session w2.02c j u n e 2 session w2 - nfmt
TRANSCRIPT
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
High-Performance Buildings Require High-Performance Environments
Davor NovoselChief Technology OfficerNational Energy Management Institute Committee
Session W2.02C
J U N E 2 – 3 , 2 0 1 5 • F T . W O R T H , T X
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
2
Establishing the energy performance baseline - OR –Are we focusing on the “correct” energy performance metrics?Metrics of high performing building environmentsStart with TAB to meet energy goals
Overview
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
Establishing the Energy Performance Baseline
3
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
19%
22%
31%28%
4
Commercial BuildingsResidential Buildings
IndustrialTransportation
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
5
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200
Education
Food Sales
Food Service
Healthcare Inpatient
Healthcare Outpatient
Lodging
Retail (Other Than Mall)
Office
Public Assembly
Public Order and Safety
Religious Worship
Service
Warehouse and Storage
Other
Major Fuel Consumption (trillion Btu) by End Use for Non-Mall Buildings
Heating
Cooling
Ventilation
Water Heating
Lighting
Cooking
Refrigeration
Office Equipment
Computers
Other
2003 Survey of U.S. Commercial Buildings Stock
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
6
IssuesMeasure of large scale energy improvements are not clearly definedMeans how to measure are unclear
Quantifying energy use of a building is difficult because
Utility bills only provide consumption but not actual building energy efficiencyEnergy consumption is influenced by uncontrollable parameters (occupancy, usage patterns, type, weather) that may vary widely from year to yearNo general agreement on how to assess building performanceEasy to use, comprehensive building performance metrics are absent
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
Currently accepted measure of the energy performance of a building:
EUI = Gross Square Footage
Annual Energy Consumption
7
Energy Utilization Index (EUI)
ft² yr.
Btu=
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
8
Building energy performance normative data:
Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)Energy Star® Portfolio Manager
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
9
Ene
rgy
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n, k
Btu
/f²-
yr CBECS 24 yr Average (All Buildings)
25
50
75
100
125
1975 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20
AIA BEPS (1976)EO 13423
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0-7
5
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0A
-19
80
ASH
RA
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d 9
0.1
-19
89
ASH
RA
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d 9
0.1
-19
99
ASH
RA
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d 9
0.1
-20
04
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0.1
-20
07
ASH
RA
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0.1
-20
13
EO 13514: net-zero energy by 2030
95% Confidence interval
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0.1
-20
10
Year
DOE/EIA CBECS Trend with 95% CI (June 2006)
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
10
Ene
rgy
Use
Ind
ex (
19
75
= 1
00
)
Year
1975 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20
90
100
70
80
40
60
30
50
20
10
14%
11%
16%
8%
4%
4%
?
CBECS Trend (June 2006)A
SHR
AE
Std
90
-75
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0A
-19
80
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0.1
-19
89
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0.1
-19
99
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0.1
-20
04
ASH
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E St
d 9
0.1
-20
07
ASH
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0.1
-20
10
ASH
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E St
d 9
0.1
-20
13
ASH
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0.1
-20
16
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Energy Use Index
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
11
• 4,859,000 buildings• 71.658 billion ft²• Median building size
~ 5,000 ft²• Median age = 50 yrs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2003 Survey of U.S. Commercial Buildings Stock
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
12
Rate of Change of Buildings
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
13
“Our basic argument is that
there is no such thing as a
building. A building properly
conceived is several layers
of longevity of built
components.”Francis Duffy, DEGW
Rate of Change of Buildings
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
Skin: 25-50 years
Structure: 50-300 years
14
Site: “eternal”
Services: 15-20 years
Space Plan: 5-7 years
Stuff
Building = Shearing Layers of Change (Six “S”)
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
1 7 14 21 28 35 42 50
15
Structure
Services
Space Plan
Structure: 50 years
Services: 15-20 years
Space Plan: 5-7 years
Building Age
Cap
ital
Co
st
Traditional View of Building Costs
Cumulative Total over 50 Years
Building Life Cycle Costs
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
16
To meet meaningful energy goals we must focus on existing buildings because
In 50 years most of the buildings constructed today will still be standing.
Net-zero energy goals will have no broad impact until significant building stock has been replaced.
Existing buildings offer the largest energy savings potential
Increasing the energy efficiency of today’s building from 50% to 70% would save about 20GW (10 Hoover Dams)
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
17
Is energy efficiency the right metric to gauge how well a building performs?
How do energy conservation measures impact employees (building occupants)?
Energy Cost $2.50/ft²
Employee Cost$250.00/ft²
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
Metrics of High Performing Building Environments
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
19
Fundamental building objectives:
Safe, secure and healthy environment for occupants
Facilitate performance and productivity of occupants, facility managers, and owners
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
20
Ene
rgy
Use
Ind
ex (
19
75
= 1
00
)
Year
1975 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20
90
100
70
80
40
60
30
50
20
10
14%
11%
16%
8%
4%
4%
?
CBECS Trend (June 2006)A
SHR
AE
Std
90
-75
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0A
-19
80
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0.1
-19
89
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0.1
-19
99
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0.1
-20
04
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0.1
-20
07
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0.1
-20
10
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0.1
-20
13
ASH
RA
E St
d9
0.1
-20
16
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Energy Use Index
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
21
While we increased the energy efficiency of new buildings by 100%, shouldn’t we have increased the productivity of the indoor environments proportionally?
