Utilities, Transport, Residential and Public Sectors

Algeria’s energy efficiency industry continues to grow under the current

2011-2014 plan

Industry � Subsidies available for energy efficiency

auditing and investments.

� Investments in energy efficiency and RE

industry growth, including solar power plant

construction.

Utilities � Optimisation of thermal processes, as well as

the introduction of small CHP systems in

generation infrastructure.

Transport � Introduction of LPG and CNG systems in

transport fleets, including public transport.

� Local energy planning for transport

consumption (ELP).

Residential � Energy efficient lighting distribution

programme, as well as standards for air

conditioning equipment, and the introduction of

solar hot water systems.

� MED-ENEC and CNERIB programme to

promote energy efficiency and use of solar

energy in the construction sector (rural areas).

� High energy performance on new social

housing. Thermal renovation in existing stock.

Public � Establishment of the National Energy

Efficiency Fund, and the National Agency for the

Promotion and Rationalisation of Energy Use.

� Setting up building energy performance

displays, including lighting, cooling and heating.

Total primary energy supply: 37.1 Mtoe

Industry

11.9%

Transport

18.5%

Residential

27.2%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

36.7%

Non-Energy Use

5.7%

Source: IEA 2008 Data

Argentina hopes to decrease overall electricity consumption by 6%

compared to a reference projection and to save 1,500 MW by 2016

Industry � 5.6% savings target in the sector by 2016.

� Dissemination of EE best practices,

improvement of ESCO capacity, and process

optimisation in heavy industry.

Utilities � National Plan for Renewable Energies – 1,000

MW of new capacity planned.

� >40% CCGT usage in power generation.

� FIT programme for RE production.

Transport � Motor vehicle labelling program design,

management improvement in collective

transport, and GEF assistance in wide-ranging

sustainability improvements.

� Promotion of less intensive and cleaner modes

of transport, including sustainable development

policies.

Residential � Accelerated phase-out of incandescent bulbs,

with 25 million CFLs distributed in the residential

sector through GEF funding.

� Minimum efficiency standards for household

appliances, and awareness-raising activities for

consumers.

� Educational Programmes: Daylight Saving Plan.

Public � 10% savings target in the sector by 2016.

� GEF-funded EE program, including capacity-

building in both the public and private sectors for

EE services market participation.

� Municipal lighting efficiency improvement

projects.

Total primary energy consumption: 76.4 Mtoe

Industry

23.3%

Transport

19.5%

Residential

14.6%

Commercial

4.9%

Agriculture

4.1%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

27.6%

Non-Energy Use

6.0%


4

Australia identified EE as playing a significant role in achieving its carbon

reduction commitment of 5% by 2020 relative to 2000 levels

Industry � Rigorous EE opportunity assessments for energy-intensive businesses (recurrent).

� National Framework for EE (NFEE): A. EE Opportunity Programme (EEO) for large

industry (200+ employees), including EE assessments and business response. B.

Commercial - Industrial capacity building package: guidelines, audits and advice.

� Training the industry in EE: ensuring consistent standards.

Utilities � Best-practice guidelines for power plants.

� White certificate schemes in Victoria and New South Wales.

� Residential EE scheme in South Australia.

Transport � Green Vehicle Guide with comparative environmental ratings and figures.

� Mandatory fuel consumption labels.

� Rail transport tax credit.

Residential � NFEE: expanded minimum EPS (MEPS) and labelling programme for electrical and gas

appliances as part of the E3 programme.

� EE standards in the national building code: Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme

(NatHERS 2007).

� Mandatory disclosure of buildings’ EE (commencing in 2010) and mandatory

disclosure of energy, GHG and water performance at the time of sale or lease (starting

May 2011).

� Maximum standby power levels for home entertainment equipment (from 2008).

� Import restriction on inefficient light bulbs (2009). Minimum EPS for lamps (Nov

2009). Minimum EPS to extra low voltage / decorative lamps (Oct 2010).

� National Hot Water Strategic Framework (NHWSF). Phase-out conventional electric

heaters, incentivize EE water heaters.

� Green Loans Programme. Promote EE by providing free home sustainability

assessment (600,000+ were conducted). Transition to the New Green Start

Programme in February 2011.

Public � Green Leasing Project: EE policy for commonwealth, state and territorial government

offices.

� Education and comprehensive guides.

� Solar Cities, Solar Schools, and other demonstration projects (e.g. Smart Grids).

� EE program for government operations.

� Australian Carbon Trust incl. EE scheme.

Source: IEA 2007 data

Energy industry

(own use, losses)

39%

Industry

21%

Transport

22%

Residential

8%

Commercial

5%

Agriculture

2%

Non-specified

0%Non-energy use

3%

Total primary energy supply: 124 Mtoe

Barbados aims to save at least 500 MWh/year through efficiency measures

under the current Sustainable Energy Framework (SEF - Smart Fund)

Industry � Promotion of energy auditing for businesses, as well as establishment of standardised reporting

models for energy consumption.

� Installation of motor controls on AC units and cold storage units by BL&P (The Barbados Light and

Power Company).

Utilities � Financing for the installation of at least 1 MW of new renewable generation capacity by 2014.

� Reform of electricity tariff structures to promote a reduction in electricity demand, particularly

from households and commercial enterprises.

Transport � Promotion of efficiency improvements in the sector through the Barbados Transport Board,

including feasibility studies into alternative automotive fuels, as well as improved sector planning to

foster energy efficiency.

� Proposals to mandate a 2% biodiesel content for all diesel fuels sold in the country.

Residential � IDB/GEF funded CFL distribution program, 270,000 EE bulbs to low-income households. Saving s:

4731 tCO2.

� Distribution of 3,000 power monitors to households. Savings: 16,589 tCO2.

� Installation of PV lifetime programme (28 mini solar PV systems). Savings: 2201tCO2.

� Installation of a micro wind system. Savings: 384tCO2.

� Installation of ~40,000 solar water heaters, saving approximately US$100 million in 2002 in reduced

energy costs.

Public � Energy auditing for key public sector buildings.

� Creation of a US$5 million fund for supporting energy efficiency measures under the Sustainable

Energy Framework for Barbados, financed through IDB loans and the government.

� Institutional capacity-building for energy efficiency.

Total primary energy consumption in Barbados in 2008 was 504 ktoe, entirely supplied by fossil fuels.

Botswana aims to save up to 30 MW, through the free distribution of 1

million CFL units to replace incandescent bulbs in the country

Industry � Energy auditing of industries, particularly in

hotels, mining, manufacturing and agriculture.

Utilities � Consideration of Demand-Side Management

(DSM) measures to reduce generation network

pressure.

Transport � Opportunities for energy auditing in the

sector, through sufficient capacity-building and

the establishment of efficiency benchmarks.

Residential � EE strategy development in the building

sector, with technical and financial support

from DANIDA.

� Energy-efficient cooking device distribution to

rural communities.

� “EE and Energy Conservation in the building

sector” (2005-2008) and “EE Building Design

Guidelines” (2007) development.

� Training professionals in EE and inclusion in

University curricula.

Public � Awareness-raising campaigns.

� DSM measures in government institutions.


Industry

21.7%

Transport

31.4%Residential

26.8%

Commercial

4.9%

Agriculture

0.9%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

13.2%

Non-Energy Use, Non-Specified

1.1%


7

Energy industry

(own use, losses)

19%

Industry

33%

Transport

25%

Residential

9%

Commercial

4%

Agriculture

4%

Non-specified

0%

Non-energy use

6%


Brazil’s National Energy Plan 2030 assumes impacts of between 4.0 and 15.5

GW of savings in electrical generation as a result of EE programs

Industry � Tax incentives, guarantee funds.

