sip sealant2

St. Joseph College Olongapo, Inc. Elementary Department

18th

St. Cor. Canda Barretto & Elicano St.

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ABSTRACT

TITLE: ATTRIBUTIONS OF EGGSHELL AND OYSTERSHELL AS

AN EFFECTIVE SEALANT

PROPONENTS: MAYA JULIENNE MAS/ ALLIYAH D. DE GUZMAN/

DANIELLE BRYCE ITCHON/ CHUKIE C. JULIANO

JAN ASHLEE S LARIOS/ LEMUEL JOHN P. VIDAL

SCHOOL: ST JOSEPH SCHOOL-OLONGAPO INC.

CATEGORY: PHYSICAL SCIENCE: TEAM CATEGORY

This project is to aim to make an effective and affordable sealant from oyster and

eggshell which is -its main component is calcium carbonate.

There is a high content of calcium carbonate in egg and oyster shells, which can

be used in the formulation of medicine, in construction or as filler in polymer materials.

Oyster shell contain calcium carbonate, which is a good source of calcium oxide

that made these rigid and firm.

Eggshell is made of 94% calcium carbonate. The organization of the shell

provides a rigid structure that protects against breakage.


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The use of shell as sealant showed positive results in terms of sealing and

producing a good and affordable sealant. Thus, the researchers highly recommend the use

of the product.

This experiment showed that it is possible to make a sealant with the help of

oyster and eggshell as main additives. Mixing it with gas and Styrofoam thus producing a

viscous, stable, cost friendly and effective alternative to commercial sealant.

We hereby certifies that the above statements are correct and the information

provided in the Abstract is the result of the scientific investigation perform by the

researchers.

We also attest that above, properly reflects on our work.

________________________ ________________________

MAYA JULIENNE D MAS ALLIYAH D DE GUZMAN

________________________ _________________________

DANIELLE BRYCE J. ITCHON CHUKIE C. JULIANO

________________________ _________________________

JAN ASHLEE S. LARIOS LEMUEL JOHN P.VIDAL


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INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Many houses have major problem with their roofs, pipes, and have leakage in

their sinks. It wont let you sleep when rain is pouring so hard and your roof has holes,

your water pipe has a leak.

It connection to this problem, the researcher thought of creating a sealant, made

of oyster and eggshells which is effective and affordable that would greatly help every

household to overcome this problem.

With the financial problem that embraces every household it is difficult to find an

affordable solution.

This study aims to recycle solid waste products like seashells and eggshells that

are just thrown anywhere especially after eating. The objective of this study is to help to

the improvement of the community by means of its environment importance and

economical impacts. By using these shells as components of sealant, that some people

think is useless can be transformed into usable one.

Sealants can also be made out of oyster and eggshells. Sealant are viscous

material that has little or no flow characteristics and stay where they are applied or thin

and runny so as to allow it to penetrate the substrate by means of capillary reaction.


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B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. How can oyster and eggshell be of help to the homeowners who suffer from

leakage of pipes and damaged roof?

2. What characteristics of oyster and eggshells attributes to its capability to

transform as a sealant?

3. What is the difference of using commercialize sealants and oyster and eggshells

sealant?

C. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to recycle solid waste products like oyster shell and eggshell that

are just thrown anywhere especially after eating these shells. The objective of this study

is to help to the improvement of the community by means of its environmental

importance and economical impacts. By using these shells as components of sealants that

some people thought is useless can be transformed into usable one. It also prevent the

rapid growth of population of insects like flies and mosquitoes living on it which are

carriers of diseases causing bacteria and viruses. It is also a great help in our economy

because the sealant that will be made from shells is less expensive than the commercially

available one.

D. SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This is study focused on the viability of CaCo3 (Calcium Carbonate ) from shells

as an effective, inexpensive, easy to make alternative commercial sealant.


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This study was conducted at St Joseph College. It is limited by the scale of the

testing done, the availability of the materials obtained, the test subjects acquired, and the

limited time given for the experiment.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1. SEALANT

a. Definition

Sealant may be viscous material that has little or no flow characteristics

and stay where they are applied or thin and runny so as to allow it to

penetrate the substrate by means of capillary action. Anaerobic acrylic

sealants generally referred to as impregnants area and the most desirable

as they are require to cure in the absence of air, unlike surface sealants that

require air as part of the cure mechanism that changes state to become

solid, once applied, and is used to prevent the penetration of air, gas,

noise, dust, fire smoke or liquid from one location through a barriers into

another. Typically, sealants are used to close small openings that are

difficult to shut down with other materials, such as concrete, dry wall, etc.

