skating as a sport

8/8/2019 Skating as a Sport

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Skating as a SportSkating, besides being an important form of winter recreation and the essential skill in the game

of ice hockey (seehockey, ice) has developed into three different sportsspeed skating, figure

skating, and ice dancing. All three are now features of the Winter Olympic games.

Speed Skating

In speed-skating events, racers may reach speeds as high as 30 mi (48 km) per hr. The Olympic

races are around oval tracks at distances of 500, 1,000, 1,500, 5,000, and 10,000 meters for

men and 500, 1,000, 1,500, 3,000, and 5,000 meters for women. Short-track skating features

skaters in massed starts circling a small indoor oval. In the Olympics men compete in 500-,1,000-, and 1,500-meter events, with a 5,000-meters relay; the women's races are at similar

distances except for the relay (3,000 meters).

Figure Skating

Jackson Haines, an American, revolutionized figure skating in the 1860s, skating to music,

bringing balletic movements to ice, and creating new ones. One of the most beautiful and

graceful events in all sport, international figure skating requires skaters to perform a short

program that includes mandatory jumps and skills, and then a longer program of free selection,

both set to music. Judging is subjective and often controversial. Skaters also compete in pairs,

seeking through the intricate synchronization of moves and the performance of lifts and jumps to

impress the scoring judges.

Olympic gold medalist Sonja Henie did much to bring skating to wide public notice in the United

States, and after she turned (1936) professional, the ice carnival became a popular American

amusement. Since then traveling ice shows have continued to attract former Olympic skaters

who have, since the 1970s, also competed in a series of professional competitions. In recent

years, Americans have increasingly taken up competitive figure skating in the hope of repeating

the successes of Olympic champions such as Peggy Fleming, Dorothy Hamill, Scott Hamilton,

Brian Boitano, Kristi Yamaguchi, Tara Lipinski, and Sarah Hughes.

ice' hock"ey

a game played on ice between two teams of six skaters each, the object being to score goals by

shooting a puck into the opponents' cage using a stick with a wooden blade set at an obtuse

angle to the shaft.

ice dancing

ice dancing, ice-skating competition in which couples are required to perform dance routines to

music. The sport gained popularity in the 1930s and the first world championships were held in

1950. Ice dancing is similar to pairs figure skating, but does not allow lifts or other strength

moves. Ice dancing competitions consist of three partsprescribed pattern dances; an original

set pattern dance; and a free dance, which allows the greatest freedom of expression. The firstOlympic ice dancing competition was in 1976. At that time, traditional ballroom dances comprised
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the core of skaters' programs. The leading ice dancers in the 1970s were the Soviets Lyudmila

Pakhomova and Aleksandr Gorshkov. In the 1980s, the British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and

Christopher Dean dominated the sport with dramatic and innovative choreography performed to a

variety of musical forms (e.g., popular, jazz, classical). They won four consecutive world

championships (198184) and the gold medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics. Outstanding in the

late 1980s and early 1990s were the Russian ice dancers Marina Klimova and Sergei

Ponomarenko.

ice' danc"ing

a competitive ice-skating event in which a couple, using basic skating figures and

not being permitted to use l ifts, performs choreographed movements to music,

based on traditional ballroom dances.

Skating is an elegant sport. It is a sport which can charm and enthrall you andbrings magic and enchantment in the air. When you see the performers glide on theskating ring effortlessly and perform stupendous antics, you are bound to feel awed bytheir talent.

The swirl, the jumps, the glide, the spins, and the twirls may look effortless on the surfacebut they take eons of perseverance and practice to reach to that perfectionist level. Theattire of the skater is also very elegant and eye-catching yet suitable for the purpose ofskating, such as leggings, or short skirts, or tight-fitting flexible pants.

There are various types of skating, such as roller skating, ice skating, skateboarding, andsnowskating. Each one of the sport is fun and interesting in their own way.

However, amongst them, figure ice skating tends to be the favorite sport of many. Such a

sport, performed on frozen ice, is not an easy task specially when it comes to jumping andlanding with perfect ease and yet being careful not to put too much pressure on the ice.Figure skating can be performed individually, in couples, or in teams. There have beenseveral competitions in figure skating such as World Championships, Winter OlympicGames, and European Figure Skating Championships.

Such championship events are a pleasure to watch because you come across all kinds oftalents and performance at different levels. It is like watching a piece of art. Unlike othersports, which involve cheering, shouting, this is a sport, which imbues an air ofsophistication and silent appreciation.

There are several varieties ofskating:

Ice skating and various sub-forms:o Figure skating

Figure skating is an Olympic sport in which individuals, pairs, or groups perform spins,jumps,footworkand other intricate and challenging moves on the ice. Figure skaterscompete at various levels from beginner up to the Olympic level (senior), and at local,national, and international competitions. The International Skating Union(ISU) regulatesinternational figure skating judging and competitions. Figure skating is an official eventin the Winter Olympic Games. In languages other than English, figure skating is usually

referred to by a name that translates as "artistic skating".
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Major international competitions are sanctioned by the ISU. These include theWinterOlympic Games, the World Championships, the World Junior Figure SkatingChampionships, the European Figure Skating Championships, theFour Continents FigureSkating Championships, and theISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating.