� EE in industries through ESCOs.

� Energy management standards.

Utilities � Utility Energy Efficiency Obligation requiring EE

investments (“wire-charge”).

� ESCO accreditation program.

Transport � Voluntary fuel economy labelling.

Residential � Mandatory minimum energy efficiency standards

(MEPS) and mandatory labelling (PBE) for some

appliances/ equipment.

� Smart Metering: Replacing the 65 million energy

meters in 6 to 10 years.

� Credit guarantees for EE projects in buildings

promoted by local ESCOs.

Public � Educational campaigns for consumers, to promote

becoming legitimate bill-paying customers.

� Increasing public lighting efficiency.

� National Electrical Energy Conservation

Programme (PROCEL).

�National Programme for Energy Development of

States and Municipalities (PRODEEM).

� National Energy Efficiency Programme (NEEP) to

decrease Brazil's annual electricity consumption by

10%, by 2030.Source: IEA 2007 data

8

In 2008, Canadian provinces and territories committed to achieving a 20%

increase in EE by 2020

Industry � Financial incentives for investments in energy efficient

equipment and buildings.

� Best practices, energy assessments and energy management.

� EcoENERGY efficiency for industries: including ISO 50001

Energy management system standard.

Utilities � Mandatory implementation of Smart Metering concentrating

on Ontario, Quebec, British Columbia and Alberta (2011).

Transport � Tax credits for public transit passes (established in 2006).

� Voluntary MOU with the automobile industry on new-vehicle

fuel efficiency.

� Moving on Sustainable Transportation (MOST) Programme.

� ecoTRANSPORT programmes.

Residential � Mandatory minimum EE standards (including standby power)

and labels for equipment and appliances: EnerGuide Labels and

Energy Star.

� Stringent national building code.

� Energy assessments and retrofit grants: EcoENERGY Retrofit

grants.

� Rating and labelling systems for buildings:

a. EnerGuide Rating System - ERS (existing homes) - to measure

and compare household Energy Performance. New generation

of ERS under development.

b. EnerGuide, R-200 Homes, Energy Star: new home standards.

Public � Green Municipal Funds for innovative EE, infrastructure

projects and pilots.

� EE leadership in government operations.

� Canada Energy Efficiency Awards.

� National EE Act authorizes regulation.

� EcoENERGY efficiency for public buildings.


Energy industry

(own use, losses)

24%

Industry

21%

Transport

22%

Residential

12%

Commercial

11%

Agriculture

1%

Non-specified

0%

Non-energy use

9%


9

China aims to reduce its energy intensity by 16% by 2015, relative to 2005

levels, and to cut its carbon intensity by 40-45% by 2020

Industry � Export taxes for energy intensive products (up to 15%).

� Central Gov-EE Measures: a. Top-1000-Enterprises Program (2006): 38.7 Mtce

saved; b. EE Performance Evaluation (from 2008); c. Elimination of financial

incentives for energy-intensive industries; d. Closure of highly polluted industries; e.

Subsidies and grants to EE related projects; f. Stronger regulatory infrastructure.

� Industrial EE standards, benchmarking, energy management and capacity building.

� Green Securities policy to regulate capital-raising of energy-intensive companies.

� Higher Energy costs.

Utilities � Retiring 50 GW of small and inefficient power plants (coal and oil) by 2010.

� Expansion of heat supply from CHP (2006).

� Promotion of ESCOs.

� China Utility-based EE Finance Programme (CHUEE).

Transport � Vehicle fuel economy standards (in force from 2005).

� Vehicle excise tax rates (in force from 2006).

� Subsidies for new-energy vehicles.

� Hong Kong: Tax incentives for Environmentally Friendly Commercial Vehicles (in

force from 2008).

� “Drive one day less a month” Programme.

� Railway System development: growth of 100,000km targeted by 2020.

� Mass transit systems: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT).

Residential � Building Energy Conservation Project: energy conservation in new buildings,

energy-saving renovation and RE use in buildings.

� Building codes aimed at up to 65% reduction in consumption.

� Mandatory standards and labels for appliances, lighting products etc.

� Green Lighting Initiative.

� Subsidies for high efficiency appliances.

Public � Public procurement focus on EE.

� Strong institutional support.

� Energy Conservation Law.


Energy industry

(own use, losses)

36%

Industry

30%

Transport

7%

Residential

16%

Commercial

2%

Agriculture

2%

Non-specified

1%

Non-energy use

6%


Denmark improved overall energy efficiency by 7.3% from 2000-2008, and

18% since 1990

Industry � 13% overall efficiency improvement since 2000,

primarily thanks to increased efficiency in the

chemical and steel industries.

� Voluntary efficiency agreements, a “Green Tax”

package, and increased CHP use in electricity

consumption.

Utilities � 12 TWh of renewable energy contributed per

year in 2010, with targets for 21 TWh by 2020, as

well as supply-side shifting to low-carbon fuel

sources.

� Obligations on utilities to achieve energy saving

targets since 2006.

Transport � Vehicle taxation changes to encourage efficient

car purchasing, tax exemptions for electric vehicles,

and road pricing policies to encourage public

transport use, as well as DKK 35 million for electric

vehicle research.

� Ecodriving: EE driving techniques promotion.

Residential � DKK 50 million allocated by the Electricity Savings

Trust under the Electricity Savings Action Plan for

information. Energy labels for buildings. Energy

Savings label extension, market creation for

efficient household products, and fulfilment of the

recently-updated building codes.

� Implementation of EE lighting, including LEDs

� Danish EST: to achieve EE targets.

Public � “Curve Breaker” agreements for municipalities,

energy managers for government ministries, and

voluntary agreements for municipal lighting

improvements.


Industry

14.5%

Transport

24.2%

Residential

23.2%

Commercial

10.5%

Agriculture

4.6%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

21.5%


1.5%


Egypt aims to reduce energy consumption by 20% by 2020, compared to

2008 levels

Industry � Energy auditing in industrial and commercial

facilities.

� Auditing training for professionals.

� Energy Efficiency Improvement & Greenhouse

Gas Reduction Project (EEIGGR) loan guarantee

mechanism for ESCO establishment.

Utilities � Loss reduction & load shifting in the Unified

Power System, including mitigation actions to

improve the performance of older generating

units.

Transport � Public transport efficiency projects to reduce

CO2 emissions, including new light rail systems

and bus rapid transit systems.

� Awareness-raising with respect to energy

efficient transport use.

Residential � National Efficient Lighting Initiative (NELI),

including encouraging local manufacturing of

CFLs.

� Energy efficiency standards & labelling

(refrigerators, air conditioners and washing

machines), including the adoption of cost-

effective standards, and analysis of EE

improvement technologies.

� Public awareness programme to encourage EE

lamp adoption.

Public � Energy management in government buildings,

including retrofitting of inefficient systems and

development of Governmental Procurement

Guidelines.

� Public lighting efficiency initiative.


Industry

23.3%

Transport

18.1%

Residential

14.1%Commercial

2.1%

Agriculture

3.4%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

31.7%

Non-Energy Use

6.3%

Non-Specified

1.0%


France, under their 2005 energy law, achieved 65 TWh of savings from

energy companies in the period 2006-2009

Industry � Subsidised energy auditing (50-70%), as well as feed-in

tariffs for CHP use.

