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7/31/2019 Shiva Wind

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The term renewable energy generally refers to electricity

supplied from renewable energy sources. These energysources are considered renewable sources because they

are continuously replenished on the Earth

What is Renewable Energy?

WIND

HYDRO

SOLAR

BIOMASS


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Electricity Through Renewable Energy


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Wind Power


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Wind power is one of the

fastest-growing sourcesof energy around the

world. It provides a clean

and local source of

electricity, as opposed toimported fossil fuels. In the United States, the

Department of Energy

has estimated that windpower could account for

20 percent of the nations

electricity supply by 2030.

What is it?


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GLOBAL INSTALLED WIND POWER CAPACITY

Country MW % SHAREChina 18,000 44USA 6810 17India 3019 7Germany 2086 5UK 1293 3.1Canada 1267 3.1Spain 1050 2.5Italy 950 2.3France 830 2.0Sweden 763 1.9Rest of world 5168 12.5Total Top 10 36068 87.5World Total 41,236 100


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MARKET POTENTIAL OF WIND ENERGY IN INDIA


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How Does it Work?

Source: http://www.windenergysystems.info/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/how_wind_turbine_works.jpg


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Where is it? (Watch Video)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFPj9frhKuohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFPj9frhKuo


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Wind Capacity Increasing

Source:American Wind Energy Association U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2009


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2009 U.S. Wind Power Project Locations



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Wind Capacity Increasing



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At the moment, though, wind accounts for just 1 percent of

United States electricity use. It has two main problems.1. The wind does not blow all the time, so there must be backup

power plants ready to turn on if the wind slows.

2. The wind sometimes blows the hardest in remote plains, far from

cities that need the energy and building transmission lines isexpensive and difficult.

Other Concerns

Locating the wind turbines in or near the flyways of migrating birds

may result in them flying into the rotating blades. Noise caused by rotating blades (inaudible beyond 1.5 miles)

Wind Power Challenges

Source: Kate Galbraith (Feb. 19, 2009)


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The idea of building wind farms offshore is gaining

momentum. Putting turbines in the water is expensive, butthe advantage is that the wind blows much harder off the

coasts. Offshore breezes also tend to be strong in the

afternoon, matching the time when people are using the

most electricity.

Wind Power


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The nations first planned offshore wind farm; it would cover

24 square miles in the sound, an area roughly the size ofManhattan. Opposition includes: Two Massachusetts Indian tribes, who said the 130 proposed

wind turbines would thwart their spiritual ritual of greeting the

sunrise, which requires unobstructed views across the sound, anddisturb ancestral burial grounds

In Our Backyard: Cape Wind Farm

Senator Edward M. Kennedy, whose family

compound in Hyannis Port looks out on the

proposed wind farm site, was the projects

most powerful opponent until his death lastAugust.

What Lesson can be Learned Here?


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Kern County, California, went

Republican by 18 points in the lastelection. Now it's captivated by

wind and solar power. Here's why Wind farms are placed on unusable

private land Developer covers initial costs

Land increases in value

Community tax receipts increase

Owners receive annuities

It protects public spaces Which makes conservationists happy as

well

Renewable Energy Catches on in Red America

What Lesson can be Learned Here?

Source: OnEarth, February 28, 2010

Hot updrafts rising from the sun-baked

Mojave Desert create low pressure at

the surface, which sucks in cold, dense

air from the Pacific Ocean to fill the void.This thermal effect is one of the most

ferocious wind machines on earth.


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The United States Department of Energy describes the

derivation of power from water this way: "Water constantly moves through a vast global cycle, evaporating

from lakes and oceans, forming clouds, precipitating as rain or

snow, then flowing back down to the ocean. The energy of this

water cycle, which is driven by the sun, can be tapped to produceelectricity or for mechanical tasks like grinding grain."

The most common method for achieving hydropower is

through building an impoundment facility, or dam, where

water is backed up into a reservoir and then releasedthrough turbines as needed to meet energy demands.

Diversion and micro hydropower are options as well.

What is it?


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How Does it Work?


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Head

Water must fall from a higherelevation to a lower one to

release its stored energy.

