Metabolism

Presented by Naimat ullah

• Pathways of molecular breakdown

Food, such as peanuts

Polysaccharides Fats Proteins

Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids

Amino groups

Glucose G3PPyruvic

acid

GLYCOLYSIS

AcetylCoA

CITRIC ACIDSCYCLE

ELECTRONTRANSPORT CHAIN

AND CHEMIOSMOSIS

METABOLISM

–Principal Compounds of the Common Catabolic Pathway

• Agents for Storage of Energy and Transfer of Phosphate Groups

–Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)

–Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

–Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

METABOLISM

• Principal Compounds of the Common Catabolic Pathway

– Agents for Transfer of Electrons in Biological Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

• Coenzymes

– NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

– FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)

Body Energy Balance

• Energy intake = total energy output (heat + work + energy storage)– Energy intake from food oxidation• Proteins, carbs have 4 Cal/gm

• Fats have 9 Cal/gm

– Energy output• Heat is usually about 60%

• Storage energy is in the form of fat or glycogen

Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production

• Basic metabolic rate (BMR) reflects the amount of energy spent per unit of time by a body at rest

• Factors that influence BMR:

– Body shape (height and weight), gender, body composition, age,

stress, food intake, genetics

• TMR = Total Metabolic

Overview of Metabolism

• One of the common links between catabolism and anabolism is ATP.

– ATP is used to shuttle chemical energy from catabolism to anabolism.

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Overview of Metabolism

• The biological oxidation/reduction agents NAD+ and FAD are also used to shuttle energy from the favorable oxidations that take place in catabolism, to the unfavorable reductions that take place in anabolism

9A is oxidized

B is reduced

catabolism anabolism

Glycolysis: Inputs and Outputs

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Glycolysisinputs outputs

2 pyruvate

2 NADH

2 ADP

4 ATP total

net gain

glucose

2 NAD+

4 ADP + 4 P

ATP

ATP2

2

Preparatory Reaction

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2 NAD+ 2 NADH

2 2+ 2 CoA + 2 CO2

2 pyruvate

O OHC

CH3

+ 2 CoA

CoA

CH 3

pyruvate

carbondioxideacetyl CoA

C OC O

2 acetyl CoA + 2 carbondioxide

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Digestion

• Digestion is the first stage of metabolism in which large molecule are broken done in small molecules that can be absorbed into the blood in the small intestine.

– Most of these reactions are hydrolysis reactions

• Proteins are hydrolyzed in to amino acids

• Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into monosaccharide's

• Triglycerides are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol.

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Citric Acid Cycle

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Electron Transport Chain andOxidative Phosphorylatioin

• The reoxidation of the NADH/H+ to NAD+ and FADH2 to FAD using molecular oxygen (O2) as the oxidizing agent, is carried out by the electron transport chain.– The energy released in the reoxidation is coupled to

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi by the enzyme ATP syntheses.

• The coupling involves the creation of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

• The energy for synthesizing the ATP comes from allowing the hydrogen ions to flow back across the membrane.

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Electron Transport Chain andOxidative Phosphorylatioin

• The reoxidation of the NADH/H+ to NAD+ and FADH2 to FAD using molecular oxygen (O2) as the oxidizing agent, is carried out by the electron transport chain.

– The electron transport chain is located within the inner membrane of mitochondria.

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Electron Transport Chain andOxidative Phosphorylatioin

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