silviculture survey reference - british columbia
TRANSCRIPT
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 1 of 38
Silviculture Survey Reference
1. Office review• Stocking standards (e.g. MSS, TSS, MITD, pref. & acc. species, regen delay)• Map showing standards unit (SU) boundaries• Treatment reports and history (e.g. harvest start date, planting date(s))
2. Walk-through of each stratum• Determine strata boundaries within standards
units• Survey objectives, method and sampling intensity• Site descriptive items• Site index method and species• Inventory leading and second species• Critical limiting factors and initial treatment recommendation• Stand structure (collect layered data?)• Near maximum density? (if so collect countable conifers)
1. Steps to Completing Silviculture Surveys
1. The following changes constitute criteria for stratification:• standards units • age class (20 years or less*)• stocking status • height class (10 m or less*)• leading species • site index (3 m)• species composition >20% • treatment recommendations• crown closure >20%
2. In the spring of 2007 strata size and distribution became specified in regulation.• Reserves and NP areas: 0.25 hectares (mappable**) • SUs less than 1 ha: the entire SUMilestone Surveys• Post-harvest / regeneration / free growing 1 hectare• Mappable Not Free-growing portion of an SU 1 to 2 ha, max. of
5% of the SU NAR* These are MoF inventory minimums. Licensees may choose a lower threshold.**Mappable is defined as a polygon greater than 20 m throughout its length. Areas
that do not meet the stocking obligations less than 20 m from the nearest NSR or NFG area are considered contiguous units.
2. Stratification
3. Natural Resource Region and District CodesCOAST AREA NORTH AREA SOUTH AREA
South Coast Region RSC Northeast Region RNO Cariboo Region RCB
Sunshine Coast District DSC Fort Nelson District DFN 100 Mile House District DMH
Chilliwack District DCK Pease District DPC Quesnel District DQU
Sea to Sky District DSQ Omenica Region ROM Cariboo-Chilcotin District DCC
West Coast Region RWC Mackenzie District DMK Kootenay/Boundary Region RKB
Haida Gwaii District DQC Stuart Nechako District DSN Rocky Mountain District DRM
South Island District DSI Prince George District DPG Selkirk District DSE
Campbell River District DCR Skeena Region RSK Thompson/Okanagan Region RTO
North Island-Central Coast District
DNI Nadina District DND Okanagan/Shuswap District DOS
Coast Mountains District DKM Thompson Rivers District DKA
Skeena-Stikine District DSS Cascades District DCS
3. Data gathering for each stratum• Sufficient to produce accurate results and inventory and silviculture labels• Competing vegetation• Forest health factors
4. Summary of each stratum• Mathematical analysis• Inventory and silviculture labels• Treatment recommendations
5. Reporting of each stratum• Mapping• Data input to RESULTS (directly or via a corporate database)
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 2 of 38
4. History Symbol
5. Stocking and plot factors
Plot Radius (m) 1.78 2.52 2.82 3.99 5.64 7.98 11.28
Plot Area (m2) 10 20 25 50 100 200 500
Plot Multiplier 1000 500 400 200 100 50 20 Trees/ha Trees Per Plot 2500 2.5 5 6.25 12.5 25 50 125 2.15 2400 2.4 4.8 6 12 24 48 120 2.19 2300 2.3 4.6 5.75 11.5 23 46 115 2.24 2200 2.2 4.4 5.5 11 22 44 110 2.29 2100 2.1 4.2 5.25 10.5 21 42 105 2.34 2000 2.0 4 5 10 20 40 100 2.40 1900 1.9 3.8 4.75 9.5 19 38 95 2.47 1800 1.8 3.6 4.5 9 18 36 90 2.53 1700 1.7 3.4 4.25 8.5 17 34 85 2.61 1600 1.6 3.2 4 8 16 32 80 2.69 1500 1.5 3 3.75 7.5 15 30 75 2.77 1400 1.4 2.8 3.5 7 14 28 70 2.87 1300 1.3 2.6 3.25 6.5 13 26 65 2.98 1200 1.2 2.4 3 6 12 24 60 3.10 1100 1.1 2.2 2.75 5.5 11 22 55 3.24 1000 1.0 2 2.5 5 10 20 50 3.40 900 0.9 1.8 2.25 4.5 9 18 45 3.58 800 0.8 1.6 2 4 8 16 40 3.80 700 0.7 1.4 1.75 3.5 7 14 35 4.06 600 0.6 1.2 1.5 3 6 12 30 4.39 500 0.5 1.0 1.25 2.5 5 10 25 4.81 400 0.4 0.8 1 2 4 8 20 5.37 300 0.3 0.6 0.75 1.5 3 6 15 6.20 200 0.2 0.4 0.5 1 2 4 10 7.60 100 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.5 1 2 5 10.74
a Inter-tree distance = 11 547 trees/ha√
Stand TendingF FertilizationH Hack & squirtJ Juvenile spacingM Mistletoe controlP PruningR Conifer releaseS Sanitation spacingT Commercial thinningW Brushing & weeding
DisturbanceB WildfireBE Escaped BurnBG Ground BurnBR Range BurnBW Wildlife BurnD DiseaseF FloodingI InsectK Flume KillL LoggingL% Logging (10% increments)R Site rehabilitationS SlideW Windthrow
Site PreparationB Broadcast burnC ChemicalG Grass seededH Hand preparationRB Range management burnS Spot burnM MechanicalMS Mechanical and spot burnW Windrow
RegenerationP PlantingN Natural
Add the last two digits of the year to the right of the history code.For treatments completed in multiple years add a comma between the years.For treatments roughly continuous over multiple years add a dash between the years.
Triangular spacing inter-tree distancea
(m)
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 3 of 38
6. RESULTS consistent tree species abbreviations
Common name of Scientific name of Species genus/species genus/species symbol
Poplar Populus balsamifera AcBalsam poplar Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera AcbBlack cottonwood Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa ActAspen Populus tremuloides AtPoplar hybrid Populus spp. AxAmabilis fir Abies amabilis BaBalsam fir Abies balsamifera BbGrand fir Abies grandis BgSubalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa BlNobel fir Abies procera BnWestern redcedar Thuja plicata CwRed alder Alnus rubra DrAlaska paper birch Betula neoalaskana EaCommon paper birch Betula papyrifera EpDouglas-fir (coastal) Pseudotsuga menziesii var menziesii FdcDouglas-fir (interior) Pseudotsuga menziesii var glauca FdiMountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana HmWestern hemlock Tsuga heterophylla HwAlpine larch Larix lyallii LaSiberian larch Larix sibirica LsTamarack Larix laricina LtWestern larch Larix occidentalis LwBigleaf maple Acer macrophyllum MbWhitebark pine Pinus albicaulis PaLimber pine Pinus flexilis PfJack pine Pinus banksiana PjLodgepole pine (coastal) Pinus contorta var contorta PlcLodgepole pine (interior) Pinus contorta var latifolia PliRed pine Pinus radiata PrWestern white pine Pinus monticola PwYellow pine Pinus ponderosa PyNorway spruce Picea spp. SaBlack spruce Picea mariana SbEngelmann spruce Picea engelmannii SeSitka spruce Picea sitchensis SsWhite spruce Picea glauca SwSpruce hybrid Picea spp. Sx White x black spruce Picea spp. Sxb Englemann x sitka Picea spp. Sxe White x sitka spruce Picea spp. Sxl Sitka x unknown spruce Picea spp. Sxs White x englemann spruce Picea spp. Sxw White x englemann x sitka spruce Picea spp. SxxBitter cherry Prunus emarginata VbYellow cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Yc
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 4 of 38
7. Surface expression
8. Vegetation Resource Inventory Consistent vegetation abbreviation system (optional)First 4 letters of the genus plus first 3 letters of the species plus a number for variant (if applicable)
aaaa bbb 1If genus is known, but not species, all characters (up to 7) in the genus are used.
Common name Latin name AbbreviationPalmate coltsfoot Petasites palmatus peta palWhite-flowered rhododendron Rhododendron albiflorum rhod albScrub birch Betula glandulosa var. betu gla 1 glandulosa Willow Salix salix
Ridge(s) (R)
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 5 of 38
10. Planting difficulty rating
Infrequent patches of sur-face water, bedrock, etc.
Planting difficulty class: Less than 10 points = easy10–20 points = moderate21–30 points = difficult31+ points = severe
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Vegetation
Fine debris
Thickness of duff or litter
Unplantable areas
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Infrequent grass, herbs and low shrubs
< 5 cm
Scattered logs
10–30%
Infrequent stones or bouldersStoniness
Frequent grass patches, herbs, low shrubs, infre-quent naturals
5– 20 cm Grouped branches and tops, <1 m high, loose arrangementFrequent logs, some grouped and crossed, <1 m high
Frequent stone, boulders or coarse gravel
Occasional compact areas, e.g., landings
0–10%, 30–65%
Continuous grass or oth-er vegetation, naturals, planted trees
>20 cm Piled branches and tops >1 m high or in acontinuous matFrequent logs grouped and crossed, >1 m highContinuous stoney layer and/or frequent boulders, gravel
Definite hardpan or compact layer throughout
Frequent patches >0.2 ha
Coarse debris
Scattered branches and tops
LooseCompaction
Slope Over 65%
Frequent patches <0.2 ha
Site characteristics and points rating
Factors
Circle one point rating in each of the eight factors.
Total = _______ = Planting difficulty rating
9. Guide to slope position
11. Humus form descriptions
Mor • matted F horizon, abrupt transition from organic to mineral soil layers • (slower rate of decomposition)Moder • loosely structured F horizon, gradual transition from organic to mineral soil layers • (medium rate of decomposition)Mull • F and H horizons thin or absent, upper mineral soil layer rich with organics • (faster rate of decomposition)
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 6 of 38
12. Soil hand texturing key
S
S T A R T
PERC
ENT
CLAY
PERCENT SAND
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100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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-
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------
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------
----
HC
SiL
Si
SiC
SiCL CLSCL
SLLS S
L
C
PRINCIPAL AXES OF ACOARSE FRAGMENT
Coarse fragment size is alwaysdetermined along the b-axis.
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a > b > c
ba
FINEFRACTION
Sand (S)Silt (Si)Clay (C)Heavy Clay (HC)Loam (L)
PARTICLEDIAMETER
2 - .05 mm.05 - .002 mm<.002 mm>60% clayMix of sand,silt and clay
COARSEFRAGMENTS
Stones Cobbles Gravels
PARTICLEDIAMETER
>250 mm250 - 75 mm75 - 2 mm
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TASTE TESTSTICKINESS TEST
WORM TESTTASTE TESTWORM TEST
MOISTCASTTEST
MOIST CAST,STICKINESS
TESTS
SiL*
Si* ��▼
SC ------
------
------
------
-
GRAININESS TEST(ORGANIC MATTER TEST)
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------
------
------
-
moderate cast(easily handled)non-sticky tos. sticky(<30% clay)
LS
SANDY LOAMnon-gritty to s. grittynon-sticky to s. stickyworm: variable, none or > 3mm dia.(45 - 85% sand)
SCL
SC
LOAMs. grittyworm: none, or may equal 3 mm dia.(25 - 50% sand)
SiCL
SILTY CLAYs. gritty to grittyworm: strong, 1.5 mm dia.(0 - 20% sand)
v. weak cast(no handling)(<15% clay)
weak cast(carefulhandling)(<20% clay)
v. strong cast(v. easilyhandled)v. sticky(>40% clay)
strong cast(v. easilyhandled)(20 - 55% clay)
strong cast(v. easilyhandled)sticky(30 - 40% clay)
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L
CL
C orHC
SL
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CLAY orHEAVY CLAYnon-gritty to s. grittyworm: strong, 1.5 mm dia.(0 - 45% sand)
SiC
ORGANIC(no texture)
0KEY TO ABBREVIATIONSs. = slightlyv. = verydia. = diameter
>30% organic matter
>50% sandgrainy tov. grainy
<50% sandnon-grainyto s. grainy
forms no cast(<10% clay) ��
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LOAMY SANDnon-gritty to s. grittynon-sticky to s. stickyworm: none(70 - 90% sand)
CLAY LOAMnon-gritty to s. grittyworm: 3 - 1.5 mm dia.(20 - 45% sand)
SILTY CLAYLOAMs. gritty to grittyworm: 3 - 1.5 mm dia.(0 - 20% sand)
SILTv. grittyworm: none, or >3 mmdia.(0 - 20% sand)
SILT LOAMgritty to v. grittyworm: none, or3 mm dia.(0 - 50% sand)
SANDY CLAYLOAMnon-gritty to s. grittys. sticky to stickyworm: 3 mm dia.(45 - 80% sand)
SANDY CLAYnon-grittysticky to v. stickyworm: 3-1.5 mm dia.(45 - 65% sand)
SANDnon-grittynon-stickyworm: none(85 - 100% sand)
FSL*
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FINE SANDYLOAMgritty to v. grittynon-sticky to s. stickyworm: 0 to 3 mm dia.(45-85% fine sand)
moderate cast(easily handled)(<20% clay)
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* Silt feels slippery or soapy when wet; fine sand feels stiffer, like grinding compound or fine sandpaper.
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 7 of 38
a Use dominant soil texture and coarse fragment content of the upper 30 cm of mineral soil to assess compaction hazard. If a pronounced textural change occurs within the upper 30 cm (e.g., silty over sandy soil), then use the more limiting soil texture, provid-ing it amounts to 5 cm of the top 30 cm.
b L = Low; M = Moderate; H = High; VH = Very High.c Use this column for subhygric sites with forest floor H horizons < 20 cm thick.d Use this column for subhygric sites with forest floor H horizons ≥ 20 cm thick.e Organic soils composed of more than 40 cm of wet organic material, or forest floors
>40 cm (including Folisols <40 cm), are susceptible to rutting because their very low load-bearing strength materials make them easy to displace.
Hazard ratingb moisture regime Soil texturea Xeric–subhygricc Subhygricd–subhydric (0–30 cm) (H horizons <20 cm) (H horizons ≥20 cm)Fragmental (coarse fragments >70%) L MCoarse fragments (<70%) Sandy (S, LS) L Sandy loam (SL, fSL) M Silty/loamy (SiL, Si, L) H VHe
Clayey (SCL, CL, SiCL, SC, SiC,C) VH
13. Soil compaction hazard key
14. Number of complete growing seasons suggested as a best management practice following a brushing treatment prior to a free growing survey.
Number of complete
Biogeoclimatic zone growing seasons
ICH, IDF, MS, PP, BG, SBPS, CWH, 2 CDF, MH, and ESSF SBS and BWBS • following herbicide treatment 2
• manually or otherwise treated 3
THIS IS NOT USED FOR TOTAL TREES. Following some vegetation management treatments, broadleaf tree species can sprout from the cut stump. Where
this occurs, the multiple sprouts present are recorded based on the table below. The application of this concept applies to all competitive broadleaf tree species that originate from cut stumps above ground. THIS ONLY APPLIES TO STRATA THAT HAVE HAD ONE OR MORE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT TREATMENTS.
