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SG 9.2 notesIdeas about targets and terms:________________9.2In the past, all living things were classified in either the kingdom of animals or plants

Euglena are singled celled organisms in pond waterThey are green, so contain ___________________, which photosynthesize, like __________________They also use flagella to move, and can eat food from other organisms, like __________________Kingdom Protista added for organisms that did not fit into plant or animal kingdoms

Currently six kingdoms: ______________________, __________________, ______________________,__________________, ______________________,__________________

Two kingdoms of prokaryotes: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria

Archaeabacteria have been on earth at least 3 billion years, often found where other organisms cannot live

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SG 9.2 notesMost other prokaryotes are Eubacteria, living in soil, in water, on and inside organisms.Many are helpful to other organisms and many are harmful

Protista are unicellular or simple multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cells that do not fit into animal, plant or fungi kingdomsProtists may have evolved from prokaryotes 2 billion years ago, and may be the ancestral eukaryote that evolved into plants, animals and fungi

Protozoa- animal like; Algae-plant like; slime molds and water molds-fungus like

Plantae are complex multicellular producers

Fungi are consumers that break down food outside, then absorb the nutrients

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SG 9.2 notesAnimalia are complex multicellular consumers that lack cell walls. Most animals can move and have nervous systems to sense and react to surroundings10.1Bacteria are smallest, simplest and most abundant organismsBacteria are in two kingdoms: archaeabacteria and eubacteriaNo nucleus, but do cellular respiration, can move around and reproduce

Binary fission is simple cell division: loop of DNA is replicated, both loops attach to cell membrane, as cell membrane grows, DNA separates, cell membrane pinches inward, a new cell wall forms between the two cells

Bacteria reproduce best at certain temperatures with a certain amount of moistureSome bacteria survive unfavorable environments by growing thick protective membranesThese endospores can survive last millions of years

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SG 9.2 notesThese endospores can survive extreme conditions for millions of years, then break open and grow when conditions are favorable

Most bacteria have a rigid cell wall outside membrane that provides shape:Bacilli are rod-shapes, which absorb nutrients well, but dry out easilyCocci are spherical and resist drying outSpirilla are uncommon, long spirals that move easily with flagella on both ends

Flagella spin like corkscrews, moving bacteria through liquid

Kingdom Eubacteria has more organisms that any other kingdomsMost eubacteria are consumers, some of these are decomposers, and others are parasitesSome of the producers use photosynthesis- cyanobacteria may be ancestors of chloroplasts

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SG 9.2 notesArchaebacteria live where no other life can survive- hot springs, thermal vents on seafloor, under 400m of ice and 8km below earth’s surfaceDNA in Archaeabacteria is different from all Eubacteria, not all have cell walls, cell walls are different from Eubacteria

3 main types of archaeabacteria: Methanogens- release methane (natural gas), found in many wet areas like swampsThermophiles- thermal vents on seafloor, volcanoes, hot springsHalophiles- live in very salty places, like Dead Sea

11.1 (244-246)Protista are eukaryotic- have nucleusMost unicellular, some multicellularOther eukaryotes probably evolved from protist ancestorsProducers and consumers

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SG 9.2 notesFungus-like protists release digestive juices onto food, then absorb nutrientsSlime molds are unicellular and grow in moist areas in colonies, form groups with many nuclei and shared cytoplasm, reproduce by spores

Water molds are mostly small and unicellular, some are decomposers, but many are parasites of living host plants, animals or fungi

Plantlike protists are producers using photosynthesis- algae, most live in water, all have chlorophyll, but also other pigments, some are multicellular-kelps

250Animal-like protists are unicellular consumers called protozoa, some are parasites, many can moveGrouped into amoeba-like protists, flagellates, ciliates, spore forming protists

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SG 9.2 notesAmoebas live in soil, in water and as parasites in animals, have contractile vacuoles to move water out, move by extending cell membrane – pseudopodia, engulf food (larger version of endocytosis) and release waste by exocytosis

255-256Fungi are eukaryotic consumersLive on or near food source, release digestive juices onto food, then absorb nutrientsMany are decomposers, some are parasites, others are symbiotic – mycorrhizae grow on plant roots and help roots gather water and minerals while using sugar from plant

Some unicellular- yeasts, but most are multicellularHyphae are chains of cells that form long filaments sharing cytoplasmMycelium are groups of hyphae that form the body of multicellular fungi

Sexual and asexual reproduction by thick-walled spores

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SG 9.2 notes261Lichen is a symbiotic association of a fungus and a photosynthetic partnerFungus form body of lichen, photosynthetic partner lives in body producing sugars for both, fungus protects producers from drying out, gathers water and minerals, and allows it to collect light energy

Lichens grow almost everywhere on land, even in dry deserts and AntarticaSymbiosis means lichen only need light, air with moisture and minerals in it, so they do not have roots into the growing surfaceBreak down rocks as they grow on them, producing soilSensitive to air pollution since all water and minerals come from air

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SG 9.2 notes12.1Life as we know it would be impossible without plants

Plants make their own food in chloroplasts, using photosynthesisPlants have a waxy cuticle that keeps water inside the plant on dry landPlant have a cellulose cell wall which supports and protects the cells and tissues, some cells develop a secondary cell wall when they are full sizePlants reproduce with spores and sex cells in the two parts of their life cycle: the sporophyte stage produces spores, the gametophyte stage produces egg and sperm cells (gametes)Spores grow directly into new plants, sex cells must join together in fertilization to create a zygote (fertilized egg) that grows into a new plant

Male GametophyteFemale Gametophyte

eggsperm cell

zygote

Sporophyte

Female spores

Male spores

meiosis fertilization

SG 9.2 notes440 million years ago no plants lived on landPlants and green algae (Protista) have the same chlorophyll and similar cell walls, they both store energy in long carbohydrates called starch, they both have gametophyte and sporophyte stagesThis evidence suggests plants evolved from green algae

Plants are classified by characteristics:Nonvascular Vascular- vascular tissue

no seeds- reproduce by sporesseeds- develop from spores

floweringnon-flowering

SG 9.2 notes14.1Over 1 million species of animals grouped into about 35 phyla and classes (smaller groups in kingdom)Animals with skull and backbone are vertebrates: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammalsMost animals are invertebrates (no backbones): insects, snails, jellyfish and worms (over ¼ of animals are species of beetles)

Calculate the percentage of species in each of the groups in figure 3 (add up all to get total # species, then divide group # species by total):Beetles:Ants, bees and wasps:Moths and butteflies:Other insects:Spiders and non-insect arthropods:Jellyfish:Other vertebrates:Mammals:Sponges:Worms:Mollusks:Other invertebrates: Bugs:

SG 9.2 notesAnimal characteristics: multicellular eukaryotes without cell wallsusually reproduce sexually when egg and sperm combineFertilized eggs develop into embryosSpecialized cells organized into tissues, most animals have organsMost animals move, and are capable of moving quickly in a single directionAnimals are consumers