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Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent
Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Authors:
Ahilan Selladurai, P.E., S.E
Bob Fish, P.E.,S.E
SESSION-8B
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Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
OUTLINE
Geometry & Cost Comparison ASD/LRFD
LRFD Design Method – Strength & Service
LRFD Design Method – Seismic
Limitations on Design Approach
Summary of AASHTO LRFD Changes 2007-2014
Conclusion
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OUTLINE
Geometry & Cost Comparison ASD/LRFD
LRFD Design Method – Strength & Service
LRFD Design Method – Seismic
Limitations on Design Approach
Summary of AASHTO LRFD Changes 2007-2014
Conclusion
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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CALTRANS TYPICAL LOAD CASES
Live Load Surcharge
Load Case-1
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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CALTRANS TYPICAL LOAD CASES
40 ft Max
2:1 Slope
Live Load Surcharge
Live Load Surcharge
Live Load Surcharge
Load Case-2 (2010)
Load Case-2 (2006)
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Load Case-1
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CALTRANS TYPICAL LOAD CASES
5 ft
40 ft Max
1.5:1 Slope
2:1 Slope
Live Load Surcharge
Live Load Surcharge
Live Load Surcharge
Load Case-1
Load Case-3
Load Case-2 (2010)
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Load Case-2 (2006)
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CALTRANS STD PLANS 2006
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
CALTRANS STD PLANS 2010
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GEOMETRY COMPARISION CALTRANS STD PLANS 2006 vs 2010
Description
CALTRANS STD PLAN
2006All Load Cases
2010Load Case-1
2010Load Case-2
2010Load Case-3
H - Height -ft 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00
W -Footing Width -ft 11.00 13.25 21.75 16.50
T -Wall Top -ft 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Batter (1: xx) ½:12 ½:12 5/8:12 ½:12
F -Footing thickness -ft 1.50 1.75 3.33 2.33
C -Toe to Back Face -ft 3.58 4.50 6.75 5.25
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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GEOMETRY COMPARISION ASD/LRFD – CALTRANS STD PLANS 2006 vs 2010
LOAD CASE - 1
LOAD CASE - 2
LOAD CASE - 3
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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QUANTITY & COST COMPARISION ASD/LRFD – CALTRANS STD PLANS 2006 vs 2010
EXCAVATION PER LINEAR FT OF RETAINING WALL
Description
CALTRANS STD PLAN
2006All Load
Cases
2010Load
Case-1
2010Load
Case-2
2010Load
Case-3
Excavation - CY 46.00 58.00 127.00 81.00
Increase - % 0 % 26 % 178 % 76 %
BACKFILL PER LINEAR FT OF RETAINING WALL
Description
CALTRANS STD PLAN
2006All Load
Cases
2010Load
Case-1
2010Load
Case-2
2010Load
Case-3
Backfill - CY 26.00 31.00 50.00 38.00
Increase - % 0 % 20 % 95 % 50 %
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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CONCRETE PER LINEAR FT OF RETAINING WALL
DescriptionCALTRANS STD PLAN
2006All Load Cases
2010Load Case-1
2010Load Case-2
2010Load Case-3
Concrete - CY 237 244 300 260
Increase - % 0 % 3% 27% 10 %
STEEL PER LINEAR FT OF RETAINING WALL
DescriptionCALTRANS STD PLAN
2006All Load Cases
2010Load Case-1
2010Load Case-2
2010Load Case-3
Steel - lbs 304 287 376 330
Increase - % 0 % - 6 % 24 % 9 %
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
QUANTITY & COST COMPARISION ASD/LRFD – CALTRANS STD PLANS 2006 vs 2010
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COST PER LINEAR FT OF RETAINING WALL
Description
CALTRANS STD PLAN
2006All Load Cases
2010Load Case-1
2010Load Case-2
2010Load Case-3
Cost per ft $ 2075 $ 2100 $ 2800 $ 2350
Increase - % 0.00% 2 % 34 % 14 %
Concrete $ 150 /CY
Steel $ 2 /CY
Excavation $ 50 /CY
Backfill $ 75 /CY
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
QUANTITY & COST COMPARISION ASD/LRFD – CALTRANS STD PLANS 2006 vs 2010
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OUTLINE
Geometry & Cost Comparison ASD/LRFD
LRFD Design Method – Strength & Service
LRFD Design Method – Seismic
Limitations on Design Approach
Summary of AASHTO LRFD Changes 2007-2014
Conclusion
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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LRFD DESIGN CRITERIA
a.Loading
b. External Stability
c. Structural Design
