shaft power generation devices - 2 p m v subbarao professor mechanical engineering department a list...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2
P M V SubbaraoProfessorMechanical Engineering Department
A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!
![Page 2: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Control Mass based Power Generation Systems
• Found to be best choice for vehicular applications.
• Otto cycle is best suited for light and high speed applications.
• Diesel cycle is for high torque and low load applications.
• Not found to be good choice for electricity generation.
• Reciprocating systems are not reliable for continuous working.
• Rotating machines (control volumes) are best suitable for continuous working.
![Page 3: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Rankine & Brayton Cycles
Process 1 2 Isentropic compressionProcess 2 3 Constant pressure heat additionProcess 3 4 Isentropic expansionProcess 4 1 Constant Pressure heat rejection
p=constant
p=constant
![Page 4: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Schematic of Rankine & Brayton cycles
![Page 5: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
First Law Analysis of Cycle
WQ
vdpmTdsm
4123 hhhhmW net
2143 hhhhmW net
![Page 6: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
additionHeat of Rate
outputPower Net cycle theof Efficiency
23
2143
hhm
hhhhm
in
net
Q
W
23
141hh
hh
2143output Work Specific hhhh
Performance Analysis
![Page 7: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Variation of Brayton Cycle
Complete Expansion in turbine:
Partial Expansion in turbine to create High Velocity Jet:
![Page 8: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Air Standard Brayton Cycle for Power Plant
23
141hh
hh
1
1
212
p
pTT
Design parameter:
1
2 :Ratio Pressurep
prp
1
12
prTT
1
43
prTT
![Page 9: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 10 20 30
th
pr
Pressure Ratio Vs Efficiency
![Page 10: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
netw
pr
Pressure Ratio Vs Specific Work output
![Page 11: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fuel Natural gas
Frequency 60 Hz
Gross Electrical output 187.7 MW*
Gross Electrical efficiency 36.9 %
Gross Heat rate 9251 Btu/kWh
Turbine speed 3600 rpm
Compressor pressure ratio 32:1
Exhaust gas flow 445 kg/s
Exhaust gas temperature 612 °C
NOx emissions (corr. to 15% O2,dry) < 25 vppm
GT24 (ISO 2314 : 1989)
![Page 12: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fuel Natural gas
Frequency 60 Hz
Gross Electrical output 187.7 MW*
Gross Electrical efficiency 36.9 %
Gross Heat rate 9251 Btu/kWh
Turbine speed 3600 rpm
Compressor pressure ratio 32:1
Exhaust gas flow 445 kg/s
Exhaust gas temperature 612 °C
NOx emissions (corr. to 15% O2,dry) < 25 vppm
9756 kJ/kWh
![Page 13: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Analysis of Siemens Gas Turbine Power Plant
• The rated net Power output = 152 MW • Net (Irreversible) efficiency of 36.1%.
• The pressure ratio (rp) is 16:1.
• The turbine entry temperature is 12900C.• Actual(Irreversible) exhaust temperature is 550 C.
![Page 14: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Rankine Cycle for Low Cost Power Generation
![Page 15: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Simple Rankine cycle
23
141hh
hh
2143output, Work Specific hhhhw
![Page 16: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Rankine Cycle for Nuclear Power Plant
![Page 17: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Rankine Cycle for Geothermal Power Plant
![Page 18: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ranking Cycle for Solar Thermal Power Plant
![Page 19: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ranking Cycle for Biomass Thermal Power Plant
![Page 20: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Selection of Fluids : Thermodynamics
• The selection of working fluids and operational variables is very important to obtain better system performance.
• The thermodynamic properties of working fluids will affect the system efficiency, operation, and environmental impact.
• Fluid must be selected in accordance to the temperature level of the heat source.
• Minimum temperature difference between the source and working fluid during heat addition (pinch point) is limiting factor for heat transfer
![Page 21: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Candidate Working Substances for Rankine Cycle
Working Substances must be selectedin accordance to the heat sourcetemperature level (Tcr < Tin-source)
![Page 22: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Selection of Fluids : Ecology
• Environmental impacts and restrictions by using organic substances
• Inflamable and/or toxic and/or GWP (Global Warming Potential) and/or ODP
• (Ozone Depletion Potential)
![Page 23: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Optimal Design of Vapour Power Plant
![Page 25: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
pmax=10MPa
![Page 26: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Regenerative Cycle
T
1
2
4
5
3
s
3
4
![Page 27: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Regeneration Through Closed Feed Water Heater (Throttled Condensate)
![Page 28: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Thermodynamic Analysis of A Power Plant
![Page 29: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
More Cycles for Exotic Needs of Urban World …….
