CHAPTER 011.1 Training Organization1.1.1 IntroductionI was selectedfor myindustrial trainingTudawe brothers Ltdat 505/2ElvitigalaMawatha, olombo 5, which is one of the leading contractors in civil engineering as well as electricaland mechanical in !ri Lan"a# $mong those fields %ast activities of construction field says Tudawe &rosLtd is s%ecialist in construction because they have built multi story building more than ten stories withvery finishing in resent %ast#Today Tudawe &ros Ltd administrated by a chairman with a board of directors but it wasestablishedin'()2asabuildingconstructionfield# Everyactivitiesofconstruction, electrical andmechanical are done according to I!* stranded today# Tudawe &ros has obtained I!* (002 certificatedin '((+ for construction wor"s first time in !ri Lan"a#1.1.2 History of CompanyTudawe&rosLtdwasfoundedat '()2asacom%any,whichisunderta"enbuildingwor"s in concentrating mainly on construction houses during its initial ste%# ,hen it growing u% theirattention goes to under ta"en large construction wor"s of multistoried building as well andsubse-uently focused mainly on multistoried building# .uring a last few years Tudawe &ros Ltd hasfocused their attention towards road construction and other civil engineering activities such as roadconstruction, bridge construction, elevated water tower construction,water su%%ly and drainage etc#and also Tudawe have forced their attention towards electrical engineering and mechanical engineeringfields during last twenty years as well#,hen e/%ansion the com%any, invested for %lant and machines to wor" with moderntechnology and to satisfactory with the needs of industry as a result they have their own batching %lantand bar bending yard today and lot of modern e-ui%ment which can be used to wor" conveniently andlowtimeconsuming#$lsoits%roductionrangefollowedbythereadymi/edconcretesince'((0#Today, Tudawe &ros Ltd that is leading construction com%any in !ri Lan"a though established in '()2#1MAIN LINE O !"#INE##!usin$ss Comm$nc$m$nt&uilding construction !ince '()2!tructural steel !ince '()5Electrical engineering !ince '(+0Elevated water tower !ince '(+1,ater su%%ly and drainage !ince '(+1!ewage !ince '(+1M2E service !ince '(+13ire fighting 2 %rotection !ince '(+($ir condition !ince '(+(Earth wor" !ince '(+(4aw water / effluent water treatment system!ince '(('4oad construction !ince '((0$luminum wor"s !ince '((5&ridge construction !ince '(((21.1.% Or&ani'ation #tructur$ ,henstudyingtheorgani5ationstructure, several de%artment anddivisionofthecom%anycanbeidentified as6 7lanning, develo%ment and -uality assurances 8eneral administration onstruction %ro9ect co:ordination 7lant and e-ui%ment .esign 7ursing and finance !tores IT 7ersonal 31.2 Project1.2.1 IntroductionPro($ct ) 7ro%osed ommercial building for .ialog $/iataContract amount ) ;;5 millionComm$nc$m$nt) 0+#05#20'2Comp*$tion dat$ ) 01#0(#20'0Contract p$riod ) '; monthsContractor ) Tudawe &rothers . onsultant o '+0, Model farm roadolombo 0+Typ$ of contract ) Measure and %ay2.1.1 N$$ds of #it$ Mana&$m$nt!uch a %lanning is necessary in order to run the %ro9ect within cost 2 time# Management at aconstruction site can be glanced in to two %ortions# That is loo" contractor side 2 client side# 3romcontractor side means to start a given %ro9ect at %articular time, run the %ro9ect according to the all rules2 regulations of the client 2 u% to his standards, at last to com%lete the %ro9ect within the given %eriod#2.1.2 ,o- unction of a Pro($ct Coordinator4$ccordingtotheI!