The sport is also associated with show-business. Major competitions generally includeexhibitions at the end in which the top-placing skaters perform for the crowd by showingoff their various skills. Many skaters, both during and after their competitive careers, alsoskate in ice skating exhibitions or shows which run during the competitive season and theoff-season.

o

o Ice hockey

Ice hockey (hockey in countries where it is the most popular form of hockey) is a teamsport played on ice, in which skaters use sticks to direct apuckinto the opposing team's

goal. It is a fast-paced physical sport. Ice hockey is most popular in areas that aresufficiently cold for natural reliable seasonal ice cover, such as Canada, theCzechRepublic,Latvia, theNordic countries (especially Finland and Sweden), United States,Russia, Slovakia, andSwitzerland. With the advent of indoor artificial ice rinksit has

become a year-round pastime in these areas. Ice hockey is one of the fourmajor NorthAmerican professional sports. Worldwide theNational Hockey League(NHL) is thehighest level for men and both the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) and theWestern Women's Hockey League (WWHL) are the highest levels for women. It is theofficial national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity.

While there are 68 total members of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), 162of 177 medals at the IIHF World Championships have been taken by seven nations:Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland,Russia, Slovakia, Sweden and the United States.[1][2]

Of the 64 medals awarded in men's competition at theOlympic level from 1920 on, onlysix did not go to the one of those countries. All 12 Olympic and 36 IIHF World WomenChampionships medals have gone to one of those seven countries, and every gold medalin both competitions has been won by either Canada or the United States.[3][4]

o

o Speed skating

This article is about ice speed skating. For speed skating on wheels, see inline speedskating.

Speed skating, orspeedskating is acompetitive form ofice skating in which thecompetitors race each other in traveling a certain distance onskates. Types of speedskating are long track speed skating,short track speed skating, and marathon speedskating. In the Olympic Games, long track speed skating is usually referred to as just"speed skating", while short track speed skating is known as "short track". [1] The ISU, thegoverning body of both ice sports, refers to long track as "speed skating" and short trackas "short track speed skating

o

o Tour skating
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Tour skating is a sport and recreational form of long distanceice skatingon natural ice.

TheNordic style oftour skatingis popular in theNordic countries, especially Sweden,but increasingly in Finland andNorway, where it is respectively called lngfrdsskridsko(Swedish), retkiluistelu(Finnish) and turskyting(Norwegian). In Canada and the USA

this style is often calledNordic skating. Other names used are trip skatingand wildskating.

Another style ofTour Skating, which is popular in theNetherlands, is calledtoerschaatsen(Dutch).

While the Nordic version usually involves choosing your own tours over the ice, in theNetherlands skaters follow marked routes on frozen canals and lakes. Consequently theequipment used and safety requirements differ somewhat between these two schools oftour skating Nordic skating was developed during the 1900's in Sweden from the originalDutch Tour Skatingwhich is another sport. Nordic skating is not known nor practised in

the Netherlands. Long distance races are organized annually in the Nordic countries, suchas Vikingarnnet in Sweden and Kuopio Ice Marathon in Finland.

Nordic skating usually involves choosing your own tours over the free ice in groups withall safety equipment. Nordic skating is only practised on free and open ice, not in tracksnor other manmade iceways. Nordic skates differ significally from the Dutch tourskates.

o

Roller skating and various sub-forms:o Artistic roller skating

Aggressive inline skating is an extreme sport, performed on specially designed inlineskateswith a focus on tricks, stunts and style. The sport mainly consists of a wide varietyofgrinds, aerial tricks, slides and other advanced skating maneuvers. Participants oftenrefer to the activity as "rollerblading", "blading" or "rolling". The sport is divided into"vert" (vertical), park, and street skating, referring to the environment in which theactivity occurs. Different environments lend themselves to different tricks, thus thedistinction. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation,search

Aggressive inline skating is an extreme sport, performed on specially designed inlineskateswith a focus on tricks, stunts and style. The sport mainly consists of a wide varietyofgrinds, aerial tricks, slides and other advanced skating maneuvers. Participants oftenrefer to the activity as "rollerblading", "blading" or "rolling". The sport is divided into"vert" (vertical), park, and street skating, referring to the environment in which theactivity occurs. Different environments lend themselves to different tricks, thus thedistinction.

History
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Inline skates, skates designed to work like ice skates during periods of warm weather,were invented by Louis Legrange ofFrance in 1849.[1] Legrange designed the skates foran opera where a character was to appear to be skating on ice.[1] The skates were

problematic and unsuccessful as the wearer could not turn nor could they stop. [1]

In 1980 a group ofice hockey players in Minnesota were looking for a way to practiceduring the summer.[1] Scott and Brennan Olson formed the companyRollerblade, Inc., tosell skates with four polyurethane wheels arranged in a straight line on the bottom of a

padded boot.[1] In 1988, Rollerblade introduced the first aggressive inline skate, theRollerblade Lightning TRS. Aggressive inline skating finally developed as an organizedsport in the early 1990s.[2] The Aggressive Skaters Association (ASA) was formed by anumber of aggressive inline skaters in 1994 as a forum to develop rules governingcompetitions and equipment. [2] The sport was included in the first X-Games in 1995 andincluded vertical ramp and street event competitions.[3] It reached its height in popularityin the late 90s, with mainstream movies like Disney's Brink! and other films. Aggressiveinline skating was removed from the ESPN X-Games in 2005 although it is still included

in the Asian X Games, LG Action Sports Competitions, Montpellier Fise, and many otherlarge competitions.[4]

