SIAM-JAMA mtg Brake regulation in Japan and

World overview.

Plans for Japanese regulations to align with requirements in EU regulation

(including Advanced Braking system)

・ Situation of ABS Obligatory Discussion in Japan

■ Government View・ Regulation introduction required without

lengthy delays from Europe・ UNR has been already introduced and

challenge level is low since it is existing technology. ■ Stance of Business World

・ Reduction effect on the accident casualty numbers has not been checked. → USNTHSA Report

・ ABS has large influence on two-wheel business due to the increasing of both development cost and product cost.

May 15, 2014: The Report Regarding ABS Legislation Review on Domestic Two-Wheel Vehicles by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

3

　　• Update summary of progress

MLIT have made draft plan

* Category ( engine capacity ) and requirement

- over 125 cm2 ： ABS

- over 50 cm2, 125 cm2 ： ABS or CBS

　　 Exemption ： enduro and trial are exempted

* Enforcement

- New model ： Oct. 2018 ~

- Existing model： Oct. 2021 ~

* Schedule

- Public comment ： Dec. 2014

- Announce in Gazette ： Feb. 2015

Mandate ABS in Japan

4

・ The ABS effect for the accident under limited conditions is favorable in principle but no domestic accident statistical data to support exists.

・ Europe: The Survey Reviewed on the Background Approaching to Control

Based on the ABS obligation, EU Committee asks TRL (Transport Research Laboratory, GB) to prepare a report and announces.

→ There are uncertain points of prerequisite such as ABS effect on accident casualty reduction, ABS cost numerical value, adoption rate and the business world (ACEM and JAMA) commented the unsuitableness of survey results.・ ABS Obligation Reviewing Trend in US

From the NHTSA report [Vehicle Safety Rulemaking and Research Priority Plan] and US Presentation at WP29/GRRF Conference,

→ Presentation was done at GRRF meeting in February 2012 that [Conclusion reaching to ABS effect influencing on two-wheel vehicle accidental risk was unsuccessful] as the NHTSA test results and conclusion.

<<Domestic>>

<<Overseas>>

About the Reduction Effect on ABS Accident Casualty Numbers

5

It is considered that ABS Effect is so limited because of many [Delay in Recognition] and [Judgment Error].It is considered that conspicuity improvement, easy to be recognized by the other side vehicle, is more effective.

Number of Injured by Accident Patterns for Entire Two-Wheel Vehicles(Total of

2002 ~ 2011)

Number of Injured by Human Factor for Entire Two-Wheel Vehicles

(Total of 2002 ~ 2011)

Operation error is the degree of 8% and ABS Effect is so limited.

Numerical Value: ITARDA Report, H24-05, Study on the Number of Accident/ Casualty Reduction by the Analysis on Two-Wheel Vehicles

１．ＡＢＳの効果 -2

Mutual Vehicle Collision Accident occupies 72%.

Recognition error is 90% Since two-wheel vehicle is small in size, ■ Easy to enter into blind spot ■ Seen far and slow from actual

Conspicuity improvement, easy to be recognized by the other side, is most effective than ABS.

About the Reduction Effect on ABS Accident Casualty Numbers

2-wheelvehicle is small

Front Collision

, 2%

Operation Error, 8%

Others,2%

Misjudgment, 14%

Delay in Recognition,

76%

Others, 19%

Structure, 2%

Lane Deviation, Toppling, 7%

Left Turn, 14% Right Turn,

21%

Crossing Collision, 28%

Rear-End Accident,

7%

6

[Conspicuity Improvement] is effective for the safety improvement of two-wheel vehicle.[Wearing Protective Equipment] is also necessary just in case.

Conspicuity improvement, easy to be recognized by the other side vehicle, distance and speed are easy to be determined.

Wearing Protective Equipment just in case.

Daytime Lighting, Under Position, Side Reflector

Helmet, protector, etc.

About the Reduction Effect on ABS Accident Casualty Numbers Offer alternative proposals

Neck + Chest + Abdominal

Part 41%

Operation Mistake, 8%

Others, 2%

Misjudgment, 14%

Delay in Recognition,

76%

Others, 8%

Head,51%

開発課題 （継続生産モデル）

(1) Development Item Required for Vehicle Installation → Additional MaterialAppearance design emphasizes commercial value of motorcycle and is the important item for

user selection.Installation on a Vehicle while keeping design → It is required to review totally on layout of vehicle body due to installing units, piping cable

group, and frame change.→ Enlarging battery size, being disk brake and strengthen peripheral parts are required for

ABS(2) Model Profitability→ Plan to increase amenity with other items is necessary to production number which is

unable to absorb cost-up.(3) Troublesome of Application/ SettingAdjustment for each model is required since lock braking force and attitude are different for

every model and applicationAdjustment of control for ABS and adjustment of front-rear allocation for CBS→ Front-rear load division variation by various models such as off-road motorcycle, cruiser,

etc.→ Check is troublesome because it is easy to get influence by installation position of

human and baggage→ Adjustment to align tires with different property by model.