Number of Counted stump sprouts as
1 12–5 26+ 3
15. Post brushing treatment sprout counting
Example:< 4 sprouts counted as 2 4 sprouts counted as 4 >
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 8 of 38
17. Potentially free growing trees
It is the responsibility of the surveyor, during the walk-through, to select and record on the FS 657 card the method used for free growing assessments. The surveyor is directed to select the method that will find the greatest number of free growing stems, the method that is the most beneficial to the licence holder.There are two approved methods to select from:
Silviculture Prescription Standards• complete the survey using the free growing standards as found in the silviculture prescription/site plan.
Free Growing Guideline Method*1 *2
• complete the survey using the free growing standards as found in the silviculture prescription/site plan, except:
• use 100% conifer to brush ratio for herb and shrub species,• add minimum free growing heights from an approved source if they are not already specified in the silviculture prescription/site plan,• apply the concepts of “3/4 brush free quadrants” and “potential free growing” as described below.
*1 Also known as Appendix 9 of the Establishment to Free Growing Guidelines and the “Interim Free Growing Guidelines” and “the quadrant method”.
*2 There are variations to the above for some coastal ecological units and the Interior (Southern Area) **Alternate**.
16. Two Free Growing Methods
Tree 1 = Potential Tree 2 = Potential Tree 3 = Potential
Tree 4 = Free Growing Tree 5 = Not Free Growing Tree 6 = Not Free Growing
C/B Ratio
C/B Ratio
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 9 of 38
18A. COASTAL Vegetation Competition Decision Key for a Free Growing Crop Tree
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 10 of 38
18b. INTERIOR (North Area) Vegetation Competition Decision Key for a Free Growing Crop Tree
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 11 of 38
18c. INTERIOR (South Area) Vegetation Competition Decision Key for a Free Growing Crop Tree
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 12 of 38
18d. INTERIOR (South Area) **ALTERNATE** Vegetation Competition Decision Key for a Free Growing Crop Tree
Only for Williams Lake, Quesnel, and 100 Mile TSAs alternative guidelines for SBPSmk, SBPSdc, SBSdw1, SBSdw2, IDFdk3, and IDFdk1 (only on sites where there has been NO previous brushing or broadleaf tree spacing activity)
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 13 of 38
20. Free growing acceptability guidelines for layer 3 and 4 advanced regeneration
19. Countable conifer principlesThe number of countable conifers need only be assessment where the number of total trees per hectare is in excess of the maximum density for the survey standards unit. a. All silviculture systems except single tree selection; • It is reassessed at each plot. • Determine the median (middle) height of the largest well spaced trees to a maximum of the M value.
Where the median height of the well spaced trees is;<2m, the countable height is 30% of the median well spaced height>2m, the countable height is 50% of the median well spaced height
b. Single tree selection silviculture systems; • all layer 3 conifers are considered countable.
All species: No open (unhealed) injuries; no closed (healed) injuries with a width at the widest point(s), which is greater than 25% of the circumference of the tree at that point; no closed injuries that exceed 10% of the total length of the stem; no stem infection caused by a stem rust or dwarf mistle-toe; no other externally visible pathological indicators including broken top, frost crack, conk, extreme basal sweep or unacceptable forks and crooks (see 23b)
Scars and damage
Height at release
No height limit
Species*
BEC Zones
Cw** Hm, Yc
CWH, CDF, MH, ICH
CWH, CDF, MH, ICH, (Pr. Rup.)
ICH (Other regions)
Sx, Se, Sw
Fdi, LwBa, Bl
All***
Pa, Pli, Py
Hw
All*** (except BWBS)
All***
All***
<0.5m No height limit
Continuous live crown
All species: An acceptable tree has greater than 30% continuous live crown. Continuous live crown is the length of continuous green foliage on a tree expressed as a percentage of its total height. Continuous live crown refers to foliage on adjacent live green branches that forms the main part of the crown of a tree and extends over at least half of the circumference of the tree.
Vigour All species: Evidence of release (i.e., generally good post-harvest height increment) – Increased leader growth is not a requirement for trees in layer three and four in partial cut situations with low basal area removal where the trees remain heavily shaded by layer one and two trees.
* For those species not listed here, the normal free growing acceptability criteria apply. At regeneration delay, consider whether naturals will meet these criteria by free growing. If western white pine (Pw) is to be considered, consult the Pine Stem Rust Management Guidebook.
** Beware of sun scald. If advance regeneration western redcedar is to be used, check for incidence of heart rot.
*** “All” refers to zones where these species are acceptable.
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 14 of 38
21a. Damage agent and condition codes (FS 747 - 2011/10
AN
IMA
L D
AM
AG
E
BEAR
CAT
TLE
D
EER
ELK
H
ARE
OR
RAB
BIT
M
OO
SE
A
AB
AC
AD
AE
AH
AM
DES
CR
IPTI
ON
FIEL
D C
OD
ESD
ESC
RIP
TIO
NFI
ELD
CO
DES
DES
CR
IPTI
ON
FIEL
D C
OD
ES
PI
KA
POR
CU
PIN
E SQ
UIR
REL
VOLE
BIR
DS
BE
AVER
AO
AP
AS
AV
AX
AZ
NO
NB
IOLO
GIC
AL
Aval
anch
e or
snow
slid
e
FIR
E
DR
OU
GH
T
FLO
OD
ING
FRO
ST
Fr
ost c
rack
Fros
t-hea
ved
Shoo
t/bud
fros
t kill
or h
arve
st re
late
d
HAI
L
RO
AD S
ALT
N
NAV
N
B
ND
NF
N
G
NG
C
N
GH
NG
K
N
H
NN
FU
MEK
ILL
LI
GH
TNIN
G
RO
AD S
ALT
R
EDBE
LT
SLID
E
WIN
DTH
RO
W
W
indt
hrow
-soi
l failu
re
W
indt
hrow
-trea
tmen
t
WIN
D S
CAR
RIN
G O
R
RU
BBIN
G
SNO
W, I
CE,
SN
OW
PR
ESS
SUN
SCAL
D
N
K
NL
N
N
N
R
N
S
NW
NW
S
N
WT
N
X
NY
N
Z
DIS
EASE
BRO
OM
RU
STFi
r bro
om ru
st M
elam
psor
ella
car
yoph
ylla
cear
umSp
ruce
bro
om ru
st C
hrys
omyx
a ar
ctos
taph
yli
STEM
DEC
AYS
Whi
te m
ottle
d ro
t Gan
oder
ma
appl
anat
umSu
lfur f
ungu
s La
etip
orus
sul
phur
eus
Rus
t-red
stri
ngy
rot E
chin
odon
tium
tinc
toriu
mBr
own
crum
bly
rot F
omito
psis
pin
icol
aBr
own
cubi
cal b
utt &
poc
ket r
ot o
f ced
ar P
ostia
ser
iceo
mol
lisR
ed ri
ng ro
t Phe
llinus
pin
iBr
own
trunk
rot (
quin
ine
fung
us) F
omito
psis
offi
cina
lisFO
LIAG
E D
ISEA
SES
Wes
tern
pin
e as
ter r
ust C
oleo
spor
ium
ast
erum
D D
B
D
BF
DBS
D
D
D
DA
DD
D
DD
E
D
DF
DD
O
DD
P
D
DQ
D
F
D
FA
D
elph
inel
la ti
p bl
ight
Del
phin
ella
spp
.
Larg
e-sp
ored
spr
uce-
labr
ador
tea
rust
Chr
ysom
yxa
ledi
cola
Sp
ruce
nee
dle
cast
Liru
la m
acro
spor
a
Elyt
rode
rma
need
le a
nd s
hoot
dis
ease
Ely
trode
rma
defo
rman
s
Larc
h ne
edle
blig
ht H
ypod
erm
ella
laric
is
Ph
aeos
epto
ria n
eedl
e ca
st P
haeo
sept
oria
con
torta
e
Pine
nee
dle
cast
Lop
hode
rmel
la c
onco
lor
La
rch
need
le c
ast M
eria
laric
is
Lept
omel
anco
nium
nee
dle
blig
ht L
epto
mel
anco
nium
pin
icol
a
Loph
oder
miu
m n
eedl
e ca
st L
opho
derm
ium
sed
itios
um
Fir-fi
rew
eed
rust
Puc
cini
astru
m e
pilo
bii
D
ougl
as-fi
r nee
dle
cast
Rha
bdoc
line
pseu
dots
ugae
Dot
hist
rom
a (re
d ba
nd) n
eedl
e bl
ight
Myc
osph
aere
lla p
ini
C
edar
leaf
blig
ht D
idym
asce
lla th
ujin
a
Swis
s ne
edle
cas
t Pha
eocr
ypto
pus
gaeu
man
nii
Br
own
felt
blig
ht H
erpo
trich
ia s
pp.
H
ende
rson
ia n
eedl
e ca
st H
ende
rson
ia p
inic
ola
R
hizo
spha
era
need
le c
ast R
hizo
spha
era
kalk
hoffi
iLE
ADER
OR
BR
ANC
H D
IEBA
CKS
D
erm
ea c
anke
r Der
mea
pse
udot
suga
e
Red
flag
dis
ease
Pot
ebni
amyc
es b
alsa
mic
ola
C
onife
r cyt
ospo
ra c
anke
r Leu
cost
oma
kunz
ei
D
iapo
rthe
cank
er D
iapo
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loko
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Sy
dow
ia ti
p di
ebac
k Sc
lero
phom
a pi
thyo
phila
Si
roco
ccus
tip
blig
ht S
iroco
ccus
stro
bilin
usD
WAR
F M
ISTL
ETO
ES
Dou
glas
-fir d
war
f mis
tleto
e Ar
ceut
hobi
um d
ougl
asii
H
emlo
ck d
war
f mis
tleto
e Ar
ceut
hobi
um ts
ugen
se
La
rch
dwar
f mis
tleto
e Ar
ceut
hobi
um la
ricis
Lo
dgep
ole
pine
dw
arf m
istle
toe
Arce
utho
bium
am
eric
anum
RO
OT
DIS
EASE
S
Arm
illaria
root
dis
ease
Arm
illaria
ost
oyae
Blac
ksta
in ro
ot d
isea
se L
epto
grap
hium
wag
ener
i
Lam
inat
ed ro
ot ro
t (ce
dar f
orm
) Phe
llinus
wei
rii
Lam
inat
ed ro
ot ro
t (Fd
form
) Phe
llinus
sul
phur
asce
ns
An
nosu
s ro
ot d
isea
se H
eter
obas
idio
n an
nosu
m
R
hizi
na ro
ot d
isea
se R
hizi
na u
ndul
ata
DFB
D
FC
DFD
D
FE
DFH
D
FJ
DFL
D
FM
DFN
DFO
DFP
DFR
DFS
DFU
DFW
DFX
DFY
DFZ
D
L
D
LD
D
LF
D
LK
D
LP
DLS
D
FT
DM
DM
F
D
MH
D
ML
DM
P
DR
DR
A
D
RB
DR
C
DR
L
D
RN
D
RR
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 15 of 38
21b. Damage agent and condition codes (FS 747 - 2011/10)FI
ELD
CO
DES
DES
CR
IPTI
ON
FIEL
D C
OD
ES
Sc
hwei
nitz
ii bu
tt ro
t Pha
eolu
s sc
hwei
nitz
ii
To
men
tosu
s ro
ot ro
t Ino
notu
s to
men
tosu
s
STEM
DIS
EASE
(CAN
KER
OR
RU
ST)
Atro
pellis
can
ker A
trope
llis p
inip
hila
Whi
te p
ine
blis
ter r
ust C
rona
rtium
ribi
cola
Com
andr
a bl
iste
r rus
t Cro
narti
um c
oman
drae
Elyt
rode
rma
need
le a
nd s
hoot
dis
ease
Ely
trode
rma
defo
rman
s
W
este
rn g
all r
ust E
ndoc
rona
rtium
har
knes
sii
Stal
actif
orm
blis
ter r
ust C
rona
rtium
col
eosp
orio
ides
DR
S
D
RT
D
S
D
SA
DSB
D
SC
DFE
D
SG
DSS
Wes
tern
hem
lock
loop
er L
ambd
ina
fisce
llaria
lugu
bros
a
La
rch
saw
fly P
ristip
hora
eric
hson
ii
C
onife
r saw
flies
Neo
dipr
ion
spp.
Dou
glas
-fir t
usso
ck m
oth
Org
yia
pseu
dots
ugat
a
Va
riega
ted
cutw
orm
Per
idro
ma
sauc
ia
W
este
rn s
pruc
e bu
dwor
m C
horis
tone
ura
occi
dent
alis
Wes
tern
fals
e he
mlo
ck lo
oper
Nep
ytia
free
man
i
SHO
OT
AND
STE
M IN
SEC
TS
W
este
rn c
edar
bor
er T
rach
ykel
e bl
onde
li
Eu
rope
an p
ine
shoo
t mot
h R
hyac
onia
buo
liana
G
outy
pitc
h m
idge
Cec
idom
yia
pini
inop
is
Pi
tch
nodu
le m
oths
Pet
rova
spp
.
W
este
rn p
ine
shoo
t bor
er E
ucos
ma
sono
man
a
Se
quoi
a pi
tch
mot
h Sy
nant
hedo
n se
quoi
ae
WEE
VILS
Con
ifer s
eedl
ing
wee
vil S
tere
mni
us c
arin
atus
Mag
dalis
sp.
Lodg
epol
e pi
ne te
rmin
al w
eevi
l Pis
sode
s te
rmin
alis
W
hite
pin
e w
eevi
l (on
spr
uce)
Pis
sode
s st
robi
W
arre
n's
root
col
lar w
eevi
l Hyl
obiu
s w
arre
ni
Cyl
indr
ocop
turu
s w
eevi
l Cyl
indr
ocop
turu
s sp
p.