General description

Tricks in aggressive skating can be performed on street obstacles or on ramps. Streetskaters perform more grinds and slides, where as ramp skaters have more air-time andtherefore can perform other tricks. Aggressive skaters can perform grinds by using theframes and plastic plates on the bottom of the skate. Grinds are usually done on rails andledges although they can be performed on any obstacle which slides.

Street

In street skating, also known as freestyle skating, the skater performs tricks by utilizingfeatures existing in a common, everyday environment. [5] This involves skaters grindinghand rails and concrete ledges, jumping stairs, ramping off of embankments and generallyturning anything on the regular street into an obstacle, ramp, or grind rail.[5]

Park

Park skating refers to skating that occurs in various private and community skateparks.

This style differs from street skating due to the specific nature of skate parks, which aredesigned for skaters to do tricks on eg on the top of the ramp (coping). Park skating oftenemphasizes the technical side of aggressive inline, focusing on the variety of tricks askater can do and encouraging skaters to connect tricks. Skate parks often feature quarter

pipes and half-pipes, curved ramps and other features that are not usually found in aregular urban setting.

Vert

Vert, short for vertical, skating is a style of skating performed within ahalf-pipe.[6] Itfocuses on complicated aerial maneuvers, such as spins and flips. The intent of the skater

is to build speed until they are of sufficient height above the edge of the ramp to performvarious aerial acrobatics.[5] They may also grind the lip of the half-pipe sliding their skates
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from one point of the lip to another. In competitions skaters have limited time, often lessthan a minute, to impress the judges by landing numerous and difficult tricks. [5]

[1]Back flip being performed in ahalf-pipe.

Freestyle slalom skating Freestyle slalom skating is a highly technical field of skating thatinvolves performing tricks around a straight line of equally spaced cones. The most

common spacing used in competitions is 80cm, with larger competitions also featuringlines spaced at 50c

Equipment

Most freestyle slalomers use inline skates although some use quad skates. Those who useinline skates tend to use a full rockerwheel configuration and a short frame (230245 mm) to give them the maximum possible maneuverability. The inline skates are very

tight with a very strong cuff, to give sustaining ankle support

m and 120cm.[1]

o

o

o Aggressive inline skating

Artistic roller skating is a sport similar to figure skating on ice. Within artistic rollerskating there are several disciplines:

Figure Skating (similar to compulsory or "school" figures on ice) single free skating dance (couple) solo dance pairs precision (team skating, similar tosynchronized skatingon ice) Show teams

Artistic roller skaters use eitherquad orinline skates. Generally quad and inline skaterscompete in separate events and not against each other. Inline figure skating has beenincluded in the world championships since 2002 in Wuppertal, Germany[1].

The sport is very similar to ice figure skating. There is some crossover between the twosports. Ice skaters such asTara Lipinski[2] and Marina Kielmann[3] competed in both.However, roller figure skating is often mistakenly considered to be more difficult becausethe ice allows the skater to draw a deep, solid edge to push off from when performing

jumps such as a lutz or an axel, however the edge is harder to balance on for beginnerskaters, and more complex issues can occur for elite-level skaters. On roller skates it isnot possible to use the same kind of deep edge in that context, because it will confuse inthe rotation, making it difficult to land properly. On the other hand, roller skates restrictthe beginner skater from generating as much speed and therefore result in less jump

rotations and spin positions than figure skates do. Yet the smoother and easier to manage
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floor allows for more acceleration and consistency. Also, the lack of elementaldifficulties, as well as having a consistent surface, gives roller skaters an advantage

.Roller Skating Disciplines

[edit] Figure Skating

In the figures discipline, skaters tracefigure circles painted on the skating surface. This isdifferent from skaters of compulsory figures on ice, who skate on blank ice, and drawtheir own circles on the ice as they skate. The official dimension of plain figure circles,measured at their diameter along the long axis, is 6 meters (19 feet, 8 inches). Theofficial dimension of the smaller loop figure circles measured similarly is 2.4 meters (7feet, 10 inches). Circles are typically painted in "serpentines" -- sets of three circularlobes.

The basic figures skated are typically referred to by numbers, the same as those skated byice skaters, ranging from simple circle eights throughserpentines (figures using one pushfor a circle and a half),paragraphs (figures using one push for two circles), and loops(smaller circles with a teardrop-shaped loop skated at the top of the circle). There is onecategory of very simple figures (111 and 112) that are unique to roller skaters; these areserpentines that begin with a half circle skated on one foot, then change to the other foot,for the next circle, then change back to the other foot for another half circle. Some of themore basic figures are numbered 1, 2, 1B, 5A, 5B, 7A, 7B, 111A, 111B, 112A, and 112B,in which the letter B means you start on your left foot. These figures are often taught as

beginning figures for those just starting. They include simple circle eights, circle eightswith [three turns], and serpentines. The harder figures include counters, brackets, rockers,

etc. and they are number 19, 21, 22, 26, etc.