Development period is required as ALL NEW models even in the case of installing ABS on existing model.

<36 ~ 48 months are required for planning, design, trial production and production> 7

・ Cost and development period are required for just installing equipment.

・ Advanced Brake installation is not easy because setting is required for each vehicle.

[Breakdown] Example of ABS

Device Cost: HU, Sensor, Sensor Ring, Hose

Installation Cost: Vehicle Layout Change, Wheel Change, Being Hydraulic Brake

Test MH: Confirmation Test (by model), Safety Check

Test Equipment/ Facility:

Low μ path, Tile peculiar to Tow-Wheel, Maintenance Management of μ and Water FilmAnechoic Chamber for EMC Test, Work Check Difficulty

Plant Facility: Vacuum Filling, Completion Test, Introduction of Complex Facility

Service System: Self-Diagnosis Type Tool, Sales Agent Instruction

■ Cost Up Factors

Sales Price: + \50K for ABS, + \10K ~ \20K for CBS

各国の法規化

Country Name/ Status

Classification 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Europe

JapanIssue Planned in

Feb. 2015

BrazilOfficial Publish

planned in Feb. 2014 → Issue in Aug. end

TaiwanIssue planned in

2014 end

IndiaUnder Adjustment

ChinaPlanned to submit

ABS Legislation Draft to GB in 2014

USAPending Introduction

GRRF

More than 125cc: ABS50 < cc 125: ABS or CBS

More than 125cc: ABS50 < cc 125: ABS or CBS

More than 300cc: ABSLess than 300cc: ABS or CBS

More than 250cc: ABSLess than 250cc: ABS or CBS

Jan. ~ New Jan. ~ Cont’d

Oct. ~ New Oct. ~ Cont’d

8%Shipping QTY

15% 30% 50% 100%

Jan. ~ New

Jan. ~ Cont’d

Status of Advanced Brake Legislation Review by each Country

Putting information from Japan-China Exchange Party

Sharing the latest information at exchange party this time.

Distinction of Passage for Express Way

Cost Impact on Vehicle Price, etc.

ABS and CBS: Merit and Demerit

Function of ABS is;

・ To aim wheel-locking prevention at straight run braking but there are merit and demerit other than those.

Merit ：・ Stop distance at sudden braking becomes stable. (under the same road surface

conditions)

・ Riders have a sense of ease since wheel-lock does not occur.

Demerit ：・ There may be the case of stop distance at sudden braking gets longer depending on

road surface conditions.

・ There may be the possibility of rider’s overconfidence leading to unreasonable driving since wheel-lock does not occur.

・ Unable to lock wheel even if rider wants to lock tires.

Function of CBS is;

・ To aim applying brake both front-rear wheels with a single braking operation and there are following specifications as the case example of CBS system.

10

Case Example of CBS System

Architecture-A: Front-Rear Single Braking System (not CBS)

Architecture-B: CBS (Common use of a part of transmission)

Architecture-C: CBS (Transmission separated)

11

Caution Points for the Function of ABS and CBS

It is considered that ABS is the equipment which gives a sense of ease to a driver by avoiding locking.

As for the safeness, stopping distance may be longer by installing ABS depending on the road surface Conditions (Rough Road, Frozen Road).

In addition, obstacle avoidance maneuver is improved since steering is effective at sudden braking by installing ABS on four-wheel vehicle but is not improved for motorcycle.

Accordingly, the relationship between ABS and safeness is not clarified.

In case of using operation device at CBS side alone, Stopping distance becomes shorter than the case without CBS and wheel

locking frequency is decreased. However, if operation device not at CBS side is used simultaneously, the braking performance is the same vehicle without CBS.

Since those are auxiliary devices at either system, not improving the brake performance itself, or effectively functioning under any conditions, and there is the limitation on performance, it is essential to drive safely by the driver without overconfidence.

12

Caution Points for ABS Function: About Difference between Passenger Car and Two-Wheel Vehicle

Description regarding the difference of effectiveness for ABSs for passenger car and motorcycle will be introduced.In case of passenger car, steering operation is capable under sudden braking status at which ABS is activated.

In case of recognizing forward obstacle and try to avoid, a passenger car with ABS does not generate

wheel locking at braking

and is able to avoid collision

by applying steering operation

but in case of passenger car

without ABS, wheel locking is

generated at braking operation

simultaneously, braking

performance is decreased,

steering operation becomes

unable and this turns out to

collision.13

ABS Equipped Car

Braking StartBraking

ABS Not Equipped Car

ABS Equipped Motorcycle

Meanwhile in the case of motorcycle, since ABS functioning is only at straight running breaking, a vehicle is unable to be controlled by steering bar operation simultaneously at braking even if ABS is equipped.If operate steering handle bar under sudden braking at which ABS functioning, the motorcycle topples over at that moment.Accordingly, in case of motorcycle with ABS, depending on road surface condition, but stability at straight running sudden braking becomes higher than a motorcycle without ABS and has the advantage of reducing collision due to operation unable such as tire locking.

