When viewed at the research project level, the most significant endproducts of SHRPare the development of new or improved methodologies, tests,or specifications. If TRA-2 project objectives are excluded, over 85 percentof the remaining SHRP projects relate to these major program de1iverab1es.Newor improved equipment, instrumentation, and materials are second to themethodologies, tests, or specifications.

RESEARCHINTERACTION AND COORDINATION

Long-Term Pavement Performance

General. The overall program presented reveals the need forinteraction and coordination between all of the technical research areas. Thecornerstone of SHRPrests with TRA-2, Long-TermPavement Performance. Whilethe degree of interaction between other TRAs and TRA-2 varies widely,coordination of field testing and evaluation is mandatory for the successfuloutcome of SHRP.

In the delineation of research tasks having potential for TRA-2interaction, several criteria were used. Although several research tasks wereclearly identified in the contractor reports as having direct LTPPinvolvement, any research tasks involving field testing on in-servicepavements or laboratory tests on field samples were identified as possiblecandidates-ror LTPP interaction. Further detailed studies should be madewhenresearch work statements are developed within the SHRPmanagementunit inorder to fully use any sections within the GPS and SPS study portions of theLTPP program. Such decisions can only be made after the characteristics ofthe LTPP'sections are better defined.

Finally, although budget values are shown for each potentiallyinteractive LTPP(non-TRA-2)research task, it should be recognized that notall of this amount may be available for direct transfer to the LTPP program.

TRA-1 Interaction. The TRAon Asphalt Properties possesses asignificant potential for direct interaction with the LTPParea. Carefulplanning must prevail to ensure that field testing and evaluation requirementsin TRA-1are meshedwith pavement sections used in TRA-2.

A brief overview of potentially interactive research tasks withinTRA-1 is presented. Further details regarding the tasks may be found in therespective TRA research plan presented.

Task 1-1.3: Relationships Between Asphalt Chemical and Physical Properties($3.5 Million)Although this task is laboratory test oriented, one specificrequirement will be to measure performance-related chemical andphysical properties of asphalt cement used in the LTPPprogram.

Task 1-2.2,d: Aging of Asphalt-Aggregate Systems ($1.0 Million)

This is one of five subtasks within Task 1-2.2 dealing with thedevelopment of laboratory testing techniques, procedures, andresults on asphalt-aggregate systems. In the "aging" subtask,

50 ~.'

Task 1-2.3:

Task 1-3.2:

Task 1-3.3:

Task 1-5.2:

Task 1-5.3:

test methods developed will be evaluated by comparison toin-service pavements using both short-term and long-term periods.

Relationship of Asphalt Chemical and Physical Properties toAsphalt-Aggregate Mlxture Propertles ($3.0 Mllilon)

In this task, testing procedures developed for fatigue permanentdeformation and low temperature cracking will be used to definethe characteristics of the material used in the LTPPstudy.

Asphalt Performance Studies ($3.0 Million)

This task objective is to obtain documented performanceinformation on cracking, deformation, and thermal effects forprojects with long-term performance records and for which samplesof the original asphalt and aggregates are available for testing.

Evaluation Procedures for Prediction Models ($1.0 Million)

This task includes the development of methods for interpretinginformation from the LTPP research area as it applies to theTRA-1objective and to develop a comprehensive satellite SHRP.

Operate Materials Reference Library ($1.5 Million)

This task will develop and maintain a library of asphalts,aggregates, and modifiers for use by all interested organizationsto support research and long-term requirements for TRA-1.

Experiment Design ($0.5 Million)

The task objective is to develop a statistically soundexperimental design for each research activity in TRA-1. Ofspecific consequence to the LTPPare the requirements to provideassistance in furnishing data to the central data bank as well ascoordinating plans for TRA-1with requirements for the LTPP studyarea.

The seven individual research tasks delineated above have a combinedbudget value of $13.5 million.

TRA-3 Interaction. The TRAon Maintenance Effectiveness provides ahigh potentlal tor LlPP lnteraction. Of the projects noted, 3-1, "QuantifyingPavement Maintenance Effectiveness," is a direct interaction within the LTPPstudy area. Project 3-3, dealing with "Improved Materials and Equipment forPavement Surface Repair and Crack Filling", affords interaction in severalresearch tasks requiring field testing of improved maintenance materials.Other projects having a minor potential for interaction with in-servicepavements are 3-2 "and 3-4.

A brief overview of potentially interactive research tasks withinTRA-3 is presented. Further details concerning these tasks may be found inthe TRA-3 research plan.