*(00'?2000systeminTudawe&rothersLtd, theyhavementionedthese9obfunctions for a %ro9ect coordinator#Pro($ct Coordinator 4e%ort to the %ro9ect director *verall %lanning 2 coordinator Leads a team of engineers, site -uantity surveyors, surveyors 2 @$ coordinators# Liaises with client, consultants and local authorities# $ttends all client/consultant meetings# oordinates nominated subcontractor activities##it$ Mana&$r 4e%ort to the %ro9ect coordinator# 7lan and coordinates site activities with site staff# Monitors wor" %rogress and -uality control# Liaises with client, consultant and local authorities# $ttends all client 2 consultant meeting# Liaises with sub contractors# Im%lementation of safety measures# Liaises with nominated sub contractors# Liaises with manager %lanning and develo%ment and %re%ares micro %rogrammers# 7re%aration of three monthly %rograms 2 monitors %rogress##it$ En&in$$r 4e%ort to site manager hec" discre%ancies between structural and architectural drawings 2 issues 43I# hec" alignment and level by surveyor# hec" structural drawing for discre%ancies# Liaises with 4#E#/onsultant Engineer / #*#,# on technical matter $rrange site ins%ection with 4#E# / #*#,# Monitors wor" %rogress and -uality control# 7re%aration of sho% drawing for tem%orary structure# 7re%aration of bar bending schedules#5 .ocument and drawing control##it$ .uantity #ur/$yor 4e%ort to site manger *btain tender data fromestimator and %re%ares the schedule of contract information inconsultation with senior %ro9ect -uantity surveyor# 7re%ares the master resources schedules in consultation with the %lan 7re%arethewee"ly%lanmachineryre-uirement, wee"lymaterial re-uirement andforewordthem to the %lant manager and the %urchasing officer res%ectively, at least a wee" in advancethrough the !M/!E# 7re%ares schedule of rates for domestic sub contractors in consultation with the %ro9ect @!# Evaluate and %re%ares %rogress %ayment to sub contractors# 7re%are daily re%orts and issues co%ies to 4E daily and %ro9ect @! at the end of every wee"# Enters the dayAs resource usage against the res%ective items of the &*@ in the site record boo"maintain to register the actual resource utili5ation# 7re%are day wor" sheets .ocument e/tra wor"s and variations introduced subse-uent to award 2forwards it tores%ective %ro9ect @!# Maintain site concrete %our records 8et advice from senior %ro9ect @! on the -uality standards e/%ected of the in%ut resources# *b9ect the budget data from the senior %ro9ect @! to wor" within those %ermitted %arameters# 4aises interim valuation on regular basis serves notice of claims and %re%ares substantiationsfor contractual claims I consultation with senior %ro9ect @!# 7re%ares valuation at %ractice com%letion and claim the first moiety of retention# 7re%are final accounts# $t the end of the maintenance %eriod follow u%on the second moiety of retention or combinedbond as the case may be gets it released 2 assist in obtaining maintenance certificate#T$c+nica* Offic$rs 4e%ort to the site manager/ engineer !ets out alignments and levels6 Liaises with 4#E#/ #*#,# on technical matters hec" the discre%ancies between structural and architectural drawings and issues 43I follow u%on the re%ly from the consultant and notify the relevant site staff by circulating the document# onfirm documentarily and verbal instruction from the consultant/client on the BI and thedocuments# ounter chec" alignment/levels by surveyor Monitor wor" %rogress and -uality control by using ins%ection and test %lans 4ecord every day the day wor" resources utili5ed at the end of the day on the day wor"sheetresource record# 4e-uests for -uality control testing of materials/ wor"s s%ecified in the contract document andmaintain records# 3ollow and control the %rocedure set out for the issuance of no consumable materials from thestores to the site wor"s# Maintain concrete cube testing records# $ct as a member of site safety committee##up$r/isor 4e%ort to the !E /$ss# !E/ Technical officer# !et out alignments and levels# Labour su%ervision and ensuring the -uality of the wor"s# ounter chec" alignment/levels by surveyor Monitor wor" %rogress