sieve analysis of aggregate c 136

8/13/2019 Sieve Analysis of Aggregate C 136

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Standard Method of Test

for 4CTb

1. SCOPE

Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates

AASHTO DESIGNATION:T 27-99l

(ASTM DESIGNATION:C 136-96a)

1.1 This m ethod covers the determi-nation of the particle size distribution offine and coarse aggregates by sieving.

1.2 Some specifications for aggre-gates which reference this method con-

tain grading requirements including bothcoarse and fine fractions. Instructions areincluded for sieve analys is of suc h aggre-gates.

1.3 The values stated in S I units areto be regarded a s the standard. The valuesin parentheses are provided for informa-tion purposes only. Specification M 92designates the size of sieve frames withinch units as standard, but in this testmethod the frame size is designated inSI units exactly equivalent to the inchunits.

1.4 This standard may involve haz-ardous materials, operations, and equip-ment. This standard does not purportto address all of the safety problemsassociated with its use. Itis the responsi-bility of whoever uses this standard toconsult and establish appropriate safetyand health practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory regulationsprior to use.

2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

2.1 AASHTO Standards:M 92 Wire-Cloth Sieves for

M 231 Weighing DevicesTesting Purposes

Used in the Testingof Materials

R 1 Use of the Interna-tional System of Units

T 2 Sampling of Aggre-gates

' Except for Sections 6.1. 7.7. 8.1, and 8.4, this testmethod is identical to ASTM C 136-96a.

32

2.2

T 11 Materials Finer than75-pm (No. 200)Sieve in Mineral Ag-gregates by Washing

T 248 Reducin g Sam ples ofAggregate to TestingSize

ASTM Standards:C 125 Terminology Relatingto Concrete and Con-crete Aggregates

C 670 Practice for P reparingPrecision and BiasStatements for TestMethods for Construc-tion M aterials

3. TERMINOLOGY

3.1 Definitions-For definitions ofterns used in t i i s standard, refer to

STM C 125.

4. SUMMARY OF METHOD

4.1 A sample of ry aggregate ofknown mass is separated through a seriesof sieves of progressively smaller open-ings for determination of particle sizedistribution.

5. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE

5.1 This method is used primarilyto determine the grading of materialsproposed for use as aggregates or beingused as aggregates. The resultsare usedto determine compliance of the particlesize distribution with applicable specifi-cation requirements and to provide nec-essary data for control of the productionof various aggregate products and mix-tures containing aggregates. The datamay also be useful in developing rela-

tionships concerning porosity andpacking.

5.2 Accura te determination of mate-ria finer than the 7 5-pm (No. 200) sievecannot be ach ieved by use of this methodalone. Test Method T 11 for materialfiner than 75-pm sieve by washingshould be employed.

6. APPARATUS

6.1 Balance-The balance shallhave sufficient capacity, be readable toO 1 percent of the samp le mass, or better,and conform to the requirements of M231.

6.2 Sieves-The sieve cloth shall bemounted on substantial frames con-structed in a manner that will preventloss of material during sieving. The sieve

cloth and standard sieve frames shallconform to the requirements of M 92.Nonstandard sieve frames shall conformto the requirements of M 92 as appli-cable.

NOTE 1-It is recommended that sievesmounted in frames larger than standard 203.2mm (8 in.) diameter be used for testing coarseaggregate to reduce the possibility of over-loading the sieves. See Section 8.3.

6.3 Mechanical Sieve Shaker-Amechanical sieving device, if used, shallcreate motion of the sieves to cause theparticles to bounce, tumble,or otherwiseturn so as to presen t different orientationsto the sieving surface. Th e sieving actionshall be such that the criterion for ade-quacy of sieving described in Section8.4 is met in a reasonable time period.

NOTE 2-Use of a mechanical sieveshaker is recommended when the size of thesample is 20 kg or greater, and may be usedfor smaller samples, including fine aggregate.Excessive time (more than approximately 10

right American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officialsded by IHS under license with AASHTO Licensee=Purdue University/5923082001

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T 27 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING 33

minutes) to achieve adequate sieving mayresult in degradation of the sample. The samemechanical sieve shaker may not be practicalfor all sizes of samples, since the large sievingarea needed for practical sieving of a largenominal size coarse aggregate very likelycould result in loss of a portion of the sampleif used for a smaller sample of coarse aggre-gate or fine aggregate.