Judges in figure events consider the quality of the skater's tracing of the circle, cleantakeoffs, edges and correct placement of turns. The skater's form and posture isemphasized as well.

[edit] Dance

Dance roller skating contains three major sub-disciplines: Compulsory Dance, OriginalDance, and Free Dance.

Compulsory dance contains prescribed compulsory dances and steps that must beperformed, such as theImperial Tango, the 14 Step, the Keats Foxtrot, or theFlirtationWaltz. Some of the dances are the same as performed in ice dancingcompetition, whileothers are unique to roller skating.

American Dance is performed only at the United States National level and below, andemphasizes keeping the upper body upright and free from movement. Some of the basicAmerican dances are the Glide Waltz,Progressive Tango, and the City Blues.

Original Dance consists of a dance constructed of two rhythms chosen from a set of

rhythms that FIRS changes every year . In 2008 the set rhythms were "Spanish Melody" (Paso Doble,Flamenco, Tango, and Spanish Waltz).
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Free Dance is similar to the ice free dance, although with some rules changes.

Solo Dance incorporates all three sub-disciplines. Compulsory dances generally utilisethe female steps as these are usually more difficult then the male steps. Original dance isreferred to as Creative Solo Dance or CSD, and freedance incorporates spins with less

than 3 revolutions and non-recognisable jumps of less than 1.5 revolutions.

[edit] Free skating

Artistic free skating traditionally emphasizes spins that are uncommon on ice, such as theinverted spin in which the skater leans backward with the free leg extended high in front(a sort of inverted camel spin position, similar to the spin sometimes called the Hardingspin in figure skating, but with an extended leg), and spins that would be impossible to doon blades, such as the broken ankle spin, which rotates on a deep edge on the insidewheels, and the heel camel spin, which is only rotated on the back, or heel, wheels of theskates.

Artistic roller skaters also perform the quadruple, triple, double, and single jumps knownfrom the ice skating scene, such as axels, loops, and salchows. Some elements havedifferent names in roller skating than they do in figure skating; for example, the Mapes

jump on wheels is equivalent to the toe loop on ice. Though both ice and roller skatersperform the Euler jump (called a "half-loop" by figure skaters), it is more common inroller skating programs, as lengthy multi-jump combinations are emphasized in rollerskating judging. In comparison, "half-loops" do not gain many points in the ISU Code ofPoints. The jump is considered a "connecting maneuver" which changes the much hardercombination into the far easier sequence, by giving a skater more time to control their

momementum and focus on the next jump. Roller free skating counts combinationsincluding such connecting jumps, and therefore gain more points than it would on the ice.The Euler is a useful connecting jump in such sequences; for example, a five-jumpcombination might include double Axel, loop, triple Mapes, Euler, and a triple salchow.

Roller free skating is sometimes seen as harder than ice skating, due to the heavier skates,but the lower cost of roller skating compared to ice skating has allowed participation fromlower income countries like Argentina and Brazil. On the other side, figure skating isconsidered the more dangerous (and more popular) of the two, with the less consistent

blade and the greater friction and variety of ice. Both sports have their merits, and high-level skaters of each discipline have trouble switching to the other.

Free skating is one of the more interesting and "fun" events to watch due to the jumps andspins and different musics.

[edit] Precision

Precision Roller Skating is a large and fast-growing, yet little recognized discipline,consisting of 12-24 athletes skating on the floor at one time moving as one flowing unit athigh speeds. This discipline of Precision Skating is named because of the emphasis onmaintaining precise formations and timing of the group.

For a precision team to flow in unison, individual skaters must be competent at a varietyof skating skills, including speed, footwork and presentation. The team performs a
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program set to music, with required formations including circles, lines, blocks, wheels,and intersections. The teams are required to perform difficult step sequences involving anumber of complicated turns.

There are international synchronized skating competitions at the Senior level, and the

Federation Internationale de Roller Sports (FIRS) held the first World Championship inPrecision Roller Skating in 2000. Teams may consist of men and women with SeniorTeams having 12-24 team members and Junior Teams having 8-16 team members. Twoscores are given, one for technical and one for artistic impression.

Precision Roller Skating owes its origin to Synchronized skating on ice. The firstsynchronized figure skating team was formed by Dr. Richard Porter, who became knownas the 'father of synchronized skating'. The 'Hockettes' skated out ofAnn Arbor, Michiganand entertained spectators during the intermissions of the University of Michigan Men'sHockey Team. In the early days, precision skating resembled a drill team routine, or a

precision dance company such as The Rockettes.

During the 1970s, the interest for this new sport spawned tremendous growth anddevelopment. As each season passed, more and more teams were developing morecreative and innovative routines incorporating stronger basic skating skills, newmaneuvers and more sophisticated transitions with greater speed, style and agility. Due tothe enormous interest in the sport in North America, other countries took notice with theWorld Championships starting over ten years ago. With the internationalization of thesport, it has evolved rapidly, with increasing emphasis on speed and skating skills.