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Task 3-1. 1:

Task 3-1.2:

Task 3-1.3:

Task 3-1.4:

Task 3-2.1:

rDevelop a Detailed Experimental Plan ($0.04 Million)

This task objective is to develop an experimental plan for adetailed study to quantify pavement maintenance effectiveness. Acritical examination of the LTPP factors for pavement maintenanceis to be conducted with respect to maintenance data collected andestablishing sections not included in the LTPP study.

Develop Implementation Plan ($0.04 Million)

This task is to develop a plan for implementing Task 3-1.1.

Implement Maintenance Eff~ctiveness Study ($5.57 Million)

This task is the major TRA-3 activity interacting with the LTPParea. It involves the collection of pertinent pavementmaintenance data from the four regional LTPP field locations inaccordance with plans developed in 3-1.1.

Evaluate the Effectiveness of Maintenance Treatments($0. 36 Mi11ion)

This task is the data evaluation process of the LTPPmaintenancefactoria 1.

Evaluate Existing Measuring Systems and Instrumentation( $0. 1 Mi11 ion )

Although the main objective of this task is not directly relatedto field testing, one requirement is the development of a testplan for evaluating measurement devices of pavement maintenanceeffectiveness and to identify criteria used to select the fieldtest sites.

Task 3-2.3,d: Test Prototype (Field) ($1.0 Million)

Task 3-3.3:

Task 3-3.5:

This task is identical to Task 3-2.1 except field testing andevaluation of a new prototype(s) equipment will be made. Field \sections used should be the sameas for 3-2.1 and, if possible,should be sections included within the LTPP program.

Laboratory and Field Testing of Select Materials ($0.7 Million)

This task has direct field tests required on improved maintenancematerials. These short-term tests should not extend for morethan one year.

Long-Term M~terial Field Tests ($0.9 Million)

This task is similar to 3-3.3 except the duration of fieldmaterial tests will be approximately 3 years.

52

il

Task 3-4.1: Evaluate Existing Devices and Procedures ($O.35 Million)

Project 3-4 specifically deals with research intended to improvemaintenance work zone-worker and motorist safety. In Task 3-4.1existing safety devices and procedures will be evaluated. Onerequirement of this study will be to conduct field studies wheregaps in existing knowledge exist. Such field studies should becoordinated, if at all possible, with LTPPsections (Maintenancesubsystem) to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

Task 3-4.3,c: Develop and Test NewTraffic Controls ($O.8l5 Million)

In this subtask, both field and laboratory tests of barrierattenuation systems and new detection alert systems for motoristsare contemplated. Interaction with LTPPfield sections may beminor or of little consequence.

The ten tasks identified having potential LTPP interaction have atotal combined budget of $9.88 million.

TRA-4 Interaction. TRA-4 deals with research tasks concerning theprotection of concrete brldge components. Although there is a significantamount of field testing validation and evaluation research planned, potentialinteraction with the LTPP study area is virtually nonexistent. Nonetheless,because it is noted that field performance models are to be developed, someconsideration should be given to locating field bridge sites as near aspossible (if at all) to selected LTPPsites. If this can be accomplished,some overlap of benefits may be gained from the detailed records of trafficand environmental data th3t are to be collected in the LTPPstudy. Thisinformation may be of assistance to researchers in TRA-4.

TRA-5 Interaction. The research plan developed for TRA-5, Cementand Concrete, requlres a small degree of interaction with LTPPefforts. Majorreasons why a stronger interaction is not required are because much of theproposed research is laboratory test-oriented; field testing will be requiredon portland cement concrete pavements exhibiting certain types of durabilityproblems that would preclude their selection as LTPPcandidates (i.e.,D-cracking, alkali aggregate reaction, and so forth); and many of the fieldtests are to be conducted on freshly mixed (plastic) concrete. The latterfactor may imply cooperation and coordination with state agencies atconstruction sites, but does not require the mandatory selection of LTPPpavement sections for long-term performance evaluation.

Research tasks having the potential for LTPP interaction aredescribed in the following sections. The funding levels shown are based onestimates of the portion of each task that might entail field testing.Further details regarding each task (subtask) maybe found in the TRA-5research plan.

Task 5-2.2: Characterize Moisture and Relative Humidity Gradients in FieldConcrete ($0.42 Million) --_u_-

Subtask b of this study requires a field demonstration of theequipment and test procedure developed. It would be useful to

53

The five tasks (subtasks) listed as having a potential for LTPPinteraction involve a combined budget of $0.92 million. This total representsonly that part of the task budgets allocated for field work.

