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5/12/2014 1 Sickle Cell Disease in Athletes UK Sports Medicine Symposium Royce Moore, MD 5/16/14 Objectives Be familiar with the classification, diagnosis, and complications of sickle cell disease/trait. Be equipped to guide the management of sickle cell disease/trait in athletes. Case Study In January, a 22 y/o collegiate football athlete with known sickle cell disease competed in morning conditioning drills at 6 am. He developed leftsided arm and upper leg pain during breakfast and presented to Student Health.

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Page 1: Sickle Cell Disease in Athletes - UK HealthCare CECentral - sickle cell.pdf · • Sickle cell anemia ... • Able to talk at first ... • May provide records or opt out/sign a release

5/12/2014

1

Sickle Cell Disease in Athletes

UK Sports Medicine Symposium

Royce Moore, MD

5/16/14

Objectives

• Be familiar with the classification, diagnosis, and complications of sickle cell disease/trait.

• Be equipped to guide the management of sickle cell disease/trait in athletes.

Case Study

• In January, a 22 y/o collegiate football athlete with known sickle cell disease competed in morning conditioning drills at 6 am.

• He developed left‐sided arm and upper leg pain during breakfast and presented to Student Health.

Page 2: Sickle Cell Disease in Athletes - UK HealthCare CECentral - sickle cell.pdf · • Sickle cell anemia ... • Able to talk at first ... • May provide records or opt out/sign a release

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Case Study

• EMS was contacted immediately and the athlete was transported by ambulance to the nearest Emergency Department due to concern for sickle cell crisis.

Case Study

• Intravenous fluid resuscitation was initiated in the ED and hydromorphone was given as needed for pain.

• Admitted to the hospital for further work‐up and management.

History

• Past Medical History– Sickle cell disease

• Initial crisis at 5 years old; most recent crisis 1 year prior

• Surgical History– None

• Medications– Folic acid, Multivitamin

• Allergies– None

• Family History – Father and mother in good health

• Social History– Student athlete originally from Amsterdam, Netherlands– No smoking history or illicit drug use

Page 3: Sickle Cell Disease in Athletes - UK HealthCare CECentral - sickle cell.pdf · • Sickle cell anemia ... • Able to talk at first ... • May provide records or opt out/sign a release

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Physical Examination

• VITALS: T 97.8, P 96, RR 20, BP 126/80, spO2 99%

• GENERAL: Well‐developed. No acute distress.

• HEART: Regular rate and rhythm, no murmurs.

• LUNGS: Clear to auscultation bilaterally.

• ABDOMEN: Normal bowel sounds, non‐tender.

• SHOULDERS: Tender to palpation over distal biceps and triceps, pain with resisted elbow flexion/extension. Otherwise, normal.

• HIPS: Tender to palpation over greater trochanterand lateral quadriceps. Otherwise, normal.

Differential Diagnosis

• Complication of sickle cell disease

– Sickle cell pain crisis

– Exertional rhabdomyolysis

– Splenic infarct

• Unrelated musculoskeletal issue

– Muscle strain/contusion

• Medical issue

– Referred pain (angina, pulmonary embolus)

Labs on admission

• WBC 11 (87% neutrophils)

• Platelets 182

• Hemoglobin 11.6 

• Hematocrit 34.2

• Reticulocyte count 4.1

• CMP within normal limits

• Cardiac enzymes negative (CK 228) (normal <308)

• ABG within normal limits (lactate 0.33) (nl <1.25)

• Urinalysis and toxicology screen negative

Page 4: Sickle Cell Disease in Athletes - UK HealthCare CECentral - sickle cell.pdf · • Sickle cell anemia ... • Able to talk at first ... • May provide records or opt out/sign a release

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Additional diagnostics

• Imaging

– Chest x‐ray (2 views): No acute process

– CT Chest: Bibasilar atelectasis

– Shoulder films (2 views): Unremarkable

– Pelvis films (2 views): Unremarkable

– Repeat CXR (1 view): Mild pulmonary edema

• Cardiac work‐up

– Electrocardiogram: Normal sinus rhythm

– Transthoracic echocardiogram: Unremarkable

Additional labs

• Hemoglobin electrophoresis

– Hemoglobin S: 49.8%

– Hemoglobin C: 43.9%

– Hemoglobin A2: 4.9%

– Hemoglobin F: 1.4%

• Diagnosis: Hemoglobin SC disease

Management

• Sickle cell pain crisis

– 5‐day hospital stay for hydration and pain control

• IV fluid resuscitation

• Patient‐controlled analgesia (hydromorphone)

– Transitioned to Celecoxib, cyclobenzaprine, and oxycodone for pain on discharge

– Developed cough during admission—discharged on guaifenesin and cefdinir

– Follow‐up arranged in Hematology clinic

Page 5: Sickle Cell Disease in Athletes - UK HealthCare CECentral - sickle cell.pdf · • Sickle cell anemia ... • Able to talk at first ... • May provide records or opt out/sign a release

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Return to Play

• On discharge, the athlete was instructed to rest until complete resolution of symptoms

• Two weeks later, he continued to have a cough and was placed on additional antibiotics

• Two weeks later, the cough resolved and the athlete was cleared to gradually progress activities, starting with light conditioning

• He progressed over the course of four weeks to full participation.