� Energy intensity reductions of 1.5%/annum from 1990-

2008.

� 3400 industries have been audited, aiming a reduction

of 132.8 MtCO2 (2008-2012).

Utilities � 345 TWh of mandated lifetime energy savings for

distributors from 2010-2013.

� Development of 38 GW of new renewable capacity by

2020.

Transport � 13% overall efficiency improvement from 1990-2009,

due to “green taxes” on polluting vehicles.

� Freight transportation mode: high speed rail and

waterways rather than highways.

� Transport of goods: combined rail/ road solutions.

� Mobility plans for employees and schools.

� Compulsory new vehicle labelling scheme for energy

and CO2 emissions and eco-bonus since 2008 (decrease

of CO2: 12%).

� Large subsidy for clean fuel vehicles.

Residential � “White certificate” trading scheme achieved 84.5 TWh

Cumac in 2009.

� Implementation of the 2005 thermal building code, with

average energy savings of 15% compared to 2000 levels.

� 0% Green Loan Scheme (launched 2008).

Public � Establishment of local energy information centres (230

by 2009), with estimated savings of 95 ktoe/year.

� 800,000 public buildings to be renovated by 2012,

cutting consumption to 150 kWh/m2/year, as part of the

Grenelle Environmental Programme.


Industry

12.5%

Transport

16.7%

Residential

16.0%

Commercial

7.2%

Agriculture

1.5%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

37.9%

Non-Energy Use

5.2%

Non-Specified

3.0%


Germany has adopted a National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2008-2016,

with 9.6% of end-user energy savings by 2016

Total primary energy supply: 335.3 MtoeIndustry � Advice and financing for SMEs from the

Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology

to improve efficiency.

� Tax exemptions and subsidies for CHP use,

with a view to doubling current cogeneration

penetration, to 25% by 2020.

Utilities � 37% thermal power plant efficiency achieved

by 2009, up 5% from 1990 levels, primarily due

to an increased natural gas market share.

Transport � 15% economic potential for efficiency

reductions in the sector, equivalent to 394 PJ.

� Mandatory fuel efficiency labelling

implemented in 2004, as well as a new vehicle

tax system to account for efficiency and CO2

emissions.

Residential � Technical ODEX of the sector down 23%

compared to 1990 levels by 2009.

� Financing for EE retrofitting of households,

with standards based on 2007 audits, as well as

mandatory RE use for space/water heating in

new developments (at least 50% supplied by

CHP).

� Redeveloping heating systems, promoting

Passive House levels and introduction to the

market of high EE appliances, including a

labelling programme.

Public � Redevelopment of public buildings, active

energy management policies, street lighting

redevelopment, and armed forces EE measures.

Industry

16.5%

Transport

16.1%

Residential

20.3%Commercial

8.8%

Agriculture

0.3%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

29.7%

Non-Energy Use

7.2%

Non-Specified

1.1%



The Ghana Electrical Appliance labelling and Standards Programme”

(GEALSP) for CFLs and room air conditioning has achieved significant savings

Industry � Energy Demand Management Program – 30 MVA

saved through power factor correction and load

management since inception.

� Energy auditing and energy management

strategies from the Energy Foundation.

Utilities � Local capacity-building programs from the Energy

Foundation.

� Management from the Energy Commission for

efficiency in generation and distribution.

� Total hydro capacity will be 1500 MW when

current projects are completed.

� Over 6000 solar systems (3.2MW capacity)

installed (off-grid application).

Transport � Fuel substitution under the UNFCCC – LPG, CNG,

electricity considered for public transport.

Residential � Efficient Lighting Initiative – 6 million incandescent

bulbs have been replaced by CFLs, funded by the

government, saving 200-240 MW in capacity.

� Mandatory “Ghana Electrical Appliance labelling

and Standards Programme” (GEALSP) for CFLs and

room air conditioning.

Public � “Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings Project” ,

retrofitting buildings with EE equipment and

electrical devices, including universities and

ministries.

Non-Energy Use

0.8%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

24.0%

Agriculture

0.7%

Commercial

2.6%

Residential

40.7%

Transport

12.9%

Industry

17.7%

Non-Specified

0.6%


Hungary National Energy Conservation Plan (2008-2016): 9% of end-user

Energy Saving by 2016

Industry � Manufacturing efficiency improvements of 7%/year

from 1998-2009, through shifting towards less energy-

intensive sub-sectors

� CHP installation (including FITs) and fuel switching

programs.

� Soft loans facilities for EE to support SME.

Utilities � 4% improvement in electricity sector efficiency from

1990-2009, due to increased use of CCGT, and improved

thermal plant efficiency.

� 9% reduction in T&D losses since 1993.

� 10.9% share of renewable energies in total electricity

production by 2020.

� FITs for electricity generation. PV, wind, biomass,

biogas, small hydro and CHP.

Transport � ODEX decrease of 9.5% from 1998-2009.

� Financial incentives for modernisation of the private

car fleet, including environmentally-graded road tax.

� Combined road-rail transportation.

Residential � Subsidies for efficiency improvements of up to 25%,

target up to 95 TJ savings per annum.

� Geothermal/biomass energy use in district heating.?

� EE renovation of pre-fab flats.

� District Heating Law: Cessation of flat-rate tariff.

Public � Proposals for wide-ranging improvements in efficiency

in public buildings and municipalities, and market

creation for public sector energy services.


Industry

11.7%

Transport

17.1%

Residential

21.0%Commercial

10.6%

Agriculture

2.0%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

29.8%

Non-Energy Use

7.8%


Honduras has implemented several EE programmes funded by UNDP and

the EU

Industry � UNDP-implemented programmes, specifically to

reduce financial barriers to EE equipment

investments, including the creation of the

FOPESIC financial mechanism for EE measures.

Utilities � US$30 million loan from World Bank to improve

efficiency in the power network, through

institutional reform, capacity-building and the

renewal and rehabilitation of distribution

equipment.

Transport � Frameworks for sustainable transport proposed

through the Urban Transport Technical Unit

(UTTU), including “No Drive Days”, Bus Rapid

Transit system and interurban bus centre and

vendors.

Residential � CFL distribution under the GAUREE programme

affecting 800,000 households.

� Efficient woodstove distribution programme,

with estimated annual reductions of 38,000

tCO2e. Gas stove use will also be promoted under

the program.

Public � Inter-institutional Group for the Efficiency Use

of Energy (GIURE) established, to promote energy

efficiency measures and reduction of energy

dependence.

� Education and mass communication campaigns

on EE.


Industry

14.8%

Transport

21.3%

Residential

37.6%

Commercial

3.9%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

19.8%

Non-Specified

2.6%


17

In India, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, established under the Energy

Conservation Act of 2001, has introduced labelling requirements and

building codesIndustry � National Energy Conservation Awards.

� Intensive EE programs, in particular for energy intensive SME

clusters.

� Energy data reporting for large units.

� Certification of energy managers and auditors.

Utilities � Promotion of ESCOs.

� Pre-paid electricity metering.

Transport � Indian Railways Vision 2020: EE measures and train corridors

(25,000km of new lines).

� Promotion of public transport and fuel-economy standards.

� Fuel-Switch: Initiatives on Bio-diesel.

� National Transport Action Plan and Low Carbon Mobility Plan.

Residential � Mandatory building codes for new commercial buildings from

2010 onwards: Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC).

� Mandatory standards and labels .