14

Breaking StartBreaking

ABS Equipped Motorcycle

ABS Not Equipped Motorcycle

Caution Points for ABS Function: Rough RoadCaution Points for ABS Function: Rough Road

Rough Road MalfunctionRough Road MalfunctionRough Road MalfunctionRough Road Malfunction

Normal Road Surface (Rr solo braking) Rough Road (Rr solo braking)

Fr Wheel Speed

Fr Wheel Speed

Rr Wheel Speed

Rr Wheel Speed

Wheel speed fluctuates when running on rough road normally. Right-Hand Figure

ABS recognizes slip (wheel speed difference between front and rear wheel), reduces brake pressure and recovers from locking status. Left-Hand Figure

Rough Road (Belgian Block Roar/ Bump, etc.)

Since wheel speed fluctuates at rough road, unable to distinguish with slip, ABS malfunctions and results to braking force shortage.

PrinciplePrinciplePrinciplePrinciple

Introduction of ABS merit and demerit, and difference from passenger car ABS were described but the following enrollments are required on Owner’s Manual in order to fully understand those contents by riders.

1. ABS does not reduce braking distance

2. There may be the case of braking distance getting longer with ABS case depending on road surface conditions.

3. ABS is unable to control wheel transverse slip.

Accordingly, riders are required to keep safety drive in mind without ABS overconfidence.

16

Caution Points at ABS Test Course

In case of ABS, caution on low μ road surface is specifically required for confirming legislative requirements.

The test is not cleared at too low μ.

This is because of difficulty for stable straight running which is required for brake test.

The test at road surface with μ greater than 0.3 which is defined by JIS or former testing method of Japan.

Those are defined as the lower limit from the actual using environment for motorcycle and evaluation at road surface with lower than this μ is not realistic.

In addition, it is unable to run without outrigger which is the safety device specially attached for the test purpose.

17

End

Table of Contents

・ Situation of Advanced Brake Obligatory Discussion in Japan

・ Appealed Points

・ Cost (Device, Test Facility, Production Facility)

・ Situation of Advanced Brake Obligatory Discussion in the World

・ Technical Description:Effect and Caution Points for Advanced Brake

ABS Installation Example at Continuous Model ~ The unit for ABS and piping layout are unable to add on ~

Size of Unit for ABS (mm)88 (W) x 67 (H) x 99 (D)

開発課題 （継続生産モデル）

21

Wheel Change Making Rear Brake to Disk

Front Master Cylinder Change

Brake ping Layout Change

Strength Review Frame Pipe Change

Electric Component Layout Change

Grow in size of Battery

Strength ReviewFrame Pipe Change

Addition of Unit for ABS

Rear Fender Shape Change

Rear FrameStrength Review

ABS Obligation Reviewing Trend in US (From the NHTSA report [Vehicle Safety Rulemaking and Research Priority Plan] and US Presentation at WP29/GRRF Conference) NHTSA: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

1. 2005 ~ 2009: There was no ABS obligation reviewing at the stage of performing evaluation of brake performance requirement and ABS/ CBS performance during the engagement in GTR3 (2-wheel vehicle brake) preparation work.

2. The stance at 2009 time point was paying attention to [Accident Reduction Rate by Installing ABS] indicated in the IIHS Report (Note) and will review the necessity of ABS installation upon data from/ analysis on additional years. (Note) IIHS: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

At the WP29 in June in 2009, description was made including ■Motorcycle Antilock Braking Systems as one of the items of Crash Avoidance Braking Systems in the US presentation.

3. However in the time point of 2010, Motorcycle Braking was deleted from the items of MORTORCYCLES. The reason is said to be [Will be validated with further data in future].

4. At the time point of 2011, Priority Plan for 2011 ~ 2013 was issued but Motorcycle Braking was not included in the items of MORTORCYCLES.

5. At the GRRF meeting in February 2012, [Conclusion reaching to ABS effect influencing on two-wheel vehicle accidental risk was unsuccessful] was presented as the conclusion of NHTSA test result.

6. Further Priority Plan has not been officially announced yet at this moment.

Trend of Advanced Brake in Taiwan

Category Category Classification

L3e-AxE(x = 1, 2 or 3)

ENDUROMotorcycle

(a) Seat Height 900mm, and(b) Above Ground Clearance 310mm, and(c) Total gear ratio of top gear (primary gear ratio x

secondary gear ratio of top gear x final driving ratio) 6.0, and

(d) Mass at usable status, plus electricity or the mass of driving battery in case of hybrid driving 140Kg, and

(e) Riding position for passenger not available

L3e-AxT(x = 1, 2, or 3)

Trial Motorcycle

(a) Seat Height > 700mm, and(b) Above Ground Clearance > 280mm, and(c) Fuel Tank Capacity 4 L, and(d) Total gear ratio of top gear (primary gear ratio x

secondary gear ratio of top gear x final driving ratio) 7.5, and

(e) Mass at usable status 100kg, and(f) Riding position for passenger not available

According to the description by ARAI, it is able to avoid an obstacle by handle bar operation during ABS activation but I will explain regarding this point because ARAI’s description is leaving scope for misunderstanding.

●