Yo
sem
ite b
ark
wee
vil P
isso
des
schw
artz
ii
IDL
IDP
IDS
IDT
IDV
IDW
IDZ
IS
ISB
ISE
ISG
ISP
ISS
ISQ
IW
IW
C
IW
M
IW
P
IW
S
IW
W
IW
Y
IW
Z
DES
CR
IPTI
ON
INSE
CTS
AP
HID
S O
R A
DEL
GID
S
Ba
lsam
woo
lly a
delg
id A
delg
es p
icea
e
G
iant
con
ifer a
phid
Cin
ara
spp
Coo
ley
spru
ce g
all a
delg
id A
delg
es c
oole
yi
Larc
h co
ne w
oolly
aph
id A
delg
es la
ricia
tus
Spru
ce a
phid
Ela
tobi
um a
biet
inum
BA
RK
BEET
LES
Wes
tern
bal
sam
bar
k be
etle
Dry
ocoe
tes
conf
usus
Dou
glas
-fir b
eetle
Den
droc
tonu
s ps
eudo
tsug
ae
Silv
er fi
r bee
tle P
seud
ohyl
esin
us s
eric
eus
Fir e
ngra
ver b
eetle
Sco
lytu
s ve
ntra
lis
Hyl
urgo
ps b
eetle
Hyl
urgo
ps ru
gipe
nnis
En
grav
er b
eetle
s Ip
s
Lo
dgep
ole
pine
bee
tle D
endr
octo
nus
mur
ryan
ae
Mou
ntai
n pi
ne b
eetle
Den
droc
tonu
s po
nder
osae
Tw
ig b
eetle
s Pi
tyog
enes
, Pity
opht
horu
s sp
p
Sp
ruce
bee
tle D
endr
octo
nus
rufip
enni
s
R
ed tu
rpen
tine
beet
le D
endr
octo
nus
vale
ns
W
este
rn p
ine
beet
le D
endr
octo
nus
brev
icom
is
DEF
OLI
ATIN
G IN
SEC
TS
Bl
ack
arm
y cu
twor
m A
cteb
ia fe
nnic
a
Tw
o-ye
ar b
udw
orm
Cho
risto
neur
a bi
enni
s
La
rch
case
bear
er C
oleo
phor
a la
ricel
la
Spru
ce b
udw
orm
Cho
risto
neur
a fu
mife
rana
Gre
en-s
tripe
d fo
rest
loop
er M
elan
olop
hila
imat
ata
Wes
tern
bla
ckhe
aded
bud
wor
m A
cler
is g
love
rana
Pi
ne n
eedl
e sh
eath
min
er Z
elle
ria h
aim
bach
i
I
IA
IA
B
IA
C
IAG
IA
L
IA
S
IB
IBB
IBD
IB
E
IB
F
IB
H
IBI
IBL
IBM
IB
P
IB
S
IB
T
IB
W
ID
ID
A
ID
B
ID
C
IDE
IDG
ID
H
IDI
VEG
ETAT
ION
PR
OB
LEM
S
HER
BAC
EOU
S C
OM
PETI
TIO
N
VE
GET
ATIO
N P
RES
S
SHR
UB
CO
MPE
TITI
ON
TREE
CO
MPE
TITI
ON
V VH
VP
VS
VT
TREA
TMEN
T IN
JUR
IES
C
HEM
ICAL
HAR
VEST
ED
LO
GG
ING
O
THER
MEC
HAN
ICAL
DAM
AGE
(NO
N-L
OG
GIN
G)
PL
ANTI
NG
Plan
ting
— p
oor m
icro
site
PRU
NIN
G
THIN
NIN
G O
R S
PAC
ING
T TC
TH
TL
TM
TP
TPM
TR
TT
MIT
E D
AM
AG
E (T
RIS
ETA
CU
S SP
ECIE
S)M
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 16 of 38
21c. Damage agent and condition codes (FS Deciduous 747 - 2011/10)A
NIM
AL
DA
MA
GE
BE
AR
C
ATTL
E
DEE
R
EL
K
HAR
E O
R R
ABBI
T
MO
OSE
A
AB
AC
AD
AE
AH
AM
DES
CR
IPTI
ON
FIEL
D C
OD
ESD
ESC
RIP
TIO
NFI
ELD
CO
DES
DES
CR
IPTI
ON
FIEL
D C
OD
ES
PI
KA
POR
CU
PIN
E SQ
UIR
REL
VOLE
BIR
DS
BE
AVER
AO
AP
AS
AV
AX
AZ
NO
NB
IOLO
GIC
AL
Av
alan
che
or s
now
sl
ide
FIR
E
Aspe
n de
cline
Bi
rch
decli
neD
RO
UG
HT
FLO
OD
ING
FR
OST
Fr
ost c
rack
Fros
t-hea
ved
Sh
oot /
bud
fros
t kill
or
harv
est r
elat
ed
N
NAV
N
B
NC
NC
A
N
CB
N
D
NF
N
G
N
GC
N
GH
N
GK
FU
MEK
ILL
LI
GH
TNIN
G
RO
AD S
ALT
R
EDBE
LT
SLID
E
WIN
DTH
RO
W
W
indth
row-
soil f
ailur
e
W
indth
row-
treat
men
t
WIN
D S
CAR
RIN
G O
R
RU
BBIN
G
SNO
W, I
CE,
SN
OW
PR
ESS
SUN
SCAL
D
N
K
NL
N
N
N
R
N
S
NW
NW
S
N
WT
N
X
NY
N
Z
DIS
EASE
ST
EM D
ECAY
S
W
hite
mot
tled
rot G
anod
erm
a ap
plan
atum
W
hite
spo
ngy
trunk
rot F
orm
es fo
men
tariu
s
Br
own
cubi
cal r
ot o
f birc
h Pi
ptop
orus
bet
ulin
us
Sulfu
r fun
gus
Laet
ipor
us s
ulph
ureu
s
Br
own
crum
bly
rot F
omito
psis
pin
icol
a
St
erile
con
k tru
nk ro
t of b
irch
Inon
otus
obl
iquu
s
H
ardw
ood
trunk
rot P
hellin
us ig
nariu
s
As
pen
trunk
rot P
hellin
us tr
emul
ae
FOLI
AGE
DIS
EASE
S
M
arss
onin
a le
af s
pots
and
blig
hts
Mar
sson
ina
spp
D D
D
D
DA
DD
B
D
DC
D
DD
D
DF
DD
G
DD
H
D
DT
D
F
D
FF
Cot
tonw
ood
leaf
rust
Mel
amps
ora
occi
dent
alis
Li
nosp
ora
leaf
blo
tch
Lino
spor
a te
trasp
ora
Sept
oria
leaf
spo
t Sep
toria
pop
ulic
ola
Ink
spot
of a
spen
Cib
orin
ia w
hetz
elii
Leaf
rust
Mel
amps
ora
spp.
LE
ADER
OR
BR
ANC
H D
IEBA
CKS
Dia
porth
e ca
nker
Dia
porth
e lo
koya
e
As
pen
& po
plar
leaf
and
sho
ot b
light
s Ve
ntur
ia s
pp.
R
OO
T D
ISEA
SES
Arm
illaria
root
dis
ease
Arm
illaria
ost
oyae
ST
EM D
ISEA
SE (C
ANKE
R O
R R
UST
)
So
oty
bark
can
ker E
ncoe
lia p
ruin
osa
Hyp
oxyl
on c
anke
r Ent
oleu
ca m
amm
atum
C
rypt
osph
aeria
can
ker C
rypt
osph
aeria
pop
ulin
a
C
erat
ocys
tis c
anke
r Cer
atoc
ystis
fim
bria
ta
Targ
et c
anke
r Nec
tria
gallig
ena
Cyt
ospo
ra c
anke
r Val
sa s
ordi
da
DFG
DFI
D
FK
DFQ
D
FV
DL
DLP
D
LV
DR
DR
A
DS
DSE
D
SH
DSP
D
SR
DST
D
SY
INSE
CTS
D
EFO
LIAT
ING
INSE
CTS
Blac
k ar
my
cutw
orm
Act
ebia
fenn
ica
Wes
tern
win
ter m
oth
Eran
nis
vanc
ouve
rens
is
Fore
st te
nt c
ater
pilla
r Mal
acos
oma
diss
tria
Gra
y fo
rest
loop
er C
arip
eta
divi
sta
Nor
ther
n te
nt c
ater
pilla
r Mal
acos
oma
calif
orni
cum
Gyp
sy m
oth
Lym
antri
a di
spar
Birc
h le
af m
iner
s Fe
nusa
pus
illa a
nd P
rofe
nusa
thom
soni
Fila
men
t bea
rer N
emat
ocam
pa fi
amen
taria
Alde
r saw
fly E
rioca
mpa
ova
ta
Sa
tin m
oth
Leuc
oma
salic
is
Va
riega
ted
cutw
orm
Per
idro
ma
sauc
ia
La
rge
aspe
n to
rtrix
Cho
risto
neur
a co
nflic
tana
Bi
rch-
aspe
n le
afro
ller E
pino
tia s
olan
dria
na
Le
af b
eetle
s C
hrys
omel
a sp
p.
Br
uce
span
wor
m O
pero
phte
ra b
ruce
ata
I ID
IDA
IDD
IDF
IDJ
IDK
IDM
IDN
IDO
IDR
IDU
IDV
IDX
IDY
ID1
ID2
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 17 of 38
21d. Damage agent and condition codes (FS Deciduous 747 - 2011/10)D
ESC
RIP
TIO
NFI
ELD
CO
DES
Win
ter m
oth
Ope
roph
tera
bru
mat
a
C
otto
nwoo
d sa
wfly
Nem
atus
cur
rani
Fa
ll w
ebw
orm
Hyp
hant
ria c
unea
Aspe
n le
af m
iner
Phy
llocr
istis
pop
ulie
lla
Woo
lly a
lder
saw
fly E
rioca
mpa
ova
ta
Aspe
n le
af ro
ller P
seud
exen
tera
ore
gona
na
Birc
h le
af s
kele
toni
zer B
ucca
latri
x sp
p.
U
nide
ntifi
ed a
spen
def
olia
tion
Cot
tonw
ood
leaf
ske
leto
nize
r Phy
llono
rycy
tes
appa
rella
Willo
w le
afm
iner
Mic
rura
pter
yx s
alic
ifolie
lla
SHO
OT
INSE
CTS
Bron
ze b
irch
bore
r Agr
ilus
anxi
us
Po
plar
bor
er S
aper
da c
alca
rata
Popl
ar a
nd w
illow
bor
er C
rypt
orhy
nchu
s la
path
i
ID3
ID4
ID5
ID6
ID7
ID8
ID9
IEA
IEF
IEJ
IS
IS
A
IS
C
ISW
TREA
TMEN
T IN
JUR
IES
C
HEM
ICAL
H
ARVE
STED
LO
GG
ING
O
THER
MEC
HAN
ICAL
DAM
AGE
(NO
N-L
OG
GIN
G)
PL
ANTI
NG
Plan
ting
— p
oor m
icro
site
PR
UN
ING
TH
INN
ING
OR
SPA
CIN
G
T TC
TH
TL
TM
TP
TMP
TR
TT
VEG
ETAT
ION
PR
OB
LEM
S
HER
BAC
EOU
S C
OM
PETI
TIO
N
VE
GET
ATIO
N P
RES
S
SHR
UB
CO
MPE
TITI
ON
TREE
CO
MPE
TITI
ON
V VH
VP
VS
VT
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 18 of 38
22a. Free growing damage criteria for even-aged (age class 1) coniferous trees (pg. 1)
For h
oriz
onta
l dis
plac
emen
t see
“Dam
age
type
s.”
This
crit
erio
n ap
plie
s on
ly fo
r ter
min
al w
eevi
l dam
age.
Lead
er d
omin
ance
occ
urs
whe
n th
e ta
llest
lead
er is
at l
east
5
cm ta
ller t
han
the
seco
nd ta
llest
lead
er. S
ee “D
amag
e ty
pes.
”
A w
ound
is d
efine
d as
an
inju
ry in
whi
ch th
e ca
mbi
um is
de
ad (e
.g., s
unsc
ald)
or c
ompl
etel
y re
mov
ed fr
om th
e tre
e ex
posi
ng th
e sa
pwoo
d. M
easu
re th
e w
ound
acr
oss
the
wid
est p
oint
of t
he e
xpos
ed s
apw
ood
(or d
ead
cam
bium
w
hen
the
tree
is d
amag
ed b
y su
nsca
ld).
Hea
led
over
wou
nds
(=sc
ars)
are
acc
epta
ble.
See
“Dam
age
type
s.”
Gird
ling
can
be c
ause
d by
see
dlin
g pr
otec
tors
.
Onl
y tre
es th
at a
re s
ympt
omat
ic s
houl
d be
che
cked
for
inse
ct in
fest
atio
n or
min
ing
dam
age.
Non
-sym
ptom
atic
tree
s ar
e pr
esum
ed to
be
unaff
ecte
d by
inse
ct m
inin
g.
cattl
e AC
, squ
irrel
AS,
be
aver
AZ,
vol
e AV
, po
rcup
ine
AP, h
are
AH,
War
rens
root
col
lar
wee
vil I
WW
, seq
uoia
pi
tch
mot
h IS
Q, fi
re
NB,
win
d-th
row
NW
, su
nsca
ld N
Z, lo
ggin
g TL
, m
echa
nica
l TM
.
War
ren'
s ro
ot c
olla
r w
eevi
l IW
W.
Def
olia
tors
ID, w
hite
pin
e (s
pruc
e) w
eevi
l IW
S,
lodg
epol
e pi
ne te
rmin
al
wee
vil I
WP,
nor
ther
n pi
tch
twig
mot
h IS
P, c
attle
AC
, de
er A
D, f
rost
NG
, hai
l N
H, s
now
NY,
dro
ught
ND
, lo
ggin
g TL
.W
hite
pin
e (s
pruc
e)
wee
vil I
WS,
lodg
epol
e pi
ne te
rmin
al w
eevi
l IW
P.te
rmin
al w
eevi
ls (I
WS,
IW
P), f
rost
NG
, ani
mal
da
mag
e A.
All
Pl, S
x
For
swee
p,
all e
xcep
t C
w a
nd
Hw
Sx, S
s, P
l
All
All
• th
e tre
e ha
s an
y w
ound
whi
ch is
gre
ater
th
an 3
3% o
f the
ste
m c
ircum
fere
nce,
or
• th
e tre
e ha
s a
wou
nd w
hich
is g
reat
er
than
20%
of t
he to
tal le
ngth
of t
he s
tem
, or
• th
e tre
e ha
s a
wou
nd c
entre
d on
an
infe
ctio
n ca
used
by
a st
em ru
st, c
anke
r, or
dw
arf m
istle
toe
(See
Not
e un
der S
tem
or
Bran
ch: D
war
f Mist
leto
e In
fect
ion)
.•
The
tree
is en
close
d w
ithin
a s
eedl
ing
prot
ecto
r (ad
ded
2015
)•
Any
amou
nt o
f gird
ling
or d
amag
e to
th
e st
em c
ause
d by
see
dlin
g pr
otec
tors
(a
dded
201
5).
• th
e tre
e is
cur
rent
ly a
ttack
ed b
y a
bark
-min
ing
inse
ct s
uch
as a
wee
vil o
r a
beet
le a
nd e
xhib
its s
ympt
oms
such
as
folia
ge d
isco
lora
tion,
thin
ning
, and
/or
redu
ced
heig
ht g
row
th in
crem
ents
• th
e pi
th is
hor
izon
tally
dis
plac
ed
mor
e th
an 3
0 cm
from
the
poin
t of
defe
ct a
nd o
rigin
ates
abo
ve 3
0 cm
fro
m th
e po
int o
f ger
min
atio
n.