Although not currently an Olympic sport, fans and participants of this fast-growingdiscipline have begun to strive for recognition by the rest of the athletic world. PrecisionRoller Skating has been covered by Roller Skating and the USARS magazine since thesport's inception. It is a varsity sport at a few colleges, and both Precision Roller Skatingand its ice counterpart are being reviewed for Olympic eligibility.

[edit] Equipment

[edit] Skates

Artistic roller skaters most commonly skate on traditional quad skates. Skates designedfor artistic skating typically have leather boots, a strong sole plate, and a jump bar for

reinforcement. The plate has to be made from a strong material as it has to be able towithstand the shock of jumping and landing. Artistic roller skates usually have stainlesssteel or aluminum plates for that reason, even though these are heavier than ones madefrom other materials such as plastic. Free skaters usually use a toe stop, which can beused in the take-off in certain jumps such as the Mapes or theflip. Figure skaterssubstitute toe plugs which protect the skating floor or use special figure plates which haveno toe stops.

Some artistic skaters use inline skates. Skates designed for inline artistic skating haveleather boots (as ice and quad figure skates do), and usually have rockered wheels and a

toe stop or toe "pic". Rockered wheels (wheels which are arranged at different heights sothat the baseline of the wheels forms a curve instead of a flat line) are more suitable to
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skate the curved "edges" which are typical of artistic skating than un-rockered inlinewheels are.

[edit] Roller Skate Wheels and Bearings

Roller skate wheels come in many different sizes and hardnesses. Typically a 63mmwheel is used for dance, 60mm to 63mm used for figures, and a smaller 57mm wheelused for freestyle. The hardness of the wheel determines the grip or slip of the wheel.

Normally a harder wheel having more slip is used for turn figures. A softer wheel withmore grip is used for dance. Freestyle skaters tend to use both on the skates, using aharder wheel on the edge they need to spin and a softer wheel on the other edges.Typically 7mm bearings are used because competitive artistic skates have a smaller axle.Most inline skates use a 8mm bearing. The abec rating determines the tolerances in the

bearing and most people can use an Abec3; however, most people believe the extra costof Abec 7 or 9 bearings is worth paying for a better bearing. There are also other kinds of

bearings such as Swiss Bones, which are also a very high quality.

o

o Road skating

Road skating is thesport of skating (inline skating orroller skating) on roads, much likeroad cycling.

Roadskaters often skate in tight packs, drafting each other and sharing the lead, whichallows a pack to travel faster than an individual skater. The individual members of a packuse comparatively less energy than the lone skater traveling at the same speed. Even thelead skater in the pack enjoys an advantage from the drafting skaters behind.

While gliding downhill, an inline skater in a tucked position can achieve speeds thatexceed the speed of a tucked cyclist. This is due to lowerwind resistance. The rollingresistance is similar for a cyclistand a skater it is only when actively skating (i.e., inthe skating stroke) that the skater incurs greater resistance. Skating is roughly 50% slowerthan cycling on flat ground.

Skaters routinely achieve downhill speeds of 60 km/h (37 mph), similar to cyclists.Compared to cyclists, though, skaters particularly suffer on uphills, when the draftingadvantage disappears.

A skatingpacelinegoing down hills may easily achieve speeds faster than a cyclingpaceline of equal length. The reason is that the road skating paceline has a much moreefficient draft effect. The draft effect in road skating is superior for three reasons:

each skater can be much closer to the person in front of her, whereas each cyclistis limited by the distance of the wheels;
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each skater gaining inertia energy from being in the draft can translate this energyto the person in front of her by maintaining contact (usually by placing a hand onthe lower back of the person in front); and

the skater has much less equipment-related aerodynamicdrag than the cyclist.

] Cross training

Skating (especially road skating) is much more like cycling than running in terms of themuscles employed. Cyclists and skaters commonly participate in each other's sports ascross-training. Runners often switch to road skating due to injuries associated with theimpact of running. Many skiers use road skating for off-season and pre-seasonconditioning as well. In addition, skating is an excellent cross-training activity for a widerange of other sports due to the lateral (side-to-side) motion involved in the skating stride.

[edit] Drafting

Road skating in a pack has some common rules that most skaters follow. Such rulesinclude skating in single file except when passing or moving into the back of the pack,rotational "pulling" in the front of the pack to shield the rest of the pack from the wind,and signaling about road conditions, hazards and alike to skaters in the back of the pack.Single-file skating in a pack is mostly dictated by the need to minimize the impact of airresistance on the pack, thus shielding from the wind behind the back of the first personwho is "pulling" the pack. "Pulling" is associated with up to 30% higher energy exertion;thus, it is generally accepted that skaters rotate through "pulls," allowing for equal energyexertion through the pack. A skater who has finished "pulling" steps out of the pack andslowly moves into the back of the pack. The skater in front of the pack has a better view

of the road ahead and points and calls out road hazards (holes, cracks, water puddles,cars, etc.).

[edit] Street skatingStreet skaters in Paris, France.