6.4 Oven-An oven of appro priatesize capable of maintaining a uniformtemperature of 110 5C (230 9F).

7. SAMPLING

7.1 Sample the aggregate in accor-dance with T 2. The mass of the fieldsample shall be the mass shown inT 2or four times the mass required in Sec-tions 7.4 and 7.5 (except as modified inSection 7.6), whichever is greater.

7.2 Thoroughly mix the sample andreduce itto an amount suitable for testingusing the applicable procedures de-scribed in T 248. The sample for testshall be approximately of the mass de-sired when dry and shall be the end resultof the reduction. Reduction to an exactpredetermine d mass shallnot be per-mitted.

NOTE 3-Where sieve analysis, including

determination of material finer than the 75-km (No. 200) sieve, is the only testing pro-posed, the size of the sample may be reducedin the field to avoid shipping excessive quan-tities of extra material to the laboratory.

7.3 Fine Aggregate-The size of thetest sam ple of aggreg ate, after drying,shall be 300 g minimum.

7.4 Coa rse Aggregate-The mass ofthe test sample of coarse aggregate shallconform with the following:

Nominal Maximum

Size SquareOpenings,mm (in.)

9.5 3/*)12.5 I/*)19.025.0 1)37.5 i l / ? )50 2)63 (2 /?)75 ( 3 )90 ( 3 / ? )

100 4)125 ( 5 )

Minimum Massof Test Sample,kg lb)

1 2)2 4)5 11)

10 (22)15 ( 3 3 )20 44)35 77)

100 220)60 130)

150 ( 3 3 0 )300 (660)

7.5 Coarse and Fine AggregatesMixtures-The mass of the test sam pleof coarse and fine aggregate mixturesshall be the sam e as for coarse aggregatein Section 7.4.

7.6 Samples of Large Size CoarseAggregate-The size of sam ple requiredfor a ggregate with50-mm nominal maxi-mum size or larger is such as to precludeconvenient sample reduction and testingas a unit except with large mechanicalsplitters and sieve shakers.As an optionwhen such equipment is not available,instead of combin ing and mixing sampleincrements and then reducing the fieldsample to testing size, conduct the sieveanalysis on a number of approximatelyequal sample increments such that thetotal mass tested co nforms to the require-ments of Section 7.4.

7.7 In the event that the amount ofmaterial finer than the 7 5- km (No.200)sieve is to be determined by T 11, usethe procedure described in S ection 7.7.1or 7.7.2, whichever is applicable.

7.7.1 For a ggregates witha nominalmaximum size of 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) orless, use the same test sample for testingby T 11 and this method. First test thesample in acc ordance withT 11 throughthe final drying operation, then dry sievethe sam ple as stipulated in Sections 8.2through 8.7 of this method.

7.7.2 For agg regates with a nominalmaximum size greater than 12.5mm

in.), a single test sample may beused as described in Section 7.7.1 orsepa rate test sam ples may be used forT 11 and this method.

8. PROCEDURE

8.1 If the test sample has not beensubjected to testing by T 11, dry it toconstant mass at a tem perature of 110+_ 5 C (230 ? 9F) and determine themass of it to the nearest 0.1 percent ofthe total original dry sample mass.

NOTE 4-For control purposes, particu-larly where rapid results are desired, it isgenerally not necessary to dry coarse aggre-gate for the sieve analysis test. The resultsare little affected by the moisture contentunless 1) the nominal maximum size issmaller than about 12.5 mm I / * in.), 2) thecoarse aggregate contains appreciable mate-rial finer than 4.75 mm (No. 4 , or 3) thecoarse aggregate is highly absorptive (a light-

weight aggregate, for example). Also, samplesmay be dried at the higher temperature associ-ated with the use of hot plates without affect-ing results, provided steam escapes withoutgenerating pressures sufficient to fracture theparticles, and temperatures are not so greatas to cause chemical breakdown of the aggre-gate.

