simply critical ci definition difficulties professor robert rubens june 2012 1 1
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CI definition difficultiesProfessor Robert RubensJune 2012
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CI definition difficulties
Interpreting the cancer definition
Transition between a pre-malignant condition and established
cancer
Whether or not invasion has occurred
Whether a neoplasm is benign or malignant
– pleomorphism
– necrosis
– mitotic rate
The anatomical site of a tumour
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Cancer –excluding less advanced cases Any malignant tumour positively diagnosed with histological confirmation and characterised by the uncontrolled growth of malignant cells and invasion of tissue. The term malignant tumour includes leukaemia, sarcoma and lymphoma except cutaneous lymphoma (lymphoma confined to the skin). For the above definition, the following are not covered:
All cancers which are histologically classified as any of the following:
pre-malignant;
non-invasive;
cancer in situ;
having borderline malignancy; or
having low malignant potential;
All tumours of the prostate unless histologically classified as having a Gleason score greater than 6 or having progressed to at least clinical TNM classification T2N0M0.
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia unless histologically classified as having progressed to at least Binet Stage A.
Any skin cancer (including cutaneous lymphoma) other than malignant melanoma that has been histologically classified as having caused invasion beyond the epidermis (outer layer of skin).
2011 cancer definition
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Has invasion occurred?
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Leukaemia and lymphoma
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Normal breast
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Ductal carcinoma in situ
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DCIS with invasion
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Refers to limited extension of carcinoma beyond the basement membrane
Principally used to describe small foci of invasive carcinoma in the context of DCIS
No standardised definition
American Joint Cancer Committee
– T1mic: no focus >1mm
Microinvasion
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Thymoma
Carcinoid tumours
– Typical carcinoids
– Uniform population of well-differentiated cell
– Atypical carcinoids
– nuclear pleomorphism
– areas of necrosis
– high mitotic rate
Benign or malignant?
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Relatively benign
– bronchus
– appendix
– rectum
Generally malignant
– stomach
– small intestine
– colon
Carcinoid tumours
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Site Years of postponement
Bronchial – typical 1
Bronchial – atypical 3
Gastric – incidental 0
Gastric - otherwise 4
Duodenum & small intestine 4
Appendix 0
Colon 4
Rectum 1
Carcinoid tumours- Life Guide postponement periods before rating
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Haematological disorders
Myeloid neoplasms
– myeloproliferative disorders
– polycythaemia rubra vera
– essential thrombocythaemia
– myelofibrosis
– chronic myeloid leukaemia
– myelodysplasia
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
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Rai staging
– 0: lymphocytosis only
– 1: lymphocytosis and lymphadenopathy
– 2: lymphocytosis and spleeen and/or liver enlargement
– 3: lymphocytosis and Hb <11g/dl
– 4: lymphocytosis and platelets <100 X 109/L
Binet staging
– A: no anaemia, no thrombocytopenia, <3 lymph node areas enlarged
– B: no anaemia, no thrombocytopenia, >3 lymph node areas enlarged
– C: Hb <10g/dl and/or platelets <100X109/L
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
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No histological confirmation
Probable hepatoma
– typical CT appearances
– high alphfoetoprotein (AFP)
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Low grade astrocytoma
Meningioma
Acoustic neuroma
Spinal ependymomas
Intracranial and spinal tumours
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Superficial bladder tumours
– Benign papilloma
– In situ cancer (Ta)
– Early invasive disease (T1)
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– Rising β-hCG levels after molar pregnancy
– Borderline ovarian tumours of low malignant potential
– Stage 1 endometrial carcinoma
– Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Gynaecological tumours
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Staging of ovarian carcinoma: Federation Internationale de Gynecologie et d’Obstetrique (FIGO)
Stage 1 (growth limited to the ovaries)
– Stage 1a - one ovary involved– Stage 1b - two ovaries involved– Stage 1c - one or both ovaries with ruptured capsule or