� CFL program (replacement of 400 million light bulbs) harnessing

the Clean Development Mechanism. Programme: Bachat Lamp

Yojana (BLY).

Public � Conservation inclusion in school curriculum.

� Mandatory EE in public procurement.

� EE in municipalities through ESCOs.

� DSM programs for municipalities and agriculture.

� Energy Conservation Act 2001.

� Establishment of State Designated Agencies (SDAs): statutory

bodies to implement energy conservation at the state level.


Energy industry

(own use, losses)

34%

Industry

19%Transport

7%

Residential

27%

Commercial

2%

Agriculture

3%

Non-specified

1%

Non-energy use

7%


Indonesia aims to, by 2025, reduce energy demand by 33.85%, compared to

a business-as-usual scenario

Industry � Energy Intensity reduction: 1%/yr until 2025,

through fiscal incentives, educational

programmes and audits.

� Partnership Program on Energy Conservation

– Government support in return for efficiency

commitments from companies, 20% efficiency

improvement targets.

Utilities � Energy Conservation Regulations – reductions

in technical losses in T&D.

� Government initiatives to increase

geothermal capacity to 5,000 MW (48%), with

annual reductions in CO2e of 82 Mt.

� 12% new hydro capacity development. (2009-

2014)

Transport � Mandatory 10% biodiesel content in road

fuels as of 2009.

� Clean and Lean Transportation Initiative,

promoting efficiency in vehicle fleets.

Residential � National efficiency standards established for

new buildings, and software tool provision for

designers.

� Penduli program – rebates on CFL purchasing

for households.

Public � Public-private partnerships with PLN, to

stimulate the energy efficiency market.

� Sustainable tourism initiatives, in partnership

with the UNWTO.

� Efficient street lighting refits.


Industry

23.1%

Transport

13.0%

Residential

28.4%

Commercial

2.0%

Agriculture

1.2%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

26.8%


5.5%


Ireland improved energy efficiency by 10% between 1995 and 2007, leading

to cumulative energy savings of 1.1 Mtoe.

Industry � Large Industry Energy Network (LIEN) program,

establishing role models within industry for energy

efficiency, through Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI).

� CHP Deployment Program, with €11 million of grant

support for <1MW installations.

� SMEs: advice, assessment and monitoring

Utilities � 10% overall efficiency improvements from 1990 to

2009, due to increased combined cycle commissioning

in the late 1990s.

� FIT programme (2006) for a period of 15 yrs.

Transport � Alternative-fuel vehicle promotion through vehicle

tax relief.

� 10% electric vehicle fleet target by 2020.

� Vehicle taxation based on CO2 emissions (from

2008).

Residential � 2008 building regulations – 40% reduction in energy

demand from new buildings.

� Home Energy Savings Scheme – fixed grants of up to

40% for retrofit efficiency improvements.

� Building Energy Rated (BER) for new build, rented or

sold buildings.

� Warmer Home Scheme: upgrading measures for low

income housing.

Public � From the total EE measures, 33% belongs to this

sector, through the Public Sector Programme,

supporting EE in new and existing projects, as well as

providing energy management services to public

sector bodies.


Industry

16.6%

Transport

30.2%

Residential

20.7%

Commercial

12.1%

Agriculture

2.0%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

16.4%

Non-Energy Use

2.0%


Israel aims to reduce electricity consumption by 20%, compared to 2008

levels by 2020

Industry � Energy efficiency data collection.

�Improving energy efficiency in electric motors.

� Energy Master Plan: mandating energy audits for large

commercial and industrial consumers.

� EE policy recommendations.

� Process of licensing ESCOs to develop Rational Use of

Energy (RUE) potential.

� The MNI is developing tax incentives and favorable loans.

Utilities � Proposals for load-shaping and supply-side EE measures in

electricity generation.

� The integration of natural gas should reduce CO2 emissions

by 11.5Mtoe annually, by 2015.

� Priority solar installations: by 2006, 886 kWp of PV power

have been installed (653 kW of off-grid domestic).

� Wind facilities: largest 12,00MWh/yr.

� Opportunities for development of solar power in the

desalination industry.

Transport

Residential � New labelling standards, specially for imports of air

conditioning units.

� Voluntary Green Building standard: materials, building

design, technologies (launched 2005).

� Mandatory EE labelling: refrigerators, freezers, heaters and

air conditioning.

Public � National energy efficiency strategies, including monitoring

and ensuring compliance with goals in all sectors.

� Recommendations for a dedicated energy efficiency fund,

for financing energy efficiency measures, including the

creation of ESCOs for small-to-medium scale users.


Industry

6.7%

Transport

16.0%

Residential

15.3%

Commercial

6.1%

Agriculture

0.7%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

40.3%

Non-Energy Use

4.9%

Non-Specified

10.0%


Italy aims to save 10.9 Mtoe in the period 2008-2016 (NEEAP), primarily

through programs in the buildings, transport and small industries

Total primary energy supply: 176.0 MtoeIndustry � Preferential pricing and incentive schemes for

high-efficiency motors and CHP installations.

� “Industry 2015” program, €900 million up to

2011 for efficiency investments.

� Tax credits of 36% for EE lighting in

commercial buildings.

Utilities � Tradeable white certificates for EE measures,

2.9 Mtoe of savings from 2005-2009.

� 9% reduction in transmission and distribution

losses since 1990, as well as improvements in

thermal power efficiency, and the use of CCGTs.

Transport � Efficient vehicle purchasing incentives, now

extended to motorcycles

� Promotion of bio-fuels or other renewable

fuels.

� Minimum bio-fuel share in motor fuels of 4%,

rising to 4.5% by 2012.

Residential � 2009 Law, obligation for hot water energy

demand to be met by 50% RES, tax credits of

55% for efficiency improvements in insulation.

� Minimum EE standards for new buildings.

� Incentives for EE appliances.

Public � Incentives for the development of PPPs for

energy services since 2009.

� 180 auditing programs proposed for public-

sector buildings and institutions under the 2007

EE Action Plan.

Industry

20.0%

Transport

23.1%

Residential

15.5%

Commercial

9.6%

Agriculture

1.8%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

24.2%


5.8%


Jamaica aims to reduce energy consumption across all state agencies by

15% in the short to medium term, through a US$90 million EE investment

programme

Total primary energy supply: 4.39 MtoeIndustry � Targeted efficiency improvements, and the

introduction of CHP systems to the bauxite/

alumina refineries, as well as in electricity

generation.

Utilities � Promotion of public-private partnerships for

monitoring of the energy sector, through

capacity-building in the Ministry of Energy and

Mining.

� Energy Security and Efficiency Enhancement

project funded by the World Bank, via a US$15

million loan.

Transport � DSM measures, including increasing the use of

sustainable fuels (ethanol blends E-10,

biodiesel), efficiency in vehicles, better

infrastructure and the promotion of mass

transit usage.

Residential � Expansion of the standards & labelling

capability of the Bureau of Standards.

� Develop a EE market, promoting EE in design

through the introduction of Building Codes, EE

appliances, and end-use equipment and

incentives.

Public � Awareness-raising in public sector end-users.

� Design of incentive mechanisms for EE in the

public sector, through IDB investment.

� Energy auditing and cost-benefit analysis of EE

equipment retrofitting for public buildings.