Street skating is the practice ofroller skating(commonly on inline skatesorquad skates)in groups on public roads. Street skates can be formal affairs, with prespecified routes,marshals and, at times,police escorts or ad hoc gatherings of like minded individuals.

o There are organised street skates in a number of cities around the world.Some of the largest are in Paris (the 'Pari Roller') [1][2],Munich and Berlin.London[3] also has an active street skating scene and a smaller scene can befound in Nottingham

Guardes in front of the group

Such events may involve several hundred participants, so to minimize disruption to otherroad users the events are usually operated in coordination with the police and otherrelevant local authorities, such as bus operators. Therefore, the route must be decided in

advance. Volunteer marshals help to control traffic at busy junctions. Their goals are tominimize disruption to all road users and to ensure the safety of the skaters.
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These events are usually free to enter. Normally, the only requirement is that eachindividual skater can keep pace with the rest of the group and can turn and stop safely.Participants that don't meet these requirements are usually asked to leave the skate andencouraged to practice their skating skills for a few days and return to the next street skateevent.

Individuals skate at their own risk and would be legally liable for any damage they mightcause to other peoples' property.

[edit] Friday Night Skate

o A Friday Night Skate (often abbreviated to FNS) is a group skate

occurring on Friday nights, a common night for a street skate in manycities throughout the world.[4][5]

o Inline skating

Roller skating is the traveling on smooth surfaces with roller skates. It is a form ofrecreation as well as a sport, and can also be a form oftransportation. Skates generallycome in two basic varieties: quad roller skates and inline skates or blades, though somehave experimented with a single-wheeled "quintessence skate" or other variations on the

basic skate design. The hobby became more popular than ever in the1970's and the1990's.[where?]

History

Young man on The Edvard Petrini's pedaled roller skates,[1]known as sv:Takypod inSweden, circa 1910

1743

First recorded use of roller skates, in a London stage performance. The inventor ofthis skate is lost to history.

1760

First recorded skate invention, by John Joseph Merlin, who demonstrated aprimitive inline skate with metal wheels.

1819

First patented roller skate design, in France by M. Petitbled. These early skateswere similar to today's inline skates, but they were not very maneuverable; it wasvery difficult with these skates to do anything but move in a straight line and

perhaps make wide sweeping turns.

Rest of the 19th century: inventors continued to work on improving skate design.

1863
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The four-wheeled turning roller skate, orquad skate, with fourwheelsset in twoside-by-side pairs, was first designed, inNew York City by James LeonardPlimpton in an attempt to improve upon previous designs, The skate contained a

pivoting action using a rubber cushion that allowed the skater to skate a curve justby leaning to one side. It was a huge success, so much that the first public skating

rink was opened in 1866 inNewport, Rhode Island with the support of Plimpton.The design of the quad skate allowed easier turns and maneuverability, and thequad skate came to dominate the industry for more than a century.

1876

William Brown in Birmingham, England patented a design for the wheels of rollerskates. Brown's design embodied his effort to keep the two bearing surfaces of anaxle, fixed and moving, apart. Brown worked closely withJoseph Henry Hughes,who drew up the patent for a ball orroller bearing race forbicycle and carriagewheels in 1877. Hughes' patent included all the elements of an adjustable system.

These two men are thus responsible for modern day roller skate andskateboardwheels, as well as the ball bearing race inclusion in velocipedes -- later to becomemotorbikes andautomobiles. This was arguably, the most important advance inthe realistic use of roller skates as a pleasurable pastime.

An advert for an early 20th century model which fit over ordinary shoes

1876

The toe stop was first patented. This provided skaters with the ability to stoppromptly upon tipping the skate onto the toe. Toe stops are still used today onmost quad skates and on some types of inline skates.

1880s: Roller skates were being mass produced in America from then. This wasthe sport's first of several boom periods.Micajah C. Henley ofRichmond, Indiana

produced thousands of skates every week during peak sales. Henley skates werethe first skate with adjustable tension via a screw, the ancestor of thekingboltmechanism on modern quad skates.

1884

Levant M. Richardson received a patent for the use of steelball bearingsin skatewheels to reduce friction, allowing skaters to increase speed with minimum effort.

1898

Richardson started the Richardson Ball Bearing and Skate Company, whichprovided skates to most professional skate racers of the time, including HarleyDavidson (no relation to the Harley-Davidsonmotorcycle brand). (Turner andZaidman, 1997).

A 24-hour roller skating endurance competition in Paris, held in 1911
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The design of the quad skate has remained essentially unchanged since then, andremained as the dominant roller skate design until nearly the end of the 20thcentury. The quad skate has begun to make a comeback recently due to the

popularity ofroller derby andjam skating. 1979

Scott Olson and Brennan Olson ofMinneapolis, Minnesota came across a pair ofinline skates created in the 1960s by theChicago Roller Skate Company and,seeing the potential for off-ice hockey training, set about redesigning the skatesusing modern materials and attaching ice hockey boots. A few years later ScottOlson began heavily promoting the skates and launched the company Rollerblade,Inc..

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Rollerblade-branded skates became sosuccessful that they inspired many other companies to create similar inline skates, and theinline design became more popular than the traditional quads. The Rollerblade skates

became synonymous in the minds of many with "inline skates" and skating, so much sothat many people came to call any form of skating "Rollerblading," thus becoming agenericized trademark.