Uses of sealants may vary widely and sealants are used in many industries,

for example, construction, automotive and aerospace industries.


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b. Basic Functions of Sealant

1. It fills a gap between two or more substrates.

2. It forms barrier through the physical properties of the sealant itself

and by adhesion to the substrate.

3. It maintains sealing properties for the expected lifetime, service

conditions and environments.

c. Characteristics of a Good Sealant

- Typically made of synthetic elastomeric material.

- Good adhesion

- Good cohesion

- Good elasticity

- Good weathering characteristics.

d. Properties of Sealant

Desirable properties of sealants includes insolubility, corrosion resistance

and adhesion.

e. Typical historical and current uses for sealants include:

- Prior to 1950, oil- and resin- based caulks were the most common

building joint sealants typically used in bearing masonry construction.

- More elastic sealants were used after 1950 due to the popularity of

curtain wall construction, which tends to move more than masonry

construction.


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- Polysulfide sealants: First widely used elastomeric sealant.

- Silicone sealants: First developed in the 1950s as two component

products ; first silicone building sealant ( one component) was

developed by Dow Corning about 1960; typically used for nonporous

movement.

2. CALCIUM CARBONATE

a. Definition

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is

common substance found in rocks in all parts of the world, and is the main

component of shells of marine organisms, snails, coal balls, pearls and

eggshells. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime,

and is created when Calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions

creating lime scale. It is commonly used medicinally as a calcium

supplement or as an antacid, but excessive consumption can be hazardous.

b. Synonyms

Limestone, precipitateted calcium carbonate, ground pulverized calcium

carbonate, PCC, GCC, calcite, limestone, crushed marble, ground

limestone.

c. Description

Produced by crushing, grinding, precipitation and classifying high purity,

white, calcite limestone.


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d. Mineralogy

Calcium carbonate ores can be found in two of the three major types of

rocks: sedimentary and metamorphic. Sedimentary rocks, as the name

implies, form from the sediment or from transported fragments deposited

in water. Limestone for example, is formed from inorganic. Remains such

as shells and skeletons. Metamorphic rocks, such as marbles, slate

quartzite- form when rock mass is subjected to great heat and pressure.

The principal element in the calcium carbonate ore is calcium. The ore

may contain other elementsMagnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe) and Manganese

( Mn) - that affect whiteness, hardness and specific gravity.

e. Calcium Carbonate in shells

- The main ingredient in eggshells is calcium carbonate (the same brittle

white stuff that chalk, limestone, cave stalactites, sea shells, coral, and

pearls are made of). The shell itself is about 95% CaCO3 (which is also

the main ingredient in sea shells). The remaining 5% includes calcium

phosphate and magnesium carbonate and soluble and insoluble

proteins. The avian eggshell waste sample is basically consisted of

calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. Then, the eggshell waste

material can be of immense interest as a ceramic raw material.


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- There is a high content of calcium carbonate in oyster shell, which can

be used in formulation of medicine in construction or as a filler in

polymer materials.

- Eggshells, snail shells and most seashells are predominantly calcium

carbonate and can be used as industrial sources of that chemical.

Oyster shells have enjoyed recent recognition as a source of dietary

calcium, but are also a practical industrial source.

f. Calcium Carbonate Typical Applications:

- Plastics, rubber, coatings, inks, adhesives, and soil conditioner,

building products, plastic filler, ceramic flux, asphalt filler, chemical

processing, glass ingredient, water treatment, pesticide granules,

dusting agent, welding rods coating, thermosets, thermoplastics,

paints, coatings, adhesives, sealants, rubber, pharmaceutical,

toothpaste, and food additive

- Calcium carbonate has a wealth of uses: as a flux in steel production

and in processing of non-ferrous metals; in bricks, mortar and concrete

for construction; as a raw material in glass; in the construction of roads

and dams; in the manufacture of paper, paints and dyes, carpeting and

other floor coverings; and in the treatment of water, industrial waste,

gases and household refuse. It is also used to reduce soil acidity in

agriculture, to absorb water and add calcium in food products, and in

sugar extraction.


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- Calcium carbonate is a versatile additive for use in a wide range of

plastic and elastomeric applications. Its regular and controlled

crystalline shape and ultrafine particle size together with the

hydrophobic surface coating, combine to the benefit of both polymer

processing and subsequent physical properties.

Definition of Terms

Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one

another (cohesion refers to the tendency of similar or identical particles/surfaces to cling

to one another).