8.2 Sele ct sieves with suitable open-ings to furnish the information requiredby the specifications covering the mate-rial to be tested. Use additional sievesas desired or necessary to provide otherinformation, such as fineness modulus,or to regulate the amount of materialon a sieve. Nest the sieves in order ofdecreasing size of opening from toptobottom and place the sample, or portionof the sample if it is to be sieved inmore than one increment, on the topsieve. Agitate the sieves by hand or bymechanical apparatus for a sufficient pe-riod, established by trial or checked bymeasurement on the actual test sample,to meet the criterion for adequacy ofsieving d escribed in Section 8.4.

8.3 Limit the qu antity of material ona given sieve so that all particles haveopportunity to reach sieve openings anumber of times durin g the sieving oper-ation. For sieves with openings smallerthan 4.75-mm (No. 4), the quantity re-tained on any sieve at the completion of

the sieving operation shall not exceed 7kg/m2 (4 g/in.*) of sieving surface area(Note 5). For sieves with openings 4.75mm (No. 4) and larger, the quantity re-tained in kg shall not exceed the productof 2.5 X (sieve open ing,mm x (effec-tive siev ing area, m2)) . This qua ntity isshown in Table 1 for five sieve-framedim ensio ns in comm on use. In no caseshall the quantit y retained beso great asto cause permanent deformation of thesieve cloth.

Prevent an overload of m aterial

on an individual sieve by one of thefollowing methods:8.3.1.1 Insert an additional sieve

with opening size intermediate betweenthe sieve that may be overloaded andthe sieve immediately above that sievein the original set of sieves.

Split the sample into two ormore portions, sieving each portion indi-vidually. Combine the ma sses of thesev-eral portions retained on a specific sievebefore calcu lating the percentage of thesample on the sieve.

8.3.1

8.3.1.2



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34 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING T 27

TABLE 1 Maximum Allowable Quantity of Material Retained on a Sieve, kg

Nominal Dimensions of SieveA9 i p v e._.-

opening ize, 203.2-mm 254-mm 304 .8-III~ 350 by 350 372 by 580dia dia diaB mm mm

Sievine Area. m2

0.0285 0.0457 0.0670 O 1225 0.2158

1251O09075635

37.525.019.012.59.54.75

cc

c

3.62.71.81.40.890.670.33

cC

8.67.25.74.32.92.21.41.10.54

c

15.112.610.68.46.34.23.22.11.60.80

30.627.623.019.315.311.57.75.83.82.91.5

67.453.948.540.534.027.020.213.510.26.75.12.6

A Sieve frame dimensions in inch units: 8.0411. diameter: 10.0-in. diameter: 12.0-in. diameter: 13.8 by 13.8 in.(14 by 14 in. nominal): 14.6 by 22.8 in. (16 by 24 in. nominal).

The sieve area for round sieve frames is based on an effective diameter 12.7 mm ( in.) less than the nominalframe diameter, because Specification M92 permits the sealer between the sieve cloth and the frame to extend6.35 mm ( n.) over the sieve cloth. Thus the effective sieving diameter for a 203.2-mm (8.0-in.) diameter sieveframe is 190.5 mm (7.5 in.). Some manufacturers of sieves may not infringe on the sieve cloth by the full 6.35mm Y4n.).

Sieves indicated have less than five full openings and should not be used for sieve testing except as providedin 8.6

8.3.1.3 Use sieves having a largerframe size and providing greater sievingarea.

NOTE 5-The 7 kg/m2 amounts to 200g for the usual 203.2-mm (8-in.) diametersieve (with effective sieving surfacediameterof 190.5 mm (7.5 in.)).

8.4 Continue sieving for a sufficientperiod and in such manner that, aftercompletion, not more than0.5 percentby mass of the total sample passes anysieve during 1 minute of continuous handsieving performed as follows: Hold theindividual sieve, provided with a snug-fitting pan and cover, in a slightly in-clined position in one hand. Strike theside of the sieve sharply and with anupward motion against the heel of theother hand at the rate of abou t 15 0 timesper minute, turn the sieve about one-sixth of a revolution at intervals of abou t25 stro kes. In de termining sufficiency ofsieving for sizes larger than the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, limit the material onthe sieve to a single layer of particles.If the size of the mounted testing sievesmakes the described sieving motion im-practical, use 203.2-mm (8-in.) diametersieves to verify the sufficiency ofsieving.