TRA-6 Interaction~ Although not immediately apparent from theproposed research plan, the LTPPinteraction requirements with TRA-6, Snow andIce Control, are felt to be significant and mandatory. All of this potentialfor interaction occurs within Projects 6-1 and 6-2, which are aimed at theprevention and destruction of the ice-pavement bond, through chemicals,pavement material additives, or new pavement materials. Although the specificobjectives of these studies are related to the success of inhibiting ordestroying the ice-pavement bond, a more global or systems approach toassessing ice-snow control measures on the long-term pavement performance andfriction characteristics of the pavement are also important parameters thatmust be integrated into any final decisions.

Task 5-2.3:

TasK 5-3.4:

Task 5-4.2:

Task 5-4.3:

,..

use LTPP sections that afford well-characterized concrete so thattesting could be done in different climatic regions and indifferent seasons.

Freeze-Thaw Durability and Air Voids Criteria ($0.05 Million)

Subtask f requires field trials on at least two .highway bridgedecks and two pavements using admixtures and aggregates similarto those used in the laboratory subtask work. Newconstructionwould be required for field work, but LTPPevaluation isdesirable.

Residual Functional CapabiJity ($0.20 Million)

Subtask c of this reseach effort requires the field evaluation ofequipment and techniques of at least five field trial locations.While not specifically stated in the research plan, it isrecommendedthat LTPP sections be used, if at all possible, forthis study.

Properties of High Early Strength Concrete ($0.09 Million)

Subtask c requires a field demonstration of several (3) systemsdeveloped for quality per.formance of high early strengthconcrete. Performance monitoring of these sections isrecommended for at least 3 years and should be interacted andcoordinated with LTPPstudies (maintenance).

Structural Properties of Concrete Containing Cementing MaterialsIn Addltlon to Portland Cement ($0.16 MllllOn)

Subtask c recommends that this research study be directlyintegra ted into the LTPP area. A tota 1 of 8 speci a1 concretemixtures, placed in 4 geographical areas, is recommended for thefield trials. Newpavement test sections will be required alongwith a comprehensive pavement performance monitoring study.

.

I.

;.'

1,

54Ii

The specific tasks having potential interaction with LTPParepresented and further details may be found in the TRA-6 research plan.

Task 6-1.2:

Task 6-1.3:

Task 6-2.2:

Task 6-2.7:

Chemical Surface Modification--Prevention ($0.25 Million)

This task deals with the chemical modification of pavementsurfaces to prevent the formation of the ice-pavement bond. Onesubtask will require the evaluation of effects on this pavementmodification on the long-term pavement performance and inrecyc1abi1ity.

Physical Surface Modification--Prevention ($0.05 Million)

This task deals with the development of a physical approach(i.e., icephobic pavement coating) for prevention of theice-pavement bond. This task, like 6-1.2, will require LTPPmonitoring.

Physical Surface Modification--Destruction ($0.05 Million)

This task is parallel to Task 6-1.3 but approached from the pointof view of bond destruction. The intent is to develop aneffective pavement physical modification that would achieve thetask objective. Long-term performance evaluations would berequired on these pavement sections.

Improvements of Sodium Chloride as Deicer ($0.40 Million)

This task is intended to improve sodium chloride relative to itsadverse environmental and corrosion effects. One subtaskrequires candidate materials to undergo winter traffic tests.The potential for use of LTPP sections exists, although taskobjectives may be developed without their use.

The four tasks noted have a combined budget of $0.75 million.Budget figures noted for the first three tasks reflect the contractor'sestimate for direct field work, while the last task provides the total budgetfor all research conducted in the task.

Summary. Table 5.5 summarizes the potential TRA-2 interactionattributes with the other five TRAstudy areas. As can be seen, a total of 26research tasks have the potential for LTPP interaction. The maximum(upperlimit) of research funds noted for these tasks is approximately $25 million.However, it is estimated that $8 to $10 million may be directly available forfund transfer to cover field test and data collection costs associated withinthe LTPP study.

Other Interactions and Coordination

There exists in the total SHRP effort the need for other projects tointeract. Table 5.6 is a subjective assessment of the potential level ofinterest (hence, interaction and coordination) among the SHRPresearch project

55

Notes: (*) LTPP traffic and environmental data may be helpful if fieldbridge sites are located close to LTPP sections.

(**) Budget values encompass more than field work.(***) Budget values predominantly field work.