• th
e tre
e le
ader
has
bee
n ki
lled
thre
e or
mor
e tim
es in
the
last
five
yea
rs
(wee
vil o
nly)
.•
the
tree
has
two
or m
ore
lead
ers
with
no
dom
inan
ce e
xpre
ssed
afte
r five
yea
rs
grow
th a
nd th
e fo
rk o
rigin
ates
abo
ve
30 cm
from
the
poin
t of g
erm
inat
ion.
• th
e tre
e ha
s a
dead
or b
roke
n to
p at
a
poin
t tha
t is
>2 c
m (>
3 cm
for t
he
coas
t) in
dia
met
er.
Wou
nd(in
clud
ing
suns
cald
and
gi
rdlin
g)
Inse
ct m
inin
g at
ro
ot c
olla
r
Def
orm
atio
n (in
clud
ing
croo
k,
swee
p, fo
rk,
brow
se, a
nd d
ead
or b
roke
n to
p)
Stem
Stem
Stem
Com
men
tsSo
me
poss
ible
cau
ses
Hos
t sp
ecie
sTr
ee b
eing
ass
esse
d is
U
NAC
CEP
TABL
E if:
Type
of D
amag
eLo
catio
n of
D
amag
e
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 19 of 38
Com
men
tsH
ost
spec
ies
Tree
bei
ng a
sses
sed
is
UN
ACC
EPTA
BLE
if:Ty
pe o
f Dam
age
Loca
tion
of
Dam
age
Not
e: T
o be
st id
entif
y pi
ne ru
sts,
sur
veys
sho
uld
be s
ched
uled
be
twee
n M
ay a
nd J
uly
as a
bes
t man
agem
ent p
ract
ice
(Add
ed
2020
). W
ound
s ca
used
by
rode
nt fe
edin
g ar
ound
rust
can
kers
sh
ould
hav
e st
em ru
st re
cord
ed a
s th
e ca
usal
age
nt.
com
andr
a bl
ister
rust
DSC
,st
alac
tifor
m b
liste
r rus
t DSS
,w
hite
pin
e bl
ister
rust
DSB
,w
este
rn g
all r
ust D
SG.
All
• an
y in
fect
ion
occu
rs o
n th
e st
em.
Infe
ctio
n (in
clud
ing
cank
ers
and
galls
)
Stem
22b. Free growing damage criteria for even-aged (age class 1) coniferous trees (pg. 2)
Bran
chIn
fect
ion
(can
kers
)•
an in
fect
ion
occu
rs o
n a
live
bran
ch
less
than
20
cm fr
om th
e st
em.
(add
ed 2
015)
Pl, P
yco
man
dra
blis
ter r
ust D
SC
Not
e: T
o be
st id
entif
y pi
ne ru
sts,
sur
veys
sho
uld
be
sche
dule
d be
twee
n M
ay a
nd J
uly
as a
bes
t man
agem
ent
prac
tice
(Add
ed 2
020)
.Br
anch
Gal
ls•
a ga
ll ru
st in
fect
ion
occu
rs o
n a
live
bran
ch le
ss th
an 5
cm
from
the
stem
.Pl
, Py
wes
tern
gal
l rus
t DSG
.
Bran
chG
outin
g •
any
adel
gid
gout
ing
occu
rs o
n a
bran
ch.
Ba, B
g, B
lba
lsam
woo
lly a
delg
id
IAB.
Gou
ting
is d
efine
d as
exc
essi
ve s
wel
ling
of a
bra
nch
or s
hoot
ca
used
by
bals
am w
oolly
ade
lgid
, and
is o
ften
acco
mpa
nied
by
mis
shap
en n
eedl
es a
nd b
uds.
It is
mos
t com
mon
on
bran
ch
tips
and
at n
odes
nea
r the
end
s of
bra
nche
s. C
onsu
lt a
rece
nt
dist
ribut
ion
map
to id
entif
y th
e ge
ogra
phic
ext
ent o
f thi
s pe
st.
Folia
geD
efol
iatio
n
Stem
or
Bran
chD
war
f mis
tleto
e in
fect
ion
• an
y in
fect
ion
occu
rs o
n th
e st
em o
r a
live
bran
ch, o
r•
a su
scep
tible
tree
is lo
cate
d w
ithin
10
m o
f an
over
topp
ing
tree,
whi
ch
is in
fect
ed w
ith d
war
f mis
tleto
e.
Hw,
Pl,
Lw, F
dhe
mloc
k dwa
rf m
istlet
oe D
MH,
Pl
dwa
rf m
istlet
oe D
MP,
lar
ch d
warf
mist
letoe
DM
L,
Fd d
warf
mist
letoe
DM
F.
To c
onfir
m in
fect
ion,
the
surv
eyor
mus
t obs
erve
mis
tleto
e ae
rial s
hoot
s or
bas
al c
ups
on re
gene
ratio
n or
on
live
or
dead
falle
n br
oom
s.O
verto
ppin
g tre
e is
a tr
ee th
at is
thre
e or
mor
e tim
es ta
ller
than
the
heig
ht o
f the
tree
bei
ng a
sses
sed.
• An
y de
folia
tion,
stu
ntin
g, o
r red
-bro
wn
disc
olou
ratio
n in
the
top
1/3r
d of
the
live
crow
n du
e to
Elyt
rode
rma
in th
e ID
Fdk3
, ID
Fdk4
, SBP
Smk
or S
BPSx
c bi
ogeo
clim
atic
subz
ones
(add
ed 2
020)
.
Pli
DFE
, ely
trode
rma
need
le
and
shoo
t dis
ease
• >5
0% o
f tre
e fo
liage
has
bee
n re
mov
ed
by D
othi
stro
ma
in IC
H, C
WH
and
SBS
b
ioge
oclim
atic
zone
s. (
see
23d.
)
B, F
, P, S
Dot
hist
rom
a ne
edle
bl
ight
, DFS
The
mou
ntai
n pi
ne b
eetle
out
brea
k ha
s ca
used
une
xpec
ted
mor
talit
y in
you
ng p
ine.
Stre
ssed
tree
s ar
e al
so s
usce
ptib
le
to s
econ
dary
bar
k an
d tw
ig b
eetle
s.
Bark
bee
tles
(IB),
mou
ntai
n pi
ne b
eetle
(IBM
), Ip
s pi
ni (I
BI),
Pity
ogen
es,
Pity
opht
horu
s (IB
P),
Pl, S
x,
Fd•
Borin
g du
st, p
itch
tube
s, o
r bar
k sl
ough
ing
is v
isib
leBa
rk m
inin
gSt
emSo
me
poss
ible
cau
ses
See
"Def
olia
tion
for D
eter
min
ate
Gro
wth
Spe
cies
."
• an
infe
ctio
n oc
curs
on
a liv
e br
anch
le
ss th
an 6
0 cm
from
the
stem
.Pw
, Pl,
Pyw
hite
pin
e bl
iste
r rus
t DSB
, st
alac
tifor
m b
liste
r rus
t DSS
.
• >8
0% o
f tre
e fo
liage
has
bee
n re
mov
ed d
ue to
ins
ects
or d
isea
se.
All o
ther
sfo
liage
dis
ease
s D
F,
ND
dro
ught
.
Not
e: A
fter J
uly
1st E
lytro
derm
a ca
n be
con
firm
ed b
y th
e pr
esen
ce o
f bla
ck li
nes
on th
e pr
evio
us y
ear’s
nee
dles
.
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 20 of 38
Roo
tsR
oot d
isea
se•
sign
(s) o
r a d
efini
tive
com
bina
tion
of s
ympt
oms
of ro
ot d
isea
se a
re
obse
rved
.
All
arm
illaria
root
dis
ease
D
RA,
lam
inat
ed ro
ot ro
t D
RL,
tom
ento
sus
root
ro
t DR
T, a
nnos
us ro
ot
dise
ase
DR
N, b
lack
stai
n ro
ot d
isea
se D
RB.
Sign
s ar
e di
rect
evi
denc
e of
the
path
ogen
ic fu
ngus
incl
udin
g fru
iting
bod
ies,
dis
tinct
ive
myc
eliu
m o
r rhi
zom
orph
s.
Sym
ptom
s in
clud
e fo
liar c
hlor
osis
or t
hinn
ing,
pro
noun
ced
resi
n flo
w n
ear t
he ro
ot c
olla
r, re
duce
d re
cent
lead
er g
row
th,
a di
stre
ss c
one
crop
, and
woo
d de
cay
or s
tain
. An
indi
vidu
al
sym
ptom
is n
ot s
uffici
ent t
o id
entif
y a
root
dis
ease
.
22c. Free growing damage criteria for even-aged (age class 1) coniferous trees (pg. 3)
Com
men
tsH
ost
spec
ies
Tree
bei
ng a
sses
sed
is
UN
ACC
EPTA
BLE
if:Ty
pe o
f Dam
age
Loca
tion
of
Dam
age
• in
fect
ed tr
ee fo
und
in p
lot.
See
com
men
ts fo
r wel
l-spa
ced
tree
net
dow
n ca
lcul
atio
n. T
he m
ultip
lier f
or
DR
A is
two,
exc
ept i
n BE
C z
ones
PP
dh1
and
2, ID
Fxh1
, ID
Fdm
1 an
d 2,
MSd
k1, a
nd M
Sdm
1 w
here
the
mul
tiplie
r is
one
• ex
cept
for C
w (i
n al
l BEC
zon
es) t
he
mul
tiplie
r is
one
and
only
if th
e C
w is
co
nsid
ered
pre
ferre
d or
acc
epta
ble
or s
peci
es a
nd is
per
form
ing
wel
l w
ithin
the
poly
gon
or s
tratu
m b
eing
as
sess
ed.
All
arm
illaria
root
dis
ease
D
RA.
Not
e: A
ll con
ifer s
pecie
s ar
e co
nsid
ered
sus
cept
ible
. Bro
adle
af
spec
ies
are
cons
ider
ed n
ot s
usce
ptib
le fo
r sur
vey
purp
oses
on
ly.Ex
ampl
e: H
ow to
app
ly ne
t dow
n fo
r roo
t dise
ase.
If ro
ot d
iseas
e-in
fect
ed tr
ees
are
foun
d in
the
plot
:1.
In th
e fir
st s
wee
p, d
eter
min
e th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of h
ealth
y,
wel
l spa
ced
trees
usin
g th
e pr
escr
ibed
min
imum
inte
r-tre
e di
stan
ce (M
ITD
) (e.
g., 1
2 tre
es) i
gnor
ing
the
M-v
alue
;2.
In a
sec
ond
inde
pend
ent s
wee
p, d
eter
min
e th
e nu
mbe
r of
infe
cted
tree
s (in
cludi
ng th
e de
ad in
fect
ed s
tum
ps fo
r DR
T)
that
are
the
MIT
D fr
om e
ach
othe
r (e.
g., 4
infe
cted
tree
s or
st
umps
);3.
Mul
tiply
the
num
ber f
rom
ste
p 2
by th
e m
ultip
lier f
or th
e sp
ecific
root
dise
ase
and
subt
ract
this
num
ber f
rom
the
num
ber o
f sus
cept
ible
hea
lthy
wel
l-spa
ced
trees
foun
d in
ste
p 1
(e.g
., fo
r DR
A: 1
2-4x
2 =
4). T
he re
sult
is th
e m
axim
um n
umbe
r of f
ree
grow
ing
trees
that
may
be
tallie
d fo
r the
plo
t. N
ext c
onsi
der c
ompe
ting
vege
tatio
n.•
infe
cted
con
ifer f
ound
in p
lot.
See
com
men
ts fo
r wel
l-spa
ced
tree
net
dow
n ca
lcula
tion.
The
mul
tiplie
r for
DR
L is
four
.
Fd, S
x, S
e Lw
, Ba,
Bg
lam
inat
ed ro
ot ro
t DR
L.N
ote:
Bl,
Cw,
Pl,
Pw, P
y an
d br
oadl
eaf s
peci
es a
re
cons
ider
ed n
ot s
usce
ptib
le fo
r sur
vey
purp
oses
onl
y.
• in
fect
ed c
onife
r or s
tum
p fo
und
in p
lot.
See
com
men
ts fo
r wel
l-spa
ced
tree
net d
own
calc
ulat
ion.
The
mul
tiplie
r for
D
RT
is tw
o.
Se, S
x to
men
tosu
s ro
ot ro
t DR
T.N
ote:
Ba,
Bl,
Cw,
Fd,
Pl,
Pw, P
y an
d br
oadl
eaf s
peci
es a
re
cons
ider
ed n
ot s
usce
ptib
le fo
r sur
vey
purp
oses
onl
y.
• in
fect
ed c
onife
r fou
nd in
plo
t. Se
e co
mm
ents
for w
ell-s
pace
d tre
e ne
t do
wn
calc
ulat
ion.
The
mul
tiplie
r for
D
RN
is tw
o.
Ba, H
w, S
san
nosu
s ro
ot ro
t DR
N.
Not
e: B
g, B
l, C
w, C
y, F
d, H
m, P
l, Pw
, Py,
Sx
and
broa
dlea
f sp
ecie
s ar
e co
nsid
ered
not
sus
cept
ible
for s
urve
y pu
rpos
es o
nly.
Roo
tsR
oot d
isea
se
(con
tinue
d)
Som
e po
ssib
le c
ause
s
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 21 of 38
22d. Damage typesCrooks (old stems)
A crook is unaccept-able if it is displaced more than 30 cm and originates above 30 cm.
Forks
Wounds
Defoliation is unacceptable if more than 80% of the nee-dles are removed due to insects or disease.
Defoliation, general
Gall and CankerDistance measurement from point of infection by canker or gall to main stem (measured along the branch).
Defoliation, for determinate growth species, (e.g. true firs, Douglas fir, spruces, pines)
a) b) c) d)70% Live Crown 50% Live Crown 50% Live Crown 50% Live Crown4/4 Healthy Nodes 4/4 Healthy Nodes 2/4 Healthy Nodes ¼ Healthy Nodes70% X 100% 50% X 100% 50% X 50% 50% X 25%= 70% = 50% = 25% = 12.5%
1. Determine the % live crown.
2. Determine how many of the most recent 4 nodes have >50% of their
foliage, express it as a %.3. Step 1% x Step 2%: The
result is the percentage of foliage remaining on the tree.
- for Dothistroma, in ICH, CWH and SBS
>50% =acceptable - all other causes and
biogeoclimatic zones >20% = acceptable
O P P P
Damage to the cambium or deeper is unacceptable where it is:- more than one-third the circumference, or- more than 20% of the height of tree.
