Session #10:

POL 135

For Tuesday listen to the two parts of: Can Yemen Regain Stability? http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/rizkhan/2009/10/200910882232271776.html

Leadership theory in general deals with the question of the attributes and behaviors that bring some people to positions of political, administrative, or social power.Leadership theory also deals with the relationship between people in position of power and the behavior of their nations.In international politics leadership in concerned with regional or international implications of leaders’ behavior.

• Bureaucratic-Rational. Supported by legal authority and rational selection and obedience procedures. Mostly present in democratic regimes

• Traditional. Supported by custom, norms, and institutions that are based on tradition. People follow the leaders because of the symbolic significance of the position he/she holds, not because of the person’s qualities or the belief in the rationality of the arrangement

• Charismatic. The personal qualities of the leader and the ideas he/she conveys command support of the followers

Max Weber: Three types of leadership

Patrimonial Leadership. • Various origins. Hereditary, revolutionary,

bureaucratic emergence.• Personification of national aspirations.

Tends to focus on fundamental national goals.

• Authoritarian. Suppress opposition. Command obedience by followers.

• Visionary. Generate broad and long-ranging visions for states or groups of states

• Conflictual. Use conflict and violence to advance goals and create unity among followers

Type of Leader Strength of State Institutions

Typical Outcome

Rational-Bureaucratic Strong Survival and structured replacement

Rational-Bureaucratic Weak Coups, constant unrest, regime change likely

Traditional Strong Survival, hereditary replacement of leaders

Traditional Weak Coups, constant unrest, regime change likely

Charismatic Strong Capacity for establishing structural stability that outlives leader

Charismatic Weak Regime survives as long as leader is in power and maintains charismatic hold of country

Leader Type A Leader Type B Typical type of relationship

Rational-Bureaucratic Rational-Bureaucratic Collegial, cooperative, disputes resolved by compromise

Rational-Bureaucratic Traditional Based on personal chemistry, cooperative/conflictual

Rational-Bureaucratic Charismatic Typically conflictual, but possible ad hoc cooperation

Traditional Traditional Based on personal chemistry, but typically cooperative

Traditional Charismatic Based on personal chemistry, but typically conflictual

Charismatic Charismatic Typically conflictual, cooperation possible based on personal chemistry

State Leader Type OutcomeMorocco King Hassan Traditional Hereditary

successionAlgeria Boumedien Patrimonial Authoritarian

succession, Tunisia Bourgiba Patrimonial Authoritarian

successionLibya Ghadaffi Patrimonial Still in powerEgypt Farouk Traditional Overthrown-coup

Nasser Charismatic Authoritarian succession

Sadat Patrimonial Authoritarian succession

State Leader Type OutcomeIsrael Various Bureaucratic

-RationalElected and ousted in elections

Jordan King Hussein Traditional Hereditary succession

Syria Various Patrimonial Overthrown in coups

Hafez Asad Patrimonial Hereditary succession

Iraq King Faisal Traditional Overthrown in coup

Various Patrimonial Overthrown-coupSaddam Hussein

Patrimonial Overthrown in war

State Leader Type OutcomeSaudi Arabia

Various Traditional Hereditary succession

Kuwait Various Traditional Hereditary succession

UAR Various Traditional Hereditary succession

Yemen King Yaha Traditional Overthrown in coup

Various Patrimonial Overthrown in coups

Turkey Ata Turk Charismatic Authoritarian succession

Various Patrimonial-Bureaucratic

Authoritarian/Succession, election

Lebanon Various Bureaucratic Election

• Developing a compelling vision for society• Inspiring people to believe in this vision• Conversion of vision into a plan of political action• Mobilizing support for the plan• Organizing for carrying out the plan• Creating emotional support for the vision and

commitment to bear costs of carrying it out

Charisma & Charismatic Individuals Charisma = “Gift”

CHARISMA DESCRIBES PEOPLE WHO BY FORCE OF THEIR PERSONAL ABILITIES ARE CAPABLE OF HAVING PROFOUND AND EXTRAORDINARY EFFECTS ON FOLLOWERS”

Charismatic people are those who “reveal a transcendent mission or course of action which may be in itself appealing to the potential followers, but which is acted upon because the followers believe their leader is extraordinarily gifted” (Max Weber, 1947, p. 358)

• Transactional relationships: these relationships are based on exchange of rewards, sanctions, and benefits. The leader provides public or public goods to followers; followers reward leaders with promotion and continued tenure.

• Transformational relationships: these are hierarchical relations—the leader offers followers a common cause and transforms their values and actions from the pursuit of individual benefits to the commitment to a common goal, even at the cost of personal values and assets

• Inspire commitment for a common good and a better life

• Motivate action• Unify society• Generate collective outcomes which could

not be accomplished without the above qualities

• Overly ambitious goals• Overextension of national will• Nature of values promoted by leader• Movement from Charismatic-

transformational to authoritarian, minimally-transactional leadership

• The stopping paradox

• Ata Turk: Charismatic, authoritarian, transformational

• Ben Gurion: Bureaucratic-rational, transformational

• King Hussein of Jordan: Traditional, transactional

• Hafez Asad: Authoritarian, transactional• Yasser Arafat: Terrorist, Guerrilla Fighter,

State Builder, Terrorist?

• Military socialization and revolutionary vision• Key insights about the roots of the Ottoman decay• Replacement of conservatism and religious

justification of government by nationalism and secularism

• Major reforms: • Abolition of religious symbols, • Reformation of the alphabet, • Establishment of an independent judiciary• Prudent, inward-looking foreign policyThe debate on Ata Turk’s policies

• Socialist and Zionist Origins• Struggles within the Zionist movement

and against the British and Arabs• The practical Zionism of Ben Gurion• The internal and external aspects of the

state formation process• First steps as prime minister: military,

religion, immigration, political system, social system

• The establishment of the foundations of the state of Israel: nuclear program, party system, economic system

• Circumstances of rise to power: Abdullah’s assassination, Tallal’s depression

• Key problems of kingdom—Palestinians, Arab opposition, Israeli threats, economic conditions

• Domestic threats in the 1950s• Dealing with external threats—reliance on

enemies and friends• The Six Day War debacle, and the lessons• Building a shakily stable monarchy

• Syria in the 1960s: pathological instability, poverty, and ethnic struggles

• The rise, decline, and re-emergence of Ba’ath nationalism

• The 1966 coup and the rise of militarist Ba’ath

• Consolidation of Alawite power in Syria• The principles of Asad’s rule: militarism,

poverty, oppression of opposition• Between secularism and religion• Inter-Arab politics• The monarchic autocracy of Asad

• Palestinian conditions in the 1950s and 1960s

• The formation of Fatah• The formation of the PLO• The strategy of the PLO after the Six Day War• The oscillation between terrorism and

political action, 1973-1988• The shift to diplomacy, 1988-2000• The Camp David summit and the outbreak of

the Al Aqsa Intifada• Palestinian politics under Arafat

• The transformative force of leadership: domestic change and international change

• The conservative pull—leadership survival in primordial societies

• Clashes of leadership: the tragedies, the opportunities, and the near misses

• Alternatives to leadership—movements, structures and institutions