and -uality control by using ins%ection and test %lans 4ecord every day the day wor" resources utili5ed at the end of the day on the day wor"sheetresource record# 3ollow and control the %rocedure set out for the issuance of no consumable materials from thestores to the site wor"s# $ct as a member of site safety committee##tor$ 0$$p$r Maintaining stoc" cards ontrol/ chec" -uantity of materials delivered7 Ensures ade-uate inventories and stoc"s are available to the meet site %lanned activities# 7re%are daily and monthly records for material received at site# Inventorycontrol of %lant, machineryande-ui%ment, their usageat siteandmaintainingrecords of re%air and service# Inventory control of non consumables# 7re%are material reconciliation re%ort# 7re%are goods issued notes# 7re%are transfer note for materials transferred out from the site# Liaises with %urchasing de%artment#$ll the management functions are result to the good -uality wor"# Therefore to gain that, sitemanager should give his attention to the above functions# $lso maintain records are very im%ortant#4ecord and re%orts is mirror of the history of any construction site# There are various ty%es of recordsandre%ortsareavailableinconstructionsitede%endonthere-uirements# The%ro%erwritingandcom%ilation of re%orts and records will be great advantage for continuous run of the %ro9ect# In our sitewe have "ee% various ty%es of records in files as a %rocedure given by @M! division# $lso there is%ro%er maintenance of those records# ItAs essential to continue the wor" at site smoothly#,hen starting the construction the main res%onsibility is to %re%are a 9ob layout for the %ro9ect#This layout should be including offices# ,are houses# ,or"sho%s, labour huts, toilets etc# the %ersonwho %re%ares this should endure to arrange all areas to reduce the time consume in carrying materialsfrom the storage area to the construction site# The main office and ware houses should be located nearthe mainentrance inorder the visitors for various %ur%oses will not have totravel aroundtheconstructionareas toreachtheoffice# This will reducethedanger of in9uriestovisitors andtheconfusion# The ware house near the entrance will facilitate the delivery of materials to unload easily#Li"ewise there are so many reasons, %resence to the located items in the construction site# Therereasons and conditions usually vary from site to site#1.3 Safety at Site1.%.1 Introduction8$n accident may be defined as unacce%table or un%lanned event, which causing%ersonal in9uries or %ro%erties damage# &lac" defines it even more broadly as Cany occurrences thatinterru%ts or interfere it with the orderly %rogress of the activity in -uestionD# It may be ha%%ening anytime 2 anywhere# ,e cannot tell how it ha%%ens, when it ha%%ened#3rom the accident data it has beenseen that +5 to (5 %er cent of accident are %reventable it re-uires a little care or a timely %recaution to%revent the accidents# There main res%onsibility of everyone E management, trade union and wor"ers togo in for %revention of accidents, which is better than, occur# Fence the accident %revention %rogrammust be initiated at every construction site#$n accident %revention %rograms are aimed to reduce the number of accident and there by the cost ofconstruction #the following are the ob9ects of accident %revention %rograms# To reduce the human life sacrificed# To reduce the tem%orary and %ermanent in9uries to laborer# To avoid loss of materials resulting from accident Gnsafe %ractices of individual wor"s or %ersonal ha5ards resulting from the carelessness ofwor"ers#$ccident may ha%%ened in such %laces where, *n scaffolding and wor"ing %latforms# *n ladders# 3alling ob9ect from formwor" or bric" on u%%er floor# 4oof wor"# !teel erection of the structural frames# ,hen the e/cavation# ,hen use the %o"er vibrator and