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 22 of 38
23. Broadleaf Forest Health Free Growing Damage Criteria
Unless otherwise stated in regulation or an approved FDP or FSP stocking standard, an acceptable hardwood crop tree must:• not have a tree pith that is laterally displaced more than 30 cm from the location of
the root-crown pith1.• not originate from a cut stump2.• have at least one dominant live leader3.• not have a wound that is greater than 10% of the stem circumference nor is greater
than 10% of the total length of the stem4.• not have any fungal infections or insect infestations affecting tissues below the bark
surface, • visible without destructive sampling5.• not be browsed so as to limit its ability to become a crop tree.
1 A requirement of the Establishment to Free Growing Guidebook, Prince George Forest Region, May 2000, Appendix 6, Boreal Broadleaf Stocking Guidelines, BWBS.2 Stems originating from the sides or cut surface of stumps are very susceptible to
breakage at the coppice point3 The objective is that the tree has a single stem that will develop into a healthy crop
tree. Accordingly, a healthy, free growing broadleaf tree must have an identifiable live leader. It is not important if a portion, but not all, of the leader is browsed or killed for example by venturia blight.
4 This criterion is modified from the conifer criterion, and threshold percent values are chosen subjectively. Research is needed to determine more exactly the size of an open wound at free growing assessment that is likely to limit the development of a healthy crop tree. A wound is defined as an injury in which the cambium is dead or completely removed from the tree exposing the sapwood. Measure the wound across the widest point of the exposed sapwood. Healed-over wounds (= scars) are acceptable. Fire or sunscald damage can also cause wounds. Injury of broadleaf stems is considered an important entry court for decay organisms.
5 Visible stem infections include cyptospora canker or sooty-bark canker, and visible insect infestations, such as poplar borer. The significance of some diseases, such as armillaria root disease, to aspen is unknown or uncertain, and several cannot be feasibly identified by visual features during free growing surveys.
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 23 of 38
L1
L2
L3
L4
L1
L2
L3
L4
25b. Stand structures suitable for multi-storey surveys
25a. Multi-storey layer descriptions
* A stand is considered multi-storied (i.e. suitable for using the multi-storey survey methodology) if:a) the crown closure of the trees in layers 1 and 2 is equal to or greater than 6% andb) layers 3 and/or 4 are also present.
24. The Hawksworth six-class dwarf mistletoe rating system.
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 24 of 38
Com
men
tsSo
me
poss
ible
cau
ses
Hos
t sp
ecie
sTr
ee b
eing
ass
esse
d is
U
NAC
CEP
TABL
E if:
Type
of D
amag
eLo
catio
n of
da
mag
e
Stem
DEC
AY•
Any
path
olog
ical
indi
cato
r(s) a
re
pres
ent.
This
may
incl
ude
conk
, blin
d co
nk, f
rost
cra
ck, o
r rot
ten
bran
ches
.
All
vario
us d
ecay
fung
i DD
.
Stem
DEF
OR
MAT
ION
(incl
udin
g cr
ook,
fo
rk, a
nd d
ead
or
brok
en to
p)
• Th
ese
crite
ria a
pply
to la
yer 1
& 2
trees
onl
y. F
or la
yers
3 &
4 u
se th
e ev
en-a
ged
dam
age
crite
ria.
• A
croo
k di
spla
ces
the
porti
on o
f the
st
em a
bove
the
defe
ct b
y >5
0% fr
om
the
line
of g
row
th fo
rmed
by
the
stem
be
low
the
poin
t of d
efec
t in
the
botto
m
2/3r
ds o
f the
ste
m o
nly.
• A
fork
occ
urs
abov
e st
ump
heig
ht in
th
e bo
ttom
2/3
rds
of th
e st
em o
nly.
• A
dead
or b
roke
n to
p ex
tend
s m
ore
than
20%
of t
he s
tem
leng
th o
r the
liv
e cr
own
is re
mov
ed.
All
defo
liato
rs ID
, whi
te p
ine
(spr
uce)
wee
vil I
WS,
lo
dgep
ole
pine
term
inal
w
eevi
l IW
P, c
attle
AC
, de
er A
D, e
lk A
E, m
oose
AM
, fro
st N
G, h
ail N
H,
snow
NY,
dro
ught
ND
, lo
ggin
g TL
, mec
hani
cal
TT, D
war
f mis
tleto
es
(see
bel
ow).
Stem
INFE
CTI
ON
(incl
udin
g ca
nker
s, a
nd
galls
• An
y in
fect
ion
occu
rs o
n th
e st
em.
All
com
andr
a bl
iste
r rus
t D
SC, s
tala
ctifo
rm b
liste
r ru
st D
SS, w
hite
pin
e bl
iste
r rus
t DSB
, wes
tern
ga
ll ru
st D
SG, a
trope
llis
cank
er D
SA, e
xplo
ding
ca
nker
DSX
, Dw
arf
mis
tleto
es (s
ee b
elow
).
Not
e: W
ound
s ca
used
by
rode
nt fe
edin
g ar
ound
rust
ca
nker
s sh
ould
hav
e st
em ru
st re
cord
ed a
s th
e ca
usal
ag
ent.
Bran
chIN
FEC
TIO
N(c
anke
rs)
• Th
ese
crite
ria a
pply
to la
yer 2
, 3 &
4
trees
onl
y. A
n in
fect
ion
occu
rs o
n a
live
bran
ch le
ss th
an 6
0 cm
from
the
stem
.
Pw, P
l, Py
whi
te p
ine
blis
ter r
ust
DSB
, com
andr
a bl
iste
r ru
st D
SC, s
tala
ctifo
rm
blis
ter r
ust D
SS.
Bran
chG
ALLS
• Th
ese
crite
ria a
pply
to la
yer 2
, 3 &
4
trees
onl
y. A
gall r
ust i
nfec
tion
occu
rs o
n a
live
bran
ch le
ss th
an 5
cm
from
the
stem
.
Pl, P
yw
este
rn g
all r
ust D
SG.
Bran
ch in
fect
ions
on
laye
r 1 tr
ees
can
be ig
nore
d.
A w
ound
is d
efine
d as
an
inju
ry in
whi
ch th
e ca
mbi
um is
de
ad (e
.g.,
suns
cald
) or c
ompl
etel
y re
mov
ed fr
om th
e tre
e ex
posi
ng th
e sa
pwoo
d. M
easu
re th
e w
ound
acr
oss
the
wid
est p
oint
of t
he e
xpos
ed s
apw
ood
(or d
ead
cam
bium
w
hen
the
tree
is d
amag
ed b
y su
nsca
ld).H
eale
d ov
er w
ound
s (=
scar
s) a
re a
ccep
tabl
e.
squi
rrel A
S, b
eave
r AZ,
vo
le A
V, p
orcu
pine
AP,
ha
re A
H, W
arre
ns ro
ot
colla
r wee
vil I
WW
, fire
N
B, w
indt
hrow
NW
, su
nsca
ld N
Z, lo
ggin
g TL
.
All
• R
efer
to ta
ble
X fo
r lay
ers
1-4.
WO
UN
D(in
clud
ing
suns
cald
and
gi
rdlin
g)
Stem
Bran
ch in
fect
ions
on
laye
r 1 tr
ees
can
be ig
nore
d.
26a. Free growing damage criteria for multi-layered conifer stands (pg. 1)
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 25 of 38
Folia
geD
EFO
LIAT
ION
For d
efol
iatin
g in
sect
s:•
> 80
% o
f fol
iage
has
bee
n re
mov
ed,
lost
or d
amag
ed d
ue to
folia
ge d
isea
se.
For f
olia
r dis
ease
s:•
> 50
% o
f fol
iage
has
bee
n re
mov
ed,
lost
or d
amag
ed
All
defo
liato
rs ID
, fol
iage
di
seas
es D
F.
Stem
or
Bran
ch
Com
men
tsH
ost
spec
ies
Tree
bei
ng a
sses
sed
is
UN
ACC
EPTA
BLE
if:Ty
pe o
f Dam
age
Loca
tion
of
Dam
age
ADEL
GID
G
OU
TIN
G•
Any
adel
gid
gout
ing
occu
rs o
n a
stem
or b
ranc
h.Ba
, Bg,
Bl
bals
am w
oolly
ade
lgid
IA
B.G
outin
g is
defin
ed a
s ex
cess
ive s
wel
ling
on a
bra
nch
or s
hoot
ca
used
by
balsa
m w
oolly
ade
lgid
and
is o
ften
acco
mpa
nied
by
miss
hape
n ne
edle
s an
d bu
ds.
It is
mos
t com
mon
on
bran
ch
tips
and
at n
odes
nea
r the
end
s of
bra
nche
s. C
onsu
lt a
rece
nt
dist
ribut
ion
map
to id
entif
y th
e ge
ogra
phic
exte
nt o
f thi
s pe
st.
Stem
or
Bran
chD
WAR
F M
ISTL
ETO
E IN
FEC
TIO
N
Thes
e cr
iteria
app
ly to
laye
r 2, 3
& 4
tree
s:•
Any
infe
ctio
n oc
curs
on
the
stem
or a
liv
e br
anch
, or
• A
susc
eptib
le tr
ee is
loca
ted
with
in 1
0 m
of a
hig
her l
ayer
tree
that
is in
fect
ed
with
dw
arf m
istle
toe.
Thes
e cr
iteria
app
ly to
laye
r 1 tr
ees:
• H
awks
wor
th ra
ting
>3, o
r sev
ere
stem
in
fect
ions
(maj
or s
wel
ling
or d
efor
mity
) pr
esen
t.
Hw,
Pl,
Lw, F
dhe
mlo
ck d
war
f mis
tleto
e D
MH
, lod
gepo
le p
ine
dwar
f mis
tleto
e D
MP,
la
rch
dwar
f mis
tleto
e D
ML,
Dou
glas
-fir d
war
f m
istle
toe
DM
F.
Not
e: T
o co
nfirm
infe
ctio
n, th
e su
rvey
or m
ust o
bser
ve
mis
tleto
e ae
rial s
hoot
s or
bas
al c
ups
on re
gene
ratio
n or
on
live
or d
ead
falle
n br
oom
s. T
he H
awks
wor
th ra
ting
syst
em is
de
scrib
ed o
n pa
ge 2
4.
26b. Free growing damage criteria for multi-layered conifer stands (pg. 2)
TABL
E X.
Tre
e w
ound
ing
crite
ria fo
r lay
ers
1-4.
Tre
es a
re u
nacc
epta
ble
if an
y O
NE
crite
rion
is m
et.
STAN
D M
ANAG
EMEN
T O
BJEC
TIVE
1
TREE
SPE
CIE
S SH
OR
T TE
RM
RET
ENTI
ON
2 LO
NG
-TER
M R
ETEN
TIO
N3
UN
EVEN
-AG
ED 4
LAY
ERS
3 &
4
(Lay
ers
1 &
2)
(Lay
ers
1 &
2)
(Lay
ers
1 &
2)
B, H
, Lw,
Ss
and
W.>
33%
C.,
or M
RW 1
m, o
r G.
W.>
33%
C.,
or M
RW
1m
, or G
. W
.>33
%C
., or
MRW
1m
, or G
. Se
e ta
ble
21C
w <
60 y
ears
1 W
.>40
0cm
2 1
W.>
400c
m2
Cy,
Sx
and
W
.>33
%C
., or
MRW
1m
, or G
W
.>33
%C
., or
MR
W 1
m, o
r G.
W.>
33%
C.,
or M
RW 1
m, o
r G.
Cw
>60
yea
rs
1
W.>
400c
m2
1 W
.>40
0cm
2
Fd, P
w
W.>
50%
C.
W.>
33%
C.,
or M
RW
1m
, or G
. W
.>33
%C
., or
MRW
1m
, or G
.
1 W
.>40
0cm
2
Pl, P
y W
.>50
% C
. W
.>50
% C
. W
.>33
%C
., or
MRW
1m
, or G
.
1 The
sta
nd m
anag
emen
t obj
ectiv
e sh
ould
be
spec
ified
in th
e si
te p
lan.
Whe
re it
is n
ot, t
he
crite
ria fo
r une
ven-
aged
man
agem
ent s
houl
d be
app
lied.
2 Whe
re tr
ee w
ill be
rem
oved
with
in 2
0 ye
ars.
3 Whe
re tr
ee w
ill be
rem
oved
in m
ore
than
20
yea
rs.
4 Whe
re s
tand
is m
anag
ed in
a tr
ue u
neve
n st
ate.
5 A g
ouge
invo
lves
a w
ound
whe
re p
enet
ratio
n is
into
the
sapw
ood
or d
eepe
r.W
. = W
ound
C
.= C
ircum
fere
nce
G
. = G
ouge
5 M
RW
= M
ajor
Roo
t Wou
nd
with
in1
m o
f the
ste
m.
Som
e po
ssib
le c
ause
s
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 26 of 38
Roo
tsR
OO
T D
ISEA
SE•
Sign
(s) o
r defi
nitiv
e co
mbi
natio
ns
of s
ympt
oms
of ro
ot d
isea
se a
re
obse
rved
.
All
arm
illaria
root
dis
ease
D
RA,
lam
inat
ed ro
ot ro
t D
RL,
tom
ento
sus
root
ro
t DR
T, a
nnos
us ro
ot
dise
ase
DR
N, b
lack
stai
n ro
ot d
isea
se D
RB.
Sign
s ar
e di
rect
evid
ence
of t
he p
atho
geni
c fu
ngus
inclu
ding
frui
ting
bodi
es, d
istin
ctive
myc
eliu
m o
r rhi
zom
orph
s. S
ympt
oms
inclu
de
folia
r thi
nnin
g or
chl
oros
is, p
rono
unce
d re
sin fl
ow n
ear t
he ro
ot
colla
r, re
duce
d re
cent
lead
er g
row
th, a
dist
ress
con
e cr
op, a
nd
woo
d de
cay
or s
tain
. Sym
ptom
s al
one
are
not u
sual
ly su
fficie
nt to
id
entif
y ro
ot d
iseas
e. B
oth
signs
and
sym
ptom
s m
ay b
e de
tect
ed
from
old
stu
mps
, roo
t bal
ls, o
r oth
er p
ost-h
arve
st re
mai
ns.
• In
fect
ed c
onife
r fou
nd in
plo
t. S
ee
Tabl
e Y
for w
ell-s
pace
d tre
e ne
t do
wn
calc
ulat
ion
by la
yer.
All
arm
illaria
root
dis
ease
D
RA.
Not
e: A
ll co
nife
r spe
cies
are
con
side
red
susc
eptib
le.
Broa
dlea
f sp
ecie
s ar
e co
nsid
ered
not
sus
cept
ible
for s
urve
y pu
rpos
es o
nly.
Ex
ampl
e: H
ow to
app
ly n
et d
own
for r
oot d
isea
se.If
root
dis
ease
-in
fect
ed tr
ees
are
foun
d in
the
plot
:1.