ascites Stage 2 (pelvic extension)
– Stage 2a - involvement of uterus and/or fallopian tubes– Stage 2b - involvement of other pelvic tissues– Stage 2c - pelvic extension with ruptured capsule or
ascites Stage 3 (intra-abdominal extension outside the pelvis and/or
involvement of retroperitoneal or inguinal lymph nodes) Stage 4 (distant metastases)
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Ovarian carcinoma: 5-year survival by stage
Table 1 Carcinoma of the ovary: patients treated between 1993-95. Five-year survival by stage (Heintz et al, 2001)
Invasive cancer Borderline tumoursStage Patients % 5-yr survival Patients % 5-yr survival
Ia 421 89.9 296 95.6Ib 46 84.7 28 95.9Ic 436 80.0 90 96.3IIa 55 69.9 6 100.0IIb 108 63.7 7 85.7IIc 154 66.5 14 59.5IIIa 118 58.5 14 71.4IIIb 264 39.9 22 62.0IIIc 1330 28.7 25 45.0IV 396 16.8 18 -
Heintz et al 2001
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Stage FIGO (AJCC, 2002) FIGO (AJCC,2010)
T1A Limited to endometrium
Limited to endometrium or invades less than one-half of myometrium
T1B Invades less than one-half of myometrium
Invades one-half or more of myometrium
T1C Invades one-half or more of myometrium
-
Endometrial carcinoma:stage 1 (confined to corpus uteri)
In the absence of myometrial invasion, it may be difficult to distinguish between endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma
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Papanicolaou’s FIGO (1)
Test Histology and WHO (2)
I Normal Normal
II Mild dysplasia CIN I
III Moderate dysplasia CIN II
IV Severe dysplasia
Carcinoma in situ CIN III
V Invasive carcinoma Carcinoma
(1) Fédération Internationale de Gynécolgie et d’Obstétrique
(2) World Health Organisation
Cervical cytology
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Cervical dysplasia: interobservervariation in histopathological grading
Pathologist None Mild Moderate Severe cis
A 3% 24% 41% 28% 5%
B 5% 32% 32% 29% 2%
C 7% 25% 49% 18% 2%
D 2% 25% 29% 36% 9%
de Vet et al, J Clin Epidemiol 1990; 43:1395
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Edit and positionthis text.
Malignant melanoma
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Mitotic rate has replaced Clark level to define T1 (< 1 mm thick) melanomas
Life Guide now accommodates both factors
Revised T1 stage:
Malignant melanoma - staging
Stage TNM Breslow thickness
Description
1A T1aN0M0 < 1.0 mm No ulceration and mitotic rate < 1 per mm2 or Clark level II/III
1B T1bN0M0
T2N0M0
< 1.0 mm
1.01-2.0 mm
With ulceration or mitotic rate > 1 per mm2 or Clark level IV/V
No ulceration
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Sweat gland tumours
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
Merkel cell carcinoma
Cutaneous lymphoma
Non-melanoma skin cancer
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2006 definition Cancer - excluding less advanced cases
Any malignant tumour positively diagnosed with histological confirmation and characterised by the uncontrolled growth of malignant cells and invasion of tissue.
The term malignant tumour includes leukaemia, lymphoma and sarcoma. For the above definition, the following are not covered:
All cancers which are histologically classified as any of the following: pre-malignant;
non-invasive;
cancer in situ;
having either borderline malignancy; or having low malignant potential.
All tumours of the prostate unless histologically classified as having a Gleason score greater than 6 or having progressed to at least clinical TNM classification T2N0M0.
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia unless histologically classified as having progressed to at least Binet Stage A.
Any skin cancer other than malignant melanoma that has been histologically classified as having caused invasion beyond the epidermis (outer layer of skin).
Cutaneous lymphoma: - case study
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Biopsy right cheek.
– Sections of small biopsy show mild dermal change.
– There is also a chronic inflammatory infiltrate within the dermis.
– Further local excision recommended.
– Histology gave a differential diagnosis of either pseudo lymphoma or low grade cutaneous B Cell lymphoma.
– Thought on balance to be low grade cutaneous B cell lymphoma.
Is the policy definition met?
Cutaneous lymphoma: - case study
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Purpose of the product
Equitability
– good-prognosis cancers (thin melanoma, microinvasive cervical cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, choriocarcinoma, stage 1 testicular cancer)
– poor- prognosis cancers (lung cancer, Dukes C colon cancer, glioblastoma multiforme)
Serious illnesses not explicitly covered (eg myelodysplasia)
Effect of new treatments on terminal illness claims
Definitions ideally should be more precise and comprehensive
Critical illness insurance - issues