The difference between these

elevations is called head Dams: three categories

high-head (800 or more feet)

medium-head (100 to 800 feet)

low-head (less than 100 feet)

Power is proportional to the

product ofhead x flow

http://www.wapa.gov/crsp/info/harhydro.htm

Some Additional Terminology

Francis Turbine Grand Coulee


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Where is it?


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The technology remains highly

controversial, however, giventhe broad impact on local land

and water resources that often

attend large dam projects.

Challenges

Source: R.M. Schneiderman, February 24, 2009

The city of Kaixian was relocated to make way for the reservoirbehind the Three Gorges Dam in China.Images courtesy of Ohio State University.

Two space views of the Yangtze River, before the

Three Gorges Dam was built (photo below) andafter the dam was completed.Images courtesy NASA Earth Observatory


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Can sometimes fail,causing catastrophe

Johnstown flood (city

just east of

Pittsburgh, PA) killed

2,200 people whendam broke.

Dam failure in China

killed 230,000.

Dams and Diversions

On the downside, dams

Drown free flowing rivers Submerge farmlands and towns

Block fish migration e.g. salmon

Change aquatic habitats for native species


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The Environmental Protection Agency also notes that "if a

large amount of vegetation is growing along the riverbedwhen a dam is built, it can decay in the lake that is created,

causing the buildup and release of methane, a potent

greenhouse gas."

Hydroelectric Power

Source: R.M. Schneiderman, February 24, 2009


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Hydroelectric Power

Tallest Dam in the world: Rogun in Tajikistan at over 1,000 feet


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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html

Sample Diversion Hydropower (Tazimina, Alaska)


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Smaller dams and newer diversionary technologies may

provide alternative means for harnessing water power whilereducing the overall environmental impact.

The Department of Energy is currently exploring low-head,

low-power" hydropower technologies, which would produce

energy on a smaller scale and with a smaller overallfootprint.

Sample Micro-Hydroelectric Power


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Energy (Pumped) Storage

Energy (Pumped) Storage

Two way flow Pumped up to a storage reservoir and returned to a lower

elevation for power generation

A mechanism for energy storage, not net energy production


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EmergingCombined Hydro and Wind Power(Video)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82efZBKBXSghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82efZBKBXSg


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Solar Power


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Solar power is electricity generated from the levels of

natural energy contained within the suns rays (solarradiation).

What is it?

Above a scorched plain outside Seville, Spain, reflected sunlight reflects again off low clouds. Ordinarily the mirrors at

Abengoa Solar's PS10 station beam searing, concentrated light to the top of the "power tower," heating a boiler that

makes steam to drive a turbine. On overcast days, operators aim the mirrors skyward; sudden sun through clouds

could heat the tower so quickly it could be destroyed.


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There are several ways touse the suns power togenerate electricity. Concentrating solar power

systems concentrate sunlightto make steam, which is

converted into electricitythrough a turbine.

Photovoltaics - Somematerials exhibit a propertyknown as the photoelectric

effect, where photons of lightknock electrons into a higherstate of energy which createelectricity.

How Does it Work?

Photovoltaic system 'tree' in Styria, Austria
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gleisdorf.Solarbaum.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gleisdorf.Solarbaum.jpg


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Concentrating Solar

At Nevada Solar One near Las Vegas, oil piped down long rows of reflectors soaks up focused

sunlight, becoming hot enough to make steam and run a 64-megawatt power plant. Utilities often

favor such systems, also called solar thermal, over costlier PV.


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Where is it?


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The main drawback to solar power is that it is expensive to

produce: Generating power from photovoltaic panels costs more than four

times as much as coal, and more than twice what wind power

costs.

Most solar cells are made with silicon, which is expensive.

In the United States, the federal government and states have

offered a variety of incentives to encourage homeowners and

businesses to put panels on their roofs, and for utilities to buy

power from large displays.

Challenges

Source: Kate Galbraith (Feb. 19, 2009)


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Biofuels


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Biofuel - they take carbon out of the atmosphere while it is

growing, and returns it as it is burned.

What is it and how does it work?

If it is managed on a sustainable basis, biomass is harvested as

part of a constantly replenished crop.


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How Does it Work?


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Where is it?


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Food prices are trending up due to the transfer of corn from

food crops to ethanol production. Critics have also questioned the carbon mitigation claims

surrounding biofuels.