Anaerobic acrylic sealants generally referred to as impregnants are the most

desirable as they are required to cure in the absence of air, unlike surface sealants that

require air as part of the cure mechanism that changes state to become solid, once

applied, and is used to prevent the penetration of air, gas, noise, dust, fire, smoke or

liquid from one location through a barrier into another.

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is

common substance found in rocks in all parts of the world, and is the main component of

shells of marine organisms, snails, coal balls, pearls and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is

the active ingredient in agricultural lime, and is created when Calcium ions in hard water

react with carbonate ions creating lime scale

Cohesion is defined as the internal strength of an adhesive as a result of variety of

interactions within the adhesive.


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Corrosion resistance refers to the resistance a material offers against the reaction

with adverse elements which can corrode the material. Various materials have this

property intrinsically, depending upon their corrosion resistance rate. Some other

methods can also be used to resist corrosion such as painting, hot dip galvanizing and the

combination of these methods with coating.

Essentially, corrosion is the process in which a material is oxidized by the environment

and loses electrons in its result. Therefore, corrosion resistance is the capability to hold

that binding energy of metal and withstand the deterioration and chemical breakdown that

occurs during surface exposure to such an environment

Elasticity the ability of a solid to return to its original shape or form after being

subject to strain. The property of material that allows it to return to its original shape after

having been deformed and to exert a force while deformed.

Elastomeric sealant is a building material used to fill and seal up spaces. With a

rubbery liquid texture that dries hard but retains flexibility, it can be easy to work with

and is typically long lasting. When applied or inserted into a crack or space, the sealant

expands and seals to the surface, creating a waterproof barrier. It is barely visible or

invisible on most materials, and may be used indoors or out.

Insolubility incapable of being dissolved in another material; usually refer to solid to

liquid; liquid to liquid systems.

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of

the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium


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carbonate (CaCO3). Most limestone is composed of skeletal fragments of marine

organisms such as coral or foraminifera.

Resin in the most specific use of the term is a hydrocarbon secretion of many plants,

particularly coniferous trees. Resins are valued for their chemical properties and

associated uses, such as the production of varnishes, adhesives and food glazing agents.

Oyster shell of several edible, marine, bivalve mollusks of the family Ostreidae,

having an irregularly shaped shell, occurring on the bottom or adhering to rocks or other

objects in shallow water.

Polysulfide Sealants a sealant that adhere well to glass, aluminum, and spacer and

corner materials.

Sealant may be viscous material that has little or no flow characteristics and stay

where they are applied or thin and runny so as to allow it to penetrate the substrate by

mean of capillary action.

Seashells a seashell or sea shell, also known simply as a shell, is a hard, protective

Outer layer created by an animal that lives in the sea. The shell is part of the body of the

animal. Empty seashells are often found washed up on beaches by beachcombers.

Silicone Sealant or adhesive is a powerful, flexible product that can be used in many

different applications. Although it is not as strong as some other sealants or adhesives,

silicone remains very flexible, even once it has fully dried or cured. This type of sealant


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can also withstand very high temperatures, making it ideal for applications that suffer

high heat exposure, such as on engine gaskets. It also comes in a variety of forms.

Viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear

stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal notion of "thickness".

For example, honey has a much higher viscosity than water. .


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METHODOLOGY

This study will make use of the method of observation and experimentation to

gather data and interpret the skills.

To collect the necessary materials use for the experiment, the researcher collected

eggshells from eatery, canteen and at home. These eggshells were washed thoroughly and

dried under the sun and pulverized using mortar and pestle.

The oyster shell use as a combine agent to the eggshell which comes from Bataan

province. These were washed, sanitized, dried under the sun and pulverized using mortar

and pestle.

Gasoline were used to dissolve grated styrofoam to create a sticky solution.

Styrofoam serves as a binding agent.

These mixture will be tested to damaged roof, flushing around drain pipes,

cracked/hole in plastic materials fill gaps between metal and pipes, pvc to pvc pipes/

fixtures like faucets, elbow and rings, and will be tested also in wooden materials as a

wooden glue.

These samples will be observed beforehand and administered from time to time to

check the effectiveness and the sealing capacity of our alternative shell sealant. These

sample will also be observe by its drying time capacity.


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I. Materials

A. FOR PREPARING THE SEALANT.

The following were the material used for preparing Sealant.

