Andrew Goodwin’s theory: 1. Links between lyrics and visuals2. Links between music and visuals

3. Genre characteristics4. Notion of looking and voyeurism (objectification

of women, direct gaze, people looking at the artist, screens and mirrors)

5. Multiple close ups of the artists/ record labels need to sell the artists image 6. Intertextual reference

One of the concepts from Andrew Goodwin’s theory is displayed in Miley Cyrus’ ‘We Cant Stop’ and that is the link between the music and the visuals. As you can see from this screen shot, there is a finger touching a portable speaker, as the finger touches the speaker, the volume of the music increases. This shows that the visuals in the music video are linked with the music because the touching of the speaker and the volume increasing are linked because that is what generally happens when you’re turning the volume up on a speaker.

A second concept of Goodwin’s theory is the link between the lyrics and visuals. This was shown in Cyrus’ music video because as she sang ‘hands in the air like we don’t care’ there was a shot of an actress throwing her hands in the air.

Another concept by Goodwin was that music videos contain a lot of multiple close ups of the artist so record labels find it easier to the artist. In this case, Miley Cyrus has a lot of close up shots which are placed in various sections of the music video. This is so that the audience don’t forget who the artist is and they see her new image clearly.

In Cyrus’ video there were a lot of shots such as objectification of women, direct gaze, people looking at the artist and usage of mirrors. This was another concept of Goodwin’s which looked at the notion of looking and voyeurism. Voyeurism is the sexual interest or practise of spying on people engaged in intimate behaviours such as undressing or sexual activity.

Twerking is a type of dance when a women shakes her hip in an up and down bouncing motion, in order to cause the dancers bottom to shake. This form of dance can be considered as voyeurism because twerking is considered to be sexually provocative. This therefore supports Goodwin’s theory that music videos do use some form of voyeurism. In addition the form of dance which Cyrus had used in her music video, twerking, is originally from west African dances such as the Mapouka. This further conforms to Goodwin’s theory that music videos do include some form of intertexual reference.