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
REF: FHWA-NHI-11-032
SLIDING OVERTURNING BEARING STRUCTURAL
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AASHTO LRFD REQUIRED CHECKS
Service Limit State –Overall Stability, Settlement, Rotation, Deflection,
Structural Service Requirements
Strength Limit State –Bearing, Sliding, Eccentricity & Structural Capacity
Analysis
Extreme Limit State –Overall Stability, Bearing, Sliding, Eccentricity &
Structural
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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CALTRANS REQUIRED CHECKS
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Minimum Analyses for Earth Retaining System Design
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CALTRANS REQUIRED CHECKS
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Service Limit State –Overall Stability, Eccentricity, Settlement, Rotation,
Deflection, & Structural Service Requirements
Strength Limit State –Bearing, Sliding & Structural Capacity Analysis
Extreme Limit State –Overall Stability, Bearing, Sliding, Eccentricity &
Structural Capacity Analysis
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STATIC EARTH PRESSURE
Rankine Theory
Coulomb Theory
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Trial Wedge Method
Best
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SURCHARGE LOAD
Back Face
Uniform LoadPoint Load
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Different in ASD & LRFD
ASD – 2ft Surcharge Always
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AASHTO LOAD COMINATIONS
EH-Max + EV-Max
EH-Max + EV-MinEH-Min + EV-Max
EH-Min + EV-Min
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Different in ASD & LRFD
Big Envelope with Max-Min Factors
Resulted Bigger Geometry
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CALTRANS LOAD COMINATIONS
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Service-I Strength – 1b
Strength – 1a Strength – 1b
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BEARING PRESSURE
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Plastic Soil – For Geotechnical Pressure Evaluation
Triangular Pressure DistributionCritical for Structural Design
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LRFD BEARING CAPACITY -SAMPLE
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
A (3.5 ft, 8.0 ksf)
B (12 ft, 14.0 ksf)
Example: Point B is Critical than Point A
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OUTLINE
Geometry & Cost Comparison ASD/LRFD
LRFD Design Method – Strength & Service
LRFD Design Method – Seismic
Limitations on Design Approach
Summary of AASHTO LRFD Changes 2007-2014
Conclusion
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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SEISMIC EARTH PRESSURE
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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SEISMIC EARTH PRESSURE
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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SEISMIC EARTH PRESSURE vs BACKFILL SLOPE
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
REF: NCHRP Report – NR611
Based on Mononobe-Oakabe (M-O) Equation
Only Cohesion less Soils
Modest Increase with Slope Angle
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TRIAL WEDGE - SEISMIC
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Why Trial Wedge Method?
Broken Slope
Cohesion
Any Geometry
REF: NCHRP Report – NR611
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SEISMIC SOIL PRESSURE APPLICATION
TOTAL SOILPRESSURE
STATIC SOILPRESSURE
SEISMIC ONLY SOILPRESSURE
SEISMIC SOIL PRESSURE APPLICATION
H1
H3
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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OUTLINE
Geometry & Cost Comparison ASD/LRFD
LRFD Design Method – Strength & Service
LRFD Design Method – Seismic
Limitations on Design Approach
Summary of AASHTO LRFD Changes 2007-2014
Conclusion
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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COHESION & IRREGULAR BACKFILL
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Slope Approximation for Irregular Slope
Bells Relationship for Cohesion
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LIMITATION MONONOBE-OKABE EQUATION
The retaining wall is free to yield sufficiently to enable full soil strength or active pressure conditions to be mobilized. If the abutment is rigidly fixed and unable to move, the soil forces will be much higher than those predicted by the Mononobe-Okabe analysis.