tam%ing rammer# .emolition wor" such as formwor" and scaffolding removing# 3orm hoisting a%%liances# Fealth ha5ards may be creating from dust, li-uid, gasses, and fumes# $lso welfare should be%rovided#9!afeties %recautions have beenta"enat site inorder toavoidunwantedaccident# Laborers areinstructed to use the safety instrument while they are wor"ing in the site# It may be difficult to find anaccident free construction site# !ome of the accidents are fatal and some results in %ermanent com%leteor %artials# 7eo%le are begun to reali5e that occu%ational accident had economic as well as %hysicalconse-uences# Gnwanted accident and in9uries effected to construction as follows# '# ost of loss time of in9ured em%loyee#2# ost of time loss by other em%loyee, who sto% wor" because of an accident#0# ost of time loss by su%ervision staff to# $ssist the in9ured em%loyee# Investigate the cause of accident# $rrange of someone to re%laces the in9ured em%loyee# 7re%are an accident#)# ,or" delays#5# 7ossible legal and other costs#;# ost due to s%oilage of materials#1# ost of %aving wages to the in9ured em%loyee during the %eriod of in9ury#+# *ut%ut will reduce when the in9ured %erson is re%laces and subse-uently when wor"ers returns towor"Hetc#,e can classification of construction accidents they may be grou%ed as follows#'# Gncontrolled contact between man and e-ui%ment or between man and material such as cranes,truc"s and material storage#2# 3ailure of tem%orary structure such as forms, scaffolds, ram%s ladders, etc#0# Inherent engineering ha5ards such as the use of e/%losives, %resence of in9urious gases, to/icdustHetc)# Gnsafe %ractice of individual wor"ers or %ersonal ha5ards resulting from the carelessness ofwor"ers# Accid$nts may -$ cas$d du$ to1 Gnsafe condition Gnsafe act# 10$n unsafe condition may refer to the condition of the floors, ladders, scaffold, machine, staircase, tooletc# This could lead to an accident# $n accident act is something somebody does which culminates in an accident# 1.%.2 actors of contri-ut$ for accid$nt.3actor contributing to accident can be classified on the basis of the area of their origin, the %erson orthe environment and according to the basis of %ro/imity to accident events# Mechanical factor Environment factor Fuman factorM$c+anica* factor Thoserelatetot hedefectsandinade-uatesafeguardsofmachineryandareattributabletounsafe conditions of e-ui%ment such as Inade-uately guarded e-ui%ment Gnguarded Gnsafe design or construction Fa5ardous arrangement T)(ac7@Ad(usta-*$ ,ac7 >Pip$ #upport=

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2.1.2 orm6or7 for -$am&efore the errection the beam formwor", we want to mar" the '000mm level on columns# It wasvery im%ortant to erect the beam "ic"er which is the first most ste% of beam formwor"# The beam "ic"ermust nailedtotheto%ofthecolumnsad9ustingtherelevant beambottomde%th# Inordertobeamformwor"s, firstly a wood %lan" called Ccolumn headD was fi/ed on the to% edge of the column on the allthe four faces 2IJ2I timber 9oist were used to nail those Ccolumn headsD to the columns, at the bothvertical edges#$fter column head were done, bottom %ly wood with 2IJ2I timber 9oist at corners# itAs calledbeam bottom# &eam bottom rested by %ro%s# &efore that fi/ed 8#I %i%e by nailing 2IJ2I %iece of %lywood of the beam bottom# >e/t the side boards of the beams were erected #these side boards sheet, cutaccording to dimensions of each beam de%th fi/ed the 8#I %i%e and others same as beam bottom# 192.1.? orm6or7 for #*a- #t$p 1The scaffoldings were fi/ed on the slab and )AA / )AA timbers were %laced on them using G bars# #t$p 2 Then 8I %i%es were fi/ed on )AA / )AA timer to su%%ort the %lywood sheathings and 2AA / 2 KAtimber was %rovided to fi/ the %ly woods# #t$p %Then %ly woods were nail to the 2AA / 2 KA timber# The %ur%ose of 