For much of the 1980s and into the 1990s, inline skate models typically sold for generalpublic use employed a hard plastic boot, similar to ski boots. In or about 1995, "soft boot"designs were introduced to the market, primarily by the sporting goodsfirm K2 Inc., and

promoted for use as fitness skates. Other companies quickly followed, and by the early2000s the use of hard shell skates became primarily limited to the Aggressive inlineskating discipline.

The single-wheel "quintessence skate" [1] was made in 1988 by Miyshael F. Gailson ofCaples Lake Resort, California, for the purpose ofcross-country ski skatingandtelemarkskiing training. Other skate designs have been experimented with over the years,including two wheeled (heel and toe) inline skates, but the vast majority of skates on themarket today are either quad or standard inline design.

[edit] Artistic roller skating

Stopless quad skate plates

Artistic roller skating is a sport which consists of a number of events. These are usuallyaccomplished on quad skates, but inline skates may be used for some events. Variousflights of events are organized by age and ability/experience. In the US, localcompetitions lead to 9 regional competitions which lead to the National Championshipsand World Championships.

2008 US National Championships were held in Lincoln, NE. 2008 World Championshipswere held in Hong Kong China.

See[2] for more information.
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[edit] Figures

Skaters skate around a series of circles or ovals to show control and accuracy.

[2]

[edit] Dance

Skaters, either solo or a team of two, dance with standardized choreography to music.They are judged on their adherence to the choreography, skill, and style.

Skaters are judged by the accuracy of steps that they skate when performing a particulardance. In addition to being judged on their edges and turns, skaters must carry themselvesin an elegant manner while paying careful attention to the rhythm and timing of themusic.

[edit] Freestyle

An individual event where creativity is emphasized. Includes jumps, spins andchoreographed movements to music (no vocals), nothing else.

[edit] Precision teams

A team of skaters (usually counted in multiples of 4) creates various patterns andmovements to music. Often used elements include skating in a line, skating in a box,'splicing' (subgroups skating towards each other such that they do not contact each other),

and skating in a circle. The team is judged on its choreography and the ability to skatetogether precisely.

[edit] Singles/pairs

A single skater or a pair of skaters present routines to music. They are judged on skatingability and creativity. Jumps are expected in these events.

[edit] Roller hockey (quad)

Roller hockey is the overarching name for a rollersport that existed long before inlineskates were invented. Roller hockey has been played on quad skates in many countriesworldwide and so has many names worldwide. Roller hockey at the 1992 SummerOlympics was a demonstration rollersport in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

[edit] Inline skating

Inline speed skates

Inline skates usually have 3 or 4 (if using up to 110mm), or 5 (80mm)wheels, arranged ina single line. Most commonly, if they have a stop, it is a heel stop. Inline skating is often
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done on the road,sidewalk, skate parkvarious street furnishings like fences and steps,and on special tracks and areas. Some inline skaters compete in artistic skating events,though quads are still more typical for that use. Inline skates for artistic use tend to bedesigned more as an analog of the ice skate or artistic quad skate design, with a toe stopand rockered wheels.

[edit] Aggressive skating

Main article: Aggressive inline skating

In addition to speed, fitness, artistic, or recreational skating, some skaters preferaggressive skating. Aggressive skating is also often referred to by participants asrollerblading, blading or rolling and includes a variety of grinds, airs, slides and otheradvanced skating maneuvers. It also includes "vert", "park" and "street skating" whichrefer to tricks performed on almost any obstacle. Street skating specifically refers to tricks

performed on non-allocated obstacles (i.e. not skate parks). There are three major types ofaggressive inline skates: hard boots, soft boots, and skeletal skates (e.g. Xsjado,

pronounced "shadow"). Hard boots are very rigid and often heavy compared to speedskates and recreational skates. Soft boots offer more flexibility than hard boots, but arenormally just as heavy.

Aggressive inline skates could also be fitted with small hard rubberorplastic wheels,used in place of the two middle wheels. These small wheels or "anti-rockers" are used tohelp lock onto a ledge or rail when performing. Anti rockers enable the skater attemptingthe trick to stay on a rail for a longer time without the frames of the skates slipping off theledge.

Aggressive inline saw a sharp decline in the late 1990s, but during 2000-2003 found amajor resurgence for the sport when street skating became increasingly popular. At thistime professional skaters including Brian Shima, Jeff Stockwell, Chris Haffey, AaronFeinberg, and Alex Broskow among others were pushing unseen boundaries in

performing seemingly impossible and dangerous stunts in mostly street settings. Inaddition, the IMYTA (I Match Your Trick Association) provided a venue for skaters todemonstrate these tricks. The IMYTA held contests at a street location and the skaterswould have to match each trick in the first round of skating or be eliminated. The

progression continued with the pool of skaters dwindling and more dangerous anddifficult tricks would then be performed and a winner declared. Competitions such as the

IMYTA encouraged skaters from many different countries to set up their own local realstreet competitions.

Some Aggressive inline brand names are as follows: Valo, Remz, Razor, USD, Nimh,Xsjado, Roces, Deshi (merged with USD,[3]) and Rollerblade.