![Page 30: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
An Urban world that was present till the end of first decade of the 20th century.
• Only fresh foods that could be grown locally were available, and they had to be purchased and used on a daily basis.
• Meat was bought during the daily trip to the butcher's; the milkman made his rounds every morning.
• If you could afford weekly deliveries of ice blocks—harvested in the winter from frozen northern lakes—you could keep some perishable foods around for 2 or 3 days in an icebox.
• New York was a virtual ghost town in the summer months.
• Homes were built with natural cooling in mind.
• Ceilings were high, porches were deep and shaded, and windows were placed to take every possible advantage of cross-ventilation
![Page 31: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Necessity (mother) Delivered a Dangerous Baby
• Three American corporations launched collaborative research to develop a less dangerous method of refrigeration; their efforts lead to the discovery of Freon.
• In just a few years, compressor refrigerators using Freon would became the standard for almost all home kitchens.
• Only decades later, would people realize that these chlorofluorocarbons endangered the ozone layer of the entire planet
![Page 32: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Urban Life after the end of first decade of the 21st century.
• Fresh foods of all kinds were available just about anywhere in the country all year round.
• The milkman was all but gone and forgotten, and the butcher now did his work behind a counter at the supermarket.
• Indeed, many families concentrated the entire week's food shopping into one trip to the market, stocking the refrigerator with perishables that would last a week or more.
• New York is a busy town in the summer months.• Buildings are totally isolated from fresh air.
![Page 33: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Creation of Artificial Temperature/Quality
![Page 34: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Performance Index
The performance of refrigerators and heat pumps is expressed in terms of coefficient of performance (COP), defined as
COPQ
W
COPQ
W
RL
net in
HPH
net in
Desired output
Required input
Cooling effect
Work input
Desired output
Required input
Heating effect
Work input
,
,Under the same operating conditions, the COPs are related by
COP COPHP R 1
![Page 35: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Why not use the reversed Rankine cycle for Refrigeration ?
• Very costly to expand the liquid using a turbine with very low or negligible power output!?!
• May become negative under irreversible conditions.
• Cheaper to have irreversible expansion through an expansion valve.
![Page 36: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Thermodynamics of Ideal VCR Cycle
• Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
• Process Description
• 1-2 Isentropic compression
• 2-3 Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser
• 3-4 Throttling in an expansion valve
• 4-1 Constant pressure heat addition in the evaporator
![Page 37: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The P-h diagram is another convenient diagram often used to illustrate the refrigeration cycle.
![Page 38: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Samsung Split A/c Model No : AQ24UUA
Cooling Capacity : 7.03kW
Power Consumption (Cooling) : 2,600Watts
Refrigerant Type R22
The refrigerant leaves the evaporator at 7.2oC Condenser pressure : 2.71 MPa.
![Page 39: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Heat Pump Systems
![Page 40: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
•The gas power cycle can be used as refrigeration cycles by simply reversing them. •Of these, the reversed Brayton cycle, which is also known as the gas refrigeration cycle, is used to cool aircraft. • Further Modification this cycle is used to obtain very low (cryogenic) temperatures. •The work output of the turbine can be used to reduce the work input requirements to the compressor. •Thus, the COP of a gas refrigeration cycle is
COPq
w
q
w wRL
net in
L
comp in turb out
, , ,
Gas Refrigeration Systems
![Page 41: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Air Standard Refrigeration Cycle for Aircraft Cooling
1
![Page 42: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Air Craft Engine Bleed for Refrigeration System
![Page 43: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Air Craft Engine Refrigeration System
Air to Cabin
![Page 44: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Absorption Refrigeration Systems
![Page 45: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Compression to Absorption Refrigeration Systems
![Page 46: Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022032523/56649d6f5503460f94a51892/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Thermoelectric Refrigeration Systems A refrigeration effect can also be achieved without using any moving parts by simply passing current through a closed circuit made up of two dissimilar materials.
This effect is called the Peltier effect, and a refrigerator that works on this principle is called a thermoelectric refrigerator.