8.5 In the case of coarse and fineaggregate mixtures, the portion of thesample finer than the 4.75mm No. 4)sieve may be distributed among two ormore sets of sieves to prevent overload-

ing of individual sieves.8.5.1 Alternatively, the portion finerthan the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve may bereduced in size using a m echanical split-ter according toT 248. If this procedureis followed, compute the mass of eachsize increment of the original sample asfollows:

WA = X B

w

where:

A=

mass of size increment on totalsample basis,W , = mass of fraction finer than 4.75-

mm (No.4) sieve in total sample,W , = mass of reduced portion of mate-

rial finer than 4.75-mm (No. 4)sieve actually sieved, and

B = mass of size increment in re-uuced pertien sieved.

8.6 Unless a m echanical sieve shakeris used, hand sieve particles larger than75 mm (3 in.) by determining the smallestsieve opening through which each parti-

cle will pass. Start the test on the sma llestsieve to be used. Rotate the particles, ifnecessary , in order to determ ine whetherthey will pass through a particular open-ing; however, do not force particles topass through an opening.

8.7 Determine the mass of each sizeincrement by weighing on a scaleor bal-ance conforming to the requirementsspecified in Section 6.1 to the nearestO 1percent of the total original dry samplemass. The total m ass of the ma terial aftersieving should check closely with origi-nal mass of sample placed on the siev es.If the amounts differ by more than 0.3percent, based on the original dry samplemass, the results should not be used foracceptance purposes.

8.8 If the sam ple has previously beentested by T 11, add the mass finer thanthe 75-pm No. 200) sieve determined bythat method to the mass passing the 75-p m (No. 200) sieve by ry sieving of thesame sam ple in this method.

9. CALCULATION

9.1 Calculate percentages passing,total percentage s retained, or percentagesin various size fractions to the nearestO 1percent on the basis of the total mass ofthe initial ry sample. If the same testsample was first tested byT 11, includethe mass of material finer than 75-pm(No. 200) sieve by washing in the sieveanalysis calculation; and use the total drysample mass prior to washing in T11 asthe basis for calculating all the percent-ages.

9.1.1 When sample increments aretested as prov ided in Sec tion 7.6, total themasses of the portion of the incrementsretained on each sieve, and use thesemasses to calculate the percentage as inSection 9.1.

9.2 Calculate the fineness modulus,when required, by adding the total per-centage s of m aterial in the sam ple that iscoarser than eachof the followin g sieves(cumulative percentages retained), anddividing the sum by 100; 150 pm NO.loo), 300 pm (No. 50),600 pm (No. 3i1.18 mm (No. 16), 2.36 mm (No. 8), 4.75mm (No. 4), 9.5 mm (3/s-in.), 19.0 mm(3/4-in.), 37.5 m m (l /*-in .), and larger,increasing the ratio of 2 to 1.


Not for Resale 09/10/2007 13:53:04 MDTproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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T 27 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING 35

TABLE 2 Precision 10. REPORTAcceptable

Standard Range ofTotal Percentage of Deviation Two Results

Material Passing (ls), %A (d2s), A

C o ar s e A g g r e g a w B

Single-operator < 100 395 0.32 0.9precision


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6 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING T27

of total percentage of aggregate passinga sieve.

The precision values for fineaggregate in Table 2 are based on nomi-nal 500-g test samples. Revision ofASTM 136 in 1994 permitted the fineaggregate test sample size to be300 gminimum. Analysis of resultsof testingof 300-g and 500-g test samples from

11.1.1

Aggregate Proficiency Test Samples99and 100 (Samples 99 and 100 were essentially identical) produced the preci-sion values in Table 3, which indicateonly minor differences due to test samp lesize.

NOTE 6-The values for fine aggregatein Table 2 will he revised to reflect the 300-

g test sample size when a sufficient numberof Aggregate Proficiency Tests have beenconducted using that sample size to providereliable data.

11.2 Bias-Since there is no ac-cepted reference m aterial suitable for de-termining the bias in this test method,no statement on bias is made.



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sieve analysis of aggregate c 136

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