Industry

12.7%

Transport

20.0%

Residential

6.7%

Commercial

2.9%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

39.3%

Agriculture

17.6%

Non-Energy Use

0.8%

23

Japan aims to improve EE of the total primary energy supply by at least 30%

by 2030, based on 2003 levels


Energy industry

(own use, losses)

33%

Industry

19%

Transport

16%

Residential

10%

Commercial

13%

Agriculture &

Fishing

1%

Non-specified

0%

Non-energy use

8%


Industry � Energy Conservation Law: Comprehensive EE regulations on designated

industries: financial incentives, standards in machinery, product labelling.

� Tax reductions and subsidies since 1970s.

� Law on Rational Use of Energy (last amendment 2009): benchmarks for

energy-intensive industries, including energy management.

� For large industries >500kW: restriction of electricity (consumption 15%

less compared with same period in the previous year). Penalties are

imposed for each hour in which the target is not met. Some are shifting

operations to evenings/weekends.

Utilities � Low-interest loans for CHP installation.


� Every 13 months nuclear plants are shut down to undergo routine

maintenance.

Transport � Top Runner program (est.1998): freight and passenger vehicle EE

standards.

� Green taxation for vehicles (until April 2015).

� EE regulations on carriers and consigners.

� Transportation demand management.

� Telework and modal shift.

Residential � Top Runner programme: EE standards for products. Reviewed every 2/3

years. 23 categories by 2009.

� EE standards for buildings and houses and annual reporting on EE

measures.

� National EE labelling and Energy Star label.

� Retailer assessment system (2003).

� Home energy management systems: Kyocera.

� Broad range of financial EE incentives.

Public � Nationwide institutional system for EE: Energy Conservation Centre and

NEDO.

� Green Procurement Law.

Malaysia, under the Ninth Five-Year Malaysia Plan (2006-2010), aims to

continue to strengthen EE initiatives, and reduce the dependency on

petroleum to integrate alternative fuels.

Industry � Industry Energy Efficiency Improvement

Project (since 1999-in force), encompassing

eight manufacturing and industrial sectors, to

implement EE demonstration projects,

financing for EE equipment, energy auditing

services, and training projects to build EE

capacity. A reduction of 10% compared to 2004

levels is targeted.

Utilities � Promotion of cogeneration and the use of

biomass in grid-connected power systems and

CHP systems using palm oil mill waste (Phase I:

2003-2006).

Transport � Legislation for the use of 5% mix of palm oil

with B5 diesel, as a trial in government vehicle

fleets initially, with a view to mandated use

across the country.

� Regulations on emissions under the Road

Transport Act.

Residential � Long-standing standards & labelling programs

for appliances and lighting.

Public � Institutional capacity-building for EE,

particularly in the Energy Commission.

� Education and awareness-raising campaigns

for efficiency and energy conservation,

particularly for schools.



Industry

25.3%

Transport

19.7%

Residential

6.0%Commercial

4.5%

Agriculture

0.4%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

40.5%

Non-Energy Use

3.6%

Maldives aims to become the first carbon-neutral nation by 2020

Industry � Opportunities for the use of high-efficiency industrial refrigeration units, proposed through

UNEP GHG-emission reduction activities.

Utilities � Introduction of waste-to-energy systems producing methane biogas in he electricity grid,

to transition the electricity industry towards carbon neutrality.

� Use of biomass. Agri-waste, solid waste or/and fuel wood.

Transport � Recommendations for rethinking areas of transport in the nation, including the

development of electric public transport in the capital, and cycling promotion.

Residential � Assessment, development and establishment of an energy labelling program for appliances

and equipment, as part of the HCFC Phase-out plan.

� Newly-developed building code, with provisions for improvements in the energy

performance of new buildings.

Public � Advocacy and awareness-raising programs to foster an environment for energy saving

projects at a national and local level.

� Minimum air-conditioning temperatures in public buildings.

� Energy auditing for selected offices.

Energy consumption data in the Maldives is limited to electricity consumption statistics from STELCO plants, which account for

roughly a third of installed capacity, and energy supply data by fuel source type. In total, 98% of the islands’ energy requirements

were met by fossil fuels in 2009, primarily diesel.

Mali is promoting solar water heaters and large scale dissemination of CFLs

under the five-year (2010-2014) energy conservation program.

Industry � Energy monitoring and accounting for high-

consumption industries, to select the most EE

technologies.

� Pilot projects for EE technology use

� Energy audits for high-consumption industries

Utilities � Grid connected RE: Biomass (10MW), Wind

(10MW) and CSP (5MW)

� World Bank support: Transmission and

distribution reinforcement and extension; and

Energy efficiency and demand side

management.

Transport � Development of biofuels as an additive.

� Implementation of the Urban Travel Plan for

Bamako.

Residential � EE buildings pilot projects (thermal

performance).

� Energy classifications and standards for

appliances (refrigerators and A/C).

� 10,000 Solar water heater dissemination pilot

programs.

� 700,000 LELB distribution.

Public � Pilot energy diagnosis activities for public

institutions, as well as thermal renovations for

administrative buildings.

� 300,000 low energy light bulbs (LELB)

distribution for tertiary institutions.

� 15,000 EE LELB for street lighting.


Industry

3.0%

Transport

17.0%

Residential

79.0%

Agriculture

1.0%

Source: Energy Information System For Mali, 2008

27

Mexico aims to reduce its national electricity consumption by 16%

in the period from 2007 to 2012Industry � Electric Power Savings Trust Fund (FIDE): Low-interest loans for EE

improvements (2007-2012).

� National Commission for the Efficient Use of Energy (CONUEE):

support to SMEs – tools, guidelines and assistance for EE measures.

� The Programa Nacional para el Aprovechamiento Sustentable de la

Energia (2009-2012) - cogeneration, set standards and substitution of

inefficient electric motors.

� Energy audits and corrective measures.

� Energy management and certifications .

Utilities � Regulation of billing and information to customers.

Transport � Fuel economy standards for new and imported used vehicles.

� Clean Technology Fund (CTF): urban transport plan.

Residential � Mandatory Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) and

labels.

� Voluntary FIDE label, which aims to cover 7700 products by 2012.

� Green Mortgage Program: Preferential loans for energy-efficient

homes.

� Building code for commercial buildings.

� EE programmes: Daylight Saving Time, EE standards, massive CFL

substitution programme and FIDE (2007-2012).

Public � Law for the Sustainable Use of Energy.

� CONUEE, autonomous body from Energy Secretariat.

� Training of specialists, educational programs and capacity building for

EE.

� Pilot and demonstration programs for new technologies, e.g. CFLs and

LEDs.

� Public EE purchasing policy.

� Energy saving programme for Federal Public Administration (2007-

2012).

� EE protocol: Integral assessment, goals, resources and monitoring

(from 2012) for federal buildings, vehicles, industrial facilities.


Energy industry

(own use, losses)

38%

Industry

16%

Transport

27%

Residential

10%

Commercial

2%

Agriculture

2%

Non-specified

0% Non-energy use

5%


Morocco estimates a potential 15% saving in energy consumption by 2020,

through new energy efficiency measures

Industry � Energy use and carbon emission auditing, with

financial support from the ADEREE.

� Capacity-building measures to improve EE

knowledge.

Utilities � Promotion of private-sector collaboration for

EE improvements, as well as cogeneration and

DSM-measure promotion.

� RE development: 1000MW wind capacity,

including seawater desalination (2008-2012).

� ADEERE programmes: 2000MW solar energy,

2000MW wind and 2000MW hydro by 2020.

Transport � World Bank-funded projects to improve urban

transport efficiency, through better governance

and increased infrastructure energy

performance.