Weighing Scale Gasoline Metal Pot & Wooden

Laddle

Beaker Lab Gown, Gloves, Mask Pulverized Oyster

Shell

Grated Styrofoam Pulverized Egg Shell Container For Sealant


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II. PROCEDURES FOR MAKING SEALANT

A. Gathering of oyster shell and eggshell

Oyster shell were collected from the public market in Bataan. These

shells were washed, cleaned and sanitized by way of adding

disinfectant to eliminates diseases- causing germs and to removes

stains on the shells.

Eggshells were collected from different eateries, carinderias and at

home. These shells were also washed, cleaned and sanitized.

After these shells were sanitized, the researchers sundried these for at

least 2 to 3 days. These were pounded, and make use of mortar and

pestle to have a fine , powder texture look of the shell.

B. Preparing the Secondary Materials

The researchers prepared a 6o ml of gasoline using beaker, the

researcher also prepared a grated Styrofoam using steel brush to

produce a fine texture , so that it will be easily dissolved to gasoline.


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C. Shell Sealant Mixture

Researcher weigh a 20grams of Styrofoam. We mix this to gasoline,

make sure that all grated Styrofoam will dissolve. After these

mixtures, add the pulverized 15grams oystershell and 15 grams

eggshell. Make sure the shells will incorporate well to the mixture of

Styrofoam and gasoline. The finished product must have a brownish,

pinkish color, sticky sealant look.

shell sealant


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III. For testing the Sealing capacity

Below were the samples of materials that we have tested

Elbow pipes

PVC (polyvinyl Chloride) pipes

Corrugated Metal Roofing


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Elbow pipes connected into the sink


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Long span metal roofing

Wood


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Gathering of Materials and Preparation


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IV .TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SEALANT TO SAMPLE MATERIALS

For this experiment, multiple samples were selected and observed. Each samples

must be wiped with a clean cloth, dry- then apply the mixture of sealant to the damaged

area of the selected samples. The researcher also observed the drying time ,the sealing

ability , the insolubility and also tested the reaction of the sample materials in different

water condition.

Drying time

Sample Material Shell Sealant Commercial Sealant

elbow pipe 3 hours 3 hours

Corrugated roof 3 hours 3 hours

PVC 3 hours 3 hours

P- traps 3 hours 3 hours

Wood 3 hours 3 hours

Long span metal roofing 3 hours 3 hours

Plastic table 3 hours 3 hours


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Sealing ability

Sample Material Shell Sealant Commercial Sealant

elbow pipe Excellent bonding Excellent bonding

Corrugated roof Excellent bonding Excellent bonding

PVC Excellent bonding Excellent bonding

P- traps Excellent bonding Excellent bonding

Wood Excellent bonding Excellent bonding

Long span metal roofing Excellent bonding Excellent bonding

Plastic table Excellent bonding Excellent bonding

Insolubility Test

The researchers test the samples as itemized above using running water. Researchers test

the P-traps and corrugated roof on running water for 5 minutes and it showed that it

protects from leakage.


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The use of eggshells and oyster shells as a source of calcium carbonate in making

homemade sealant is relatively a new idea and was chosen by the researchers as opposed

to the commercial sealant for the purpose of recycling of the said materials such as the

use of oyster and eggshells.

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with formula CaCo3. It is a common

substance found in rocks, and is the main components of shell marine organism, shell,

coal balls, pearls and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is composed of three elements which

are particulars importance for all organic and inorganic materials on our planet; carbon,

oxygen, and calcium. Calcium carbonate (CaCo3) is a white solid, is a non-toxic and

odorless.

Finely ground carbonate is used in a wide range of sealants and adhesives

application to improve color, slump theological and tensile properties of the compound as

well as acting as simple fillers in the formulation.

Today, calcium carbonate powder precipitated products and dolomite are among

the most important and versatile material used by the industry. It is used as a filler and

functional additives in an incredible variety of industrial applications ranging adhesives

and sealants, building products, glass, paint and inks, paper, plastic and rubber and to

animal feeds, desulphurization, fertilizers, food, personal care, pharmaceuticals, and

water treatment.


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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. SUMMARY

In this experiment, the researchers made sealant using calcium carbonate from

powdered eggshells and oyster shells. The made sealant was then tested on roof, metal

pipe, plastic polyvinyl ( PVC )and wood.

B.CONCLUSION

The experiment showed that it is possible to make a homemade sealant by

combining calcium carbonate from powdered eggshells and oystershells. It can be used to

seal holes on the roof and also as a bonding agent on woods and pipes. It has also showed

that homemade sealant is an excellent alternative to commercial sealant.

sip sealant2

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joseph college olongapo

elementary department