Return to Play

• Two weeks later, he decided to retire from football and move back home to Amsterdam

• The athlete cited difficulty with spring work‐outs, expense of school, and homesickness as major factors in this decision

Questions

• What is the difference between sickle cell disease (SCD) and sickle cell trait (SCT)?

• What can go wrong with these athletes?

• How are athletes with SCD or SCT identified?

• What prevention strategies are in place?

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Sickle Cell Disease

• Terminology

• Epidemiology

• Complications

• Screening/Diagnosis

• Management

• Return to play

Sickle Cell Disease

• Normal adult hemoglobin– 2 α + 2 β = Hb A tetramer

• Hemoglobin S– Mutation in the beta‐globin chain Poorly soluble hemoglobin, which forms long, inflexible chains when deoxygenated

– Inflexible hemoglobin chains Stiff & sticky (sickle) red blood cells

– Sickle cells logjam in small vessels Compromise blood supply

Question

• What is the difference between SCD and SCT?

Page 7: Sickle Cell Disease in Athletes - UK HealthCare CECentral - sickle cell.pdf · • Sickle cell anemia ... • Able to talk at first ... • May provide records or opt out/sign a release

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Question

• What is the difference between SCD and SCT?

Genotype

• Sickle cell disease

– All conditions associated with sickling

• Sickle cell anemia (Hb SS)

– Homozygous for hemoglobin S 

• Hemoglobin SC disease (Hb SC)

– Hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C (typically 50:50)

• Sickle cell trait (Hb AS)

– Hemoglobin A and hemoglobin S (typically 60:40)

Phenotype

• Sickle cell anemia (SCA)– Numerous complications; rarely compete in sports

• Most common complication is pain crisis (0.8 per year)• Anemia, infection, stroke, CVD, renal disease, leg ulcer, priapism• Life expectancy: 45 years

– No reported cases in NCAA athletes 

• Hemoglobin SC disease – Less severe than SCA; more severe than SCT

• Most common complication is pain crisis (0.4 per year)• At risk for same complications above—much less common• Life expectancy: 64 years

– Four reported cases in NCAA athletes• All eventually retired due to complications 

• Sickle cell trait– “Not a disease;” athletes compete in sports with few complications– Roughly 2,000 current NCAA athletes 

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Epidemiology

• Sickle cell gene is most common in Africa, India, the Middle East, and Mediterranean countries– Malarial distribution

– Frequency of sickle cell gene: 4%

– SCA = 0.2%; SCT = 8% 

• SCT: 300 million people worldwide, 3 million U.S.– 8‐10% of African Americans

– 0.5% of Hispanics

– 0.2% of Whites

• SCT does not alter life expectancy

Question

• What can go wrong with these athletes?

Complications of SCT

• Gross hematuria

• Venous thromboembolism

• Splenic infarction

• Exertional collapse

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Gross hematuria

• Results from sickling deep in the renal medulla

– Initial therapy is relative rest and hydration

• Typically resolves within two weeks

Venous thromboembolism

• Studies conflict on the relative risk of VTE in athletes with SCT compared to those without 

– Range from 1.5‐4 times relative risk

– Monitor athletes with immobilizing injuries for deep venous thrombosis

• Especially those taking oral contraceptives

Splenic infarction

• Hypoxic splenic sickling infarct, typically at altitude– Ryan Clark

• Splenic infarction in Denver in 2007• Splenectomy and cholecystectomy were done• Out for the rest of the season• Held out of games in Denver thereafter

• Most cases occur with mild to moderate activity– Consider oxygen for long flights/road trips to altitude

• One case series documented 30 of 50 cases occurred in non‐black persons– Think of SCT splenic infarction in anyone who develops left lower chest pain while at altitude

– Diagnosed early, it responds to conservative therapy, including descent

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Exertional collapse

• NCAA Division‐1 football – 16 deaths from 2000‐2010

• All from conditioning; zero from practice/play

• 10 (63%) attributed to exertional sickling

– SCT independent risk factor• Black athletes with SCT 37 times more likely to experience exertional death than those without SCT

• Military recruits– SCT independent risk factor

• Black recruits with SCT 30 times more likely to experience exertional death than those without SCT

Exertional collapse

• Perfect storm of undue exercise intensity, sustained for at least a few minutes, and a heroic effort beyond the physical limits of an athlete on any given day.

