session 1 stefan johansson
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Beyond Climate Neutral Climate Positive Urban Districts and the Stockholm Royal Seaport (SRS) as an Example
Stefan Johansson
PhD Candidate, Division of Industrial Ecology (IE), KTH, Stockholm
![Page 2: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Presentation topics
• The process to climate positive and IE’s work together with CCI and the City
• How to account emissions – scopes & boundaries
• Some preliminary results on the road towards climate positive
• How can a very ambitious target such as climate positive play a role in a climate neutral city or district?
![Page 3: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The climate positive process (1/2)
• The process has been developed using CCI’s climate positive development program
• It has then been refined by IE into two instruction documents and one Excel tool regarding:
- How to compile a baseline of emissions according to CCI’s specifications
- How to track emissions, emission reductions and credits
• Is being implemented in Stockholm (SWE), San Francisco (US) and Pedra Branca (BRA)
![Page 4: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The climate positive process (2/2)
![Page 5: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
CCI in practice
• Focuses on low energy use, a high degree of renewables, local energy generation AND a system of credits (if necessary)
• A very local urban district focus with three main emission categories; energy, transportation and waste
• Allows for technology and policy actions that reduce emissions in the surrounding areas called credits
• Emission reductions through flexible Kyoto mechanisms such as CDM, JI and ETS are not allowed
![Page 6: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CCI’s scopes & boundaries (1/3)
Target A climate positive urban district where GHG emissions are < 0 once the entire urban district is complete
Unit of measure Ton CO2e/capita, year 49 000 person (19 000 residents & 30 000 workers)
System boundaries
- Geographical SRS’s geographical area (*transportation an exception)
- Activity Direct emissions from energy use stemming from activities within SRS’s geographical area
- Temporal Annual emissions once the entire area is built
- Life cycle (LCA) LCA emissions from fuels and energy carriers
![Page 7: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
CCI’s scopes & boundaries (2/3)
Primary emission categories
- Energy Heating/Cooling Electricity (building & household/commercial) Emission reductions from local energy generation (solar pv, biogas) Infrastructure Water
- Transportation 40% of all trips starting or ending in SRS Residents (private trips & commuting) Workers (commuting & business trips) Goods & services
- Waste Collection & treatment
![Page 8: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CCI’s scopes & boundaries (3/3)
Excluded emissions
Excluded due to geography Services that is common for a normal person living in Stockholm - Hospitals - Libraries - Municipal government - Sports and recreational centres
- Long distance travel
Excluded due to time - Construction emissions
Excluded due to the methodology itself
- Consumption of goods and food
![Page 9: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Basic principle for GHG accounting
Activity x Emission factor = Emissions
Common activities Corresponding emission factor(s)
Heating [kWh/year] g CO2e/kWh of district heating
PKM by biogas car [PKM/year] g CO2e/PKM of biogas car
![Page 10: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
An example of calculating emissions using data from the SRS baseline (1/2)
Residential buildings in SRS Data value & unit
District heating* 42.5 kWh/m2, year
Hot water* 25 kWh/m2, year
Building electricity* 15 kWh/m2, year
Household electricity 30 kWh/m2, year
District heating emission factor 99.46 g CO2e/kWh
Nordic electricity emission factor 74.76 g CO2e/kWh
Total residential area built 1,143,400 m2
*Included in energy requirements regarding building energy efficiency
![Page 11: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
An example of calculating emissions using data from the SRS baseline (2/2)
Emissions [Ton CO2e/year]
District heating 4,833
Hot water 2,843
Building electricity 1,282
Household electricity 2,564
Annual residential building emissions 11,522
District heating energy use: 1,143,400 m2 * 42.5 kWh/m2, year = 48,594,500 kWh/year Emissions from district heating: 48,594,500 kWh/year * 99.46 g CO2e/kWh = 4,833 ton CO2e/year
![Page 12: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
SRS baseline emissions
![Page 13: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
So far not climate positive time for
road mapping
• Three basic types of road mapping actions:
1. Energy efficiency – For example more energy efficient buildings. The fuel or energy carrier however stays the same
![Page 14: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
So far not climate positive time for
road mapping
• Three basic types of road mapping actions:
1. Energy efficiency – For example more energy efficient buildings. The fuel or energy carrier however stays the same
2. Fuel switching – Switching from Nordic electricity to electricity generated by wind power. The amount of energy used is however the same
![Page 15: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
So far not climate positive time for
road mapping
• Three basic types of road mapping actions:
1. Energy efficiency – For example more energy efficient buildings. The fuel or energy carrier however stays the same
2. Fuel switching – Switching from Nordic electricity to electricity generated by wind power. The amount of energy used is however the same
3. Behavior change – Actions that focuses on either energy efficiency or fuel switching through behavioral change
![Page 16: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Some preliminary examples of possible roadmapping actions
Energy Road mapping Actions
Buildings
Energy efficient buildings – 55
kWh/m2, year
Energy efficient buildings – 45
kWh/m2, year
Solar PV cells – 30 % of building
electricity
Solar PV cells – 80% of building
electricity
Local Energy Production
Reduced energy use to clean and
distribute water
Reduced energy use to clean and
distribute water
Biogas production (sewage) –
Henriksdal
Biogas production (sewage) – Loudden
Biogas production (food waste) –
Henriksdal
Biogas production (food waste) –
Loudden
Biogas production (cruise ships) –
Loudden
Remaining biogas (sewage) -
Henriksdal
![Page 17: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Visual representation of the process
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Baseline After EnergyEfficiency
After Fuel-Switching
After Credits
Baseline and Road map example
Infrastructure
Waste
Water
Transportation
Building Energy
Energy Production
![Page 18: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Roadmapping so far
• So far SRS has reduced annual per capita emissions from roughly 0.55 ton CO2e/cap, year
• Down towards 0.3 to 0.2 ton CO2e/cap, year
![Page 19: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Still not climate positive credits?
• Credits aim to increase local collaboration between the urban district and the surrounding city by reducing the city’s emissions either through:
1. Physical infrastructure such as energy, transportation and waste
![Page 20: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Still not climate positive credits?
• Credits aim to increase local collaboration between the urban district and the surrounding city by reducing the city’s emissions either through:
1. Physical infrastructure such as energy, transportation and waste
2. Decisions made through the process of the urban district
![Page 21: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Why use a method such as CCI’s?
• Compared to many of the other tools Nils showed CCI has an extremely ambitious and explicit goal – climate positive
![Page 22: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Why use a method such as CCI’s?
• Compared to many of the other tools Nils showed CCI has an extremely ambitious and explicit goal – climate positive
• Transparency is the key, otherwise comparisons between other urban districts are impossible and valuable experiences and solutions are lost
![Page 23: Session 1 stefan johansson](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042714/557c9cc8d8b42aee3b8b4632/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Why use a method such as CCI’s?
• Compared to many of the other tools Nils showed CCI has an extremely ambitious and explicit goal – climate positive
• Transparency is the key, otherwise comparisons between other urban districts are impossible and valuable experiences and solutions are lost
• The process of baseline, roadmap and credits offer a wide variety of different kinds of solutions and also offers the urban district to test how far different actions will get them