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TABLE- 5.5

SUMMARYOF POTENTIALTRA-2 INTERACTION

($Mi 11i on )Degree Research Task Budget

TRAStudy Interact; on Tasks Budget Totals

TRA-l Very significant 1-1.3 3.50 13.50**1-2.2,d 1.001-2.3 3.001-3.2 3.001-3.3 1.001-5.2 1.501-5.3 0.50

TRA-3 5i gnifi cant 3-1 .1 0.04 9.88**3-1.2 0.043-1.3 5.573-1.4 0.363-2.1 0.103-2.3,d 1.003-3.3 0.703-3.5 0.903-4.1 0.353-4.3,c 0.82

TRA-4 Insignificant* - -

TRA-5 Minor 5-2.2 0.42 0.92***5-2.3 0.055-3.4 0.205-4.2 0.095-4.3 0.16

TRA-6 Si gnifi cant 6-1.2 0.25 0.75***6-1.3 0.056-2.2 0.056-2.7 0.40

27 25.05 Mi11i on

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TABLE5.6

SUMMARYOF SHRPRESEARCHPROJECTINTERACTIONANDCOORDINATION(Exclusive of TRA-2).

Relative Degree of Interaction And Coordination

TRA Project TRA-1 TRA-3 TRA-4 TRA-5 TRA-6

Asphalt1-1 X . 0 01-2 X . 0 01-3 x . 0 01-4 X . 01-5 X . 0

Maintenance3-1 . X .3-2 . X 0 03-3 . X 0 . 03-4 X 0 03-5 X

Bridge Protection

4-1 0 0 X .4-2 0 X . 04-3 0 0 X .4-4 0 0 X 0

Cement/Concrete

5-1 . . X 05-2 . . X 05-3 0 . . X5-4 0 . . X

Snow/Ice

6-1 . . . I X6-2 I . . I X6-3 X6-4 0 X6-5 X

Note:(I) Potential for fair-to-strong need for research coordination

and cross transfer of technology results.(0) Potential for low-to-casual need for research coordination

and cross transfer of technology results.(X) Not applicable.

areas other than TRA-2.is presented by TRA.

TRA-l Interaction. The major SHRP-TRAinteractions for researchwork conducted in TRA-1 occurs with TRA-3, Maintenance Effectiveness, and to amore limited degree with Snowand Ice Control (TRA-6). Advances made inasphalt chemical composition can have direct spin-offs to improved maintenancematerials (Project 3-3) and to chemical modification studies dealing with theice-pavement bond study (Projects 6-1 and 6-2).

A general description of the potential interest area

As research is conducted to improve asphalt pavement distresspredictions (performance prediction) and develop performance~basedspecifications (Projects 1-2,1-3, 1-4), this knowledge will also be usefuldirectly to TRA3-2 studies dealing with measuring systems for evaluatingpavement maintenance effectiveness.

Within Project 1-5, the development of the materials referencelibrary (1-5.2) will have the potential for direct interaction with themaintenance LTPP factorial study proposed in TRA3-1. Finally, it should benoted that research task 1-5.3, which concerns the development of anexperimental design, is conceptually identical to Task 3-1.1 within themaintenance area, and research task 1-5.4 efforts, which pertain to economicsand life-cycle cost considerations, have an overlap with Project 3-2.

Other non-SHRPresearch that should be monitored within TRA-1 areseveral NCHRPprojects, 10-26(A) and 9-6(1), which have to do with thedevelopment of performance-related specifications for hot-mix asphalticconcrete and an asphalt-aggregate mixture analysis system.

TRA-3 Interaction. The greatest potential for interaction withTRA-3 on Maintenance Effectiveness occurs in the Asphalt (TRA-1) and Cementand Concrete (TRA-5) areas. Projects 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 provide thepossibility of strong coordination and cross-monitoring of research resultsfor these two material areas. In addition, peripheral advances in equipmentand instrumentation within Project 3-3 may have impacts across all other SHRPareas. .

In Project 3-4, studies concerning work-zone safety, it would appearthat significant findings can also be transferred to maintenance andrehabilitation work associated both with snow and ice control and bridgerehabilitation projects. This technology transfer, however, will not be ofdirect benefit per se to the research studies of these two areas.

TRA-4 Interaction. TRA-4 (bridge protection systems) has thegreatest potential interaction level with TRA-5, Cement and Concrete.Additionally, several specific tasks in TRA-4 have limited, but nonethelessreal, potential for technology transfer with TRA-1and TRA-3 (Asphalt andMaintenance Effectiveness).

In Project 4-1, research tasks dealing with bridge delamination,permeability, and chloride content will be of interest to TRA-5 (5-1 and 5-2).Study tasks dealing with asphalt-covered deck deterioration (4-1.3), membrane

~

58

integrity (4-1.4), and sealer evaluation (4-1.5) may be of some potentialbenefit to both TRA-1 and TRA-3 studies.