Residential � National energy efficiency program in the

construction sector, under the UNDP.

� Appliance labelling for EE, under the

Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law

2009.

� Low Consumption Light programme in the

public housing sector.

Public � Framework law and support funds for energy

efficiency programs.

� Creation of the ADEREE, to act as an

implementing agency for EE projects.

� EE projects in hospitals, ministries and public

administration.


Industry

18.5%

Transport

24.4%

Residential

17.0%

Commercial

2.2%

Agriculture

11.0%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

24.5%


2.4%


Nepal has a high technical potential for energy efficiency, particularly in the

areas of residential lighting and electricity distribution

Industry � Capacity-building measures for EE with the

support of GIZ, including professional training

for energy auditors.

� Proposals for the introduction of high-

efficiency electric motors (potentially saving

676 GWh).

Utilities � Proposals for the introduction of new micro-

hydro for rural and industrial areas. NEA is

planning the introduction of large hydro

projects by 2016-2020.

� Capacity-building for efficiency in the Nepal

Electricity Authority (NEA).

Transport � Proposals for the introduction of low-carbon

mass transit.

Residential � Introduction of CFL/fluorescent lighting, with

potential generation savings of 4,325GWh.

�Private subsides for Solar Homes Systems

(24,000 SHS installed since 1995).

� Dissemination of efficient biomass stoves, in

collaboration with the private sector.

� Appliance energy assessments, with a view to

the creation of standards.

Public � Introduction of renewable energy use in

municipal lighting.

� Creation of the Alternative Energy Promotion

Centre, to support RETs and EE in the country.


Industry

4.7%

Transport

3.1%

Residential

88.6%

Commercial

1.8%

Agriculture

0.8%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

0.8%

Non-Specified

0.2%


Poland aims to achieve a reduction in energy intensity to the level of the

EU-15 countries by 2030, while increasing the share of RE

Industry � Financing measures through the EBRD for EE

projects worth up to €85 million for SME and €1

million for RE.

� ‘White certificates’ program, financing EE

improvements through certificate acquisition and

trading.

Utilities � Improving supply-side EE through cogeneration

promotion.

� Smart metering program, piloted by two utilities,

to analyse and improve demand-side efficiency.

� National RE Action Plan: 15.5% of energy demand

met by RE by 2020.

Transport � Ordinances: Electronic Tolling System, Vehicle

and Fuel Taxation, and Technical Inspections.

� Management systems for traffic and transport

infrastructure, including rationalisation of transport

usage and promotion of sustainable transport

systems.

Residential � Creation of the Thermo-Modernisation Fund for

energy efficiency investments in households, and

penetration of EE appliances.

� Heat tariff to promote cogeneration.

� Minimum thermal insulation standards.

� Information dissemination and advocacy

measures for EE.

Public � Information campaigns and capacity-building

measures.

� Minimum EE standards for public buildings.


Industry

15.9%

Transport

16.0%

Residential

18.9%

Commercial

7.5%

Agriculture

3.4%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

33.1%


5.2%


Romania, in the period 1996-2008, improved the energy efficiency of its

economy by 32%, significantly more than the EU average

Industry � 42% overall efficiency improvements in the

sector from 1996-2008.

� Equipment modernisation, annual auditing

obligations, and support from the Romanian

Fund for Energy Efficiency for incurred costs.

Utilities � Hydroelectric – €2.2 billion in new

investments from 2010-2012.

� 35 MW new planned wind capacity under

construction.

Transport � Vehicle fleet updating, fuel consumption

monitoring in the government fleet, metro

system modernisation, and pollution taxes for

vehicles.

Residential � Auditing and certification schemes for

reducing home energy use, and thermal

rehabilitation of social and private housing,

particularly multi-storied dwellings, with aims

to reduce final energy consumption by 30-35%.

� EE Labelling for appliances.

� EPC for real estate transactions (Jan 2011).

Public � 2007 public lighting efficiency improvement

project, and promotion of energy savings in

public services and companies under the

National Strategy for Energy Efficiency.

� District heating rehabilitation and

modernisation.


Industry

20.5%

Transport

13.2%

Residential

20.4%Commercial

4.3%

Agriculture

0.8%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

32.7%

Non-Energy Use

7.1%

Non-Specified

1.0%


32

Russia aims to reduce energy intensity by 40% by 2020 compared with 2007

levels

Industry � Energy surveys, audits and passports.

� Fiscal incentives for EE investments.

Utilities � Promotion of ESCOs.

Transport � Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation: EE

regulations.

Residential � Mandatory EE requirements for buildings and EE

classification. “Federal and Regional Building and

Heat Efficiency (thermal performance) codes”.

� Mandatory EE labelling for equipment and

appliances (from 2011-12) based on European EE

standards.

� Phase-out of inefficient light bulbs by 2012

(gradually from 2011).

� Individual energy meters for every household (from

2011-12).

Public � Federal Code of Practice: a technical manual to

guide architects, builders and contractors in terms of

EE. The Code aims to improve EE (design and

construction) of existing building codes, as well as

thermal efficiency. Residential buildings are also

covered by the Code.

� EE requirements in public procurement.

� Obligation for budgetary institutions to reduce

energy consumption by 15% within 5 years based on

2009 figures.

� State information system on EE.


Energy industry

(own use, losses)

36%

Industry

19%

Transport

14%

Residential

17%

Commercial

6%

Agriculture &

Fishing

1%

Non-specified

0%

Non-energy use

7%


Saudi Arabia aims to reduce electricity intensity by 30% by 2030 compared

to 2005 levels

Industry � Energy auditing for the sector, led by ESCOs as

part of the National Energy Efficiency

Programme (NEEP 2003-2009).

� Promotion of high-efficiency electric motor

use.

� Proposals for the appointment of Energy

Managers for large consumers.

Utilities � Demand-side load management activities.

� Supply-side efficiency measures, including

shifting capacity towards natural gas

generation, and power factor reductions.

Transport � No current policy, but proposals will be made

under Phase II of the NEEP, which is yet to be

implemented.

Residential � Energy efficiency codes for new residential

buildings.

� Standards & Labelling programs for air

conditioners, consumer-grade electric motors

and lighting.

Public � Enhancements to the institutional

infrastructure to promote EE., as well as

broader involvement of the private sector.

� Proposals for a Saudi Energy Efficiency Centre,

a central institute to regulate EE programs.

� EE education in high schools.


Industry

9.0%

Transport

20.0%

Residential

6.1%

Commercial,

Agriculture

2.8%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

38.8%

Non-Energy Use

23.3%


Spain, through the Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2008-2012, hopes to avoid

238,130 ktCO2 emissions

Industry � Automotive Sector Competitiveness Plan –

increasing the efficiency and sustainability of car

manufacturing, as well as shifting the industry

towards sustainable products.

� Promotion of voluntary agreements for energy

savings in firms, and market growth for energy

efficiency services in industry sub-sectors.

Utilities � National Energy Plan to 2016, EUR 9.22 million in

improving electrical infrastructure, and diversifying

the energy mix.

Transport � Measure of EE Strategy 2004-2012: urban mobility

plans, greater use of collective transport means,

management of infrastructure, efficient driving and

renew al of the transport fleet.

� Mandated 20% bio fuel use in the public vehicle

pool, 5.83% use in all automobiles.

Residential � Mandated Energy Performance Certificates for

new buildings, in line with EU Directives, including

EUR 1 billion in subsidies from the Spanish

government.