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
22
Year
100
1975 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20
90
70
80
40
60
30
50
20
10
110
150
130
140
120
Productivity of indoor environments
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0-7
5
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0A
-19
80
ASH
RA
E St
d 9
0.1
-19
89
ASH
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E St
d 9
0.1
-19
99
ASH
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04
ASH
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
23
Social Factors• Secular trends• Social factors in mini-
environments
Personal Factors• Intrinsic• Adaptive• Psychological
environmental• Risk perception
Physical Factors• Sources• Building systems• Exposures
Motivating Factors• Economic• Other motivators
Human Responses• Objective• Perceptive• Affective
Human Factors
Occupant Performance
Productivity
Cost Factors• First costs• O&M costs• Other costs
Response FunctionsForcing Functions(Measurable forces that disturb building systems)
Extended Rational Model for Evaluation of Human Response, Occupant Performance and Productivity
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
24
Occupant acceptability (OA) attribute is independent of the function of the building and can be correlated with exposure metrics of the indoor environment
OA can be measured and correlated to specific building environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, lighting, odors, draft, acoustics, etc.)
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
Building Energy Performance Metrics
Energy Utilization Index (EUI)
Net-zero energy
Time dependent valuation (California Title 24)
Non-energy Building Performance Metrics
Human responses to indoor environments
Occupant performance
Economic performance
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Is there a relationship between the two sets of metrics?
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
26
Acceptability index value (AIV)
AIV = Energy Utilization Index (EUI)
Occupant Acceptance (%) of a Specific Environmental
Parameter
Btu
ft² yr %
AIV =: Amount of energy that must be expended to achieve 1 percent occupant acceptability
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
27
AIV can be developed for every environmental parameter:
Temperature
Humidity
Lighting
Odors
Draft
Acoustics
Others
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
28
Bldg ID Location
Const.
Com-
pletion
Date
LEED™
Rating
No.
Floors
System Type EUI (Btu/GSF/yr) Occupancy Overall
Accept-
ability
(%)
Primary System Supply Air
Distribution
Reported Verified No. Density
(GSF/P)
1-6 PA 2004 Gold 4Steam/
Packaged RTUsVAV/UFAD 36,076 49,919 240 789 717
1-8 CA 2003 Gold 2Hot/ chilled
water AHUsVAV/CAD 40,507 40,717 75 697 470
1-9 MO 2004 Platinum 2
Steam/ Hot/
chilled water
AHUs
CAV/UFAD NA 61,171 170 641 950
6-3 NE 2004 Gold 3Hot/ chilled
water AHUsVAV/UFAD NA 79,118 100 680 1343
6-4 MO 2005 Platinum 4Hot/ chilled
water AHUsVAV/UFAD 40,506 45,716 300 400 779
FCH- 1 OR 2006 Gold 5Hot/ chilled
water AHUs
VAV/UFAD
(50% of floor
area)
53,386 180 1482 953
FCH- 4 FL 2003Not
Rated15
Hot/ chilled
water AHUsVAV/CAD 54,347 NA NA 597
Summary of Characteristics of Investigated Buildings
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
Overall, Thermal and Acoustics Acceptability of Investigated Buildings
29
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
1-6G
1-8G
1-9P
6-3G
6-4P
FCH-1G
FCH-4NR
AIV
Building ID
Overall Acceptability
Thermal AIV
Acoustics AIV
ProposedOverall AIV Goal
Specific AIV Goal
LEEDTM Rating: G = LEED Gold; P = LEED Platinum; NR = No Rating
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
Start with Testing, Adjusting and Balancing (TAB) to Meet Energy Goals
30
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
31
Imagine your building as an orchestra …
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
32
Many pieces of equipment that need to operate in unison
No design is the same Usage changes over time Equipment degradation over time Control system degradation
Imagine your building as an orchestra …
Your building requires periodic fine tuning (TAB)!
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
33
When to do TAB?Commissioning?Start-up?Tenant change?Annually?Change-over?When budget allows?
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
1 7 14 21 28 35 42 50
34
Structure
Services
Space Plan
Building Age
Cap
ital
Co
st
TAB
TAB
TABTAB
TABTAB
TAB
When to do TAB?
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
35
Base Load New Base Load
Re-commissioning
Lighting Upgrades
SupplementalLoad Reductions
Air DistributionUpgrades
HVAC Upgrades
TAB
TAB
TABTAB
TAB
Staged Approach to Building Upgrades
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
36
Masterformat 2004 Division 23 - Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)
Section 23 0593: Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing for HVAC; last updated May 2010
Section 23 0800: Commissioning of HVAC
Defines scope, objectives, procedures, Contractor's responsibilities.
How to Specify TAB?
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
37
Energy performance of a building needs to be viewed in context of an equally high performing indoor environment
Energy performance and occupant acceptability of their environment can be linked with AIVs
Acceptability Index Values can be developed for every environmental parameter
Investment decisions and operational goals should be tied to AIVs
Perform TAB to establish a baseline and ensure that your building operates as intended
Summary
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
38
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Session W2.02C
© 2015 NEMIC
JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX
Davor Novosel
Chief Technology Officer
National Energy Management Institute Committee
8403 Arlington Boulevard, Suite 100
Fairfax, VA 22031
39