Det
erm
ine
the
num
ber o
f hea
lthy,
wel
l-spa
ced
trees
in e
ach
laye
r usi
ng th
e pr
escr
ibed
min
imum
inte
r-tre
e di
stan
ce
(MIT
D) (
e. g
., 3
laye
r 1, 3
laye
r 3 a
nd 4
laye
r 4 =
10
heal
thy,
w
ell-s
pace
d) ig
norin
g th
e M
-val
ue;
2. C
ount
the
num
ber o
f inf
ecte
d tre
es (e
. g.,
1 la
yer 1
tree
and
1
laye
r 3 tr
ee);
3. W
orki
ng fr
om th
e up
perm
ost l
ayer
dow
n, a
pply
the
mul
tiplie
r in
Tab
le Y
to e
ach
low
er la
yer.
Sub
tract
the
resu
ltant
from
ea
ch la
yer i
n tu
rn, f
or s
usce
ptib
le s
peci
es o
nly
(e. g
., if
all
trees
are
sus
cept
ible
, 1 in
fect
ed la
yer 1
tree
rem
oves
1
heal
thy,
wel
l-spa
ced
laye
r 1 tr
ee p
lus
3 la
yer 3
tree
s pl
us 4
la
yer 4
tree
s).
Not
e th
e eff
ects
are
cum
ulat
ive,
not
exc
lusi
ve
and
low
er la
yers
do
not e
ffect
hig
her l
ayer
s;4.
Cal
cula
te th
e re
mai
ning
hea
lthy,
wel
l-spa
ced
trees
onc
e al
l re
mov
als
due
to in
fect
ed tr
ees
are
com
plet
ed (e
. g. 1
0 –
8 =
2).
The
max
imum
num
ber o
f fre
e gr
owin
g tre
es th
at m
ight
be
tallie
d is
2.
Nex
t con
side
r com
petin
g ve
geta
tion.
Com
men
tsSo
me
poss
ible
cau
ses
Hos
t sp
ecie
sTr
ee b
eing
ass
esse
d is
U
NAC
CEP
TABL
E if:
Type
of D
amag
eLo
catio
n of
D
amag
e26c. Free growing damage criteria for multi-layered conifer stands (pg. 3)
• In
fect
ed c
onife
r fou
nd in
plo
t. S
ee
Tabl
e Y
for w
ell-s
pace
d tre
e ne
t do
wn
calc
ulat
ion.
Fd, S
x,
Se L
w,
Ba, B
g
lam
inat
ed ro
ot ro
t DR
L.N
ote:
Bl,
Cw,
Pl,
Pw, P
y an
d br
oadl
eaf s
peci
es a
re c
onsi
dere
d no
t sus
cept
ible
for s
urve
y pu
rpos
es o
nly.
• In
fect
ed c
onife
r fou
nd in
plo
t. S
ee
Tabl
e Y
for w
ell-s
pace
d tre
e ne
t do
wn
calc
ulat
ion.
Ba, H
w,
Ssan
nosu
s ro
ot ro
t DR
N.
Not
e: B
g, B
l, C
w, C
y, F
d, H
m, P
l, Pw
, Py,
Sx
and
broa
dlea
f sp
ecie
s ar
e co
nsid
ered
not
sus
cept
ible
for s
urve
y pu
rpos
es o
nly.
• In
fect
ed c
onife
r or s
tum
p fo
und
in
plot
. Se
e Ta
ble
Y fo
r wel
l-spa
ced
tree
net d
own
calc
ulat
ion.
Se, S
x,
Plto
men
tosu
s ro
ot ro
t DR
T.N
ote:
Ba,
Bl,
Cw,
Fd,
Pw,
Py
and
broa
dlea
f spe
cies
are
co
nsid
ered
not
sus
cept
ible
for s
urve
y pu
rpos
es o
nly.
Table Y Deductions from number of acceptable well spaced uninfected stems for trees infected by root disease in unevenaged stand layers.
Infected trees Multiplier to determine number of trees to be or stumps deducted from: Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 1 1 2 3 4 Layer 2 - 2 2 3 Layer 3 - - 2 2 Layer 4 - - - 2
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 27 of 38
27a. Free Growing Damage Criteria for Single Entry Dispersed Retention Stocking Standard (SEDRSS) Managed Stands in Coastal BC and for Interior DFP and Layered Stands (pg 1) TABLE A-LAYER 1
• W
ound
gird
les
>33%
ste
m
cum
fere
nce,
or
• O
ne w
ound
>40
0cm
2 on
stem
, or
• W
ound
on
a m
ajor
root
with
in 1
m o
f th
e st
em, o
r•
Tree
has
gou
ge in
ste
m.
frost
NG
, hai
l N
H, s
now
NY,
dr
ough
t ND
, lo
ggin
g TL
, m
echa
nica
l TT
, dw
arf
mis
tleto
es (s
ee
belo
w).
Stem
Com
men
tsSo
me
poss
ible
ca
uses
Hw, B
a, B
g, B
l, Cy,
Fd, S
s, Pw
, Pl, L
w, S
x, Py
Tree
bei
ng a
sses
sed
is U
NAC
CEP
TABL
E if:
Type
of
Dam
age
Loca
tion
of
Dam
age
Def
orm
atio
n (in
clud
ing
croo
k,
fork
,and
dea
d or
br
oken
top)
• An
y pa
thol
ocic
al in
dica
tor(s
) are
pre
sent
. Th
is
may
incl
ude
conk
, blin
d co
nk, f
rost
cra
ck o
r rot
ten
bran
ches
.
Dec
ayva
rious
dec
ay
fung
i DD
Perc
ent l
ive
crow
n is
the
leng
th o
f con
tinuo
us g
reen
fo
liage
on
a tre
e ex
pres
sed
as a
per
cent
age
of it
s to
tal
heig
ht.
Stem
Bark
Min
ing
• An
y of
the
follo
win
g si
gns
are
visi
ble:
pitc
h tu
bes,
bor
ing
dust
, ex
it ho
les
on b
ark
surfa
ce, g
alle
ries
unde
r the
bar
k.
Dou
glas
fir
beet
le IB
D,
Ips
pini
IBI,
Pity
ogen
es &
Pi
tyop
htho
rus
IBP
TABL
E A
- Lay
er 1
- >
12.5
cm D
BH, S
EDR
SS d
amag
e cr
iteria
• N
o cr
iteria
Cw
Not
e: P
itch
tube
s ca
n be
ass
ocia
ted
with
trre
es th
at h
ave
succ
essf
ully
repe
lled
bark
bee
tles,
bar
k m
ust b
e re
mov
ed
abov
e pi
tch
tube
to c
onfir
m s
ucce
ssfu
l atta
ck (s
ucce
ssfu
l ga
llerie
s w
ill be
fille
d w
ith fr
ass
and
not p
ich,
con
tain
adu
lt be
etle
s an
d or
larv
al g
alle
ries)
.St
ress
ed tr
ees
are
susc
eptib
le to
sec
onda
ry b
ark
and
twig
be
etle
s.
• N
o cr
iteria
• An
y cr
ook
disp
lace
s th
e po
rtion
of
the
stem
abo
ve th
e de
fect
by
>50%
fro
m th
e lin
e of
gro
wth
form
ed b
y th
e st
em b
elow
the
poin
t of d
efec
t in
the
botto
m 2
/3 o
f the
ste
m o
nly.
• A
fork
occ
urs
abov
e st
ump
heig
ht in
th
e bo
ttom
2/3
of t
he s
tem
onl
y.•
A de
ad o
r bro
ken
top
exte
nds
mor
e th
an 2
0% o
f the
ste
m le
ngth
or t
he
live
crow
n is
rem
oved
.St
em
• N
o cr
iteria
• A
dead
tree
w
ith n
o liv
e fo
liage
th
e st
em
is u
nabl
e to
pro
duce
>5
0% m
er-
chan
tabl
e vo
lum
e.
Cw
: Una
ccep
tabl
e as
a c
ontri
butin
g C
rop
Tree
if a
sses
sed
as u
nabl
e to
pro
duce
> 5
0% M
erch
anta
ble
Volu
me
in th
e fir
st 1
0 m
. log
leng
th –
defi
ned
as e
ither
: 1.
U
tility
Gra
de –
At l
east
a s
olid
8 in
ch s
hell
– Sh
ake
and
Shin
gle
and
/or
2.
Hig
her G
rade
– C
ompl
ete
solid
woo
d –
Saw
Log
s
Not
e: F
ield
gui
danc
e pr
oced
ures
and
pho
to e
xam
ples
for
the
estim
atio
n of
mer
chan
tabl
e C
w v
olum
e ar
e id
entifi
ed
in A
ppen
dix
BB in
the
Surv
eys
Proc
edur
es M
anua
l.D
efor
mat
ion
(incl
udin
g cr
ook,
fo
rk,a
nd d
ead
or b
roke
n to
p)
• An
y of
the
follo
win
g si
gns
are
visi
ble:
pitc
h tu
bes,
bor
ing
dust
, ex
it ho
les
on b
ark
surfa
ce, g
alle
ries
unde
r the
bar
k.
• N
o cr
iteria
The
Haw
ksw
orth
ratin
g sy
stem
is d
escr
ibed
on
page
23.
Fo
r SED
RSS
, thi
s ra
ting
syst
em w
ill on
ly a
pply
to th
e tre
e/pl
ot a
sses
smen
t lev
el, a
nd n
ot a
t the
sta
nd le
vel.
Stem
Wou
ndfir
e N
B,
win
dthr
ow N
W,
suns
cald
NZ,
lo
ggin
g TL
, m
echa
nica
l TM
A w
ound
is d
efine
d as
an
inju
ry in
whi
ch th
e ca
mbi
um is
de
ad (e
.g. s
unsc
ald)
or c
ompl
etel
y re
mov
ed fr
om th
e tre
e ex
posi
ng th
e sa
pwoo
d. M
easu
re th
e w
ound
acr
oss
the
wid
est p
oint
of t
he e
xpos
ed s
apw
ood
(or d
ead
cam
bium
w
hen
the
tree
is d
amag
ed b
y su
nsca
ld).
Hea
led
over
w
ound
(=sc
ars)
are
acc
epta
ble.
Stem
Not
e: T
able
A o
verri
des
all o
ther
dam
age
crite
ria fo
r SED
RSS
man
aged
sta
nds
hem
lock
dw
arf
mist
leto
e D
MH
, Pl
dw
arf
mist
leto
e D
MP,
la
rch
dwar
f m
istle
toe
DM
L, F
d dw
arf
mist
leto
e D
MF.
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 28 of 38
27b. Free Growing Damage Criteria for Single Entry Dispersed Retention Stocking Standard (SEDRSS) Managed Stands in Coastal BC and for Interior DFP and Layered Stands (pg 2)
Folia
ge
Def
olia
tion
defo
liato
rs ID
, fo
liage
dis
ease
s D
F.
Folia
ge•F
or d
efol
iatin
g in
sect
s:•
> 80
% o
f fol
iage
rem
oved
, los
t or
dam
aged
due
to in
sect
def
olia
tion.
For f
olia
r dis
ease
s:•
> 50
% o
f fol
iage
rem
oved
, los
t or
dam
aged
.
Com
men
tsHw
, Ba,
Bg,
Bl, C
y, Fd
, Ss,
Pw, P
l, Lw,
Sx,
Py
Tree
bei
ng a
sses
sed
is U
NAC
CEP
TABL
E if:
Type
of
Dam
age
Loca
tion
of
Dam
age
• St
ems
< 17
.5 c
m d
bh -
< 30
% li
ve
crow
n du
e to
poo
r vig
our.
• St
ems
≥ 17
.5 c
m d
bh -
< 20
% li
ve
crow
n du
e to
poo
r vig
our.
Live
Cro
wn
Vigo
ur
Roo
tsR
oot D
isea
sear
milla
ria ro
ot
dise
ase
DR
A,
lam
inat
ed
root
rot D
RL,
an
nosu
s ro
ot
dise
ase
DR
N.
TABL
E A
- Lay
er 1
- >
12.5
cm D
BH, S
EDR
SS d
amag
e cr
iteria
(con
t'd)
• N
o cr
iteria
Cw
Sign
s ar
e di
rect
evi
denc
e of
the
path
ogen
ic fu
ngus
in
clud
ing
fruiti
ng b
odie
s, d
istin
ctiv
e m
ycel
ium
or
rhiz
omor
phs.
Sym
ptom
s in
clud
e fo
liar t
hinn
ing
or c
hlor
osis
, pr
onou
nced
resi
n flo
w n
ear t
he ro
ot c
olla
r, re
duce
d re
cent
le
ader
gro
wth
, a d
istre
ss c
one
crop
, and
woo
d de
cay
or
stai
n. S
ympt
oms
alon
e ar
e no
t usu
ally
suffi
cien
t to
iden
tify
root
dis
ease
. Bot
h si
gns
and
sym
ptom
s m
ay b
e de
tect
ed
from
old
stu
mps
, roo
t bal
ls, o
r oth
er p
ost-h
arve
st re
mai
ns.
• Fo
r Cw,
ther
e is
no c
riter
ion
for n
et d
own
calcu
latio
n -
cons
ider
ed
not
susc
eptib
le
or lo
w
susc
eptib
ility.
• Si
gn(s
) or d
efini
tive
com
bina
tions
of
sym
ptom
s of
root
dis
ease
are
ob
serv
ed.
• In
fect
ed c
onife
r or s
tum
p fo
und
in
plot
.
See
Tab
le Y
for w
ell-s
pace
d tre
e ne
t do
wn
calc
ulat
ion
by la
yer.
Exam
ple:
How
to a
pply
net
dow
n fo
r roo
t dis
ease
. If r
oot
dise
ase-
infe
cted
tree
s ar
e fo
und
in th
e pl
ot:
1. D
eter
min
e th
e nu
mbe
r of h
ealth
y, w
ell-s
pace
d tre
es
in e
ach
laye
r usi
ng th
e pr
escr
ibed
min
imum
inte
r-tre
e di
stan
ce (M
ITD
) (e.
g.,
3 la
yer 1
, 3 la
yer 3
and
4 la
yer 4
=
10 h
ealth
y, w
ell-s
pace
d) ig
norin
g M
-val
ue;
2. C
ount
infe
cted
tree
s (e
. g.,
1 la
yer 1
tree
and
1 la
yer 3
tre
e);
3. W
orki
ng fr
om th
e up
perm
ost l
ayer
dow
n, a
pply
the
mul
tiplie
r in
Tabl
e Y
to e
ach
low
er la
yer.