9ointing the sheathing was to%revent esca%e of grouts and %rovide a uniform surface to the concrete# 7ly woods were nailedon 2AA/2AA timber to 9oint them to each other# 202.1.B Co*umn form6or7olumn form wor" is consisting of a vertical mould, which has to resist considerable hori5ontal%ressure in early stage of casting# Two '5mm thic" %lywood stri%s were used as the "ic"er and "ic"erswere %laced on "ic"er lines, which were already set out# The column bo/ was located against abouta15mm height "ic"er, which has been cast on the floor# The "ic"er not only accurately %ositions theformwor" but also %revent the lea"age of grout from the bottom edge of the form# $fter %lacing thecolumn formwor" on the "ic"ers, formwor" was su%%orted using 8#I %i%es, ad9ustable %ro%s, washerse%aratorsandchainsandturnbuc"lesasneededandwasloc"edwithformties# &eforefi/ingformwor", mouldoil isa%%liedto%revent thebondbetweenformwor"andconcrete# &ya%%lyingmould oil formwor" can be %rotect and reused easily# ,hen fi/ing shutter cover bloc" should be "e%tbetween shutter and reinforcement normally the column clear cover is 25mm# #2.1.C 0ic7$rLic"ersareusedto"ee%theformwor"verticallyat there-uired%ositionaccurately,whenconstructing a column or column wall# The "ic"er is 50mm or 15mm in height and same dimensions ofthe column or column wall# The "ic"er is very hel%ful to "ee% the formwor" at the accurate %ositionwithout any movement#213irst of all the %articular area shouldbe chi%%edandcleaned# $ndthe corrosionof thereinforcement should beremoved by wirebrushing#Thenwecan setoutthe"ic"er outlines#$ftermar"ing "ic"er outlines we can get all the measurement reference to the above off lines# >ow we can mar" the centerlines, measured the distance from off lines as 200mm# ,e can mar"for centerlines on ) sides of the columns, according to the above %rocedure# $fter that column outerlines were mar"ed# Then the "ic"er frame can be %laced and fi/ed on the outer lines#In this site wooden frames made by 2D/ 2Dtimber was used for "ic"ers# This frame was fi/edwell totheconcretefoundation%adto%revent anymoment withintheconcreting%eriod# 3inallyconcrete was %laced and well com%acted# The surface was remained rough# This was done for a wellbond between the "ic"er and the column#2.1.D C+$c7in& t+$ /$rtica*ity of co*umns$fter loc"ingthecolumnit was chec"edfor vertically# 3irst the%ro%s werefi/edtotheformwor"# Then the four centre %lumbs were fi/ed to the to% of the formwor" of two ad9acent sides, as%er two %lumbs for each side# Then chec" the distance to the tread from the %lywood in to% and bottom# If the distance aree-ual the vertically is correct /mm2#Tor st$$*This is the widely used steel in the construction wor"s# The visible difference in mild steel 2 torsteel is that, Tor steel contains ribs which enhance the bonding ability between steel 2 concrete6 wherethe mild steel having a smooth surface com%aring to tor steel# The characteristic strength of tor steel is);0 >/mm2#in our site T:02, T:25, T:20, T:';, T:'0, were used for columns, beams, slab2.2.2 Indication of R$inforc$m$nt in :ra6in&s Engineering drawings is a language to communicate with details# Therefore there is a standardto indicate reinforcement in drawing such as,Eg? (T '0:05:'50:&'( T'005 '50&'

&ar location&ar s%acing&ar mar" &ar diameter &ar Ty%e o of &ars25 &ar location can be vary as follows,Notation for #*a-T' : *uter layer of to%T2 : Inner layer of to%&' : *uter layer of bottom&2 : Inner layer of bottom!ar sc+$du*$The bars to be laid should be cut in to the re-uired si5e and sha%e# &ar schedules are %re%ared toinstructions given in the detailed reinforcement drawings# These are also used to %re%are the main billand the subcontractorAs bill# In %re%aring the bar we have to bear some %ractical considerations in mind# Minimi5e the waste as much as %ossible