[edit] Free skating

Free skating
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A skating category that lies somewhere between aggressive and recreational skating, freeskating, also known as urban skating or free riding, includes many tricks such as jumps,slides, and grinds. The emphasis of free skating is getting from A to B by the fastest

possible route, by skating quickly through city streets and negotiating all obstacles. Theboots on skates suitable for free skating tend to be more rigid for better leg support, like

the aggressive skate, whilst the wheels tend to be rather big, like those found onrecreational skates, and the frames short, like those found on hockey skates.

[edit] Freestyle skating

Freestyle skating refers collectively to the disciplines for which competitions areorganized by the International Freestyle Skaters Association.[3]Currently the IFSA hasdefined three disciplines which must be offered by any competition they sanction:freestyle slalom, speed slalom, and free jump. Two optional disciplines, high jump and

jam, are also defined, but are at present considered optional.

[edit] Slalom skating

Freestyle slalomInfreestyle slalom, skaters are judged on their artistic ability and skill as theynavigate three lines of cones, with each line of cones having a different interval.They have ninety seconds and their performance is set to music.

Speed slalomInspeed slalom, a skater is judged on how fast they navigate a single line of coneson a single foot.

JamJam is a team version of freestyle slalom.

[edit] Jump skating

In both jumping disciplines, the contest is conducted similarly to the running high jumpof track and field, except that the skater is required to land cleanly on his skates for the

jump to count. The difference between the two disciplines is that in thefree jump, theskater skates on level ground before the jump, but in the high jump, the skater is allowedthe use of a jump board to gain extra height.

[edit] Slide skating

This is a skating category where skaters do "slides". "Sliding" is often done on smoothflat surfaces. It involves placing one or both feet in perpendicular direction to which theyare currently moving. E.g. skater is moving North, however, one or both of his feet may

be facing East or West, taking reference from the direction from which the heel to thetoes face for the feet direction. Consequently, the skater slows down. However, the rate atwhich he or she slows down largely depends on how much pressure is being applied tothe foot/feet that are "sliding". It is a form of stylistic skating where attention is paid tothe footwork. There are fewer slides than tricks in "sliding" compared to aggressiveskating but they often share the same names as they are done similarly to grinds inaggressive skating.

[edit] Group skating
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roller_skating&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Freestyle_Skaters_Association&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Freestyle_Skaters_Association&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.ifsasports.org/category/sportshttp://www.ifsasports.org/category/sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_slalom_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_slalom_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roller_skating&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_slalom_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roller_skating&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_jumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roller_skating&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roller_skating&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roller_skating&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Freestyle_Skaters_Association&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.ifsasports.org/category/sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_slalom_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roller_skating&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_slalom_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roller_skating&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_jumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roller_skating&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roller_skating&action=edit&section=16


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Inline roller skater on a slalom course

Among skaters not committed to a particular discipline, a popular social activity is the

group skate orstreet skate, in which large groups of skaters regularly meet to skatetogether, usually on city streets. Although such touring existed among quad roller skateclubs in the 1970s and 1980s, it made the jump to inline skates in 1990 with groups inlarge cities throughout the United States. In some cases, hundreds of skaters wouldregularly participate, resembling a rolling party. In the late 1990s, the group skate

phenomenon spread to Europeand east Asia. The weekly Friday night skate inParis,France (called Pari Roller) is believed to be one of the largest repeating group skates inthe world. At times, it has had as many as 35,000 skaters participating on a single night.The Sunday Skate Night in Berlin also attracts over 10,000 skaters during the summer,andCopenhagen,Munich, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Buenos Aires, London,San Francisco,Los Angeles,New York, and Tokyo host other popular events. Charity skates in Paris

have attracted 50,000 participants (the yearly Paris-Versailles skate).

[edit] Skating federations

In the United States, the controlling organization is USA Roller Sports, headquartered inLincoln, Nebraska, also home of the [National Museum of Roller Skating][4]. Nationalsare held each summer with skaters required to qualify through regional competitions.

Other groups include:

International Freestyle Skating Association (IFSA)[5] Federation Internationale de Roller-Skating, the international organization for

competitive roller sports British Federation of Roller Skating Canadian Skating Association International Inline Stunt Federation (IISF) [6], an international organization

devoted to the growth and promotion of street and vert inline skating. Skate Australia

[edit] In popular culture

1971 - The songBrand New Key by Melanie Safka uses roller skates as ametaphor.

1998 - In the Disney Channel Original MovieBrink!, in-line skating is presentedas an extreme competition for teens in California.

2005 - The plot of the filmRoll Bounce centered around a group of teenagers whocompete in a rollerskating competition in the late 1970s.

2006 - In the movieATL, set in Atlanta, the protagonist rapper, T.I. and hisfriends had a great love for skating.

2009 - The movie Whip It, starring Ellen Page and Drew Barrymore who alsodirected centers around a small-town girl who joins a hard core all-girl roller

derby team.
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RollerbladingRoller hockey (quad)

Roller hockey is the overarching name for a rollersport that existed long before inlineskates were invented. Roller hockey has been played on quad skates in many countriesworldwide and so has many names worldwide. Roller hockey at the 1992 Summer

Olympics was a demonstration rollersport in the 1992 Summer Olympics

skating as a sport

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