session 12- "the potential of cycling in the usa: pursuing opportunities and overcoming challenges"...
TRANSCRIPT
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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Potential of Walking and Cycling:Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges
John Pucher, Rutgers University
http://policy.rutgers.edu/faculty/pucher.html
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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Walking and Cycling:the MOSTsustainable transport modes
MOST environmentally friendly:
>Virtually no pollution at all
>Almost no nonrenewable resources used
MOST equitable:>Financially affordable by virtually everyone
>Physically possible by all but the severelydisabled
MOST economical:>Minimal private and public costs
>Although they take more time, they provideexercise that reduces medical costs and greatlyextends our healthy life expectancy
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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Potential benefits of more walking and cycling:
More daily physical activity and better personal health
Reduced medical costs for everyone, directly and indirectly
Improved traffic safety and more livable neighborhoods
Better Environment: Reduced air, water, and ground pollution; lessnoise; less disruption of natural ecosystems
Reduced Greenhouse Gases and global warming
Improved accessibility and increased social and economicintegration of all groups
Reduced traffic congestion, parking needs, energy use
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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35
2.7 5 7
913
1916
2124
22
16
22 23 23 22
45
11
1
2
3 8
42
4 15
99 9
25
5
0.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
USA
(2006)*
Australia
(2006)*
Canada(2001)*
USA
(2001)
Irelan
d(2006)
France(1994)
Belgium
(1999)
Austria(2005)
UK(2006)
Norway(2001)
Denmark(2003)
Finland(2005)
Germ
any(2002)
Sweden
(2006)
Spain
(2000)
Netherlands(2006)
Switzerland(2005)
Source: Latest available national travel surveys for each individual countryNote: Surveys include all trip purposes, except where asterisk indicates worktrips only
PercentofTri
Bike
Walk
Walk & Bike
Walking and cycling in
USA compared toother high-income
countries
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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70% less less energy use per capita for personal transport
40% lower household expenditures on transport
60% lower obesity rate
3 years longer life expectancy
Less than half the expenditures on health care
65% lower traffic fatality rate
Huge consequences for sustainability: Germany vs. USA
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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7% 5% 6%
17%12% 14%
19%0.5% 0.3%
0.2%
9%
11%
7%
30%
24%
48%
23%
39%
4%
13%
1.0%
10%
19%22%
25%
24%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
16-24
25-39
40-64
65+
18-44
45-64
65-74
75+
18-24
25-39
40-64
65-74
75+Age
Bicycle
Walking
The Netherlands
Germany
USA
Source: Pucher and Dijkstra, Promoting Safe Walking and Cycling to Improve Public Health: Lessons from the Netherlands and Germany,American Journal of Public Health, September 2003, Vol. 93, No. 9, pp. 1509-1516.
Walking and Bicycling Shares of Urban Travel by Age
Group in the USA, Germany and The Netherlands
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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Pro-car policies in European cities in
1950s and 1960s caused huge decline inwalking and cycling
Dramatic policy turn-around since 1970s
to limit car use and promote cycling,walking, and public transport in Dutch,
Danish, and German cities
Public Policies Crucial
to Walking and Cycling
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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Lrrach, Turmstrasse 1953 Source: Archives, City of Lrrach
Transformation of German Urban Planning and Transport
Policies since 1950s
In 1953, prior to
massive car use
Lots of cycling and few cars in city center
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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Lrrach, Turmstrasse 1972 Source: Archives, City of Lrrach
In 1972, just
before urban
planning andtransport
reforms
Car-dominated ugliness
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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Lrrach, Turmstrasse 2006
In 2006,
after car-restrictive
reforms
Return to civility, keeping outcars completely and reserving
city center for pedestrians and
cyclists
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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Bridge in Freiburg BEFORE and AFTER reforms
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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Typical residential
street in Freiburg
BEFORE traffic
calming reforms
Typical residential
street in Freiburg
AFTER traffic calming
reforms
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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German Cycling Boom Engineered by Explicit
Shifts in Transport Policy in 1970s
City Time PeriodChange in BicycleModal Split Share
Percentage Increasein Bicycle Share
Munich 1976 to 1996 6% to 13% +117%
Nuremberg 1976 to 2001 4% to 9% +125%
Cologne 1976 to 1998 6% to 12% +100%
Freiburg 1976 to 1998 12% to 19% +58%
Stuttgart 1976 to 2000 2% to 6% +200%
Bremen 1976 to 1997 16% to 21% +31%
Muenster 1976 to 2001 29% to 35% +21%
Average for all
urban areas in
Western Germany
1972 to 2002 8% to 10% +25%
Sources: Broeg and Erl, Mobilitaet und Verkehrsmittelwahl. Muenchen: Socialdata, 2003; Deutsches Institut fuerWirtschaftswissenschaften,Mobilitaet in Deutschland, 2002. Berlin: Bundesministerium fuer Verkehr, 2004.
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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Lame or legitimate excuses for low
levels of walking and cycling?Climate
Topography
Trip distance
Trip chainingOverall time cost
Safety
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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Percentage of Short Trips Made by Walking
and Cycling in Germany and the USA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0-1 km 1-2 km 2-5 km 0-1 km 1-2 km 2-5 km
Source: Ralph Buehler, "Travel Behavior in Germany and the USA"
Walk
Bike
Germany
USA
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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17
5.2
1.1
21
8.2
1.6
14
4.4
2.5
7.2
3.2
2.02.1
0.7 0.3
1.6
0.4
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pedestrian Fatality Rates per 100 Mln Trips
Bicyclist Fatality Rates per 100 Mln Trips
Pedestrian Fatality Rates per 100 Mln Km Traveled
Bicyclist Fatality Rates per 100 Mln Km Traveled
Pedestrian Injury Rates per 500 000 Km Travelled
Bicyclist Injury Rates per 500 000 Km Travelled
USA
Germany
The Netherlands
Source: Pucher and Dijkstra, Promoting Safe Walking and Cycling to Improve Public Health: Lessons from the Netherlands and Germany,American Journal of Public Health, September 2003, Vol. 93, No. 9, pp. 1509-1516.
Walking and Cycling CANbe made very safe,
as in the Netherlands
Walking and
cycling are
TEN times
safer in the
Netherlands
than in the
USA!!
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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Obstacles to walking and cycling in the USA:
#1: The Car: Competitor for funds, space, traffic priority, andtrips, and main source of traffic danger for pedestrians and
cyclists
#2: Low-density, car-dependent sprawl: Increases average trip
lengths, esp. for work, school, and shopping trips
#3: Perceived and actual danger of walking and cycling: Both
traffic safety concerns and exposure to crime
#4: Extremely low taxation of car ownership and use: Motoristsbear only a fraction of the full social costs of driving
#5: Provision of vast amounts of free or underpriced car parking
#6: Excessive car speeds in residential neighborhoods
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8/6/2019 Session 12- "The Potential of Cycling in the USA: Pursuing Opportunities and Overcoming Challenges" by John Pucher
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#7: Deficient motorist training: Very little attention paid to
avoiding endangerment of pedestrians and cyclists
#8: Lack of training in safe walking and cycling: Few schoolsoffer traffic safety lessons for children
#9: Refusal of police and courts to enforce legal rights of cyclists to
ride on roads and the rights of pedestrians to cross roads
#10: Lack of fully integrated, complete network of bike lanes,
paths, and on-road bike routes that actually serve useful,
practical, daily destinations as opposed to recreational trails
#11: Lack of sufficient, secure, sheltered, convenient bike parking
#12: Lack of good, clean, convenient and safe sidewalks and
crosswalks for pedestrians
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