Project 4-2, which concerns the broad study of electrochemicalaspects of bridge protection, may have value (particularly for chemical-typestudies) to TRA-5 (Project 5-1) and TRA-6(Projects 6-1,6-2). Rehabilitationand maintenance techniques developed in this project may also have limitedinterest and potential use within TRA-3.

Similar concepts, as above, may also be stated for Project 4-3.However, inasmuch as the study relates to none1ectrochemica1 bridge protectionconcepts, a reduced emphasis on chemical composition occurs within the TRAnoted previously. Research findings dealing with rehabilitation andmaintenance methodologies for bridges may also be of assistance in TRA-3. Inaddition, this project (Task 4-3.8) will involve service life evaluation ofvarious treatments and may be significant to studies in Projects 1-5 and 3-2(Asphalt and Maintenance).

Within Project 4-4, the overall objective concerns the developmentof cost-effective (life-cycle) decision models for the protection andrehabilitation of concrete bridge components and, as such, will implicatefundamental economic concepts similar to other research studies planned inProjects 1-5 and 3-2.

In addition to the SHRPresearch coordination noted, there areseveral studies, such as NCHRPProjects 10-15,10-30, and 12-28(1) and12-28(8), the Federally Coordinated Research Program (FCP), and the FHWADemonstration Studies, that should be continuously monitored and evaluatedduring the SHRPperiod.

TRA-5 Interaction. The technical area of Cement and Concrete(TRA-5) has the greatest lnteractive potential with the Maintenance (TRA-3)and Concrete Bridge Protection (TRA-4) study areas. Limited interaction andtechnology transfer to TRA-1 and TRA-6may also be possible.

In Project 5-1, which deals with the chemistry and physics of cementand concrete, research contributions relating to new and improved materialsand a better understanding of chemical properties on behavior and performancemay be of direct use and benefit to researchers in the Maintenance and BridgeProtection TRAunits. Secondary benefits concerning chemical behavior mayalso be useful to Projects 6-1 and 6-2 within the Snowand Ice Control area.

Project 5-2, which is concerned with concrete durability, is seento have significant potential for studies in both the maintenance and bridgeareas, particularly with respect to improved materials and measurementtechniques. It is believed that the findings of Tasks 5-3.1,5-3.2, and 5-3.3(quality control during construction) may have interactive consequences ofbenefit to TRA-3 and TRA-4, while the research findings of 5-3.4 (thedetermination of "residual functional capability of concrete pavements) maylead to some conceptual overlap and may be of use to TRA-1 (Projects 1-2, 1-3,and 1-4).

In Project 5-4, research task 5-4.2 concerns properties of highearly strength concrete. This should be of major significance to TRA-3and

59

studies dealing with improved maintenance materials. Other research tasks(5-4.1, 5-4.3, and 5-4.4) that have to do with the mechanical behavior ofconcrete should be monitored by researchers in TRA-1, TRA-3, and TRA-4.

TRA-6 Interaction. In Snowand Ice Control (TRA-6), only Projects6-1 and 6-2 appear to have any potential for interaction with other SHRP-TRA.Both of these project areas deal with the physical and chemical modificationsto pavements (and their surfaces) to prevent and destroy the ice-pavementbond. Because of these elements, changes in material, material behavior,pavement behavior, and eventual performance changes may possibly occur. Thesepotential impacts are of direct concern to activities in TRA-1, TRA-3, andTRA-5 and should be continuously evaluated throughout SHRP. In addition,minor levels of research findings (particularly with chemical modifications)maybe of value to TRA-4 (bridge protection).

Projects 6-3,6-4, and 6-5 afford no potential interactive influenceon the other TRA units of SHRP. The only possible exception is that someinformation of benefit may be obtained from Project 6-4 that would be usefulto cost-effective life-cycle maintenance studies in Project 3-2.

RESEARCH TOPICS NOT INCLUDED IN SHRP

In the planning efforts that were conducted by each of the TRAcontractors and Advisory groups, many potential projects were developed andconsidered for eventual inclusion within SHRP. However, because of fundingand other justifiable reasons, not all of the individual research projectsconsidered were able to be placed in the final program. Their discussion anddevelopment as potential research studies is, nonetheless, thought to advancesignificant results that should not be kept from the research community. Itis hoped that other researchers and research agencies can conduct furtherevaluations of these topics and continue with what are believed to beimportant peripheral research areas worthy of investigation.

Table A.II is a topic summaryof the research areas that were notincluded in the funded program. For further information on these candidateprojects, reference is made to the subsequent individual TRA contractorreports, each of which provides some details concerning these projects.

60