� Free EE light bulbs (49 million) and voluntary

exchange programmes (6 million)

Public � Requirements for the general administration to

reduce energy consumption by 10%/annum in the

period 2008-2012, as well as programs targeted at

improving the efficiency of public and motorway

lighting (target: 50%).

� Establish limitations on the temperature ranges of

air conditioning.


Industry

18.8%

Transport

26.5%

Residential

11.3%

Commercial

6.6%

Agriculture

2.0%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

28.6%

Non-Energy Use

5.6%

Non-Specified

0.6%


35

South Africa targets a 12% energy intensity reduction by 2015 in relation to

a national business-as-usual baseline scenario

Industry � Energy Efficient Motors Program: direct subsidies

to the purchase of new motors (2007).

� Certification of energy auditors and accreditation

of inspectors for EE standards.

� Energy management systems and audits.


Utilities � DSM initiative to audit industrial, commercial and

residential energy use (2006).

� Standard Offer Program (SOP) providing a rebate

for energy savings.

Transport � Extra levies on inefficient vehicles used to cross-

subsidize more efficient vehicles.

Residential � Distribution of CFLs at subsidized prices, mainly in

areas with capacity bottlenecks.

� Mandatory standards and labels for appliances,

vehicles and buildings.

� Mandatory energy audits for commercial

buildings.

� Encouragement of the use of LPG as a cooking

fuel, rather than electricity or other fuels.

Public � Educational campaigns, particularly in engineering

and architecture.

� EE funding for government buildings.

� EE Monitoring and Implementation Programme

(2010-14).

� Establishment of a South African Regional Energy

Efficiency Centre (SAREEC).


Energy industry

(own use, losses)

51%

Industry

17%

Transport

12%

Residential

12%

Commercial

4%

Agriculture

1%

Non-specified

1% Non-energy use

2%


South Korea aims to achieve 38 Mtoe of end-user energy savings by 2030,

compared to a business-as-usual scenario


Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

34.8%

Agriculture

0.8%

Commercial

8.1%

Residential

8.3%

Transport

12.7%

Industry

19.0%

Non-Specified

0.9%Non-Energy Use

15.3%

Industry � Energy use reduction target of 17 Mtoe by

2030.

� Mandatory energy audits every 5 years for

large consumers, with subsidies available for

the involved costs.

Utilities � 11% renewable energy contribution target by

2030.

� Promotion of combined-cycle thermal plants.

Transport � 19% energy use reduction goal in the sector

by 2030.

� Extensive minimum vehicle fuel economy

standards, applicable to all new vehicles

produced in the country.

Residential � Energy efficiency standards and labelling

programmes for 7 appliance categories

(electric refrigerators, A/C, incandescent bulbs,

FLs, self ballasted lamps, ballast for FLs and

passenger cars).

� EE Certification (voluntary) for office

equipment and home electrical appliances.

� Voluntary building energy efficiency

certification programmes.

� Implementation of LED lighting schemes.

Public � Government investment in RE and EE R&D

projects.

� Increased renewable energy use in public

buildings.

� Installation of prototype LED street lighting.


Sri Lanka has a high potential for energy efficiency, particularly through

CDM projects

Industry � Opportunities for energy conservation and

efficiency measures in the tea industry.

� ESCO establishment for industrial consumers,

with financing from various national banks.

� EE programs in SME sector, particularly in

hotels, with 20% reduction targets in energy and

water consumption.

Utilities � Improvements in transmission and distribution

efficiency to reduce losses.

� Efficiency-conscious expansion of the

distribution network.

� Major hydro projects (1355MW capacity) by

2020.

� Water and Energy programme (Watery) to

implement EE measures in the water supply

industry.

Transport � Proposals for alternate fuel use, including

biofuels, as well as the promotion of efficient

mass transit.

Residential � EE standards & labelling for appliances through

the Sri Lanka Standards Institution (SLSI).

�Promotion of CFL bulbs in the residential and

commercial sectors.

�Introduction of EE guidelines for building

construction.

Public � Capacity-building for EE in the municipal water

sector.

� Establishment of the Sri Lanka Sustainable

Energy Authority, to act as a facilitating agency

for RE and EE projects.


Industry

23.7%

Transport

21.9%

Commercial

3.6%

Residential

39.3%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

8.6%

Non-Energy Use

0.9%

Non-Specified

2.0%


Sweden aims to reduce the total energy use/unit area heated in dwellings

and public/commercial premises by 20% by 2020 compared with 1995 levels

Industry � Overall efficiency improvements of 17% from 1990 to 2008.

� Up to 50% subsidies for energy audits for companies that

use >500MWh/year.

� Support for EE in SMEs, including pilot programs, and web-

based energy auditing tools.

� Programme EE in energy intensive industries: implement

EMS and investment in EE electricity.

Utilities � Smart metering implementation and demand-side data

collection, with a trial of 33,000 meters having started in

2010.

� Green Certificate System for electricity generation.

� Investment to conversion from electricity and oil heating to

District Heating, Heat Pumps, Solar heating and bio energy

(2006-2011).

Transport � Overall efficiency improvements of 8% since 1990.

� Carbon tax and beneficial conditions for efficient vehicles,

with a view to a carbon-neutral vehicle fleet by 2030.

� Vehicle taxation based on CO2 emission and not based on

weight.

� Mandatory Eco-driving test in driving licence test.

Residential � 12% overall efficiency improvements since 2000 in the

sector.

� 2006 Act supporting EE in buildings, including energy

certification for new and existing buildings, and financial

support of up to 30% for efficiency improvements.

� Application of Energy Declaration for buildings, as well as

energy usage information provisions.

Public � Strengthened municipal energy advisory services and

support, including financial support from the government.

� Regulations established in 2009 for environmental

management of government authorities.


Industry

23.5%

Transport

16.7%

Residential

13.4%Commercial

8.3%

Agriculture

1.4%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

32.0%


4.7%


Switzerland aims to reduce fossil fuel consumption by 10% by 2010

compared to 1990 levels

Industry � Voluntary CO2 target agreements for industry, in

conjunction with a tax on carbon emissions from

fossil sources. Over 1000 companies are currently

engaged in these agreements.

� Targets based on benchmarks: CO2 intensity and

EE.

Utilities � 20% combined-cycle capacity in thermal

generation, 4.5% cogeneration in power

generation.

� 60% reduction in CO2 emissions per kWh since

1990, due to increased biomass usage.

Transport � Shared-vehicle schemes, mandatory fuel

consumption labels for all passenger vehicles

(EnergieEtikette), and a heavy-duty vehicles fee,

with 6-8% CO2 emission savings by 2007.

Residential � “Minergie” minimum building energy

performance standards, with financial incentives

for their use offered in most cantons. Minergie

standards: Maximum energy consumption of new

buildings 38kwh/m2/yr, and renovated

60kWh/m2/yr

� Energy labelling in line with EU standards for

household and industrial appliances, with financing

available for retrofitting. Category A as a minimum

for new main households appliances.

Public � PPPs for energy management services in public

buildings through Energho, as well as advisory

services for municipalities through SwissEnergy.

� Minimum EE requirements for ballast and street

lighting.


Industry

15.5%

Transport

22.9%

Residential

22.5%

Commercial

14.2%

Agriculture

0.4%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

21.5%

Non-Energy Use

2.1%

Non-Specified

1.0%


Thailand aims to reduce energy consumption by 10.8% by 2011, compared

to a business-as-usual scenario

Industry � Promotion and development of ESCOs, particularly

with regard to providing capital for EE projects.