The backfill is cohesion-less, with a friction angle
The backfill is unsaturated, so that liquefaction problems will not arise.
KAE is sensitive to changes in the soil friction angle,
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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OUTLINE
Geometry & Cost Comparison ASD/LRFD
LRFD Design Method – Strength & Service
LRFD Design Method – Seismic
Limitations on Design Approach
Summary of AASHTO LRFD Changes 2007-2014
Conclusion
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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ECCENTRICITY LIMITS
AASHTO Service Strength Seismic
2007 NA W/2 Soil3W/4-Rock
Both Soil and Rock2W/3 – EQ=0.0
8W/10 – EQ=1.0
2010 NA W/2 Soil3W/4-Rock
Both Soil and Rock2W/3 – EQ=0.0
8W/10 – EQ=1.0
2012 NA2W/3 Soil
9W/10-Rock
Both Soil and Rock2W/3 – EQ=0.0
8W/10 – EQ=1.0
2014 NA 2W/3 Soil9W/10-Rock
Both Soil and Rock2W/3 – EQ=0.0
8W/10 – EQ=1.0
CALTRANS – SERVICE ONLY – Limit W/6
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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TOTAL SOILPRESSURE
STATIC SOILPRESSURE
SEISMIC ONLY SOILPRESSURE
SEISMIC SOIL PRESSURE APPLICATION
H1
H3
H
SEISMIC LOAD LOCATION
2007AASHTO H1=0.6H
2010 AASHTO H1=0.5H
2012 AASHTO H1=0.33H
2014 AASHTO H1=0.33H
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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SEISMIC INTERTIA FORCE
2012 & 2014 AASHTO ONLY
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Caltrans Criteria
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AGENDA
Geometry & Cost Comparison ASD/LRFD
LRFD Design Method – Strength & Service
LRFD Design Method – Seismic
Limitations on Design Approach
Summary of AASHTO LRFD Changes 2007-2014
Conclusion
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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CONCLUSION
Retaining Wall Geometry has significantly changed because of LRFD Design Criteria compare to ASD
LRFD Design Criteria Constantly changed from 2007 to 2014.
AASHTO significantly reduced Design Requirements in Recent LRFD Codes compare to 2007 LRFD Code.
DOTs’ Issues Interim Memorandums to Amend AASHTO LRFD Requirements.
Few Design Requirements are clear in AASHTO LRFD yet (E.g: Seismic Inertia Force and related load combinations).
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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Department of Transportation, California
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Gary Wang, P.E, Retaining Wall Specialist
Shannon Post, P.E, PMP, Chief , Underground Structures
Kathryn Griswell, PE, MSE Wall Specialist
Nichols Julie, Technical Editor
Ahmad Abdel-Karim, PhD, PE, Vice President
Walt LaFranchi, PE, Department Manager
Zuri Abajian, PE, Engineer
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
Roberto Lacalle, P.E, PMP, Former Chief , U. S.
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DISCLAIMER
Neither AECOM or Authors will not be liable for any direct, indirect, special,
incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use this presentation
materials or any accompanying information..
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria
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Contact Details:
Ahilan Selladurai,
Phone: 916-414-5800 x 6088
Direct: 916-414-1588
E-Mail: [email protected]
Bob Fish,
Phone: 916-414-5800 x 6070
Direct: 916-414-1570
E-Mail: [email protected]
Session-8B: Significant Changes in Design and Construction Cost of Earth Retaining Structures Caused By Recent Changes to AASHTO LRFD Design Criteria