Environmental degradation of lakes, streams, and coastal

waters due to increased nitrogen flows.

The cost disadvantage of producing biofuels is significantly higher than

the benefits achieved from their use. This scenario is unlikely tochange until 2015, even with the use of second generation biofuels.

Kaushik Madhavan, research manager, Frost & Sullivan

Challenges


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Wh i i ?


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Geothermal energy is clean, renewable energy from heat

simmering within the earth's bedrock. The earth's heat is always there waiting to be tapped, unlike wind

and solar power, which are intermittent and thus more fickle.

According to a 2007 geothermal report financed by the Energy

Department, advanced geothermal power could in theory produceas much as 60,000 times the nation's annual energy usage.

Its main benefits are:

Providing reliable electricity at a stable price

Generates electricity in a manner that produces minimalenvironmental impacts and emissions;

Generates economic development opportunities, especially in

rural areas

What is it?

H D it W k?


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How Does it Work?

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/06/23/us/Geothermal.htmlWatch Video

Wh i it?
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/06/23/us/Geothermal.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/06/23/us/Geothermal.html


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Where is it?

P t ti l f E th k


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Because large earthquakes tend to originate at great depths,

breaking rock that far down carries more serious risk. Seismologists have long known that human activities can trigger

quakes, but they say the science is not developed enough to say

for certain what will or will not set off a major temblor.

The technique to tap geothermal energy createsearthquakes because it requires injecting water at great

pressure down drilled holes to fracture the deep bedrock.

The opening of each fracture is, literally, a tiny earthquake in

which subterranean stresses rip apart a weak vein, crack or faultin the rock.

Potential for Earthquakes

Oth Ch ll


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Exploration and drilling remain expensive and risky.

Drilling costs alone can account for as much as one-third to one-half of the total cost of a project.

Detecting potentially productive geothermal reservoirs is difficult,

with only about one in every five exploratory wells drilled

confirming a valuable resource.

Using the best geothermal resources often require an

expansion of the power transmission system.

Finally, power plants and direct use systems must be

located near geothermal resources because it is noteconomic to transport hot water or steam over long

distances.

Other Challenges


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Wave Power

Wh t i it?


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Ocean movements, spurred by the wind or the gravitational

pull of the sun and moon, are eminently renewable,emissions-free energy sources.

According to the United States Department of Energy,

some experts suggest that as much as 0.5 to 5 times the

total global annual electricity consumption of electricitycould be provided by ocean waves alone.

Unlike wind and solar power, wave energy is always

available.

Even when the ocean seems calm, swells are moving water up

and down sufficiently to generate electricity.

What is it?

H D it W k?


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How Does it Work?

Wa e Po er Technologies


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Wave Power Technologies

OPD Pelamis Wave Plant (Farm) UK Wave HubWavebob

Ocean Power Delivery Pelamis Ocean Power Technology PowerBuoy TMAquaEnergy AquaBuOY

Tidal Power


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Tidal power is a bit more limited in its potential.

Only about 40 sites on the Earth present a large enough tidaldifferential to make electricity generation feasible.

Tidal Power

Source: Tom Zeller Jr., (February 23, 2009)

At present, about 100

small companies around

the world are working todevelop ocean power.

However, very little

electricity is being

generated from the oceanexcept at scattered test

sites around the world.

Tidal Power Emerging Technologies


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Tidal Power Emerging Technologies

Challenges


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The device has to be able to survive storm damage and

saltwater corrosion. The total cost of electricity is too high.

There is a potential impact on the marine environment.

Wave farms can also:

Affect fishing grounds

Impact the pattern of beach sand nourishment, and

Represent hazards to safe navigation.

Challenges

Renewable Energy Costs


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Renewable Energy Costs

Source: http://www.beyondlogic.org/southaustraliapower/

Ranking the Renewables


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Ranking the Renewables

Renewable Futures


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Renewable Futures

Conclusion


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Conclusion

Benefits:

Fights global warming Creates jobs

Supports domestic energy

Secures energy future

Varied technologies Costs trending down

Improves health and safety

Sources are renewable

Challenges:

Environmental damages Harm existing industries

Land intensive

Sources tend to be remote

Sources can be cyclical Costly

Technology not there yet

Politically challenging

What about carbon capture and storage? Lets cover that next

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