� Incentives for EE projects: Revolving funds or soft

loans, Zero interest loans and tax incentives.

� Saving target: 3190 ktoe in 2011.

Utilities � Recommendations to EGAT to reduce transmission &

distribution losses, as well as intensifying DSM efforts,

including load management programs.

Transport � Promotion of public transport systems.

� Transportation Incentive Program, whereby transport

operators’ efficiency is analysed, and/or investments

are made available for efficiency improvements.


Residential � Establishment of minimum energy performance

standards (MEPS) for air conditioning, refrigerators,

ballasts, FL, and CFL.

� Labelling program for appliances.

� Establishment of efficiency codes in buildings and for

building materials.

� Promotion of efficient cooking equipment.


Public � Energy Conservation Program ECP, Phase 3, provides

measures to reform institutions in the country to

promote EE.

� Establishment of the Energy Conservation Fund to

provide funding for EE projects.

� Public awareness campaigns.



Industry

22.2%

Transport

16.6%

Residential

10.3%Commercial

3.9%

Agriculture

3.2%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

33.7%


10.1%

Tunisia aims to achieve 20% overall energy savings by the end of 2011,

compared to 2008 levels


Non-Specified

0.8%

Non-Energy Use

1.3%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

27.6%

Agriculture

4.4%

Commercial

7.1% Residential

21.7%

Transport

17.5%

Industry

19.6%

Industry � Removal of barriers to the creation of a sustainable

market for energy efficiency products through World

Bank projects.

� Promotion of ESCOs, through GEF loans.

� “Energy Efficiency Project” with WB to scale up

industrial EE and cogeneration investments (to be

implemented in 4 years).

Utilities � Promotion of the use of renewable energy sources,

including biogas and wind power, through the ANME,

targeting 4% contribution to the national energy mix by

2016.

� By 2014, installation of 535MW of RE energy plants.

Additional 350,000m2 solar heating systems.

� By 2016, solar electricity installation of 460MW.

Interconnection with European Electricity Grid to export

up to 1000MW (800MW gas and 200MW RE).

Transport � New municipal rail projects to reduce atmospheric

pollution.

� ESMAP-funded transport sector efficiency studies.

Residential � Mandated improvements in building insulation,

windows, refrigeration and lighting.

� Mandatory minimum efficiency standards and labelling

schemes for new refrigeration equipment and air

conditioning.

� By the end of 2014, total abandonment of non-EE lamps

and electrical parts marketing.

� Locally sourced EE lighting and solar water heaters.

Public � Creation of the National Fund for Energy Efficiency

Subsidies.

� Capacity-building measures, as well as the creation of

an energy information system.


The United Kingdom is aiming to deliver 272.7 TWh of overall energy

savings by 2016, an 18% reduction compared to 2007 consumption levels

Industry � Carbon Trust – work with 14 industry sectors, average

energy savings 25 – 30%.

� CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme– mandatory reporting on

emissions and carbon price to incentivise energy savings in

organisations using more than 6000 MWh/ £500,000+

electricity per year

� Energy performance certificates for commercial buildings

and smart meters to all industries (SE within 5 years).

Utilities � Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT 2008-2012) -

all main energy suppliers required to reduce CO2 emissions

from their residential customers by 293 Mt by 2012.

Transport � 39 projects under the Local Sustainable Transport Fund,

(£155 million).

� Raise Fuel efficiency standards for new vehicles, Low

Carbon Vehicle Innovation Platform.

� New and varied EE travel choices.

Residential � CERT (see above).

� Community Energy Savings Program (CESP) energy

company obligation – 90,000 households - implemented by

energy firms in partnership with local authorities, with 2.9

MtCO2 expected to be saved.

� National standards for sustainable design in new homes:

CSH and Part L Building Regulations. Aim to deliver zero

carbon homes by 2016.

� Smart meters within the next decade.

� Market Transformation Programme: EE products.

Public � Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2007 – 15% reduction in

health service primary energy consumption by 2010.

� Technical support - Energy Saving Trust.

� Sustainable School Action Plans.


Industry

14.2%

Transport

20.7%

Residential

20.2%Commercial

7.8%

Agriculture

0.4%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

31.5%

Non-Energy Use

4.4%

Non-Specified

0.8%


43

The US Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 is forecast to reduce

energy consumption by 7% by 2030

Industry � Clean Energy Programmes. A. Green Power Partnership (voluntary – support

organisational procurement of green power). B. CHP Partnership (promotion). C. Energy

Star.

� Plan Energy Audit Programme: Best practices, reporting, audits and energy

management for industrial plants.

� Loan guarantees for early commercial use of new or improved EE technologies.

� Bright Tomorrow Lighting Prize.

� Builders Challenge on efficient homes.

Utilities � Economic stimulus package for Smart Metering, Smart Grids and DSM programs.

� EE Portfolio Standards-EEPS (White certificates).

� Grid Modernisation.

� Loan Guarantee Programme: for renewable technologies, nuclear facilities, coal

gasification, carbon sequestration, EE, etc.

� State Utility Regulation and Clean Energy.

Transport � Increased tax credit for PHEVs.

� Stringent fuel economy standards.

� Advanced Technology Vehicle Manufacturing Loan Programme.

� Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards.

Residential � Mandatory minimum EE standards at state and federal level; Energy Star label

currently covers 60+ product categories.

� Public benefit funds for EE.

� Mandatory EE building codes (depending on state) and labelling.

� Weatherisation Assistance Programme.

� Phase-out of inefficient light bulbs.

Public � State and Loan Climate and Energy Programmes (technical assistance).

� Public leadership in EE programs.

� EE obligations for defence spending.

� EE savings measuring protocol (IPMVP).

� American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009 (> 80 billion USD for clean energy).

� Federal Government reduction in energy consumption of 30% by 2015.


Energy industry

(own use, losses)

32%

Industry

12%Transport

27%

Residential

11%

Commercial

9%

Agriculture

1%

Non-specified

1%

Non-energy use

7%


Vietnam is targeting a 5-8% reduction in total energy consumption in 2011-

2015

Industry � Capacity-building for energy auditing, as well as

subsidies for involved costs.

� Proposals for mandatory EE&C management

measures.

� Energy intensity benchmarking proposals.

� Support industrial enterprises with EE projects.

Utilities � Proposals to reduce T&D losses, and improve

supply-side efficiency.

� Currently-implemented and proposed DSM

measures, including direct load control, load-

shaping and more.

Transport � Proposals for optimal use of transport facilities,

minimising the amount of fuel consumed. Diesel

use in the transport fleet is also to be encouraged.

Residential � Minimum energy performance standards for

appliances via MOIT, including 3 primarily. A/C,

refrigerators, and electrical fans.

� Labelling projects for: T8 FTL, T5 FTL and

electronic ballasts.

� CFL and FTL lighting adoption.

� Provision of solar water heaters for the sector.

� Comprehensive EE building codes.

Public � EE&C advocacy measures in schools, hospitals et

al, including the adoption of efficient lighting and

equipment.

� Efficient public lighting projects, funded by the

GEF, with estimated annual CO2 reductions of

99,000 tons.

� Education and dissemination programmes:

schools and public awareness.


Industry

20.5%

Transport

14.1%

Residential

47.1%

Commercial

2.7%

Agriculture

0.9%

Energy Industry

(own use, losses)

12.7%

Non-Energy Use

2.0%


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