– Intense exertion  Hypoxemia  Sickling

– Sickle cells Muscular ischemia  Rhabdomyolysis

• Deaths are largely due to rhabdomyolysis

– Acute renal failure

– Hyperkalemia

– Fatal arrhythmias

Exertional collapse

• Dale Lloyd– Freshman football athlete

– Collapsed after a conditioning run• 16 successive 100 yard sprints

• Lagged behind on final sprints

• Shortness of breath and weakness after work‐out 

• Initially alert; lethargic within 10 minutes

– Received IV fluids in training room, then lost consciousness and was rushed to the hospital

– Profound lactic acidosis and rhabdomyolysis

– Died 15 hours after collapse from hyperkalemia and fatal arrhythmia

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Exertional collapse

• Typical Presentation

– Unlike cardiac arrest

• Able to talk at first

– Unlike heat illness

• Slumps to the ground

• Weakness > Pain

• Muscles “normal”—not tight or cramping

• Normal temperature

– Unlike asthma

• Tachypnea due to lactic acidosis; no wheezing

Question

• How are athletes with SCD or SCT identified?

Screening/Diagnosis

• NCAA Mandate

– All NCAA athletes are required to be screened

• May provide records or opt out/sign a release

• Tests

– Solubility test (Sickledex)

• 98.4 ‐ 98.9% sensitive, 100% specific

• If positive, proceed to confirmatory test

– Hemoglobin electrophoresis

• Gold standard

Page 12: Sickle Cell Disease in Athletes - UK HealthCare CECentral - sickle cell.pdf · • Sickle cell anemia ... • Able to talk at first ... • May provide records or opt out/sign a release

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Questions

• What prevention strategies are in place?

Prevention

• Athletes with SCT should train consciously…

– Set their own pace

– Engage in a slow and gradual preseason conditioning regimen

– Build up slowly while training, allowing adequate rest and recovery between repetitions

– Be excused from performance tests such as serial sprints or timed mile runs, avoiding all‐out exertion beyond 2‐3 minutes without a break

– Access supplemental oxygen at altitude as needed

Prevention

• Athletes with SCT should train cautiously…

– Stay well hydrated at all times, especially in hot and humid conditions

– Maintain proper asthma management

– Refrain from extreme exercise during acute illness

– Stop activity immediately upon struggling or experiencing symptoms such as muscle pain, weakness, undue fatigue, or breathlessness

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Management

• In the event of a sickling collapse…

– Be prepared with an Emergency Action Plan 

– Check vital signs

– Administer oxygen

– Cool the athlete if necessary

– If obtunded, call 911, attach AED, start IV, and transport the athlete to the ED

– Tell receiving hospital to expect rhabdomyolysis

Management

Return to play

• Limited evidence supports recommendations

– Once the athlete is asymptomatic at rest and has normal end‐organ function, re‐visit precautions for safe participation.

– If the athlete desires to resume activity, allow a gradual supervised return to activity as tolerated.

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Conclusions

• What is the difference between SCD and SCT?– SCT is the most common form of SCD we will encounter (300 million worldwide; 3 million in the U.S.)

• What can go wrong with these athletes?– Most common complication is exertional rhabdomyolysis

• How are athletes with SCD or SCT identified?– Screening is mandatory at all NCAA levels

– If positive, confirmatory testing is required

• What prevention strategies are in place?– Educate athletes to train consciously and cautiously

– Be prepared with Emergency Action Plan for complications

References1. Brukner, Peter; Kahn, Karim.  Brukner and Kahn’s Clinical Sports Medicine, 4th Edition.  2012.

2. Eichner ER. American Society of Hematology opposes sickle cell trait screening: a voice from left field. Curr Sports Med Rev. 2012 May‐Jun;11(3):106‐8. 

3. Eichner,ER. Sickle cell considerations in athletes. Clin Sports Med. 2011 Jul; 30(3): 537‐49.

4. Eichner ER. Sickle cell trait in sports. 

5. Harmon KG, et al. Sickle cell trait associated with a RR of death of 37 times in National Collegiate Athletic Association football athletes: a database with 2 million athlete‐years as the denominator. Br J Sports Med. 2012 Apr;46(5):325‐30.

6. NATA. Consensus Statement: Sickle Cell Trait and the Athlete. 2007.

7. NCAA Handbook, 2013‐2014: 93‐95.

8. O'Connor FG, et al. ACSM and CHAMP summit on sickle cell trait: mitigating risks for warfighters and athletes. Med SciSports Exerc. 2012 Nov;44(11):2045‐56. 

9. O’Connor FG, et al. Sickle cell trait: what’s a sports medicine clinician to think? Br J Sports Med. 2013 Jul;47(11):667‐8. 

10. Tarini BA, et al. A policy impact analysis of the mandatory NCAA sickle cell trait screening program. Health Serv Res. 2012 Feb;47(1 Pt 2):446‐61. 

11. Thompson AA. Sickle cell trait testing and athletic participation: a solution in search of a problem? Hematology Am SocHematol Educ Program. 2013;2013:632‐7. 

12. UpToDate. Variant sickle cell syndromes.

Questions?