SinusesSinusesNormally……..translucentNormally……..translucentPlain film… Shows:Plain film… Shows: mucosal thickeningmucosal thickening fluid levelfluid level bone destructionbone destruction FracturesFracturesCT is preferred . Shows details CT is preferred . Shows details of sinuses & drainage into the of sinuses & drainage into the middle meatusmiddle meatus before FESSbefore FESS

Mucosal thickening could be:Mucosal thickening could be: SmoothSmooth PolypoidalPolypoidalCauses: allergy & infectionCauses: allergy & infection Radiology can not tell the cause.Radiology can not tell the cause.

Air-fluid level in:Air-fluid level in: infection & trauma (CSF or blood)infection & trauma (CSF or blood)

Opaque SinusOpaque Sinus

Infection & allergy by fluid or Infection & allergy by fluid or mucosal thickening or bothmucosal thickening or both

Mucocele… accumulation of Mucocele… accumulation of secretion …the sinus is expanded… secretion …the sinus is expanded… leading to exophthalmos.leading to exophthalmos.

Carcinoma of the sinus & nasal Carcinoma of the sinus & nasal cavitycavity

bone destruction.bone destruction.

NasopharynxNasopharynx

Adenoids………Lateral viewAdenoids………Lateral view

CT & MRI …..can show extension of CT & MRI …..can show extension of nasopharyngeal tumor into the skull nasopharyngeal tumor into the skull base.base.

Salivary glandsSalivary glands

Plain for calculi mainly in the Plain for calculi mainly in the submand. Opaquesubmand. Opaque

Sialography…..to demonstrate the Sialography…..to demonstrate the duct system.duct system.

MRI for tumors….MRI for tumors….

Can demonstrate the relationship of Can demonstrate the relationship of the tum. to the facial nerve.the tum. to the facial nerve.

Thyroid ImagingThyroid Imaging

USUS

Nuclear medicine Nuclear medicine -Cold nodules: cyst, adenoma & -Cold nodules: cyst, adenoma &

carcinoma.carcinoma.-Hot nodules: invariably benign -Hot nodules: invariably benign

adenomas.adenomas.

Most thyroid cancers present as cold nod.Most thyroid cancers present as cold nod.

US thyroidUS thyroid

Cystic nodules invariably benignCystic nodules invariably benign Complex (cystic/ solid) usually Complex (cystic/ solid) usually

benignbenign Solid….adenoma or carcinomaSolid….adenoma or carcinoma

US Can guide FNAUS Can guide FNA