Subt
ract
the
resu
ltant
from
eac
h la
yer i
n tu
rn, f
or s
usce
ptib
le s
peci
es
only
(e. g
., if
all t
rees
are
sus
cept
ible
, 1 in
fect
ed la
yer 1
tre
e re
mov
es 1
hea
lthy,
wel
l-spa
ced
laye
r 1 tr
ee p
lus
3 la
yer 3
tree
s pl
us 4
laye
r 4 tr
ees)
. Not
e th
e eff
ects
are
cu
mul
ativ
e, n
ot e
xclu
sive
and
low
er la
yers
do
not a
ffect
hi
gher
laye
rs;
4 C
alcu
late
the
rem
aini
ng h
ealth
y, w
ell-s
pace
d tre
es o
nce
all r
emov
als
due
to in
fect
ed tr
ees
are
com
plet
ed (e
. g. 1
0 –
8 =
2). T
he m
axim
um n
umbe
r of f
ree
grow
ing
trees
that
m
ight
be
tallie
d is
2.
Nex
t con
side
r com
petin
g ve
geta
tion.
Som
e po
ssib
le
caus
es
• A
dead
tree
w
ith n
o liv
e fo
liage
.
Perc
ent l
ive
crow
n is
the
leng
th o
f con
tinuo
us g
reen
fo
liage
on
a tre
e ex
pres
sed
as a
per
cent
age
of it
s to
tal
heig
ht.
arm
illaria
root
di
seas
e D
RA,
la
min
ated
ro
ot ro
t DR
L,
anno
sus
root
di
seas
e D
RN
.
TAB
LE Y
. Ded
uctio
ns fr
om n
umbe
rs o
f acc
epta
ble
wel
l-spa
ced
unin
fect
ed s
tem
s fo
r tre
es in
fect
ed b
y ro
ot d
isea
se in
laye
red
stan
ds.
Not
e: T
able
A o
verri
des
all o
ther
dam
age
crite
ria fo
r SED
RSS
man
aged
sta
nds
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 29 of 38
27c. Free Growing Damage Criteria for Single Entry Dispersed Retention Stocking Standard (SEDRSS) Managed Stands in Coastal BC and for Interior DFP and Layered Stands (pg 3)
• W
ound
gird
les
> 25
% s
tem
circ
umfe
renc
e, o
r•
One
wou
nd >
10%
the
leng
th o
f ste
m.
Stem
Com
men
tsSo
me
poss
ible
ca
uses
Hw,
Ba,
Bg,
Bl,
Cy,
Fd,
Ss,
Pw,
Pl,
Lw, S
x, P
y
Tree
bei
ng a
sses
sed
is U
NAC
CEP
TABL
E if:
Type
of
Dam
age
Loca
tion
of
Dam
age
Def
orm
atio
n (in
clud
ing
croo
k,
fork
,and
dea
d or
br
oken
top)
• An
y pa
thol
ocic
al in
dica
tor(s
) are
pre
sent
. Th
is m
ay in
clud
e co
nk, b
lind
conk
, fro
st c
rack
or
rotte
n br
anch
es.
Dec
ayva
rious
dec
ay
fung
i DD
Stem
Bark
Min
ing
• An
y of
the
follo
win
g si
gns
are
visi
ble:
pitc
h tu
bes,
bor
ing
dust
, exi
t hol
es o
n ba
rk
surfa
ce, g
alle
ries
unde
r the
bar
k.
flood
ing
NF,
sn
ow N
Y, s
lides
N
S, w
ind
NW
Dou
glas
fir b
eetle
IB
D, I
ps p
ini I
BI,
Pity
ogen
es &
Pi
tyop
htho
rus
IBP
TABL
E A
- Lay
er 1
- >
12.5
cm D
BH, S
EDR
SS d
amag
e cr
iteria
(co
n't)
All
Cw
Not
e: P
itch
tube
s ca
n be
ass
ocia
ted
with
trre
es th
at h
ave
succ
essf
ully
repe
lled
bark
bee
tles,
bar
k m
ust b
e re
mov
ed
abov
e pi
tch
tube
to c
onfir
m s
ucce
ssfu
l atta
che
(suc
cess
ful
galle
ries
will
be fi
lled
with
fras
s an
d no
t pic
h, c
onta
in a
dult
beet
les
and
or la
rval
gal
lerie
s).
Stre
sses
tree
s ar
e su
scep
tible
to s
econ
dary
bar
k an
d tw
ig
beet
les.
• Th
e pi
th is
hor
izon
tally
dis
plac
ed m
ore
than
30
cm
from
the
poin
t of d
efec
t and
orig
inat
es
abov
e 30
cm
from
the
poin
t of g
erm
inat
ion.
Stem
This
crit
erio
n ap
plie
s on
ly fo
r ter
min
al w
eevi
l dam
age.
Lean
and
Sw
eep
• Th
e tre
e le
ans
>30
degr
ees
from
the
verti
cal
with
or w
ithou
t gro
wth
cor
rect
ion.
Lead
er d
omin
ance
occ
urs
whe
n th
e ta
llest
lead
er is
at
leas
t 5 c
m ta
ller t
han
the
seco
nd ta
llest
lead
er. S
ee
Appe
ndix
AA
in S
urve
ys P
roce
dure
s M
anua
l on
Dam
age
Type
s.
Stem
Wou
ndfir
e N
B, w
indt
hrow
N
W, s
unsc
ald
NZ,
logg
ing
TL,
mec
hani
cal T
M
A w
ound
is d
efine
d as
an
inju
ry in
whi
ch th
e ca
mbi
um is
de
ad (e
.g.,
suns
cald
) or c
ompl
etel
y re
mov
ed fr
om th
e tre
e ex
posi
ng th
e sa
pwoo
d. M
easu
re th
e w
ound
acr
oss
the
w
ides
t poi
nt o
f the
exp
osed
sap
woo
d (o
r dea
d ca
mbi
um
whe
n tre
e is
dam
aged
by
suns
cald
). H
eale
d ov
er w
ound
s(s
cars
) are
acc
epta
ble.
Stem
All
All
Ss,
Sx•
The
tree
lead
er h
as b
een
kille
d th
ree
or m
ore
times
in th
e la
st 5
yea
rs (w
eevi
l onl
y).
• Th
e tre
e ha
s tw
o or
mor
e le
ader
s w
ith n
o do
min
ance
exp
ress
ed a
fter fi
ve y
ears
gro
wth
an
d th
e fo
rk o
rigin
ates
abo
ve 3
0 cm
from
the
poin
t of g
erm
inat
ion.
• Th
e tre
e ha
s a
dead
or b
roke
n to
p at
a p
oint
th
at is
> 3
cm in
dia
met
er.
• Th
e tre
e ha
s a
flat t
op (u
mbr
ella
like
) for
m
and
no d
istin
ct le
ader
.
All
All
defo
liato
rs
ID, w
hite
pin
e (s
pruc
e) w
eevil
IW
S, lo
dgep
ole
pi
ne t
erm
inal
w
eevil
IWP,
cat
tle
AC,
deer
AD
, elk
AE
, moo
se A
M,
frost
NG
, hai
l NH
, sn
ow N
Y, d
roug
ht
ND
, log
ging
TL,
m
echa
nica
l TT,
D
war
f mist
leto
es
(see
bel
ow).
Not
e: T
able
A o
verri
des
all o
ther
dam
age
crite
ria fo
r SED
RSS
man
aged
sta
nds
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 30 of 38
28a. Free Growing Damage Criteria for Single Entry Dispersed Retention Stocking Standard (SEDRSS) Managed Stands in Coastal BC and for Interior DFP and Layered Stands (pg 1)
• W
ound
gird
les
> 25
% s
tem
circ
umfe
renc
e, o
r•
One
wou
nd >
10%
the
leng
th o
f ste
m.
defo
liato
rs
ID, w
hite
pin
e (s
pruc
e) w
eevil
IW
S, lo
dgep
ole
pi
ne t
erm
inal
w
eevil
IWP,
cat
tle
AC,
deer
AD
, elk
AE
, moo
se A
M,
frost
NG
, hai
l NH
, sn
ow N
Y, d
roug
ht
ND
, log
ging
TL,
m
echa
nica
l TT,
D
war
f mist
leto
es
(see
bel
ow).
Stem
Com
men
tsSo
me
poss
ible
ca
uses
Hw,
Ba,
Bg,
Bl,
Cy,
Fd,
Ss,
Pw,
Pl,
Lw, S
x, P
y
Tree
bei
ng a
sses
sed
is U
NAC
CEP
TABL
E if:
Type
of
Dam
age
Loca
tion
of
Dam
age
Def
orm
atio
n (in
clud
ing
croo
k,
fork
,and
dea
d or
br
oken
top)
• An
y pa
thol
ocic
al in
dica
tor(s
) are
pre
sent
. Th
is m
ay in
clud
e co
nk, b
lind
conk
, fro
st c
rack
or
rotte
n br
anch
es.
Dec
ayva
rious
dec
ay
fung
i DD
Stem
Bark
Min
ing
• An
y of
the
follo
win
g si
gns
are
visi
ble:
pitc
h tu
bes,
bor
ing
dust
, exi
t hol
es o
n ba
rk
surfa
ce, g
alle
ries
unde
r the
bar
k.
flood
ing
NF,
sn
ow N
Y, s
lides
N
S, w
ind
NW
Dou
glas
fir b
eetle
IB
D, I
ps p
ini I
BI,
Pity
ogen
es &
Pi
tyop
htho
rus
IBP
TABL
E B
- Lay
er 2
, 3 &
4 -
> 12
.5cm
DBH
, SED
RSS
dam
age
crite
ria
All
Cw
Not
e: P
itch
tube
s ca
n be
ass
ocia
ted
with
trre
es th
at h
ave
succ
essf
ully
repe
lled
bark
bee
tles,
bar
k m
ust b
e re
mov
ed
abov
e pi
tch
tube
to c
onfir
m s
ucce
ssfu
l atta
che
(suc
cess
ful
galle
ries
will
be fi
lled
with
fras
s an
d no
t pic
h, c
onta
in a
dult
beet
les
and
or la
rval
gal
lerie
s).
Stre
sses
tree
s ar
e su
scep
tible
to s
econ
dary
bar
k an
d tw
ig
beet
les.
• Th
e pi
th is
hor
izon
tally
dis
plac
ed m
ore
than
30
cm
from
the
poin
t of d
efec
t and
orig
inat
es
abov
e 30
cm
from
the
poin
t of g
erm
inat
ion.
Stem
This
crit
erio
n ap
plie
s on
ly fo
r ter
min
al w
eevi
l dam
age.
Lean
and
Sw
eep
• Th
e tre
e le
ans
>30
degr
ees
from
the
verti
cal
with
or w
ithou
t gro
wth
cor
rect
ion.
Lead
er d
omin
ance
occ
urs
whe
n th
e ta
llest
lead
er is
at
leas
t 5
cm ta
ller t
han
the
seco
nd ta
llest
lead
er. S
ee A
ppen
dix
AA in
Sur
veys
Pro
cedu
res
Man
ual o
n D
amag
e Ty
pes.
Stem
Wou
ndfir
e N
B, w
indt
hrow
N
W, s
unsc
ald
NZ,
logg
ing
TL,
mec
hani
cal T
M
A w
ound
is d
efine
d as
an
inju
ry in
whi
ch th
e ca
mbi
um is
de
ad (e
.g.,
suns
cald
) or c
ompl
etel
y re
mov
ed fr
om th
e tre
e ex
posi
ng th
e sa
pwoo
d. M
easu
re th
e w
ound
acr
oss
the
w
ides
t poi
nt o
f the
exp
osed
sap
woo
d (o
r dea
d ca
mbi
um
whe
n tre
e is
dam
aged
by
suns
cald
). H
eale
d ov
er w
ound
s(s
cars
) are
acc
epta
ble.
Stem
All
All
Ss,
Sx•
The
tree
lead
er h
as b
een
kille
d th
ree
or m
ore
times
in th
e la
st 5
yea
rs (w
eevi
l onl
y).
• Th
e tre
e ha
s tw
o or
mor
e le
ader
s w
ith n
o do
min
ance
exp
ress
ed a
fter fi
ve y
ears
gro
wth
an
d th
e fo
rk o
rigin
ates
abo
ve 3
0 cm
from
the
poin
t of g
erm
inat
ion.
• Th
e tre
e ha
s a
dead
or b
roke
n to
p at
a p
oint
th
at is
> 3
cm in
dia
met
er.
• Th
e tre
e ha
s a
flat t
op (u
mbr
ella
like
) for
m
and
no d
istin
ct le
ader
.
All
All
Not
e: T
able
B o
verri
des
all o
ther
dam
age
crite
ria fo
r SED
RSS
man
aged
sta
nds
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 31 of 38
28b. Free Growing Damage Criteria for Single Entry Dispersed Retention Stocking Standard (SEDRSS) Managed Stands in Coastal BC and for Interior DFP and Layered Stands (pg 2)
• An
y in
fect
ion
occu
rs o
n th
e st
em.
Not
e: T
o co
nfirm
infe
ctio
n, th
e su
rvey
or m
ust o
bser
ve
mist
leto
e ae
rial s
hoot
s or
bas
al c
ups
on re
gene
ratio
n or
on
live
or d
ead
falle
n br
oom
s.
Folia
ge
Com
men
tsSo
me
poss
ible
cau
ses
Tree
bei
ng a
sses
sed
is
UN
ACC
EPTA
BLE
if:Ty
pe o
f D
amag
eLo
catio
n of
D
amag
e
Def
olia
tion
• An
infe
ctio
n oc
curs
on
a liv
e br
anch
le
ss th
an 6
0 cm
from
the
stem
.In
fect
ion
(can
kers
)w
hite
pin
e bl
ister
rust
DSB
,co
man
dra
blist
er ru
st D
SC,
stal
actif
orm
blis
ter r
ust D
SS.
Bran
chG
alls
• A
gall
rust
infe
ctio
n oc
curs
on
a liv
e br
anch
less
than
5 c
m fr
om th
e st
em.
wes
tern
gal
l rus
t DSG
.
TABL
E B
- Lay
er 2
, 3 &
4 -
> 12
.5cm
DBH
, SED
RSS
dam
age
crite
ria (c
ont'd
)
All
• >
60%
tree
folia
ge h
as b
een
rem
oved
by
hem
lock
loop
er.
Stem
or
Bran
ch
Perc
ent l
ive
crow
n is
the
leng
th o
f con
tinuo
us g
reen
folia
ge
on a
tree
exp
ress
ed a
s a
perc
enta
ge o
f its
tota
l hei
ght.
Dw
arf
Mis
tleto
e In
fect
ion
• An
y in
fect
ion
occu
rs o
n th
e st
em o
r a
live
bran
ch, o
r•
A su
scep
tible
tree
is lo
cate
d w
ithin
10
m
of t
he b
ole
of a
hig
her l
ayer
tree
that
is
infe
cted
with
dw
arf m
istle
toe.
