size reduction source : berk zeki, food process engineering and technology, academic press, elsevier...
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Size Reduction
Source : Berk Zeki, Food process Engineering and Technology, Academic Press, Elsevier 2009
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Size ReductionSolid Cutting Chopping Grinding Milling
Liquid or semi solid Mashing Atomizing Homogenazing
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Some important applications
Milling of cereal grains to obtain flour Fine grinding (refining) of chocolate mass Flaking of soybeans prior to solvent
extraction Cutting of vegetables and fruits to
desired shapes (cubes, strips, slices…) Fine mashing of baby food Homogenization of milk and cream.
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Purpose of Size Reduction Accelerating heat and mass transfer. Facilitating separation of different parts of a
material Obtaining a desirable product texture Facilitating mixing and dispersion Portion control (slicing cold-cuts, bread, cakes) Obtaining pieces and particles of defined
shapes In addition, size reduction of food at the
moment of consumption (mastication) has a decisive effect on the perception of food quality (Jalabert-Malbos at al., 2007).
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Defining the size of a single particle
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Particle size distribution Particle size distribution refers to the proportion
of particles within a certain size range in a population of particles.
The importance of particle size distribution in connection with food quality and processing is obvious ( Servais et al., 2002 ).
Methods for the determination of particle size distribution include sifting, microscopic examination (usually coupled with automatic image analysis), laser diffraction techniques and others.
Sieve analysis is a simple technique, commonly used for the determination of PSD and for the quantitative evaluation of the ‘ fineness ’ of powders.
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Mathematical models of PSDGaussian or Normal Distribution model
This model may well fit size distribution in unprocessed agricultural produce consisting of discrete units (e.g. fruit), but it is not very useful for representing PSD in food powders, emulsions or sprays.
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Mathematical models of PSD The Log-Normal Distribution model
The log-normal distribution fits fairly well the PSD of liquid sprays and powders produced by spray-drying,
The Gaudin-Schuhmann function
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Mathematical models of PSD The Rosin-Rammler (Weibull) function
The Rosin-Rammler model is fairly accurate in representing PSD of materials obtained by size reduction.
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Example
Microfiltration Retentate
Ultrafiltration Retentate
Diameter of Microfiltration retentate product was 1353.7 nm, and Ultrafiltration retentate was 316,1
nm
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11
Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis
100 nm
Microfiltration Retentate
Ultrafiltration Retentate
Vitamin D encapsulated with Casein micelle(Semo et al., 2006)
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Size Reduction of Solids, Basic Principles Compression and shear are the two types of force
involved in size reduction of solids. The degree of size uniformity in the product is an
important issue. PSD is determined periodically during the operation1. In the first stages of milling PSD becomes bi-
modal2. As milling progresses PSD gradually becomes
mono-modal3. Gradually, the large particles disappear and the
frequency of a certain size increases4. After prolonged milling a certain ‘ final ’ PSD is
reached.
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Energy consumption As a rule, size reduction operations are heavy in
energy consumption size reduction may result in considerable increase
in the temperature of the treated material. Temperature rise as a result of size reduction may
be an important technological issue, particularly with heat-sensitive products, thermoplastic substances and materials with high fat content.
When necessary, this problem is addressed by air- or water-cooling of the machine or using cryogenics such as liquid nitrogen (cryo-milling).
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Crushing efficiency ηc
Defined as the ratio of the increment in surface energy to the total energy imparted to the material.
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Mechanical efficiency ηm
defined as the ratio of the energy transferred to the material to the total energy consumption W of the device, per unit mass of material treated.
K comprises the surface tension and the two efficiencies. Assuming that these values are constant, K is a constant. Rittinger’s equation is said to fit better fine milling while Kick’s expression describes better coarse grinding
Kick’s law Rittinger’s equation
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Size Reduction of Solids, Equipment and Methods the following factors must be considered in selection of
Machine for size reduction : 1. Structure, composition and mechanical properties of the
material to be processed 2. The desired PSD and particle form of the product to be
obtained 3. Desired rate of throughput 4. Control of product overheating 5. Inertness of the surfaces in contact with the food 6. Sanitary design, ease of cleaning 7. Ease of maintenance 8. Environmental factors (noise, vibration, dust, explosion
hazard) 9. Capital and operating cost (e.g. energy consumption,
wear resistance etc.).
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Size reduction equipment types
Main action is impact Main action is pressure Main action is attrition Main action is shearing.
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Impact mills
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Pressure mills
Four Roller mill A pair of roll
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Attrition mills Attrition mill with fl at grinding surface
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Attrition mill with conical grinding surface
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Disc Mills
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Colloid Mill
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Ball Mill
Dry
Wet
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Cube Cutter
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Silent Cutter
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Bowl Mixer Cutter
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Meat grinder
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Computer-aided water jet cutting