Gou
ting
is d
efine
d as
exc
essi
ve s
wel
ling
on a
bra
nch
or s
hoot
cau
sed
by b
alsa
m w
oolly
ade
lgid
, and
is o
ften
acco
mpa
nied
by
mis
shap
en n
eedl
es a
nd b
uds.
It is
mos
t co
mm
on o
n br
anch
tips
and
at n
odes
nea
r the
end
s of
br
anch
es. C
onsu
lt a
rece
ntdi
strib
utio
n m
ap to
iden
tify
the
geog
raph
ic e
xten
t of t
his
pest
.
Stem
Infe
ctio
n (in
clud
es
cank
ers
and
galls
)
whi
te p
ine
blis
ter r
ust
DSB
, atro
pellis
can
ker
DSA
, dw
arf m
istle
toes
(s
ee b
elow
).
Not
e: W
ound
s ca
used
by
rode
nt fe
edin
g ar
ound
rust
ca
nker
s sh
ould
hav
e st
em ru
st re
cord
ed a
s th
e ca
usal
ag
ent.
Bran
ch
Pl, P
y
Hw
Ba, B
g, B
l
• <
30%
live
cro
wn
pres
ent d
ue to
poo
r vi
gour
.ba
lsam
woo
lly a
delg
id IA
B.
Not
e: T
able
B o
verri
des
all o
ther
dam
age
crite
ria fo
r SED
RSS
man
aged
sta
nds
Hos
tSp
ecie
s
Pw, P
l, Py
All O
ther
• >
80%
of f
olia
ge h
as b
een
rem
oved
, los
t or
dam
aged
due
to in
sect
def
olia
tion.
hem
lock
loop
er ID
L.
defo
liato
rs ID
.
All
• >
50%
of f
olia
ge h
as b
een
rem
oved
, los
t or
dam
aged
due
to in
sect
def
olia
tion.
folia
ge d
isea
ses
DF.
Folia
geLi
ve C
row
n Vi
gour
Stem
or
Bran
chAd
elgi
d G
outin
g•
Any
adel
gid
gout
ing
occu
rs o
n a
stem
or
bran
ch.
Hw,
Pl,
Lw, F
dhe
mloc
k dwa
rf m
istlet
oe D
MH,
Pl
dwa
rf m
istlet
oe D
MP,
lar
ch d
warf
mist
letoe
DM
L,
Fd d
warf
mist
letoe
DM
F.
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 32 of 38
28c. Free Growing Damage Criteria for Single Entry Dispersed Retention Stocking Standard (SEDRSS) Managed Stands in Coastal BC and for Interior DFP and Layered Stands (pg 3)
• Si
gn(s
) or d
efini
tive
com
bina
tions
of
sym
ptom
s of
root
dis
ease
are
obs
erve
d.
Not
e: B
g, B
l, C
w, C
y, Fd
, Hm
, Pl,
Pw, a
nd b
road
leaf
spe
cies
are
cons
ider
ed n
ot s
usce
ptib
le fo
r sur
vey
purp
oses
onl
y.
Com
men
tsSo
me
poss
ible
cau
ses
Tree
bei
ng a
sses
sed
is
UN
ACC
EPTA
BLE
if:Ty
pe o
f D
amag
eLo
catio
n of
D
amag
e
anno
sus
root
rot D
RN
.
TABL
E B
- Lay
er 2
, 3 &
4 -
> 12
.5cm
DBH
, SED
RSS
dam
age
crite
ria (c
ont'd
)
All
• >
60%
tree
folia
ge h
as b
een
rem
oved
by
hem
lock
loop
er.
Exam
ple:
How
to a
pply
net
dow
n fo
r roo
t dis
ease
. If r
oot
dise
ase-
infe
cted
tree
s ar
e fo
und
in th
e pl
ot:
1.
Det
erm
ine
the
num
ber o
f hea
lthy,
wel
l-spa
ced
trees
in
eac
h la
yer u
sing
the
pres
crib
ed m
inim
um in
ter-t
ree
dist
ance
(MIT
D) (
e. g
., 3
laye
r 1, 3
laye
r 3 a
nd 4
laye
r 4
= 10
hea
lthy,
wel
l-spa
ced)
igno
ring
the
M-v
alue
;2.
C
ount
the
num
ber o
f inf
ecte
d tre
es (e
. g.,
1 la
yer 1
tre
e an
d 1
laye
r 3 tr
ee);
3.
Wor
king
from
the
uppe
rmos
t lay
er d
own,
app
ly th
e m
ultip
lier i
n Ta
ble
Y to
eac
h lo
wer
laye
r. Su
btra
ct
the
resu
ltant
from
eac
h la
yer i
n tu
rn, f
or s
usce
ptib
le
spec
ies
only
(e. g
., if
all t
rees
are
sus
cept
ible
, 1
infe
cted
laye
r 1 tr
ee re
mov
es 1
hea
lthy,
wel
l- sp
aced
la
yer 1
tree
plu
s 3
laye
r 3 tr
ees
plus
4 la
yer 4
tree
s).
Not
e th
e eff
ects
are
cum
ulat
ive,
not
exc
lusi
ve a
nd
low
er la
yers
do
not a
ffect
hig
her l
ayer
s;C
alcu
late
the
rem
aini
ng h
ealth
y, w
ell-s
pace
d tre
es o
nce
all
rem
oval
s du
e to
infe
cted
tree
s ar
e co
mpl
eted
(e. g
. 10
– 8
= 2)
. Th
e m
axim
um n
umbe
r of f
ree
grow
ing
trees
that
mig
ht b
e ta
llied
is 2
. N
ow c
onsi
der c
ompe
ting
vege
tatio
n.
• In
fect
ed c
onife
r or s
tum
p fo
und
in p
lot.
See
Tabl
e Y
for w
ell-s
pace
d tre
e ne
t do
wn
calc
ulat
ion
by la
yer.
Not
e: B
l, C
w, P
l, Pw
, and
bro
adle
af s
peci
es a
re
cons
ider
ed n
ot s
usce
ptib
le fo
r sur
vey
purp
oses
onl
y.
Roo
tsR
oot
Dis
ease
arm
illaria
root
dis
ease
D
RA,
lam
inat
ed ro
ot
rot D
RL,
ann
osus
root
di
seas
e D
RN
.
Sign
s ar
e di
rect
evi
denc
e of
the
path
ogen
ic fu
ngus
in
clud
ing
fruiti
ng b
odie
s, d
istin
ctiv
e m
ycel
ium
or
rhiz
omor
phs.
Sym
ptom
s in
clud
e fo
liar t
hinn
ing
or
chlo
rosi
s, p
rono
unce
d re
sin
flow
nea
r the
root
col
lar,
redu
ced
rece
nt le
ader
gro
wth
, a d
istre
ss c
one
crop
, an
d w
ood
deca
y or
sta
in. S
ympt
oms
alon
e ar
e no
t us
ually
suffi
cien
t to
iden
tify
root
dis
ease
. Bot
h si
gns
and
sym
ptom
s m
ay b
e de
tect
ed fr
om o
ld s
tum
ps, r
oot b
alls
, or
othe
r pos
t-har
vest
rem
ains
.
Fd, B
a,
Bgla
min
ated
root
rot D
RL.
Ba, H
w, S
s
Not
e: T
able
B o
verri
des
all o
ther
dam
age
crite
ria fo
r SED
RSS
man
aged
sta
nds
Hos
tSp
ecie
s
All
• In
fect
ed c
onife
r or s
tum
p fo
und
in p
lot.
See
Tabl
e Y
for w
ell-s
pace
d tre
e ne
t do
wn
calc
ulat
ion
by la
yer.
arm
illaria
root
dis
ease
D
RA.
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 33 of 38
29a. Estimating Crown Closure via visual observation
Average crown radius (m) Area (m2) Number of trees/ha for 6% C/C 2.0 12.6 48 2.5 19.6 31 3.0 28.3 21 3.5 38.5 16 4.0 50.2 12 4.5 63.6 9 5.0 78.5 8
29b. Average crown radius, area, and number of trees equal to 6% crown closure
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 34 of 38
n = # of plotsxi = # of well-spaced trees in plot∑ = summation ofpm = plot multiplier = averageLCL = lower confidence limitMSS = minimum stocking standard‘e’ = desired precision level1. Calculate mean of well-spaced trees ( ).2. Calculate standard deviation (S).
S = ∑xi2 - (∑xi)2/n
3. Calculate standard error of mean
4. Find t value for 90% & n - 1 df.5. Multiply t value by S which equals the Confidence
Interval (CI) This can be expressed as average per plot or multiplied
by 200 (plot multiplier for 50m2 plots) to convert to stems/ha.
6. Compare and CI to the following decision rules: (a) If - CI ≥ MSS, then the area is considered SR.
No further plots are required. (b) If < MSS, then the area is considered NSR. No
further plots are required. (c) If > MSS and - CI < MSS, check e value (as
outlined below). If the desired level of precision ‘e’ has not been met or maximum plots have already been established then no more plots required, and if > MSS, then the area is con-sidered SR. Otherwise, determine the number of plots required.
‘e’ value = if > 1,000 tr/ha, e = 0.1 x (This +10% of the average.) if < 1,000 tr/ha for 50 m2 plots e = 0.5. (This is + half a tree per 3.99m plot).
New n =
The number of additional plots required equals, New n - n, to a maximum of 1.5 x the stratum area in ha
x
30. Steps to calculate confidence limits for silviculture surveys
STEPS TO CALCULATE CONFIDENCE LIMITSThe methods below may be applied equally for
well spaced or free growing trees.
45678
9101112
13141516
17181920
21222324
25262728
29304060120 ∞
95% (.05,1 TAILED)90% (.05,2 TAILED)
2.1322.0151.9431.8951.860
1.8331.8121.7961.782
1.7711.7611.7531.746
1.7401.7341.7291.725
1.7211.7171.7141.711
1.7081.7061.7031.701
1.6991.6971.6841.6711.6581.645
n - 1√
df # of PLOTS
56789
10111213
14151617
18192021
22232425
26272829
30314060120 ∞
x
x
x
xs = s/ n√
x
x
x
x
x
x
2 t x s
e [ ]
x
x
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 35 of 38
31b. Site Index Source CodesA Site index from adjacent stand, (rarely used)I Site index growth interceptO Site index from the November 1998 SIBEC rollover, (not used by surveyors)C Site index from height age reference curvesH Site index from stand before harvest, (rarely used)E Site index from SIBEC, biogeoclimatic classificationM Site index converted from site class, (‘last resort’)S Site index assigned by District Silviculture. Section
31c. Site Class to Site Index Conversion for Broadleaf Tree Species Good Medium Poor Low G M P LAc 26 18 9 3Act 27 20 12 4Dr 33 23 13 6E, Ea, Ep 27 20 12 4Mb 33 23 13 6
31a. Selecting a method to estimate site index
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Stand suitable for GI =- not NSR- no high levels of forest health factors- not supressed after reaching 1.3m in height
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 36 of 38
The species that can be predicted Average site index (m) relationship
When you know interior Bl site index
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Interior Pl 10 13 15 17 19 21 23 26 28 30 32Interior Sw 10 12 14 17 19 21 24 26 28 31 33
1 Example: If you have data that were gathered on interior Bl that indicates a site index of 22, it can be used to predict the site index of interior white spruce as 24.
When you know interior Fd site index 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Interior Pl 10 12 14 16 19 21 23 25 27 29 31Interior Sx 7 10 13 15 18 21 23 26 29 32 34Interior Hw 6 8 11 13 15 17 20 22 24 27 29Interior Lw 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31
When you know interior Hw site index 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Interior Fd 13 15 17 19 21 22 24 26 28 29 31
When you know interior Lw site index 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Interior Pl 8 10 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29Interior Fd 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
When you know interior Sx site index 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Interior Bl 10 12 14 15 17 19 21 22 24 26 27Interior Fd 12 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 24 25 27Interior Pl 11 13 15 17 19 20 22 24 26 28 30
When you know interior Pl site index 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Interior Bl 10 12 13 15 17 19 21 23 24 26 28Interior Fd 10 12 14 16 18 19 21 23 25 27 29Interior Lw 12 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31Interior Sx 9 11 13 15 18 20 22 24 26 28 31
When you know coastal Ba Site Index 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42
Coastal Hw 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 39 42 45
When you know coastal Fd site index 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42
Coastal Hw 13 16 18 21 24 27 29 32 35 37
When you know coastal Hw site index 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42
Coastal Ba 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 36 39Coastal Fd 17 20 24 27 30 34 37 40 44 47Coastal Ss 14 18 21 25 29 33 36 40 44 48
When you know coastal Ss site index 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42
Coastal Hw 16 18 21 23 26 28 30 33 35 38
32. Average site index relationship1
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 37 of 38
Ac40Fdi30Sx20Bl10-13/12-1.7/1.6-18/M-19-12520(20)
FG-Fdi56Sx22Bl13Cw9-12-2.4-21/E-920(20)
J K L GMIH
33. Parts of silviculture/inventory labels
These are mandatory specification. If you feel it does not adequately describe the stratum do so in the notes and treatment recommendations.
A Roughly averaged species composition to the nearest 10% based on visual observations recorded on the FS 658. The leading and second species are particularly important to be correct.
B Using the FS 658 data, roughly average the age of the dominant and co-dominant leading (13 years) and then repeat for the second species (12 years).
C Using the FS 658 data, roughly average the height of the dominant and co-dominant leading species (1.7 m) and then repeat for the second species (1.6 m).
D Site index of the leading species in the label. The Ac is predicted to be 18 m tall at 50 years after 1.3 m in height is reached. In this example the method used to determine the site index is site class conversion. (see Table 30)
E Crown closure estimated by visual observation of aerial photograph. Ground observation is possible but commonly less accurate (see Table 27 a, b). The trees described in A and F have a crown closure of 19%.
F The average number of total trees of commercial species per hectare. 12520 total trees per hectare.
G The last 2 digits of the year the survey was conducted. 2020 = (20). H This prefix identifies the stocking status NSR, SR or FG. Subse-
quently the data that follows NSR and SR represent well spaced trees and following FG represents free growing trees.
I The calculated species composition of the well-spaced trees present, recorded to the nearest 1%. *See Note
J Using the FS 658 data, average the well spaced sample ages. 12 years. *See Note
K Using the FS 658 data, average the well spaced sample heights. 2.4 m. *See Note
L Site index of the leading species in the label. The Fdi is predicted to be 21 m tall at 50 years after 1.3 m in height is reached. E in this example indicates the method used to determine the site index is SIBEC. (see Table 30)
M The average number of 920 well-spaced trees per hectare. *See Note
* Note: When the results of a free growing survey indicate that the stratum is free growing, all of the components of the label above that describe well spaced trees are replaced with the values that represent free growing trees.
B C GFD EA
Inventory label
Silviculture label
FS 660 2020/5/1 Page 38 of 38
Notes/Reminders/Recent Changes